RU2567453C1 - Organic mineral fertiliser for vegetable crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture. The organic mineral fertiliser for vegetable crops comprises microelements: copper, cobalt and zinc, as well as macroelements: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and water in bound form, and it additionally comprises mesoelements: calcium, magnesium and silicon, the biologically active substance: glutamic and aspartic acids, epibrassinolide, and the microelements additionally comprise: iron, manganese, boron, molybdenum, and iodine. All the components are taken at a certain ratio.

EFFECT: invention enables to improve the quality and value of organic mineral fertiliser for vegetable crops.

6 tbl, 4 ex

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to organic fertilizer for vegetable crops, and can be used in the production of highly effective organic fertilizers, for example for growing cucumbers.

State of the art

Known organomineral fertilizer obtained by the method of stimulating the cultivation of cucumbers in winter glazed greenhouses, including a certain plant nutrition system, which consists in the fact that before planting, a sealed container with walls - membranes containing mineral or organomineral fertilizers in the ratio N: P _{2 is} placed in the hole O _5: K ₂ O of 1: 1: 1 to 1.5: 1: 1.5, followed by 2-3 days after planting the plant on the soil surface in the zone of the plant contribute organomineral fertilizer comprising fecal component in ammonia, brown coal, complex chlorine-free fertilizer and ash in a certain ratio of components in the amount of 1400-1600 kg / ha, while the method provides for accelerated growth and fruiting of cucumbers while reducing fertilizer consumption (see US Pat. RU No. 2071710, IPC A01G 9 / 00, published on January 20, 1997).

The disadvantage of this organomineral fertilizer is an insufficiently balanced diet with all the nutrients for cucumbers.

It is known organic fertilizer containing a wet nitrogen-free substance of bird, mainly chicken manure, while it additionally contains calcium salts of nitrogen-containing organic acids, and calcium oxide hydrate is used as a mineral component.

In organic fertilizer, its components are in the following ratio, wt. %:

Calcium oxide hydrate 49-63 Calcium Salts of Organic Acids 8-10 Nitrogen-free bird droppings 7-23 Water rest

In organic fertilizer, its components are in the following ratio, wt. %:

Calcium oxide hydrate 31-48 Calcium Salts of Organic Acids 12-14 Nitrogen-free bird droppings 8-27 Water rest

In a method for producing an organic-mineral fertilizer containing a moist nitrogen-free substance of bird, mainly chicken droppings, by adding a moisture absorbing substance and binding nitrogen-containing acids, and subsequent mixing, from 10 to 5 parts by weight of quicklime ground are added to 10 parts by weight of fresh bird droppings .

In the method, the components are mixed for 20-40 minutes, and during the last 10-20 minutes, the operations of mixing the components are heated to a temperature of 80 to 120 ° C (see http://naT.RU No. 2191764, IPC C05F 3/00, C05G 1/00, published on October 27, 2002).

The disadvantage of this fertilizer is the lack of macro- and microelements for the normal growth and development of vegetable crops.

The closest in technical essence and the achieved positive effect and adopted by the authors for the prototype is bioorganic fertilizer containing processed microbiological fermentation of bird droppings with trace elements, including copper, cobalt and zinc, as well as macroelements: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in bound form, while biological and the organic components are combined, and the components of the fertilizer are in the following ratio:

Macronutrients, wt. % absolutely dry matter

Nitrogen total 4.0 ... 7.0

Including ammonium nitrogen 2.5 ... 4.0

Phosphorus (P ₂ O ₅ ) 7.0 ... 12.0

Potassium (K ₂ O) 1.0 ... 3.0

Trace elements, mass concentration mg / l, not more than:

Copper 3.0

Cobalt 5.0

Zinc 23.0

Water, wt. % 85 ... 95

(see http://naT.RU No. 2248955, IPC C05F 3/00, publ. March 27, 2005).

The disadvantage of this fertilizer is an insufficient amount of all the elements of mineral nutrition that reduce the quality and nutritional value of vegetable crops.

Disclosure of invention

The objective of the invention is the development of organic fertilizer for vegetables, with high quality and nutritional value, which allows you to meet the requirement of a balanced diet of vegetable crops with all nutrients, taking into account the availability of soil with accessible forms of nutrients, other environmental factors, biological characteristics and nutritional characteristics of vegetables .

The technical result that can be obtained using the present invention is to improve the quality and nutritional value of organic fertilizers for vegetable crops.

The technical result is achieved using organomineral fertilizer, including microelements: copper, cobalt and zinc, as well as macroelements: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and water in bound form, while it additionally contains mesoelements: calcium, magnesium and silicon, biologically active substances: glutamine and aspartic acid, epibrassinolide, and trace elements additionally include iron, manganese, boron, molybdenum, while the components of the fertilizer are in the following ratio, mg / l:

Macro- and mesoelements, mg / l on absolutely dry matter:

potassium - 250-320;

calcium - 200-250;

magnesium - 60-80;

nitrogen - 170-190;

phosphorus - 40-60;

silicon 60-150;

trace elements, mg / l no more

iron - 0.75-0.95;

Manganese - 0.45-0.64;

zinc - 0.25-0.46;

boron - 0.24-0.35;

copper - 0.04-0.055;

molybdenum - 0.035-0.05;

iodine - 0.0015-0.02;

cobalt - 0.0015-0.02;

biologically active substances, mg / l no more

glutamic acid - 0.015-0.025;

aspartic acid - 0.015-0.025;

epibrassinolide - 0.0008-0.0012;

water is the rest.

Thus, the achievement of the technical result is achieved by ensuring a rational diet, which is one of the main and most difficult issues in the technology of growing vegetables in greenhouses.

Under conditions of intensive chemicalization of vegetable growing, a systematic increase in crop yields is accompanied by an increase in the removal of all elements of mineral nutrition, including macro- and microelements, which aggravates the need for the use of fertilizers and plant growth regulators. According to current forecasts, the need for vegetable production in microelements should be provided by 58-61% with micronutrients in the composition of basic fertilizers and by 39-47% due to technical salts used for foliar feeding and presowing treatment of seeds.

The requirement for a balanced diet of vegetables with all the nutrients to ensure maximum harvests of high-quality products not only eliminates, but, on the contrary, sharply aggravates the need for a strictly differential approach to the use of fertilizers, taking into account the availability of soil with accessible forms of nutrients, other environmental factors, biological characteristics and nutritional characteristics of vegetables cultures (Petrichenko V.N. Influence of plant growth regulators on the accumulation of microelements in fruits and leaves pumpkin / VN Petrychenko, Alexander Kolobov // Agrarian Russia -. 2014. - №1 -. with 34-42)..

For the normal growth and development of plants, various nutrients are needed, this is especially important in protected ground conditions. Despite sharp differences in quantitative needs, the functions of each necessary macro- and microelement in plants are strictly specific, not one element can be replaced by another.

Nitrogen is the main nutrient element; It is part of the protein and nucleic acids. Nitrogen is a part of such vital substances as amino acids, chlorophyll, phosphatides, as well as organic compounds such as alkaloids, glycosides, etc. Mineral forms of nitrogen received in plants undergo a complex transformation cycle, eventually being included in organic compounds.

For the formation of amino acids, nitrates and nitrites in plant tissues are first reduced to ammonia. Moreover, if the plant contains a significant amount of carbohydrates, the process of their recovery occurs already at the root. The nitrate reduction process is catalyzed by enzymes and has several intermediate stages. The activity of reducing enzymes depends on the presence of magnesium and trace elements in plant tissues: molybdenum of copper, iron, manganese.

Nitrate nitrogen is able to accumulate in plants in significant quantities, which is completely harmless to the plant body. However, the nitrate content in vegetables and other plant products above a certain level is harmful to animals and humans.

Free ammonia in plants is contained in small quantities. This is due to the fact that it quickly interacts with carbohydrates contained in plant tissues. The result of the interaction is the formation of primary amino acids. Excessive accumulation of ammonia, especially with a deficiency of carbohydrates, leads to poisoning of plants.

Product quality depends on which nitrogen compounds are absorbed in large quantities. With enhanced ammonia nutrition, the regenerative ability of the plant cell increases and there is a predominant accumulation of reducing compounds. With nitrate nutrition, the oxidizing ability of cell juice is enhanced, more organic acids are formed.

The assimilation of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen by plants depends on the concentration of the nutrient solution, its reaction, the content of related elements, the availability of plants with carbohydrates, and, of course, on the biological characteristics of the culture.

Phosphorus is contained in plants in much smaller quantities than nitrogen, but is no less important for the vital activity of plants as a biogenic element. Phosphorus acts as a nitrogen companion, with its lack in the plant, the accumulation of nitrate forms of nitrogen increases. This element was called the "key of life", since no living cell can exist without phosphoric acid.

Phosphorus is found in cellular protoplasm, chromosomes, nucleic acids, vitamins, enzymes. He takes an active part in the synthesis of protein compounds.

In living cells, phosphorus is also present in the form of ortho- and pyrophosphoric acids and their derivatives. The phosphate group is capable of forming covalent bonds and, due to them, actively binds metal cations and amines. Using covalent bonds, phosphorus forms a number of compounds: from ethers to complex molecules of deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic (RNA) acids. It is part of enzymes that accelerate acid metabolism.

Phosphorus is found in nucleic acids - complex macromolecular substances consisting of nitrogen bases, carbohydrates (ribose and deoxyribose) and phosphoric acid. In these compounds, phosphorus (in terms of P ₂ O ₅ ) accounts for about 20%.

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are the main carriers of hereditary information. That is, due to the presence of this element in plant cells, the chromosome apparatus can function.

Organic substances containing phosphorus play a huge role in the metabolism of the plant body. These compounds contain energy-rich bonds, which contain phosphorus, take part in all physiological processes of the plant organism: photosynthesis, respiration, biosynthesis of proteins, fats, starch and other compounds.

With the participation of phosphorus, carbohydrate metabolism occurs. Phosphoric acid actively interacts with carbohydrates, and these compounds play a huge role in the processes of respiration and photosynthesis, enzymatic transformations and movement of carbohydrates. Phosphorus entering the plants contributes to the accumulation of starch, sugars, coloring and aromatic substances, increase the keeping quality of the fruit.

Potassium - one of the main elements of mineral nutrition - is found in plant organisms in ionic form and is not part of the organic compounds of the cell. This element is not contained in the cell nucleus; its main reserves are found in the cytoplasm and vacuoles.

Plant cells contain about 20% of this element in an absorbed state in an exchange form; most of the potassium, about 80%, is in the cell sap, and only 1% is absorbed by the mitochondria irrevocably.

Potassium regulates the water metabolism of the cell, the physical state of colloids of the cytoplasm, its swelling and viscosity. Under the influence of potassium, the water holding capacity of the cytoplasm increases, which reduces the risk of short-term wilting of plants with a temporary lack of moisture. The presence of potassium in the plant cell ensures the normal course of oxidative processes, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism. The accumulation of potassium contributes to the activation of metabolic processes of plants. Increasing the activity of enzymes, potassium contributes to the accumulation of starch and sugars in plants, provides increased immunity; enhances the use of ammonia nitrogen in the synthesis of amino acids and protein.

Potassium is characterized by high mobility - the outflow of potassium from older leaves and tissues to younger, vigorously growing shoots and leaves. In fact, the plant organism due to this mobility gets the opportunity to reuse potassium.

The need for calcium is manifested in the growth of aboveground organs, the root system of plants. Calcium plays an important role in photosynthesis, in the movement of carbohydrates in plants. It participates in the formation of cell membranes, determines the water content and maintenance of the structure of cellular organelles. Calcium deficiency affects the development of the root system of plants. As a result of its deficiency, the roots do not grow, root hairs do not form, the roots thicken, mucilage and rot. At the same time, the leaves slow down growth; chlorotic spotting, yellowing and dying appear. Calcium is not reutilized, therefore, signs of starvation are manifested primarily on young leaves.

When calcium is introduced into the nutrient solution, the physiological balance of the solution is restored.

The functions that magnesium performs in a plant are diverse. It is part of the chlorophyll molecule and is directly involved in photosynthesis. Magnesium, being directly in the plant, is part of pectin substances, phytin. With a lack of magnesium, the content of chlorophyll in the leaves decreases, the effect of "marbling" is manifested. The leaves are curled and then fall off. This slows down growth and reduces yield. Magnesium with phosphorus are found primarily in the growing parts of plants, in seeds. It is more mobile than calcium and can be recycled. After performing the functions in the plant leaf, magnesium accumulates in the seeds and is mainly concentrated in the bud. Magnesium is involved in the movement of phosphorus in plants, activates certain enzymes (phosphatases), accelerates the formation of carbohydrates, and affects redox processes in plant tissues. This element contributes to the recovery processes and the accumulation of reducing organic compounds - essential oils, fats, etc. With a lack of magnesium, oxidative processes intensify, peroxidase enzyme activity increases, and the content of invert sugar and ascorbic acid decreases. Vegetables consume magnesium in various quantities.

Magnesium with insufficient calcium is toxic. The best ratio of magnesium and calcium is 1: 6.5. The increase in potassium intake in plants due to high doses delays the absorption of magnesium.

When growing vegetables, the use of trace elements is important. The main factor in this regard is the creation of conditions for the normal content of trace elements in both nutrient solution and plants. Excess and deficiency of these elements in soils and plants lead to various consequences, but most often to diseases (Belogubova E.N. Modern vegetable growing in closed and open ground: a training manual for agricultural educational institutions of I-IV accreditation levels for specialty 1310 “Agronomy” / E.N. Belogubova, A.M. Vasiliev, L.S. Gil et al. - Zhytomyr: PE “Ruta”, 2007. - 532 p.).

As a microelement, iron is a part of redox enzymes of plants, participates in the synthesis of chlorophyll, respiration and metabolism. In other conditions, with its lack, chlorosis appears. With an excess of iron, the absorption of phosphorus and manganese is difficult, therefore, signs of a lack of these elements may also appear.

The trace element boron is involved in reactions of carbohydrate, protein, nucleic acid metabolism and other processes. Boron is necessary for plants throughout their life. It is not reutilized in plants, therefore young leaves and growth points suffer primarily from its deficiency. A lack of boron causes impaired synthesis, especially the movement of carbohydrates, the formation of reproductive organs.

Excess boron causes a kind of burn of the lower leaves. They turn yellow and fall off. The threshold of boron toxicity is determined not only by the content, but also by the quantity and ratio of other nutrients. With a good supply of calcium and phosphorus, the need for boron increases. With its lack, flowers, ovaries fall and the tops of young plants, such as tomatoes, die off.

Molybdenum has an exclusive role in nitrogen nutrition. It is localized in young growing organs and less in the stems, roots. More molybdenum in chloroplasts. The high content of molybdenum is very toxic to plants, 1 mg of it per 1 kg of dry weight is harmful to humans and animals.

The positive effect of molybdenum on the size and quality of the vegetable crop yield is due not only to its effect on the absorption of fertilizer nitrogen by plants, but also to an improvement in its use from the nutrient solution. The use of molybdenum provides, along with the growth of the crop, a more complete inclusion of nitrogen received in the plants in the protein, and also limits the accumulation of nitrates in vegetable products in quantities that are toxic to humans.

The physiological role of copper is determined by its presence in the composition of copper-containing proteins, enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of diphenols and hydroxylation of monophenols: orthodiphenol oxidase, polyphenol oxidase and tyrosinase. Copper is a part of other enzymes and takes part in the process of photosynthesis, carbohydrate and protein metabolism. The demand for copper increases with the use of high standards of nitrogen fertilizers.

The physiological role of manganese is determined by the fact that it is a part of redox enzymes and takes part in photosynthesis, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism. All plants need manganese. Its average content in plants is 0.001%. Most of it is localized in leaves and chloroplasts. Manganese refers to metals with a high value of redox potential and can easily participate in biological exchange reactions. Along with calcium, this element promotes the selective absorption of ions from the environment. With the exclusion of manganese from the nutrient medium in the tissues of plants, the concentration of basic nutrients increases, their ratio is violated. This element increases the water-holding capacity of tissues, reduces transpiration, improves fruiting.

Zinc has an effect on the exchange of energy and substances in the plant, due to its content in more than 30 enzymes. With a lack of zinc, reducing sugars accumulate and the content of sucrose and starch decreases, the accumulation of organic acids increases, the content of auxin decreases, and protein synthesis is disturbed. With zinc starvation, an accumulation of non-protein soluble compounds, amidosis, amino acids occurs. Plants, for example, tomato during zinc starvation form small twisted leaves, plates, petioles. All plants with a lack of zinc are characterized by growth retardation. Its deficiency is manifested primarily in acidic strongly podzolized soils. Zinc fertilizers are used when the content of this element is less than 0.2-1 mg per 1 kg of soil.

Cobalt is part of vitamin B12, its role is manifested in the biological fixation of molecular nitrogen. The average cobalt content in plants is 0.00002%. Cobalt accumulates in the generative organs, pollen and accelerates its germination. This element belongs to metals with variable valency; therefore, the redox potential is of great importance, which allows the cobalt ion to take an active part in redox reactions. The prospect of using cobalt-containing fertilizers is determined not only by increasing yields, but also by improving product quality.

To replenish microelements in the nutrition of crops, including vegetables, simple, complex and complex micronutrient fertilizers are used. In these fertilizers, there is no such trace element as iodine, although iodine in the plant body plays an important role, acting as a biologically active substance, it participates in the synthesis of individual amino acids and proteins, is a natural antiseptic, has a strong antibacterial, antiviral, fungicidal effect and is responsible for way, for plant immunity.

The absorption of iodine by plants depends on the content of its compounds in the soil (substrate) and on the type of plant.

Silicon improves the nutritional conditions of plants, affects many physiological and biochemical processes: transpiration, photosynthesis, synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, increases the chemical stability of DNA, RNA, chlorophyll, and the functional activity of cellular organelles. It participates in the optimization of transport and redistribution of substances within the plant, promotes better absorption and metabolism of nitrogen and phosphorus in plant tissues, increases boron consumption, and ensures a decrease in the intake of nitrates and heavy metals in products (see Samsonova N.E. Effect of silicon compounds and mineral fertilizers on the yield of spring grain crops and the content of antioxidant enzymes in them / N.E. Samsonova, M.V. Kapustina, Z.F. Zaitseva // Agrochemistry. - 2013. - No. 10. - P.66-74).

Cucumber, like roses, is responsive to silicon. Silicon is usually not taken into account as a nutrient, but in the case of cucumbers, a sufficient amount of silicon (Si) in the substrate is required to improve the density of the cell walls and the upper surface of the leaves. More powerful dark leaves, which are formed with an adequate supply of Si, can also improve their photosynthetic ability and, as a result, yield. According to experimental data, a 10% yield increase was noted with a sufficient supply of cucumber Si. According to other data, the prevalence of plants by powdery mildew decreased from 25% to 21% when Si was added with the solution and directly into the substrate.

As a result of research V.N. Petrichenko and S.V. Loginova (see V. Petrichenko. Use organosilicon growth regulators / V.N. Petrichenko, S.V. Loginov // Potatoes and vegetables. - 2010. - No. 3. - P. 14) it is established that on average for 4 years, when using organosilicon preparations on a cucumber, the yield increase for Boris F1 was 5.5–10.5 t / ha, for Rodnichok F1 - 8.0–11.9 t / ha relative to the control in which the yields were corresponding to the background (t / ha): 17.7 and 22.3 (fontanel F1). Therefore, the inclusion of seed soaking before sowing and foliar treatments with organosilicon preparations in the technology for growing cucumber is economically justified.

Glutamic and aspartic acids, epibrassinolide, undoubtedly belong to biologically active compounds.

Amino acids are the precursors or activators of phytohormones and growth substances for plants. Aminoxylots are the main elements of protein synthesis. They directly or indirectly affect the physiological activity of the plant. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid produce many important amino acids by transamination. Glutamic and aspartic acids act on the water balance of the plant, strengthening the cell walls in such a way as not to let through adverse environmental conditions, improve the quality of the products. Amino acids have a chelating effect on nutrients. When introduced with trace elements, their consumption and transportation inside the plant becomes easier. This is achieved due to the chelating effect and the effect on the permeability of cell membranes.

The influence of exogenous brassinosteroids on the leveling of stressful effects in plants has been widely studied (see Prusakova L.D. Application of brassinosteroids / L.D. Prusakova, S.I. Chizhova // Agrochemistry. - 2005. - No. 7. - P. 86- 94).

A number of scientific studies have shown that treatment with epibrassinolide increases the resistance of plants to abiotic and biotic stressors: salinization (see Aliyeva Z.M. Protective effect of epibrassinolide on cuttings of various crops under salinization conditions / Z.M. Alieva, L.D. Prusakova, A.G. Yusufov // Agrochemistry. - 2004. - No. 9. - pp. 68-74) hypoxia, heavy metals (see O. Yakhin. Protective role of the stifun bioregulator under the negative effect of cadmium / O. I. Yakhin, A.A. Lubyanov, I.A. Yakhin, V.A. Vakhitov // Reports of the RAAS. - 2007. - No. 4. - S.19-21), and also reduced the accumulation in plants radionuclides, phytotoxic effect of fungicides and pathogens (see Savelyev A.S. Influence of growth regulators on winter rye productivity and plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors / A.S. Savelyev, N.V. Smolin, A.A. Sinkov / / Agro XXI. - 2009. - No. 10-12. P. 19-20).

Plants, for example, tomato, treated with 24-epibrassinolide, have increased heat resistance; at the same time, epibrassinolide at 38 ° C induced the expression of genes encoding heat shock proteins in leaves (see A. Lukatkin, Effect of epibrassinolide on the heat resistance of corn seedlings / A. S. Lukatkin, N. N. Kashtanova, P. Duhovskis // Agrochemistry. - 2013. No. 6. - S. 24-31).

The essence of obtaining organic fertilizer for vegetable crops is as follows.

In the conditions of sheltered soil, macro - meso and microelements are used to obtain organic fertilizers, and biological active substances in the form of various growth regulators are used separately from mineral fertilizers, while organic mineral fertilizers include trace elements: copper, cobalt and zinc, as well as macroelements: nitrogen , phosphorus, potassium and water in bound form, while it additionally contains mesoelements: calcium, magnesium and silicon, biologically active substances: glutamic and aspartic acids, epibra sinolid, and further trace elements include iron, manganese, boron, molybdenum, and the fertilizer components are in the following ratio of mg / l:

Macro- and mesoelements, mg / l on absolutely dry matter:

potassium - 250-320;

calcium - 200-250;

magnesium - 60-80;

nitrogen - 170-190;

phosphorus - 40-60;

silicon 60-150;

trace elements, mg / l no more

iron - 0.75-0.95;

Manganese - 0.45-0.64;

zinc - 0.25-0.46;

boron - 0.24-0.35;

copper - 0.04-0.055;

molybdenum - 0.035-0.05;

iodine - 0.0015-0.02;

cobalt - 0.0015-0.02;

biologically active substances, mg / l no more

glutamic acid - 0.015-0.025;

aspartic acid - 0.015-0.025;

epibrassinolide - 0.0008-0.0012;

water is the rest.

A brief description of the drawings and other materials in table 1, given organic fertilizer for vegetable crops, the content of nutrients in the leaves of the greenhouse cucumber.

In table 2, too, the composition of the Dutch nutrient solution scheme for growing cucumber, mg / L.

In table 3, too, the compositional options of the new nutritional schemes for growing cucumber (macro- and mesoelements), mg / l.

In table 4, too, examples of the proposed compositions of nutritional schemes for growing cucumber, mg / l.

In table 5, too, the effect of different nutritional patterns on the formation of the vegetative and generative organs of the cucumber.

In table 6, too, the influence of nutritional schemes on the yield and quality of cucumber products.

The implementation of the invention

Examples of specific performance of obtaining organic fertilizer for vegetable crops.

Example 1. Experience in developing the composition of the proposed organic fertilizer was carried out in a winter glazed greenhouse of the sixth light zone. In protected ground conditions, a set of fertilizers from macro-meso- and microelements is used to compose a nutrient solution. Biological active substances in the form of various growth regulators are used separately from mineral fertilizers. In the present invention apply all the elements necessary for plants and biologically active substances in the composition of one agrochemical. For the development and manufacture of the proposed organomineral fertilizer, the chemical composition of vegetable plants was studied, which is shown by the example of growing cucumber, the removal of nutrients, on the basis of which the need of plants for them is analyzed.

The ratio of organomineral fertilizer includes macro- and mesoelements, microelements and biologically active substances, while the components of the fertilizer are taken in the following ratio, mg / l: macro- and mesoelements, mg / l on an absolutely dry substance:

potassium - 200;

calcium - 150;

magnesium - 30;

nitrogen - 140;

phosphorus - 20;

silicon 40;

trace elements, mg / l no more

iron - 0.35;

Manganese - 0.22;

zinc - 0.15;

boron - 0.14;

copper - 0.02;

molybdenum - 0.015;

iodine - 0.001;

cobalt - 0.001;

biologically active substances, mg / l no more

glutamic acid - 0.01;

aspartic acid - 0.01;

epibrassinolide - 0.0005;

water is the rest.

Result: this ratio of components used for growing cucumber did not ensure the normal course of oxidation processes, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, the accumulation of starch, sugars, coloring and aromatic substances, and also did not increase the cucumber's shelf life, as it turned out in insufficient quantities.

Example 2. Carried out analogously to example 1, but take the following composition of the ratio of components, mg / l:

Macro- and mesoelements, mg / l on absolutely dry matter:

potassium - 250;

calcium - 200;

magnesium - 60;

nitrogen - 170;

phosphorus - 40;

silicon 60;

trace elements, mg / l no more

iron - 0.75;

manganese - 0.45;

zinc - 0.25;

boron - 0.24;

copper - 0.04;

molybdenum - 0.035;

iodine - 0.0015;

cobalt - 0.0015;

biologically active substances, mg / l no more

glutamic acid - 0.015;

aspartic acid - 0.015;

epibrassinolide - 0.0008;

water is the rest.

Result: this ratio of components used for growing cucumber ensured the normal course of oxidation processes, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, the accumulation of starch, sugars, coloring and aromatic substances, and also increased the keeping quality of the cucumber.

Example 3. Carried out analogously to example 1, but take the following composition of the ratio of components, mg / l:

Macro- and mesoelements, mg / l on absolutely dry matter:

potassium - 320;

calcium - 250;

magnesium - 80;

nitrogen - 190;

phosphorus - 60;

silicon 150;

trace elements, mg / l no more

iron - 0.95;

Manganese - 0.64;

zinc - 0.46;

boron - 0.35;

copper - 0.055;

molybdenum - 0.05;

iodine - 0.02;

cobalt - 0.02;

biologically active substances, mg / l no more

glutamic acid - 0.025;

aspartic acid - 0.025;

epibrassinolide - 0.0012;

water is the rest.

Result: this ratio of components used for growing cucumber, as in example 2, ensured the normal course of oxidation processes, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, the accumulation of starch, sugars, coloring and aromatic substances, and also increased the keeping quality of the cucumber.

Example 4. Carried out analogously to example 1, but take the following composition of the ratio of components, mg / l:

Macro- and mesoelements, mg / l on absolutely dry matter:

potassium - 350;

calcium - 300;

magnesium - 110;

nitrogen - 220;

phosphorus - 80;

silicon - 200;

trace elements, mg / l no more

iron - 1.15;

Manganese - 0.75;

zinc - 0.73;

boron - 0.46;

copper - 0.06;

molybdenum - 0.055;

iodine - 0.003;

cobalt - 0.003;

biologically active substances, mg / l no more

glutamic acid - 0.03;

aspartic acid - 0.03;

epibrassinolide - 0.015;

water is the rest.

Result: this ratio of components used for growing cucumber did not ensure the normal course of oxidation processes, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, the accumulation of starch, sugars, coloring and aromatic substances, and also did not increase the keeping quality of cucumber due to the high ratio of components in the fertilizer.

Thus, examples 2 and 3 are the most optimal, since the chemical analysis of plants for the diagnosis of mineral nutrition conditions is mainly based on the fact that there is a close relationship between the removal of nutrients by plants and their productivity. A high yield of cultivated crops is obtained only at the optimum concentration of plant cell sap, while the chemical composition of plants, in addition to the nutrient content in the nutrient mixture, is influenced by numerous factors, in particular the type of crop, ontogenetic and phylogenetic ages of the plant, as well as environmental conditions (see Ageev VV Root nutrition of agricultural plants: textbooks and textbooks for universities. - Stavropol: Stavropol State Agricultural Academy, 1996. - 134 p.), And for the correct and effective use of ud Brenna is necessary to control the supply of plant nutrients and to determine the need for individual elements of mineral nutrition. The intake of nutrients in the reproductive and vegetative organs of plants depends on the influx of solar radiation, temperature, soil and air humidity, the carbon dioxide content in the greenhouse air, and the oxygen supply to the root system (see Vendilo G.G. Fertilizer of vegetable crops / G.G. Wendilo, V.N. Petrichenko. - M .: Kolos, 1986. - 206 p.).

The main dry mass of cucumber leaves is nitrogen (4.5-6.0%), followed by potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium (see table. 1). Of the trace elements in the dry mass of cucumber leaves, iron is most found.

Based on the chemical composition of the leaves of the cucumber and the Dutch scheme (see table 2) of the nutrient solution (see Belogubova E.N. Modern vegetable growing in closed and open ground: a training manual for agricultural educational institutions of I-IV accreditation levels for special. 1310 "Agronomy" / E.N. Belogubova, A.M. Vasiliev, L.S. Gil et al. - Zhytomyr: PE "Ruta", 2007. - 532 p.) 4 examples of power supply options were developed and tested (see Table 1, 2), with the inclusion of additional trace elements — cobalt, iodine, and biologically active substances — glutamic and aspartic acids, e pibrassinolide, which until now have not been used in standard nutritional schemes (see tab. 3, 4). The nutritional scheme is a highly concentrated solution of fertilizers and biologically active substances. The optimal composition according to examples 2 and 3 of the nutritional scheme is the proposed highly effective organomineral fertilizer.

As mineral fertilizers for the proposed fertilizer used calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, monopotassium phosphate, potassium silicate. Brexils Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, nitrate Co, molybion, boric acid, potassium iodide were used as sources of trace elements. These fertilizers are completely soluble in water, do not contain heavy metals, harmful impurities for plants. The compounds of elements in the fertilizers used are in an easily accessible form for plants; compounds in the composition of brexyls, in which trace elements are in a chelate form, which improves the absorption and movement of elements throughout the plant, are especially highly available.

To study the effectiveness of different compositions of the proposed nutritional schemes, which are taken as the basis for organic mineral fertilizers, studies were conducted on their effect on the productivity of cucumber. Mineral nutrition has an important effect on the growth and development of cucumber plants. Differences in growth rates, and later in fruiting, were reflected in the leaf area, the degree of dying of the ovaries, and the yield of standard cucumber production.

The main indicator of the vegetative state of plants is the size of the leaf apparatus. The leaf of the plant is the main assimilating organ in which organic substances are formed, which serve as the structural and energetic material for the whole organism, but with its excessive development and intensive consumption of assimilants, they may suffer from a deficiency in the formation of generative organs, and lighting conditions worsen due to dense foliage, especially the leaves of the lower tiers, the intensity of photosynthesis decreases, all this in the end can adversely affect the productivity of the plant, the yield.

Measurements of the leaf area of the cucumber were carried out in the middle of the growing season of the crop, the smallest leaf area was formed using the nutrition scheme of Example 1 - 2.025 m ² / plant, the largest when applying 4 examples - 2.054 m ² / plant. The optimal size of the leaf apparatus was obtained using 2 and 3 examples of feeding schemes -2.049 and 2.034, which was higher than in 1 example by 0.024 and 0.009 m ² / plant and lower than in 4 examples by 0.005 and 0.02 m ² / plant, respectively.

When growing vegetables, an important role belongs to increasing their resistance to stress. The main stress experienced by plants in protected ground is changes in the level of illumination or prolonged cloudy weather. Light deficiency negatively affects reproductive processes, in particular the formation and functioning of generative organs. One of the main indicators of the generative development of cucumber plants is the number of preserved ovaries and the yield of standard production of cucumber.

The highest degree of dying of the ovaries of the cucumber was noted with the minimum and maximum number of elements in the diet (in 1 and 4 examples) and amounted to 18.0 and 17.5%. A smaller number of dead ovaries was obtained with the optimal ratio of chemical elements in the nutrition scheme (in 2 and 3 examples) - 16.8 and 16.2%.

One of the important economic characteristics of vegetables is the percentage of standard fruits in the crop. The standard fruits of the cucumber must be fresh, whole, unpolluted, not affected by diseases and pests, even, the stem is allowed no more than 1 cm. The appearance of deformed fruits begins from the second half of the growing season. A balanced level of mineral nutrition of plants is one of the ways to increase the yield of standard products. The highest yield of standard products was obtained using 2 and 3 examples of nutritional patterns - 83.0 and 84.8% of the total yield, which was higher than 0.2-5.5% when plants 1 and 4 were fed nutritional examples from the total crop.

Research objectives include studying the effect of various nutritional patterns on the nutritional value of greenhouse cucumber fruits (see table 6). For this purpose, a comparative assessment of the biochemical composition of the fruits was carried out with different contents of chemical elements in the nutrient solution. Qualitative indicators of cucumber fruits (dry matter, nitrates) were studied in the phase of mass fruiting. There are relatively few nutrients in the cucumber (the fruits contain up to 95% water), therefore they are referred not to food but to flavor products. Organic compounds (synonym - dry matter) are the difference between the gross yield and the water content in it. The greatest amount of dry matter in the fruits of the cucumber accumulated at an optimal content of chemical elements in the nutritional scheme (2 and 3 examples) - 5.37 and 5.30%.

In the modern world, the quality of vegetable production is determined not only by the presence of “useful” substances, but also by the content of compounds that reduce the quality and nutritional value. Such compounds include nitrates. For nitrates and nitrites, the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) are established in plants - in fruits, vegetables and feed. For greenhouse cucumbers, the MPC of nitrates in fruits is 200 mg / kg. The results of laboratory tests showed that the nitrate content in the fruits of the cucumber in the experiment was within normal limits and varied within 72-82 mg / kg. The smallest amount of nitrates in the fruits accumulated with the lowest number of elements in the nutritional scheme (1 example) - 65 mg / kg, the largest when using 4 examples of the nutritional scheme - 82 mg / kg. With the optimal ratio of elements in the nutrient solution (2 and 3 examples), the nitrate content was 72 and 76 mg / kg, and was less than 6-10 mg / kg in the 4 example.

Productivity is the main indicator of crop productivity. The highest yield indicators were obtained using 2 and 3 examples of feeding patterns - 27.4 and 27.9 kg / m ² , which was 1.0-2.7 kg / m ² less than when applying 1 and 4 examples .

As a result of studies, it was found that the highest indicators of cucumber productivity were obtained using 2 and 3 examples of cucumber nutrition schemes. In an example of 3 experiments, the optimal size of the leaf apparatus, the lowest degree of dying of the ovaries, and the highest yield of standard production of cucumber were noted. In the 2nd example, the optimal size of the leaf apparatus was also formed, the highest amount of dry matter was accumulated in the fruits, and the maximum crop yield was obtained.

Thus, according to experience, the amount of chemical elements in 2 and 3 examples of nutritional schemes were taken as the basis of the chemical composition of the proposed organic fertilizer.

After developing the chemical composition of the proposed organic fertilizer, its properties were studied. The developed organic-mineral fertilizer is completely soluble in water due to the fact that all its components are water-soluble. Since the components of the organomineral fertilizer are in dissolved form, it is a liquid colloidal structure.

All elements in the experimental sample of organomineral fertilizer are in a high concentrated state, as a result of which the conductivity in the working solution was 9.5 mS / cm.

As a result of studies, it was found that organomineral fertilizer must be stored in a dark plastic container, since in the event of direct sunlight on the solution, some elements can escape. Therefore, the storage of fertilizer in a closed container allows you to not lose batteries due to volatility. The resulting fertilizer does not have a pungent odor.

The invention in comparison with the prototype and other known technical solutions has the following advantages:

- high nutritional value of organic fertilizer for vegetable crops;

- improving the quality of organic fertilizers;

- increasing the yield of vegetable crops through the use of the proposed organic fertilizer.

Claims (1)

Organomineral fertilizer for vegetables, including microelements: copper, cobalt and zinc, as well as macroelements: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and water in a bound form, characterized in that it additionally contains mesoelements: calcium, magnesium and silicon, biologically active substances: glutamine and aspartic acid, epibrassinolide, and trace elements additionally include: iron, manganese, boron, molybdenum and iodine, while the components of the fertilizer are in the following ratio, mg / l:
Macro- and mesoelements, mg / l on absolutely dry matter:
potassium - 250-320
calcium - 200-250
magnesium - 60-80
nitrogen - 170-190
phosphorus - 40-60
silicon 60-150
trace elements, mg / l no more
iron - 0.75-0.95
Manganese - 0.45-0.64
zinc - 0.25-0.46
boron - 0.24-0.35
copper - 0.04-0.055
molybdenum - 0.035-0.05
iodine - 0.0015-0.02
cobalt - 0.0015-0.02
biologically active substances, mg / l no more
glutamic acid - 0.015-0.025
aspartic acid - 0.015-0.025
epibrassinolide - 0.0008-0.0012
water is the rest.