RU2558212C2 - Method of determining rating of type of species for landscaping plan - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to forestry and can be used for planning events for landscaping urban areas. The method comprises making a catalogue of tree species of the surveyed urban settlement with known environmental conditions and the corresponding area of the reference site. The measurements are performed by technical means: a digital camera; a digital videospectrometer; an altimeter; a counter of set of parameters that determine the amount of oxygen-producing biomass of each species of plants: cross-sectional area of the crown S, m²; the density of the crown as average weighted spatial frequency F_av [1/m] of function of the signal of its image I (x, y), colourity of the crown as the average weighted wavelength χ_av [nm] of spectral brightness coefficient, the average height h [m] of plantations of this species relative to the number of healthy N_i trees to their total number N of this species, the rating of the measured parameters relating to their values for the reference sites, ranking the indicators in descending order of their importance in the volume of the producing phytomass, calculation of function of ranking score R_i as average weighted sum of the relative indicators of each type of the species:

where: ω₁, ω₂, ω₃, ω₄, ω₅ are weight coefficients of significance, making of the final table of rankings the types of species.

EFFECT: method enables to ensure the resistance of urban landscaping to technogenic loads.

4 dwg, 3 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to forestry and may find application in planning measures for the landscaping of urban areas.

The forest is not only raw, but also environmentally important for the sanitary-hygienic state of air in urban settlements, since it directly absorbs carbon dioxide and produces oxygen. The forest producing capacity is determined by the volume of phytomass: the size of tree crowns, their density, planting height, number of trees per hectare, and species composition. Broad-leaved species: oak, linden, maple, ash, have the highest producing ability and volume of phytomass. However, under conditions of technogenic and anthropogenic oppression, at high levels of air pollution by industrial emissions, the stability of plant cenoses and their producing ability can vary significantly. Therefore, when planning landscaping of urban areas, it is important to know the real indicators of stability and productivity of various types of rocks with known values of maximum permissible concentrations.

Known descriptive "Scale for assessing categories of condition of trees when characterizing weakened and drying out plantations" [Handbook. Union-wide standards for forest taxation. M .: Kolos, 1992, p. 182, tab. 60] - analogue.

In the analogue method, categories of quality of the state of plantings are used: category I - healthy, without external signs of damage; Category II - weakened with a slightly open crown with damage to 1/3 of the needles, crown leaves; Category III - severely weakened with openwork crown and damage to 2/3 of the needles, leaves; IV category - drying, with damage more than 2/3, dry, dried up to 1/3 of the crown; V category - fresh dead wood, with brown, yellow needles, bark beetles continue to fly out; VI category - old dead wood, crown without leaves, needles.

Moreover, the degree of weakening of the stands as a whole is calculated as the product of the status categories (from 1 to 6) by the percentage ratio (N _i / N) of the number of trees in this category (N _i ) to the total number of trees in the N.

With a weighted average of 1.5, the stand is considered healthy, up to 2.5 - weakened, up to 3.5 - very weakened and up to 4.5 - drying out.

The analogue method has the following disadvantages:

- the subjectivity of the method, based on verbal, visual observations of the state of tree crowns; without quantitative instrumental measurements of the parameters of the producing biomass;

- a rough, discrete scale of status categories that does not allow for taking into account quantitative differences (ratings) within a discrete scale;

- a practical way out, these are trees of categories (III-V) subject to sanitary cutting, without the possibility of predicting the state of plantings under anthropogenic loads.

The closest analogue to the claimed technical solution is the "Method for determining the status categories of forests". Patent RU No. 2373694, 2009, A01G, 23/00.

In the closest analogue method, remote sensing of forests is carried out with a spectrometer and measuring the spectral brightness coefficients (CLE) in the spectral bands of green (G) and red (R) sections of the visible range, calculating vitality indices (g) and red lesion (r), calculating the state function and its calibration measurements on the reference sections synchronously with the measurements obtained image COS forest areas in the same spectral bands programmatically calculated relief area tree canopy (S _p) image green band of the visible spectrum, determine completeness of the stand (n) via the area ratio in treated area relief geometric area (S _p / S) and magnitude of the product (P * g) and the calibration function of the category of state is judged.

The analogue method has the following disadvantages:

- green spaces in the city limits have, as a rule, a single landing, the crowns of which do not form a continuous canopy, therefore, the indicator S _p cannot be reliably measured;

- significant features such as: the volume of producing phytomass are not measured; size and density of crowns; sign of color foliage, needles; height (bonitet) of individual individuals; the ratio of species in cenosis.

The problem solved by the claimed technical solution is to rank the environmental sustainability of species of rocks, in the general coenosis of urban planting by measuring existing technical means, a set of indicators that determine the volume of oxygen-producing biomass for each species of rock.

коэффициента спектральной яркости (КСЯ), средней высоты h [м] насаждения данного вида, относительного числа здоровых (N_i) деревьев к общему их количеству (N) данной породы, нормирование измеренных показателей относительно их значений для эталонных участков, ранжирование показателей по мере убывания их значимости в объеме продуцирующей фитомассы, вычисление функции рейтинговой оценки R_i как средневзвешенной суммы относительных показателей каждого вида породы:The technical solution to the problem is provided by the fact that the method of determining the species rating of the species for the landscaping plan includes compiling a catalog of tree species of the surveyed urban settlement with a known environmental situation and the corresponding territory of the reference site, carrying out measurements by technical means: a digital video camera; digital video spectrometer; altimeter; a counter of a set of parameters that determine the volume of oxygen producing biomass of each plant species: crown cross-sectional area S, m ² ; the density of the crown as the weighted average spatial frequency F _cp [1 / m] of the signal function of its image I (x, y), the color of the crown as the weighted average wavelength $${\cancel{\lambda }}_{\mathrm{from}R}[nm]$$

spectral brightness coefficient (CLE), average height h [m] of a given tree species, the relative number of healthy (N _i ) trees to their total number (N) of the given species, normalization of the measured parameters relative to their values for the reference areas, ranking the indicators as they decrease their significance in the amount of producing phytomass, the calculation of the rating function R _i as the weighted average of the relative parameters of each breed type:

; $$R_i={\omega }_{\mathrm{one}}\left(\frac{N_i}{N_{\mathrm{uh}t}}\right)+{\omega }_2\left(\frac{h_i}{h_{\mathrm{uh}t}}\right)+{\omega }_3\left(\frac{S_i}{S_{\mathrm{uh}t}}\right)+{\omega }_{\mathrm{four}}\left(\frac{F_{\mathrm{uh}t}}{F_{\mathrm{from}R\text{i}}}\right)+{\omega }_5\left(\frac{{\cancel{\lambda }}_{\mathrm{uh}t}}{{\cancel{\lambda }}_{\mathrm{from}R\text{i}}}\right)$$

;

where: ω ₁ , ω ₂ , ω ₃ , ω ₄ , ω ₅ - weighting factors of significance, compilation of the final table of the rating of species of rocks.

The invention is illustrated by drawings, where:

figure 1 - scaling the cross-sectional area of the crown according to the measurements of the optical altimeter;

figure 2 - a family of spatial spectra of images of crowns of species of rocks: 1) birch, 2) maple;

figure 3 - a family of spectral characteristics of the color of crowns of varying degrees of technogenic inhibition;

4 is a functional diagram of a device that implements the method.

The technical essence of the method is as follows. A well-known descriptive scale of the state of species of rocks of the method is similar. The use of digital technologies for obtaining images of tree crowns allows us to move from descriptive values of indicators to experimental measurements of a set of parameters that determine the volume of oxygen-producing biomass of each breed.

столбца изображения.The first of the indicators is the size of the crown of the tree in the form of the cross-sectional area of the crown, S [m ² ]. Figure 1 illustrates the scaling of a digital image of the crown of the rock according to the readings of the optical altimeter. From the measured crown height H, m, the spatial resolution of one pixel of the digital image of the crown is determined as $$\Delta =N,m/N_{P\mathrm{and}\mathrm{to}\mathrm{from}ele\mathrm{th}}$$

image column.

Then, with a digital video camera, all plantings of this breed are surveyed on the territory being examined and, through an image input device, they are recorded in a personal computer for further processing. Specialized software is used for processing captured images [see, for example, “Graphics Processing in Photoshop CS2”, M .: Eksmo, 2007. For users. Chapter 3. Methods for selecting areas of any shape, p. 48]. Using Photoshop, the crowns of trees are extracted and the resolution of one pixel is calculated. The cross-sectional area of one crown (S _i ) is found as the area of one pixel per the number of pixels in the selected area (crown outline). Calculate the average cross-sectional area of the crown of this breed in the study area $$S_{\mathrm{from}R}=\Sigma S_i/N.$$

The next biometric parameter is the density of the crown. The crown openwork, its architecture, ruggedness (roughness), hollowing (leafy), hidden periodicities of alternating branches, leaves contains the frequency-spectral image of the image signal function I (x, y).

To obtain a spectrum image, use the mathematical procedures of the Fourier transform of the image signal. By definition [see, for example, N.S. Piskunov. Differential and integral calculus for technical colleges, textbook, volume II, 5th edition, Moscow: Nauka, 1964, pp. 180-182, 218-221. Fourier series] the spatial Fourier spectrum is calculated as a two-dimensional transformation of the image signal function I (x, y) of a matrix of size m × n elements:

$$G(F_x,{\text{F}}_{\text{y}})={\displaystyle \underset{o}{\overset{m}{\int }}{\displaystyle \underset{o}{\overset{n}{\int }}I(x,\text{y) * exp [-j2}\pi {\text{(F}}_{\text{x}}*x+F_y*y]dxdy}}$$

. Чем больше изрезанность кроны, тем больше F_{cp i}.Spectrum calculation is carried out by fast Fourier transform algorithms for specialized programs included in the PC software package type MATH.CAD [see, for example, Specialized software MATH.CAD, 6.0, PLUS, 2nd edition, stereotyped, M .: Information Publishing House "Filin", 1997, p.441]. The amplitude-frequency characteristics of the images of crowns of various species of rocks are illustrated by graphs of figure 2. As a parameter for comparing the density of crowns of different breeds, the weighted average of the spatial spectrum of the crown F _{cp is used} . The weighted average value of the spatial spectrum divides the area under the graph curve of figure 2 in half. For an indicator of technogenic oppression, take the ratio $$(\raisebox{1ex}{$F_{\mathrm{uh}t}$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$F_{\mathrm{from}R\text{i}}$}\right.)$$

. The greater the indentation of the crown, the greater the F _{cp i} .

The next sign of rock resistance to technogenic inhibition is the color of the crown. The reflection spectrum of the crown is formed by the combined effects of reflection, absorption and transmission of radiant energy by individual leaves, branches. The decisive influence on the course of the spectral reflection curves in the visible range is exerted by chlorophyll and carotenoids. Up to 90% of the radiant energy is absorbed by the crown during photosynthesis and only a small reflection maximum in the band 450 ... 550 nm gives the vegetation a green color.

в красную полосу. Средневзвешенная длина волны делит площадь под кривой КСЯ пополам, как это иллюстрируется графиком фиг.3. За показатель техногенного угнетения по цветности принимают отношение средневзвешенной длины волны отраженного спектра кроны породы на эталонной площадке к средневзвешенной длине волны кроны породы в городской черте: $$\left(\frac{{\cancel{\lambda }}_{этал}}{{\cancel{\lambda }}_i}\right)\le 1$$

.In the visible region, the crowns of tree species have the same pattern of change in the coefficient of spectral brightness (CSW) [see, for example, V.I. Sukhoi "Aerospace methods in forestry and landscape construction." Because of MarSTU, Yoshkar-Ola, 2005, p. 21, Fig. 2.8]. The spectral characteristics of crowns are affected by growing conditions, the phenological period of the growing season, and technogenic inhibition of leaves (needles) by industrial pollutants. As a result, the color of the crown changes from dark green to yellow-orange. In this case, both an increase in the reflection coefficient of radiant energy and a shift in the weighted average wavelength are observed $${\cancel{\lambda }}_{\mathrm{from}R}$$

into the red stripe. The weighted average wavelength divides the area under the SEC curve in half, as illustrated in the graph of FIG. 3. The ratio of the weighted average wavelength of the reflected spectrum of the crown of the rock at the reference site to the weighted average wavelength of the crown of the rock in the urban area is taken as an indicator of technogenic inhibition by color: $$\left(\frac{{\cancel{\lambda }}_{\mathrm{uh}t\mathrm{but}l}}{{\cancel{\lambda }}_i}\right)\le \mathrm{one}$$

.

As an integral criterion for the productivity of a species of breed, so-called rating scales are used [see, for example, Handbook. Union-wide standards for forest taxation, M .: Kolos, 1992 Tab. 32, 33, pp. 122-123. Rating scales].

.The parameter of the rating scale is the height of the planting h, m. When examining the plantings, an optical altimeter is used, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The stability parameter is taken as the ratio of the average height h, m of the rock in the study area to the height of the rock in the area not subject to technological depression $$\left(\raisebox{1ex}{$h$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$h_{\mathrm{uh}t}$}\right.\right)$$

.

, т.е. относительную величину здоровых деревьев. В целом, устойчивость вида пород характеризуется пятью относительными значениями показателей, ранжированных по мере убывания их значимости в объеме продуцирующей фитомассы:The examination also takes into account the number of dry specimens of this breed. The parameter of stability of the form is $$\left(\frac{N_{\Sigma }-N\mathrm{from}\mathrm{at}x\mathrm{about}\mathrm{from}t\mathrm{about}\mathrm{th}ns\mathrm{th}}{N_{\Sigma }}\right)$$

, i.e. relative size of healthy trees. In general, the stability of the species of rocks is characterized by five relative values of indicators, ranked as their importance decreases in the volume of producing phytomass:

The listed indicators are not statistically independent. For example, the size of the cross-sectional area of the crown S _{i is} proportional to the height of the tree h _i , the color of the crown is correlated with the drying process of the trees or the indicator N _i (the number of healthy trees remaining). Therefore, as a function of the rating type of rock resistance R _i using the function [see., E.g., OM Poleshchuk, E.G. Komarov "Methods and models for processing fuzzy expert information." Scientific publication, M .: Energoatomizdat, 2007, p. 188, formula 5.13] of the form:

where ω ₁ , ω ₂ , ω ₃ , ω ₄ , ω ₅ - weighting coefficients of significance of each indicator.

Since for each species of rocks a single quality characteristic is used (the volume of producing phytomass) in the conditions of ranking indicators as their significance decreases, the weight coefficients are found according to Fishburn's formula (see ibid. Methods and Models for Processing Fuzzy Expert Information, p. 152, formula 4.7)

where i is the ranked index number from 1 to 5, k is the number of indicators equal to 5.

при условии

In particular, for the measured five indicators, the numerical values of the significance coefficients were:

provided

An example implementation of the method

The claimed method can be implemented on the basis of the device according to the scheme of figure 4. The functional diagram of the device contains a set (1) of measuring instruments as part of a digital video camera (2) of the Panasonic type, model DMS-TZ 18 “Lumix”, with a resolution of up to 14.1 * 10 ⁶ pixels per frame, digital video spectrometer (3) of the “Quartz” type "With a resolution of up to 3 nm, an optical altimeter (4) of the Metra type (Czech Republic), a manual counter (5) of an enumeration taxation, measuring information processing facilities based on a personal computer (6) of the Intel type as part of an information input device ( 7), processor (8), random access memory (9), hard drive (1 0), display (11), printer (12), keyboard (13), output device (14), connected to the Internet.

In 2008-2011 As part of a citywide monitoring of the state of green spaces, seventeen species of woody and shrub plants growing in the difficult environmental conditions of the Boulevard Ring in Moscow were examined. 4084 plants were examined.

One of the objectives of the survey was to develop decisions on the prospects of using these species for landscaping the city. The catalog of tree species of the surveyed urban settlement is presented in Table 1.

Table 1 No. p / p View name No. p / p View name one Drooping birch 10 Large-leaved linden 2 Semi-soft hawthorn eleven Small-leaved linden 3 Elm smooth 12 Hungarian Lilac four Rough Elm 13 Common lilac 5 Single-hawthorn fourteen Allspice 6 Cotoneaster brilliant fifteen Balsam poplar 7 Holly Maple 16 Common ash 8 Tatar maple 17 Pennsylvania ash 9 Ash maple

The measured parameter values for one of the species of rocks are illustrated by the following data:

table 2 Measured parameter

$$\frac{N_i}{N_{\mathrm{uh}t}}$$

$$\raisebox{1ex}{$h_i$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$h_{\mathrm{uh}t}$}\right.$$

$$\raisebox{1ex}{$S_i$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$m^2$}\right.$$

$$\raisebox{1ex}{${\text{F}}_{\text{wed i}}$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\text{m}$}\right.$$

$${\cancel{\lambda }}_{\mathrm{from}R},\text{nm}$$

The surveyed area 116 16 42 12 565 Test plot 231 24 70 6 540 Attitude 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.51 0.95 Weight coefficient, ω $$\raisebox{1ex}{$10$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\mathrm{thirty}$}\right.$$

$$\raisebox{1ex}{$8$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\mathrm{thirty}$}\right.$$

$$\raisebox{1ex}{$6$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\mathrm{thirty}$}\right.$$

$$\raisebox{1ex}{$\mathrm{four}$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\mathrm{thirty}$}\right.$$

$$\raisebox{1ex}{$2$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\mathrm{thirty}$}\right.$$

Σ 0.17 0.14 0.11 0,07 0.06 0.55

Similar measurements were carried out for each type of rock. The larger the rating function R _i , the higher the rating. (Highest rating 1, lowest rating 17.)

Ratings and breed species ratings

Table 3 No. p / p Rating score, R _i View name Rating one Drooping birch 0.349 17 2 Semi-soft hawthorn 0.494 13 3 Elm smooth 0.602 3 four Rough Elm 0.572 7 5 Single-hawthorn 0.613 2 6 Cotoneaster brilliant 0.654 one 7 Holly Maple 0.564 9 8 Tatar maple 0.522 eleven 9 Ash maple 0.464 16 10 Large-leaved linden 0.590 5 eleven Small-leaved linden 0.483 fourteen 12 Hungarian Lilac 0.477 fifteen 13 Common lilac 0.569 8 fourteen Allspice 0.577 6 fifteen Balsam poplar 0.546 10 16 Common ash 0.592 four 17 Pennsylvania ash 0,500 12

The effectiveness of the claimed method is characterized by the objectivity of the measured indicators, the documentation of the reporting materials (in the form of images of objects and graphs of functions), the reliability and stability of the evaluation results.

Claims (1)

A method for determining the species type rating for a landscaping plan, including compiling a catalog of tree species of the surveyed urban settlement with a known environmental situation and the corresponding territory of the reference site, taking measurements by technical means: a digital video camera; digital video spectrometer; altimeter; a counter of a set of parameters that determine the volume of oxygen producing biomass of each plant species: crown cross-sectional area S, m ² ; the density of the crown as the weighted average spatial frequency F _cf [1 / m] of the image signal function I (x, y), the color of the crown as the weighted average wavelength

spectral brightness coefficient, average height h [m] of a planting of a given species, relative number of healthy N _i trees to their total number N of a given species, normalization of measured indicators relative to their values for reference areas, ranking of indicators as their significance decreases in the volume of producing phytomass, the calculation of the rating function R _i as the weighted average of the relative indicators of each breed type:

where: ω ₁ , ω ₂ , ω ₃ , ω ₄ , ω ₅ - weighting factors of significance, compilation of the final table of the rating of species of rocks.

Images