RU2556074C1 - Soft ferromagnetic rotator - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: physics.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to magnetism and can be used as an energy device. A soft ferromagnetic rotator, having multiple permanent magnets magnetically coupled with a ferromagnetic ring with a radius R and rotating with an angular velocity ω on an axis, said magnets being arranged symmetrically about the ferromagnetic ring and having a saturating magnetic field for the used ferro-material with constant magnetic viscosity τ=eL/ωR, where e=2.718 is the base of the natural logarithm, L is the length of the magnetic gaps of the permanent magnets along the body of the ferromagnetic ring. The number of permanent magnets is selected to be even. Adjacent permanent magnets are turned relative to the ferromagnetic ring such that the magnetic field vectors thereof are mutually opposite and the material of the ferromagnetic ring is selected with a high coercitive force such that the remnant magnetisation of the ferro-material is comparable with the maximum magnetisation in a saturating magnetic field. The even number N of the used permanent magnets is selected based on the condition N≤πR/2L. During interaction of a ferromagnetic ring rotating with angular velocity ω*=L/eRτ with a permanent magnet with a saturating magnetic field H_SAT, a tangential force F₁ is applied to the ring, the force being directed along the vector of linear velocity V=ωR of the ferromagnetic ring and approximately equal to F_1*=0.276 µ_{0 Δ}χ H_SAT ²S, where µ₀=1.256×10^-6 H/m is the absolute magnetic permittivity of vacuum, _Δχ is drop in magnetic susceptibility of the ferromagnetic material when passing through a magnetic gap with a length L of the permanent magnet, S is the cross-sectional area of the ferromagnetic ring covered by the saturating magnetic field H_SAT. When an even number N of permanent magnets is used, the resultant tangential force F_Σ*=N F₁*. The action of the device is based on the ferromagnetic thermodynamic effect and employs heat energy of the surrounding medium, for example sea or ocean water, which is virtually an unlimited resource.

EFFECT: wider variation range of magnetic susceptibility during operation of the device.

9 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of physics of magnetism and can be used as an energy device with an unlimited resource of functioning.

The fundamental law of physics is considered to be the law of conservation and conversion of energy, formulated by Isaac Newton and finding his brilliant confirmation in almost all the known experimental results of classical physics and quantum electrodynamics. In physics, conservation laws are known - physical laws, according to which the numerical values of some physical quantities do not change with time in any processes or in a particular class of processes. A full description of the physical system is possible only within the framework of dynamic laws that determine in detail the change in the state of the system over time. However, in many cases, the dynamic law for a given system is unknown or too complex. In such a situation, conservation laws allow us to draw some conclusions about the nature of the behavior of the system. The most important conservation laws valid for any isolated systems, along with the above, are the laws of conservation of momentum, angular momentum, electric charge, in electrodynamics - the conservation of polarization of electromagnetic waves [1-5], and in quantum theory - the conservation of parity. There are also specific conservation laws that make sense in systems for which you can specify the class of processes in which they are performed. For example, the laws of conservation of strangeness, isotopic spin, and spatial parity are strictly fulfilled in processes proceeding due to the strong interaction of elementary particles, but are violated in the processes of weak interaction. Electromagnetic interaction violates the law of conservation of isotopic spin. Thus, studies of elementary particles again reminded the need to verify existing conservation laws in each field of phenomena. So, the law of conservation of baryon number, which was considered absolutely strict, on the basis of theoretical arguments is being questioned. Complex experiments are carried out with the aim of detecting possible weak violations of this law. Conservation laws are closely related to the symmetry properties of physical systems. In this case, symmetry is understood as the invariance of physical laws with respect to a certain group of transformations of the quantities included in them. The presence of symmetry leads to the fact that for this system there is a conserved physical quantity (Noether's theorem). Thus, if the symmetry properties of the system are known, one can find conservation laws for it, and vice versa.

The laws of conservation of energy, momentum, angular momentum are universal. This is due to the fact that the corresponding symmetries can be considered as symmetries of space-time (world) in which material bodies move. Thus, the conservation of energy is associated with the homogeneity of time, that is, with the invariance of physical laws regarding changes in the origin of time, the conservation of momentum and angular momentum are associated respectively with the homogeneity of space (invariance with respect to spatial shifts) and the isotropy of space (invariance with respect to rotations of space). Therefore, verification of the mechanical laws of conservation is a verification of the corresponding fundamental properties of space-time. For a long time, it was believed that in addition to the listed symmetry elements, space-time has mirror symmetry, that is, invariance with respect to spatial inversion. Then spatial parity would have to be preserved. However, in 1957, non-conservation of parity in weak interaction was experimentally discovered, raising the question of revising views on the deep properties of the geometry of the world. In connection with the development of the theory of gravity, there has been a further review of views on the symmetries of space-time and the fundamental laws of conservation, in particular, on the laws of conservation of energy and momentum (L.D. Landau, E.M. Lifshits. Mechanics, 4th ed., M. , 1988; R. Feynman. The nature of physical laws, transl. From English., M., 1968; E. Wigner. Studies on symmetry, transl. From English., M, 1971).

The inventive device is based on the phenomenon of energy conversion of a motionlessly stationary (stationary) saturating magnetic field in ferromagnetic materials possessing the property of magnetic viscosity — magnetic aftereffect (see Kronmuller N., Nachwirkung in Ferromsgnetika, 1068; S.V. Vonsovsky Magnetism, M., 1971; D. D. Mishin. Magnetic materials, M., 1981) and moving relative to the indicated magnetic field at a certain speed, as a result of which the ferromagnetic material covered by the specified saturating ma By a magnetic field, a force arises whose vector coincides with the velocity vector of the ferromagnetic material and supports the indicated motion [6, 7]. The action of the device is also associated with the well-known property for ferromagnets to reduce their relative magnetic permeability in saturating magnetic fields (curve of A.G. Stoletov, 1872), and such a decrease (taking into account magnetic viscosity) occurs with time lag.

As the closest technical solution (prototype) of the claimed device is a ferromagnetically viscous rotator, previously proposed by the author [8], which consists of a interconnected permanent magnet with a uniform or inhomogeneous magnetic field between its poles and a ferromagnetic disk (ring) with an axis of rotation made of ferromagnetic material with magnetic viscosity, the relaxation constant τ of which with respect to the period T of rotation of the ferromagnetic disk (ring) is selected, for example, according to the condition: τ ~ L / αωR, where - L is the length m the magnetic gap between the poles of a permanent magnet, in which the edge of a ferromagnetic disk (ring) of radius R is placed, ω is the angular velocity of rotation of the disk (ring), α = 2.2 ... 2.8 is a constant factor, while the magnetic field in the gap is constant The magnet is selected as saturating for the material of the ferromagnetic disk (ring). In order to increase the efficiency of the device, several permanent magnets can be used in it, symmetrically located relative to the edge of the disk (ring) with the necessary gaps between adjacent permanent magnets.

In the prototype device, several permanent magnets are located relative to the ferromagnetic disk (ring) so that the vectors of their magnetic fields are unidirectional. This leads to the fact that the change in the magnetic susceptibility χ in time in the magnetic field of each of the permanent magnets during rotation of the ferromagnetic disk (ring) occurs from the value of the initial magnetic susceptibility χ _NAC to the final minimum magnetic susceptibility χ _min inside the saturating magnetic field H _HAC in the constant gaps magnets. In this case, magnetization reversal does not occur in polarity of the ferromaterial of the disk (ring) made of soft magnetic material with small values of remanent magnetization and coercive force.

This device works according to the method described in the application of the same author [9], as well as in [10-14].

The disadvantage of the prototype is the reduced range of changes in magnetic susceptibility during operation of the device, which reduces its useful power, all other things being equal.

The specified disadvantage is eliminated in the claimed technical solution.

The aim of the invention is to increase the energy efficiency of the device when using in its composition several permanent magnets.

This goal is achieved in the claimed technical solution - a ferromagnetically viscous rotator containing magnetically coupled with an angular velocity ω on an axis of a ferromagnetic ring of radius R several symmetrically arranged relative to the ferromagnetic ring of permanent magnets with a saturating magnetic field for the used ferromaterial with constant magnetic viscosity τ = eL / ωR where e = 2.718 is the base of the natural logarithm, L is the length of the magnetic gaps of the permanent magnets along the body of the ferromagnetic ring, characterized in that then the number of permanent magnets is chosen even, adjacent permanent magnets are rotated relative to the ferromagnetic ring so that the vectors of their magnetic fields are mutually opposed, and the material of the ferromagnetic ring is selected with a high coercive force, so that the magnitude of the remanent magnetization of the ferromaterial is comparable with its maximum magnetization in a saturating magnetic field moreover, an even number N of used permanent magnets is selected from the condition N≤πR / 2L.

The increase in energy efficiency (power) of the claimed device is associated with the magnetization reversal of the ferromagnetic ring in the sequence of permanent magnets along the rotation of the ferromagnetic ring with the magnetization reversal frequency f _per = ωN / 4π≤ωRN / 8L = eN / 8τ ~ N / 3τ. Upon leaving the magnetic gap of the i-th permanent magnet, the ferromaterial retains the residual magnetization, the sign of which is opposite to what the residual magnetization of the ferromaterial after it leaves the magnetic gap of the (i + 1) -th permanent magnet, where i = 1, 2, 3 , ... N is an even number. This means that each differential volume dv = S dx (S is the cross section of the ring, x is the coordinate oriented along the length of the magnetic gap) of the ferromaterial, moving inside the magnetic gap of a permanent magnet with a saturating magnetic field, is magnetized from the value of the residual magnetization of one sign to the maximum magnetization of another sign, which significantly increases the magnitude of the magnetization reversal. For comparison, we note that in the prototype device there is a change in magnetization from zero to maximum at magnetic saturation, which determines the magnitude of the change in magnetization (of the same sign), less than what corresponds to the magnitude in the inventive device, by the amount of residual magnetization, which the value is slightly less than the maximum magnetization, therefore, the magnitude of the change in magnetization in the inventive device is almost doubled in comparison with the prototype device, if used ferromaterial hard magnetic high coercivity.

The invention is clear from the presented drawings.

Fig. 1 shows the inventive device from a ferromagnetic ring 1, connected by spokes to the axis of rotation 2. Around the ferromagnetic ring symmetrically located permanent magnets 3-6, fixed motionless. The ferromagnetic ring is magnetically coupled to said permanent magnets, creating a saturating magnetic field

Figure 2 shows a graph of the dependence of the induction B arising in the ferromaterial on the magnetic field H. Since the ferromaterial is selected with a high coercive force (change in the magnetic field in magnitude and sign in the quasistatic approximation), the indicated dependence B (H) represents the known the hysteresis loop that intersects the abscissa axis at the points - H _C and H _C (coercive force at B = 0) and the ordinate axis at the points - B _r and B _r (residual induction at H = 0) and contains two branches a and b, respectively to reduce and increase stress the magnetic field strength H (stroke along the branches indicated by arrows). When the magnetic field strength H _{HAC is of} positive or negative polarity, a saturation mode occurs and an increase in H does not significantly change the value of B _max .

Figure 3 shows a graph of the dependence of the magnetic susceptibility χ of the ferromaterial of the ferromagnetic ring 1 on the magnetic field strength H in a quasistatic approximation, that is, when the magnetic field strength changes slowly, for example, when the time of the complete adjustment of the magnetic field strength from - H _us to H _us at one or two orders of magnitude greater than the constant magnetic viscosity τ of the ferromaterial of the ring. The maxima of the curve χ (Н) coincide with the points of greatest steepness of the function B (H) and are equal to χ _max . The function χ (H) = χ _min for H = | H _HAC |. At H = 0, the magnetic susceptibility is χ _NACH <χ _max .

Fig. 4 shows a scan of a fragment of the device (Fig. 1) of two adjacent permanent magnets 3 and 4 or 5 and 6, in the magnetic gaps of which a width of h _m contains a ferromagnetic ring 1 of thickness d _K. The length of the magnetic gaps L along the rotation of the ferromagnetic ring (indicated by the arrow) is λ times less than the distance between adjacent permanent magnets λL (the value of the coefficient λ is chosen equal to λ = 3). The polarity in permanent magnets is indicated by arrows in their gaps. The polarity of the remanent magnetization of the ferromaterial of the ferromagnetic ring between the permanent magnets is shown in the figure by the letters S and N (south and north poles, respectively).

Figure 5 shows a graph of the magnetic susceptibility in different parts of the ferromagnetic ring (when using two adjacent permanent magnets, as in Fig. 4) versus the x coordinate for a stationary ferromagnetic ring (ω = 0), and in Fig. 6 for a rotating ferromagnetic ring, when the speed of broaching ferromaterial relative to permanent magnets V = ωR> 0, in particular at the optimal angular velocity ω * = L / eRτ, at which the maximum torque in the ferromagnetic ring is reached. The asymmetry of the curve χ (x) for V> 0 is due to the presence of a time delay in the establishment of the magnetic susceptibility of the ferromaterial from the saturating magnetic field | H _HAC | in the gap L of the magnetic gaps of the permanent magnets. The speed of this delay is determined by the value of the constant τ of the magnetic viscosity of the ferromagnet according to the exponential law.

In Fig. 7, the dashed line shows the dependence χ (x) in an enlarged scale for the vicinity of one of the permanent magnets and the solid line is the graph of the differential forces dF arising in the differential volume dv = S dx at different distances x when the coordinate origin is placed at the origin of the magnetic the gap of this permanent magnet along the direction of the ferromagnetic ring.

Figure 8 shows a graph of the torque M (ω) of the ferromagnetic ring as a function of the angular velocity ω of rotation of the latter.The maximum torque is reached at the angular velocity ω * = L / eRτ, i.e., it is determined by the geometry of the device and the constant magnetic viscosity τ of the used ferromagnet. In addition, Fig. 8 shows the load characteristics: critical (near the maximum torque), one of the operating characteristics and the idling characteristic. The points of intersection of the curve M (ω) with load characteristics are the points of stable equilibrium, and their projections onto the abscissa axis reflect the angular velocities of the steady-state process. The larger the load attached to the rotation axis 2 (Fig. 1), the steeper the load characteristic becomes and the lower the steady-state angular rotation speed of the ferromagnetic ring.

Figure 9 shows the dependence of the power P (ω / ω *) of the device on the ratio of the angular velocities ω / ω *. The maximum power max P (ω / ω *) has a limit as ω → ∞ equal to

Consider the work of the claimed technical solution, the design of which is schematically shown in Fig. 1 and contains an even number of permanent magnets, the magnetic gaps of which are combined with a small gap with a ferromagnetic ring with an axis of rotation, the ferromaterial of which has a large coercive force and has a certain value of magnetic viscosity τ. Permanent magnets are symmetrically dispersed relative to the ferromagnetic ring, and the directions of the magnetic field lines in their gaps are opposite in any adjacent pairs, as can be seen from the linear sweep of a part of the structure in Fig. 4. Therefore, when a ferromagnetic ring rotates, at which the linear velocity V of drawing the ferromaterial past the magnetic gaps is V = ωR, in the corresponding differential volumes dv = S dx of the ferromaterial, periodic magnetization reversal occurs up to deep saturation with the magnetization reversal frequency f _per = ωN / 4π. Moreover, the magnetic induction B of this differential volume of the ferromaterial from the magnetic field strength H with a relatively slow magnetization reversal (when 1 / f _lane >> τ) describes the so-called hysteresis loop, as can be seen from Fig. 2. The motion of the imaging point along the hysteresis loop is indicated by arrows, when saturated, the magnetic induction varies from - B _us to B _us . The coercive force of the ferromaterial of the ferromagnetic ring is indicated in Fig. 2 as H _C , and the residual magnetic induction at H = 0 changes twice during the magnetization reversal from - B _r to B _r when the image point moves along the branches a and b, respectively.

By definition, the magnetic induction B is determined by the formula B = μ ₀ μH, where μ ₀ = 1,256 × 10 ^-6 G / m is the absolute magnetic permeability of the vacuum, μ is the relative magnetic permeability of the ferromagnet (dimensionless quantity). The magnetization J of a ferromagnet is defined as J = B-μ ₀ H = μ ₀ H (μ-1) = μ ₀ χH, where χ is the magnetic susceptibility, and determines the possibility of force interaction with an external magnetic field by the formula dF = J dv grad H _X for a differential element of a ferromagnet, where the gradient of the longitudinal magnetic field along the x axis is defined as grad H _X = dH / dx, and the quantity J dv is the differential magnetic moment.

For ferromagnets, the magnetization during a jump in the magnetic field strength changes exponentially with a time constant equal to a constant magnetic viscosity τ. The change in the magnetization ΔJ (t) as a function of time t is described as

where J ₀ and J _∞ are, respectively, the magnetization values immediately after changing the magnetic field strength H at time t = 0 and after the establishment of a new equilibrium state. The value of τ depends on the nature of magnetic viscosity and in various materials can vary from 10 ^-9 s to several tens of hours. Since the product μ ₀ H _HAC = const (x) inside the magnetic gap, the change in the magnetization ΔJ (t) is associated with a change in the magnetic susceptibility χ (x) according to the exponential law

taking into account that x = Vt = ωRt, where χ _MAX and χ _MIN are the maximum and minimum values of the magnetic susceptibility of the ferromaterial at the beginning and at the end of the magnetic gap of length L, and the value of the x coordinate is given by the limits 0≤x≤L (as in Fig. .7).

Since the relative magnetic permeability μ of a ferromagnet is determined by the expression μ = B / μ ₀ H = χ + 1, and when saturated, the magnitude of the induction B practically does not change with increasing magnetic field H, it is easy to understand that the relative magnetic permeability decreases or the same, the magnetic susceptibility χ, which for ferromagnets is practically no different from μ >> 1, which was proved by A.G. Stoletov in 1872: with a smooth increase in the magnetic field, the magnetic susceptibility of the ferromagnet first increases from a nonzero initial value χ _NACH to a maximum value χ _max , and then decreases to χ _min when the saturation magnetic field H _HAC , which corresponds to the saturation condition B _max = μ ₀ (χ _min +1) H _HAC = const (H), as can be seen from Fig. 3. Such a change in χ (H) does not depend on the change of sign of the magnetic field vector H; therefore, the curve χ (H) in Fig. 3 is symmetric about the ordinate axis, although the magnetization vectors J = μ ₀ χH have different signs when replacing the sign of the magnetic fields, i.e., the signs of the magnetization vectors J and magnetic field strength H coincide.

Taking into account the latter, as well as the fact that the permanent magnets in adjacent pairs have multidirectional magnetic induction vectors (as can be seen from Fig. 4), the distribution of the magnetic susceptibility of the ferromagnet χ (x) along the curved axis x taking into account the sign of the magnetic field H can be represented curves in Figs. 5 and 6 for cases of a stationary ferromagnetic ring (Fig. 5) and rotating, for example, with an angular velocity ω * (Fig. 6). Therefore, on the ordinate axes of these graphs, χ (x) × sign H.

As can be seen from Fig. 5, the differential volumes dv = S dx of a ferromagnet with different coordinates x located in magnetic gaps of length L of permanent magnets have the same values of magnetic susceptibility equal to χ _min , therefore there are no force interactions of the ferromagnetic ring with permanent magnets does not occur, and the ferromagnetic ring does not experience any torque. The peaks of χ (x) × sign H in Fig. 5 arise from the action of the magnetic field at the edges of the magnetic gaps, where the magnetic field decreases from H _HAC to zero. The area of action of this edge magnetic field is small in comparison with the length L of the magnetic gap, for example, it is equal to three times the gap between the poles of the permanent magnet and the ferromagnetic ring, that is, Δ = 3 (h _M -d _K ) << L. The maximum magnetic susceptibility of the ferromaterial χ _{max stat is} achieved at a magnetic field strength H _C corresponding to the coercive force of the applied ferromagnet.

The distribution χ (x) × sign H shown in Fig. 6 looks completely different under the condition that the ferromagnetic ring rotates quickly enough, for example, with an angular velocity ω * = L / eRτ. Due to the magnetic viscosity of a ferromagnet, its magnetic susceptibility decreases exponentially (2) with a time constant τ. Therefore, the differential volumes dv = S dx of a ferromagnet that are different in x coordinates and are located in the magnetic gaps of the permanent magnets with the saturating magnetic field H _HAC = const (x) have different magnetization values J (x) and, accordingly, different differential magnetic moments dm ( x) = J (x) dv = sign H × µ ₀ χ (x) H _HAC S dx, where the value of χ (x) is indicated in expression (2). It is important to indicate that the largest value of the module | dm (x) | takes place at the beginning of the magnetic gaps of the permanent magnets along the direction of the ferromagnetic ring, regardless of the signs of the magnetic induction vector of these permanent magnets, as can be seen in Fig. 6.

Let us consider the force interaction of a ferromagnetic ring with a saturating magnetic field of one of the permanent magnets, shown in Fig. 7. The dashed curve shows the dependence χ (x) for the ferromagnetic material of the ferromagnetic ring near and inside the magnetic gap of the permanent magnet 3 (5), which repeats the distribution in Fig. 6, but with the origin shifted to the origin of the magnetic gap. In this case, the maximum magnetic susceptibility χ _{max is} achieved at x = 0, and at the end of the magnetic gap at x = L, the magnetic susceptibility of the ferromaterial decreases to χ (Δt), where the time interval is Δt = L / V = L / ωR. The solid curve in Fig. 7 shows the distribution of the force differential dF (x), whose vector coincides in direction with the velocity vector of the ferromaterial V relative to the gap of the permanent magnet.

It is easy to understand that a homogeneous ferromagnet of limited size, having one degree of freedom along an axis parallel to the flat faces of the gap of the permanent magnet, being drawn into the magnetic field of the latter, will be established so that its center of gravity coincides with the center of the magnetic gap (with point x = L / 2 on fig. 7). The retraction of a ferromagnet in a uniform magnetic field is associated with a magnetic field gradient grad H _x = 2H [1- (2x / L)] / L in the coordinate range 0≤x≤L. So, the differential volume of the ferromagnet S dv, placed in the center of the magnetic gap, does not experience any force interaction with the magnetic field. Therefore, it is clear that due to the difference in the differential magnetic moments of the ferromagnet in the saturating magnetic field during rotation of the ferromagnetic ring, the distribution of the differentials of the retraction forces to the center of the magnetic gap at x = L / 2 will also be different both in magnitude and in sign, namely:

It is important to note that the value of dF (x) is proportional to the square of the magnetic field strength H _HAC ; therefore, the direction of the force differential vector is independent of the direction of the magnetic lines of force in the permanent magnets.

The total force F _{1 of the} ferromagnetic substance of the ferromagnetic ring located at any time inside the gap of one (any) permanent magnet is found by integration

In view of (2), expression (4) can be rewritten in the form

where h = χ _MIN / χ _MAX << 1 is the known posterior value of the magnetic susceptibility drop in a given saturating magnetic field H _HAC , and this expression after changing the variable x = Vt and the notation ε = x / L and L / Vτ = α reduces to mind

where _Δ χ = χ _MAX- χ (Δt) is the absolute difference in the magnetic susceptibility of the ferromaterial in a magnetic field during the time Δt = L / V = L / ωR, when this differential volume dv is stretched in the magnetic gap of the permanent magnet. This expression was obtained with an accuracy of [χ (Δt) -χ _MIN ] / χ _MAX << 1 and for a sufficiently large value of H _HAC compared to the value of H _C, expression (6) is a good approximation for calculating the force F ₁ ].

A noticeable intensity drop in the interaction force before the start of the magnetic gap is due to the fact that the ferromagnet in the previous permanent magnet turned out to be magnetized and retained its remanent magnetization, the polarity of which coincides with the polarity of the magnetic field of the permanent magnet under consideration, as indicated in Fig. 4, which causes repulsive force from the latter. However, the integral of the action of this differential force over a very short interaction time, physically representing a momentum of force, geometrically represented by the area of this negative ejection, is small compared to the area under the dF (x) curve within 0≤x≤L / 2. Therefore, in a first approximation, the influence of this force can be neglected, and taking this force into account requires a special and rather complicated consideration.

Considering, to a first approximation, the action of the force F ₁ from each of N permanent magnets on a rotating ferromagnetic ring, we obtain the total force F _Σ = NF ₁ from (6).

The solution of integral (6) has the form

that is, it is uniquely determined by the parameter α = Δt / τ, which expresses the relative stay of any arbitrary differential volume of the ferromaterial in the magnetic gap of the permanent magnet compared to the constant τ of the magnetic viscosity of the ferromagnet, which is determined by its speed V in the saturating magnetic field H _HAC .

Analyzing expression (7), we note that the function I (a) = [exp (- α) (α + 2) + α-2] / α ² has a maximum at α * = exp (1) = 2.718 (the base of the natural the logarithm of e), and the maximum value of I (α *) = 0.139. For values α → 0 and α → ∞, the quantity I (0) = 1 (∞) → 0. That is, the maximum force F ₁ * = 0.276 μ _{0 Δ} χ H _HAC ² S and F _Σ * = 0.276 N μ _{0 Δ} χ H _HAC ² S, and these extreme values of the force are realized at the angular velocity of rotation of the ferromagnetic ring ω * = L / eRτ.

Analyzing the dependence of the force F _Σ on the angular velocity of rotation ω of the ferromagnetic ring, and this dependence is shown in Fig. 8, we note that with the growth of this angular velocity, the force F _Σ (ω), which creates the rotational moment M (ω) = F _Σ (ω) R, falls relatively slowly. As is known, the steady-state torque M (ω) must be balanced by the moment of friction and the external moment of the connected load. Depending on the nature of the connected load, its magnitude, the angular velocity of rotation of the ferromagnetic ring in the steady state (steady state) will change. Figure 8 shows three load characteristics - for quasicritical, operating and idle modes. The greater the load, the steeper the load characteristic and the lower the angular velocity of the steady state. The latter is determined by the point of intersection of the curve of the power characteristic with the load, and a stable equilibrium is achieved when the derivatives of these intersecting characteristics have different signs, as follows from the theory of automatic control.

Figure 9 shows the characteristic of the relative power of the rotational motion of the ferromagnetic ring as a function of the ratio ω / ω * in the range of variation of this ratio from 1 to 10. The power in the load grows quite rapidly for the ratio ω / ω * from 1 to 2 ... 3, and then grows slowly, asymptotically tending to a value of about 0.45 against a value of 0.139 at ω / ω * = 1.

A feature of this technical solution in comparison with the known ferromagnetically viscous rotator (prototype) is the magnetization reversal factor of a hard magnetic ferromagnet, which allows to increase the range of variation of the magnetic susceptibility _Δ χ in the magnetic gaps of permanent magnets with oppositely oriented magnetic fields in adjacent pairs. The use of magnetically solid ferromagnets leads to the appearance of residual magnetizations in them in the absence of a magnetic field (when the corresponding sections of the ferromagnetic ring are in the gap between the permanent magnets, where H = 0). During magnetization reversal, the image point moves (see Fig. 2) not from the origin, as is typical for magnetically soft ferromagnets, but from the value of the residual magnetization of one sign to saturation with another sign of magnetization. An increase in _Δ χ leads to an increase in the useful power that can be obtained from such a device, ceteris paribus. Of interest is also the fact that in the claimed design, the distance between adjacent permanent magnets can be significantly reduced compared with that for the prototype, since the magnetization state of the ferromaterial upon its exit from the gap of the permanent magnet to the zone where H = 0 has already been finally established. This allows you to increase the number of permanent magnets N with constant values of R and L, that is, to increase the specific power of the device per unit volume (energy efficiency).

The physical basis laid down in the work of the claimed technical solution consists in the occurrence of a force applied to a ferromagnetic substance in the direction of its movement in a spatially localized saturating magnetic field due to the lag of the center of magnetization of the ferromagnetic substance located in the specified field from the center of attraction of the latter in the dynamics of motion of the ferromagnetic substance at a rate consistent with its constant magnetic viscosity and the dimensions of a spatially localized saturating m magnetic field, while the mechanical work associated with maintaining the movement of a ferromagnetic substance expends the thermal energy of the environment, which compensates for the cooling of the ferromagnetic substance during its adiabatic demagnetization by a saturating magnetic field.

Indeed, the observance of the law of conservation and conversion of energy in this process is explained by the expenditure of internal energy W _{0 of the} ferromagnetic substance, determined by its temperature T ₀ , the participating mass m _FER and its specific heat capacity with ₀ according to the formula W ₀ = c ₀ m _FER T ₀ in the absence of an effective magnetic field (that is, at H = 0), to commit mechanical work. The placement of a certain mass m _{FER of a} ferromagnetic substance in a jump (adiabatically) in a saturating magnetic field whose energy W _M in the volume of the indicated mass is proportional to the square of the saturation magnetic field intensity leads to a decrease in the specific heat capacity of this part of the ferromagnetic substance at its same temperature (converts the ferromagnetic substance into another aggregate state, by analogy with how water and ice have different specific heat capacities at the same temperature equal to zero degrees Celsius), so the equality c _H m _FER T ₀ + W _M = c ₀ m _FER T _{0 holds} , where c ₀ and c _H are the specific heat of mass m _{FER of a} ferromagnet, respectively, in the absence of a magnetic field and in a saturating magnetic field H _HAC at a constant temperature T ₀ , c ₀ > c _H , W _M is the magnetic field energy stored in a ferromagnet. Subsequently, part of the internal energy of the ferromagnetic substance is expended on the mechanical work of W _MEX , which leads to a decrease in its temperature to T _H <T ₀ according to the expression c _H m _FER T ₀ = W _MEX + with _H m _FER T _H , and the output of ferromagnetic substance from the saturating magnetic field zone, an additional decrease in the temperature of the ferromagnetic substance occurs with an increase in its specific heat from c _H to the initial value c ₀ (at H = 0) according to the formula c _H m _FER T _H = c ₀ m _FER T ₀ *, where T ₀ * <T _H <T ₀ . Since the energy of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets remains almost unchanged during operation of the device (W _M = const (t)), we obtain the obvious equality W _MEX = c ₀ m _FER (T ₀ -T ₀ *), which meets the fundamental law of conservation and conversion of energy. The loss of thermal energy by a ferromagnetic ring is compensated by its influx from the surrounding external environment due to thermal conductivity. The heat transfer efficiency can be improved by placing a ferromagnetic ring with permanent magnets in a housing with a liquid having a sufficiently high thermal conductivity and low viscosity (to reduce the friction moment). Thermal energy can be scooped in practically unlimited quantities from the waters of the seas and oceans. To a certain extent, this will contribute to reducing global warming with the mass use of the inventive device and its various modifications for industrial and domestic purposes by reducing the share of energy devices using the thermal energy of various fuels (oil, gas, etc.).

The search for suitable ferromaterials with certain characteristics of magnetic viscosity and coercive force, the development of the technology for manufacturing ferromagnetic rings of sufficiently large sizes (R> 0.5 ... 2 m), including composite structures, and the synthesis of materials for permanent magnets with the highest possible energy product (BH) _max allows you to create compact and energy-intensive devices with an almost unlimited resource ("perpetum mobile"). The invention, in addition, is of particular scientific interest for studying the physical mechanism of the direct conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy with efficiency ~ 1.

Patent Search Documents: SU 1318844 A1, 06.23.1987. SU 1685271 A3, 10/15/1991. RU 2029160 C1, 02.20.1995. RU 2238461 C1, 20.10.2004. RU 2249732 C2, 04/10/2005. RU 2309527 C1, 11/20/2006. RU 2291546 C1, 01/10/2007. RU 2309527 C2, 10.27.2007. WO 0013297 A1, 09.03.2000. WO 02062492 A1, 08/15/2002. JP 55144784 A, 11.11.1980. JP 2000228865 A, 08/15/2000. US 5138207 A, 08/11/1992.

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Claims (1)

A ferromagnetically viscous rotator containing magnetically contactless magnetically coupled to a ferromagnetic ring of radius R that rotates with an angular velocity ω on an axis of radius R and is somewhat symmetrically arranged relative to the ferromagnetic ring of permanent magnets with a saturating magnetic field for the ferromagnetic material used in the ferromagnetic ring with constant magnetic viscosity τ = eL / ωR, where e = 2.718 is the base of the natural logarithm, L is the length of the magnetic gaps in each of the permanent magnets along the body of the ferromagnetic ring, characterized in that the number of of the selected magnets is even, adjacent permanent magnets are rotated 180 degrees relative to each other so that the vectors of their magnetic fields are opposite and orthogonal to the planes of the ferromagnetic ring, and the material of the ferromagnetic ring is selected with a high coercive force, so that the magnitude of the remanent magnetization of the ferromaterial is comparable with its maximum magnetization in a saturating magnetic field, with an even number N of used permanent magnets selected from the condition N≤πR / 2L.

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