RU2537914C2 - Method of analysis of grass and soil sample on bottomland meadow of minor river - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of landscape science, in particular to integrated environmental and technological monitoring of forest and non-forest areas with grass cover. The method comprises the allocation of a plot of a bottomland meadow with test grass cover. Then, on this plot downstream of the minor river or its feeder in a characteristic place a section line of measurements in the transverse direction is marked. Along the section line at least three test plots are marked on each side of the minor river or its feeder. After marking the distances from the received origin of coordinates on one side of the minor river or its feeder to the centres of the test plots are measured. After cutting grass samples are subjected to biochemical tests. First, at one point of the bottomland meadow the grass is sampled from the test plot which is dried with the registration of the dynamics of dehydration under natural conditions of drying followed by biochemical analysis of dried samples of grass on at least three chemicals: NH₃, K₂O, and P₂O₅. After cutting the grass sample in the centre of the test plot the pit is dug, and then around in the middle of the soil layer of 5-30 cm the sample is taken for agrochemical analysis of soil on at least three chemicals: HNO₃, K₂O, and P₂O₅, related to grass nutrition, and for comparing chemical concentrations of grass and soil the mathematical method of factor analysis is used.

EFFECT: method enables increase the functional capabilities and to improve the accuracy of comparing the soil samples.

4 cl, 6 dwg, 3 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to the measurement of parameters of the riverbed topography of small rivers, biophysical and biochemical analysis of the quality of grass cover at test sites, as well as the quality of the surface soil layer under test sites at soil samples for agrochemical analysis, mainly on floodplain meadows and coastal forest meadows, and can be used in integrated environmental and technological monitoring of forest and non-forest territories with grass cover.

Known methods of analysis of grass and soil by the following methods:

- according to biochemical analysis, the content in the samples of grass: nitrogen - by means of the Nessler reagent (GOST 50466-93); phosphorus - photometric method (GOST 26657-97); potassium - by the method of flame photometry (GOST 30504-97);

- according to agrochemical analysis, the content of nutrients available for plants in the soil layer is 5-30 cm: nitrate nitrogen - according to the TsI-NAO method (GOST 26488-85): available potassium and phosphorus according to the Kirsanov method (GOST 26207-81).

The disadvantage is the inconsistency of sampling of soil and grass at the same point on the land plot of the meadow, as well as the lack of binding to the parameters of the riverbed topography of the biochemical parameters of the grass and agrochemical parameters of the soil depending on the relief of the meadow.

There is also a known method of testing grass cover on a floodplain of a small river according to the patent of Russian Federation 2384048, which includes the allocation of a section of a floodplain meadow with a test grass cover, then at least three measurement sections in the transverse direction are marked along the flow of a small river or its tributary in characteristic places along at least three test sites are marked on each site on each side of the small river or its tributary; after marking, the distances from the accepted origin on one side of the small river or its tributary to the centers of In addition, the height of the center of each test site from the surface of a small river or its tributary is measured, and after cutting the grass sample, it is tested and the results of the tests reveal patterns of influence of the distance along each target, the height of the test sites above the water edge on the biophysical and biochemical parameters of grass samples.

The disadvantage is the inconsistency of sampling of soil and grass at the same point on the land plot of the meadow. However, the prototype does not indicate the distinctive features of the process of sampling the soil relative to the grass sample at the test site.

The technical result is the expansion of functionality by comparing the results of biochemical tests of grass samples and agrochemical analysis of soil samples, and to increase the accuracy of matching soil samples are taken directly under the grass sample approximately in the center of the site and in the middle of the layer 5-30 cm.

This technical result is achieved by the fact that the method of analyzing grass and soil samples in the floodplain meadow of a small river, including the allocation of a section of a floodplain meadow with a test grass cover, then on this section along the course of a small river or its tributary in a characteristic place mark the measurement target in the transverse direction, at least three test sites are marked along the alignment on each side of the small river or its tributary; after marking, the distances are measured from the accepted coordinate origin on one side of the small river or its tributary to the centers of the trial x pads, after cutting grass samples subjected to biochemical tests, characterized in that after cutting the grass samples approximately in the center of the test site is excavated pit, and then around the middle layer of 5-30 cm of soil sample is taken for analysis agrochemical soil.

To study the influence of the parameters of the riverbed relief across the river, at least one measurement target is laid with at least three test sites on each side of the small river or its tributary, with the distance from the center of the left small river flowing from the test site to other test sites with a transition to the right side of the river.

A biochemical analysis of the dried grass samples is carried out for at least three chemicals NH ₃ , K ₂ O, and P ₂ O ₅ , an agrochemical analysis is also carried out for at least three related grass nutrients to the chemicals HNO ₃ , K ₂ O, and P ₂ O ₅ , while for comparison

the concentrations of chemicals in grass and soil apply the mathematical method of factor analysis, and in addition to three chemicals in samples of grass and soil, two paired and one ternary sums of chemicals obtained by biochemical and agrochemical analyzes are used.

The essence of the technical solution lies in the fact that first, at one point of the floodplain meadow, a sample of grass is taken from a test site, which is dried to record the dynamics of dehydration in natural drying conditions, followed by biochemical analysis of a part of the dried grass sample, and after cutting the grass sample approximately in the middle of the soil layer 5-30 cm sample is taken for agrochemical soil analysis.

The essence of the technical solution also lies in the fact that to study the influence of the parameters of the riverbed relief across the river, at least one measurement target is laid with at least three test sites on each side, with a measurement of the distance from the center of the small river, left in the course of the small river, to other test sites with the transition to the right side of the river.

The essence of the technical solution also lies in the fact that the biochemical analysis of the dried grass samples is carried out with at least three chemicals NH ₃ , K ₂ O and P ₂ O ₅ , the agrochemical analysis is also carried out with at least three related grass nutrients to the HNO chemicals ₃ , K ₂ O, and P ₂ O ₅ , and the mathematical method of factor analysis is used to compare the concentrations of grass and soil chemicals.

The essence of the technical solution also lies in the fact that in addition to the three chemicals in the samples of grass and soil, two paired and one ternary amounts for groups of chemicals are used.

The novelty of the technical solution lies in the fact that for the first time the fundamental laws of the relationship between the chemicals contained in the soil and grass were obtained, as well as the biotechnical laws of the mutual influence on each other. In addition, regularities were obtained for the influence of the relief parameters of the near-river floodplain moon on the content of chemicals in samples of grass and soil.

The proposed technical solution has significant features, novelty and a significant positive effect. We have not found any materials discrediting the novelty of the technical solution.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of the profile (vertical structure) of a test site with a pit for sampling soil; figure 2 - a system of rectangular coordinates of the alignment of measurements across the small river; figure 3 shows a graph of changes in the thickness of the soil layer along the first alignment of the river Irovka from arable land to the village, taking into account the wave effects of the width of the river and coastal slopes; in Fig.4 - the same in Fig.3, under the test sites for cutting samples of grass; figure 5 shows graphs of the effect of thickness at the soil cover layer under the first target of the river measurements biophysical indicators of grass samples; figure 6 is a graph of the moisture change of samples of freshly cut grass depending on the thickness of the soil cover under the test sites.

A method for analyzing grass and soil samples in a floodplain meadow of a small river contains the following steps.

On the test site 1 (Fig. 1) after cutting the grass, a pit 3 is dug to take a soil sample 3 within the boundaries 4 and 5 of the soil for agrochemical analysis in a soil layer of 5-30 cm.

To study the influence of the parameters of the riverbed relief across the river, at least one measurement target is laid with at least three test sites on each side of the small river or its tributary, with the distance from the center of the left small river of the test site being measured to other test sites with a transition on the right side of the river.

A biochemical analysis of the dried grass samples is carried out for at least three chemicals NH ₃ , K ₂ O and P ₂ O ₅ , an agrochemical analysis is also carried out for at least three related grass nutrients to the chemicals HNO ₃ , K ₂ O and P ₂ O ₅ In this case, to compare the concentrations of chemicals of grass and soil, a mathematical method of factor analysis is used, and in addition to three chemicals in samples of grass and soil, two paired and one ternary amounts of chemicals obtained by biochemical and agrochemical are used analyzes.

The method of analyzing grass and soil samples in a floodplain meadow of a small river, for example, in a floodplain meadow in a protected zone of a small river from trial plots measuring 1.00 × 1.00 m, is carried out by the following steps.

First, grass cover in a floodplain meadow is studied visually or on a map and its location relative to a river and other natural, natural, man-made and anthropogenic objects is noted. Then in the meadow mark the place of sampling grass. For grass cover on the territory of the meadow, outlines along the river, located in characteristic places along the river, places with test sites. In the minimum case, one observation target is sufficient.

After marking, measure the distance from the accepted coordinate origin on one side of the small river or its tributary to the centers of the test sites, in addition, if necessary, measure the height of the center of each test site from the surface of the small river or its tributary.

At least three test plots on each side of the small river or its tributary are marked along the measuring line, and the numbering of test plots is carried out from the left bank to the right when the observer is facing the stream of the small river or its tributary.

Before cutting off the aerial part of the grass, the contours of each test site measuring 1.00 × 1.00 m are marked at the place of sampling of grass plants, for example, with a template or a cord stretched between them along the sides of the test site, oriented along the course of a small river.

Cut grass samples are subjected to weighing and other tests for subsequent biotechnological and biochemical evaluation of test sites. According to the totality of the measured properties of grass samples, patterns of their changes are revealed depending on the distance along each alignment and on the height of the center of the test sites from the water edge approximately in the summer low-water season.

After testing the samples of the cut grass of the floodplain meadow for biophysical indicators by weight and drying time, depending on the topography parameters in the measuring stations, part of the dried sample is taken for ashing and subsequent biochemical analysis of at least three biochemical substances: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

On the test site 1 (Fig. 1) after cutting the grass, a pit 3 is dug to take a soil sample 3 within the boundaries 4 and 5 of the soil for agrochemical analysis in a soil layer of 5-30 cm.

A biochemical analysis of the dried grass samples is carried out for at least three chemicals NH ₂ , K ₂ O and P ₂ O ₅ , an agrochemical analysis is also carried out for at least three related grass nutrients to the chemicals HNO ₃ , K ₂ O and P ₂ O ₅ , while for comparison

the concentrations of chemicals in grass and soil apply the mathematical method of factor analysis, and in addition to three chemicals in samples of grass and soil, two paired and one ternary sums of chemicals obtained by biochemical and agrochemical analyzes are used.

Example. The Irovka River flows into Ilet, which then flows into the Volga, and is located on the territory of the Parangi district of the Republic of Mari El. The object of study is located in the Paranginsky district of the RME and is located on the territory of the Iletsk Upland-Plain South Taiga Region with the development of modern karst. This geographical area is located entirely in the Ilet River basin. The relief of the territory is complex. The depth of erosion partition is 125-160 m, in some places it increases to 175 m. The density of the ravine-girder network varies from 100-1300 m / km ² . The total length of the Irovka River is 61.6 km, its total length with tributaries and streams is 140.3 km. The sinuosity coefficient of the river network will be equal to 140.3 / 61.6 = 2.278. The catchment area of the Irovka River is 918 km and consists mainly of agricultural land. Valley of the Irovka River of unclear type. The riverbed is winding, steep banks. The floodplain of the river is used for grazing and haying.

Soil layer under grass samples. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the soil layer under six test sites along the first measurement cross section across the Irovka River (Table 1).

Soil layer profile. According to table 1, we take the soil layer profile in new coordinates (Fig. 1), the beginning of which is 60 m to the left of the origin of the test sites for cutting grass samples (Fig. 2), and at this zero point the thickness of the soil layer was measured for comparison on arable land. The seventh point in Table 1 is near the edge of the village of Yandemirovo. At all points, the thickness h of the soil layer to the surface of the parent rock is more than 30 cm. Therefore, agrochemical analysis by taking soil samples from a layer of 5-30 cm is quite possible. It was previously revealed that depth has a profound effect on the concentration of nutrient chemicals. Therefore, it is recommended to take soil samples from about the middle of the thickness of the soil cover, that is, at a depth of 17-20 cm from the soil surface.

On a common target length of 0 ... 207 m (Fig. 3), the thickness of the soil layer depending on the distance along the first target varies according to the formula

$$h=h_{\mathrm{one}}+{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="h"\; filenames="00000008.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">h</figure-callout>}}_2,\text{(one)}$$

h ₁ = 34.0843exp (-0.00044655L),

h ₂ = Acos (πL / p + 1,03299),

A = 3.9858710 ^-12 L ^7.39175 exp (-0.035845L ^1.08580 ),

p = 11.3162 + 0.00078687L ^0.66546 ,

where h is the thickness of the soil cover, cm,

h ₁ - the first component, showing a decrease in the thickness of the soil cover with approaching the village, that is, anthropogenic impact, cm,

h ₂ - the wave effect of the river flow with coastal slopes and the place of cattle watering in a former pasture near the village, cm,

A is the amplitude (half) of the vibrational disturbance of the soil cover in thickness, and the maximum thickness of the soil layer appears at the resting place of cows and calves, cm,

p is the period (half) of the vibrational disturbance of the soil layer from the bank of the small river to the village on the pasture for calves and gobies walking, and according to formula (1) the maximum growth of the soil layer falls at a distance of 11.3 m from the shore edge, and then the oscillation period increases, m

As with the relief, the wave component of the thickness of the soil cover is highly significant. The small river causes vibrational disturbance of the profile of both the surface of the land plots and the thickness of the soil layer on them. At the maximum vibrational disturbance of the thickness of the soil under the meadow is the resting place of cattle near the banks of a small river.

Trial sites. Directly below them, the soil layer varies in thickness (Fig. 4) again according to the wave function of the form

$$h=h_{\mathrm{one}}+{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="h"\; filenames="00000008.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">h</figure-callout>}}_2,\text{(2)}$$

h = 35.6608exp (-0.0029798L ^0.83855 ), h ₂ = Acos (πL / p-2.01766),

A = 2.98149 · 10 ^-7 L ^6.50026 exp (-0.15161L), p = 9.36957 + 0.023186L.

Directly under the test plots, the decrease in the thickness of the soil layer occurs faster from the left bank to the right. The channeling of a small river leads to oscillatory disturbance of the soil and, as a result, the productivity of grass cover over the soil cover.

Model (2) is more accurate in comparison with (1), therefore, it is often possible to carry out measurements only within the water protection zone of the river and along it.

To determine the effect of the height of the sites above the water edge on the thickness of the soil layer, six measurements were small.

The influence of the soil layer. Weak deterministic communication according to biotechnical law received four parameters of grass samples (figure 5). But taking into account the wave component, the influence of the thickness of the soil cover on the biophysical and biochemical parameters of the grass is strong due to the close connection.

Thus, the thickness of the soil layer can be a good bio-indicator for assessing a floodplain meadow.

A strong determinate correlation was obtained by the moisture W of the cut grass (Fig.6) according to the formula of the biotechnical law

$$W=0,061650{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="3"\; label="h"\; filenames="00000008.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">h</figure-callout>}}^{3,40485}\exp \left(-0,077221h^{\mathrm{one},110103}\right).\text{(3)}$$

With a correlation coefficient of 0.7697, there is an optimum soil thickness of 27-29 cm, providing maximum moisture to the growing grass. Small and large soil thicknesses do not retain soil moisture and therefore do not provide soil moisture to the grass. As a result, there is always an optimum thickness of the soil layer.

Tables 2 and 3 show the results of biochemical tests of grass samples and agrochemical tests of soil samples directly under the test sites.

table 2 Results of agrochemical soil analysis under test sites of the first alignment Distance along the alignment, L ′, m Distance Alignment, L, m Height from water edge, H, m The thickness of the soil layer, h, cm Soil acidity, pH The content of substances, mg / g Nitrogen HNO ₃ Potassium K ₂ O Phosphorus P ₂ O ₅ Optimal soil values 6.0-7.0 thirty 250 320 0 -60 - 32 7.0 11.00 69 42 70 10 2.00 35 6.6 4.40 168 24 80 twenty 1.85 33 6.9 3.00 167 60 90 thirty 1.68 40 7.0 1.55 124 74 117 57 1.65 25 6.7 1.95 53 64 127 67 1.85 32 7.0 1.32 47 69 137 77 2.00 35 6.9 2.90 28 twenty 207 147 - thirty 7.0 5.00 108 84

Table 3 The main factors of soil and grass properties on test sites at the site The content of substances in the soil sample, mg / g The content of substances in the sample of grass, mg / g Nitrogen HNO ₃ Potassium K ₂ O Phosphorus P ₂ O ₅

$$C{B}_{\mathrm{but}+f}^n$$

$$C{B}_{\mathrm{TO}+f}^n$$

CB ⁿ Nitrogen NH ₃ Potassium K ₂ O Phosphorus P ₂ O ₂ CB _{a + f} CB _{to + f} CB 4.40 168 24 28.40 192 196.40 0.67 6.250 1.02 1.69 7.270 7.94 3.00 167 60 63.00 227 230.00 0.31 0.125 0.33 0.64 0.455 0.77 1.55 124 74 75.55 198 199.55 0.31 13.750 0.67 0.98 14.420 14.73 1.95 53 64 65.95 117 118.95 0.2 1.250 0.13 0.38 1.380 1.63 1.32 47 69 70.32 116 117.32 0.25 5,000 0.56 0.81 5.560 5.81 2.90 28 twenty 22.90 48 50.90 0.20 2.500 0.20 0.40 2.700 2.90

After carrying out agrochemical analysis, tables of the results of biochemical and agrochemical analysis are compiled to compare and identify mathematical relationships between factors. Factor analysis according to the data in Table 3 revealed strong binary relations according to the general formula of biotechnical regularity.

The proposed method allows you to find out the patterns of mutual relationship between the parameters of grass and soil cover on two sides of a small river. By the laws of the influence of the relief parameters of the near-river floodplain on the change in chemical substances and their groups in the soil, one can also determine the indirect effect of the settlement, pasture, and even cattle sites.

Claims (3)

1. A method of analyzing grass and soil samples in a floodplain meadow of a small river, including the allocation of a section of a floodplain meadow with a test grass cover, then on this section along the course of a small river or its tributary in a typical place mark the measurement target in the transverse direction, mark at least along the alignment three test sites on each side of a small river or its tributary, after marking, measure the distance from the accepted origin on one side of a small river or its tributary to the centers of the test sites, after cutting the grass sample t biochemical tests, characterized in that first, at one point of the floodplain meadow, a grass sample is taken from a test site, which is dried to record the dynamics of dehydration in natural drying conditions, followed by biochemical analysis of the dried grass samples with at least three chemicals: NH ₃ , K ₂ O and P ₂ O ₅ , after cutting the grass sample in the center of the test site, dig a pit, and then approximately in the middle of the soil layer 5-30 cm take a sample for agrochemical analysis of the soil with at least three related nutrition herbs to chemicals HNO ₃ , K ₂ O and P ₂ O ₅ , and a mathematical method of factor analysis is used to compare the concentrations of chemicals in the grass and soil. 2. A method for analyzing grass and soil samples in a floodplain meadow of a small river according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one measurement target with at least three test sites on each side of the small river or for measuring the influence of parameters of the riverbed relief across the river is laid its inflow, with the measurement of the distance from the center of the left small test river to the other test sites with the transition to the right side of the river. 3. The method for analyzing grass and soil samples in a floodplain meadow of a small river according to claim 1, characterized in that in addition to three chemicals in the samples of grass and soil, two paired and one ternary amounts of chemicals obtained by biochemical and agrochemical analyzes are used.

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