RU2537663C1 - Jet hovercraft - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: transport.

SUBSTANCE: for operation of installations fresh water stored in reservoirs is used which water is energy carrier. Jet hovercraft includes hull, hull guard, reservoirs for fresh water located in the hull, centrifugal fans to discharge compressed air under hull bottom and create air cushion and gas-steam turbine plants for centrifugal fans operation, jet gas-steam turbine plants placed on deck for vessel movement which plants use water as energy carrier and produce effective power and traction force, installed in vessel hull steam generator working on exhaust hydrogen and oxygen with temperature of 500-550°C and connected by main steampipe with steam header of jet gas-steam turbine plant and refrigerator for cooling exhaust hydrogen and oxygen from steam generator which header is connected to accumulating reservoir and distribution device, steam generator connected to cooling system of jet gas-steam turbine plant working on liquid-metal coolant, connected with steam turbine and with main steampipe, connected to electric generator switched to electric board and to condenser, jet gas-steam turbine plant plasmochemical reactor power supply unit connected to electric board. The jet gas-steam turbine plant includes housing with diffuser for atmospheric air intake with starting motor installed in its cowling, jet nozzle for traction force creation accommodating cone and injectors to inject hydrogen or hydrocarbon fuel to force plant and increase traction force, and two power units installed in the hull and containing thermodissociating gas turbine plant and steam turbine plant connected by shaft from one side with electric generator switched to electric board and from the other side - with high-pressure fan for creation of air movement in ring-shaped channel between the hull and power units and centrifugal compressor connected to combustion chambers equally spaced along circumference for combustion of dissociation products - hydrogen and oxygen - and creation of traction force. The thermodissociating gas turbine plant for producing energy source - hydrogen and oxygen - and useful power is performed with plasmochemical reactors equally spaced along circumference for thermal dissociation of water steam and obtaining hydrogen and oxygen with temperature exceeding 2500°C and with high pressure, connected to power supply, communicating at one end by means of disk-valve with holes for steam intake and ring-shaped labyrinth seals, rotating at specified frequency, with steam header, and at the other end are connected with expanding nozzles and cylinders of wave compressors having injectors for water or liquid metal injection in them connected to gas turbine mounted on shaft connected with electric generator which turbine is provided with outlet pipe to discharge exhaust hydrogen and oxygen into steam generator. The plasmochemical reactors for thermal dissociation of water steam and producing hydrogen and oxygen with temperature exceeding 2500°C, expanding nozzles and cylinders of wave compressors have jackets for cooling liquid circulation - liquid metal cooler and water - for cooling nozzle walls - anodes of plasmochemical reactors. The plasmochemical reactors contain housing with jacket which housing communicates with cooled nozzle - anode, with located in housing at specified distance from its walls electrode-cathode mounted in device being connected to power supply, with located in housing injector for injection of easily-ionising additive, or several plasmochemical reactors with located in housing injector for injection of easily-ionising additive are located in one unit connected with expanding nozzles of wave compressors at one end, and at the other end communicate with disk-valve having holes for steam intake and ring-shaped labyrinth seals, or several plasmochemical reactors located in one unit contain housings with jacket, cover and dome, with electrodes-cathodes mounted in housings at specified distance from their walls in electric insulation layer, which housings communicate with cooled nozzles-anodes. On the unit of plasmochemical reactors, valve mechanism with inlet valve water steam intake. Valve mechanism includes fitting pipe for steam intake which fitting is connected with header attached to housings of plasmochemical reactors, with inlet valve located on header, with limiter and spring for water stem intake. Steam turbine plat for hydrogen combustion in oxygen and obtaining useful power is made with axial compressor connected to distributing device, which compressor is connected in series with connecting cylinders, combustion chambers equally spaced along circumference including injectors for hydrogen ignition in oxygen due to injection of gaseous jets of electroconducting liquid thermal dissociation products and hybrid injectors for injection of gaseous mixture of electroconducting liquid and hydrocarbon fuel thermal dissociation products, with expanding nozzles and cylinders of wave compressors, connected to steam turbine mounted on shaft connected with thermodissociating gas turbine plant and electric generator, which turbine is provided with outlet fitting pipe to discharge exhaust steam into condenser. Axial compressor is made with two housings, with inlet chamber with atmospheric air intake shutter gimbal-mounted on it. The second housing is equipped with inlet fitting pipe for intake of dissociation products - hydrogen and oxygen - from distributing device. Injector for hydrogen ignition in oxygen contains housing with fitting pipes for electroconducting liquid infeed which pipes are connected with cylindrical channels located inside housing in electric insulating material layer. On one end of these pipes, electrodes connected to pulse oscillator are installed, and on the other end nozzles are made which are directed at an angle to each other and communicating with injector explosion chamber having bottom with outlet holes for gas jets. The hybrid injectors contain housing with fitting pipes for electroconducting liquid infeed which pipes are connected with cylindrical channels located inside housing in electric insulating material layer in parallel with fuel injector location. On one end of these pipes, electrodes connected to pulse oscillator are installed, and on the other end nozzles are made which are directed at an angle to each other and communicating with injector explosion chamber having outlet nozzle for gas jets.

EFFECT: higher travel speed.

18 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of sea and river fleet, in which hovercraft with jet gas and steam turbine installations are used, while fresh water stored in containers, which is an energy carrier, is used for the operation of the installations.

Known sea and river hovercraft operating on hydrocarbon fuels with diesel or gas turbine units.

The disadvantages of such vessels are the high cost of fuel, the risk of fire, while the exhaust gases of power plants pollute the atmosphere and the environment.

Known designs of marine hovercraft with nuclear reactors / cm. V.A. Ilyin "The ships of tomorrow." - M .: Knowledge ,. 1977/7, pp. 39-40 /.

The disadvantages of such vessels are the large weight of nuclear power plants / AEU / and the impossibility of reliable disposal of waste from nuclear reactors.

Known power plant for use in various fields of technology and economics - steam turbine internal combustion engine - PT UVS according to patent No. 2386825 of 04/20/2010

It contains series-connected reactors for thermal dissociation of water vapor, wave compressor cylinders, combustion chambers uniformly spaced around the circumference, wave compressor cylinders, a turbine, and an electric generator.

In addition, the PT UVS installation has a steam generator in which a liquid metal coolant with a high temperature is circulated heated in the installation cooling system, generating water vapor with high temperature and pressure parameters, supplying steam to the reactors for its thermal dissociation and producing hydrogen and oxygen with temperature , exceeding 2500 ° C, and high pressure, steam line, steam collector, electrical discharge excitation system.

Known power plant - steam turbine internal combustion engine - PT UVS is the closest analogue of the prototype, as it contains features that match the features of the claimed invention, in particular:

- the reactors are evenly spaced around for the thermal dissociation of water vapor and the production of hydrogen and oxygen at a temperature exceeding 2500 ° C.

- reactors on the one hand communicate with the steam collector;

- combustion chambers are connected to cylinders of wave compressors;

- the combustion chambers have nozzles for igniting hydrogen in oxygen and are connected to the steam turbine using the cylinders of the wave compressors;

- a steam generator for generating steam;

- capacitor.

A disadvantage of the well-known steam-turbine internal combustion unit - ПТ УВС is low efficiency compared to the claimed jet hovercraft with reactive gas-steam-turbine units, due to the low pressure and temperature of hydrogen in oxygen in the combustion chambers of the ПТ УВС, as a result of which the proposed reactive hovercraft:

- a gas-steam turbine installation includes a housing with a diffuser for atmospheric air inlet, with a starting engine installed in it in the fairing, a jet nozzle for generating traction, with a cone and nozzles placed in it for injecting hydrogen or hydrocarbon fuel, for boosting the installation and increasing traction , and two power units installed in the housing, containing a thermodissociation gas turbine installation and a steam turbine installation connected by a shaft on one side with an electric generator, are included on the electrical panel, and on the other with a high-pressure fan to create air movement in the annular channel between the body and power units, and a centrifugal compressor connected to the combustion chambers, evenly spaced around the circumference to burn dissociation products - hydrogen and oxygen, and create traction force, thermal a gas turbine installation for obtaining a source of energy - hydrogen and oxygen, and useful power, is made with plasma-chemical reactors uniformly located around the circumference for thermal the dissociation of water vapor and the production of hydrogen and oxygen with a temperature exceeding 2500 ° C and high pressure, connected to a power source, communicating on one side with a disk valve having holes for steam inlet and ring labyrinth seals rotating at a given frequency , with a steam collector, and on the other connected to expanding nozzles and cylinders of wave compressors having nozzles for injecting water or liquid metal into them, connected to a gas turbine mounted on a shaft, connected Mr. with an electric generator equipped with an exhaust pipe for the release of spent hydrogen and oxygen into the steam generator,

at the same time, plasma-chemical reactors for thermal dissociation of water vapor and production of hydrogen and oxygen with a temperature exceeding 2500 ° C, expanding nozzles and cylinders of wave compressors have jackets for circulating coolant - liquid metal coolant and water, for cooling the walls of nozzles-anodes of plasma-chemical reactors,

Plasma-chemical reactors contain a jacketed housing communicating with a cooled nozzle-anode, with a cathode electrode located in the housing at a predetermined distance from its walls, mounted in a device connected to a power source, with a nozzle for injecting an easily ionizing additive placed in the housing, or

several plasma-chemical reactors with nozzles for injecting easily ionizing additives located in them are located in one block connected to the expanding nozzles of the wave compressors on the one hand and, on the other hand, communicate with a valve disc having steam inlets and ring labyrinth seals,

or several plasma-chemical reactors located in one block contain housings with a jacket, a lid and a cap, with cathode electrodes fixed in the shells at a predetermined distance from their walls in the electrical insulation layer, in communication with cooled anode nozzles,

while on the block of plasma chemical reactors there is a valve mechanism with an inlet valve for the inlet of water vapor,

the valve mechanism includes a pipe for steam inlet, connected to a collector connected to the bodies of the plasma chemical reactors, with an inlet valve located on the manifold, with a limiter and a spring for water vapor inlet,

a steam turbine installation for the combustion of hydrogen in oxygen and obtaining useful power is made with an axial compressor connected to a switchgear, connected in series with connecting cylinders, combustion chambers evenly spaced around the circumference, including nozzles for igniting hydrogen in oxygen by injecting gaseous jets of thermal dissociation products conductive fluid and combined nozzles for injecting a gaseous mixture of products thermally the dissociation of electrically conductive liquid and hydrocarbon fuel, with expanding nozzles and cylinders of wave compressors, connected to a steam turbine mounted on a shaft connected to a thermodissociation gas turbine unit and an electric generator equipped with an exhaust pipe for exhausting exhaust steam into the condenser,

the axial compressor is made two-stage with a receiving chamber, with a damper pivotally mounted on it for atmospheric air inlet, and the second stage is equipped with an inlet for entering the dissociation products - hydrogen and oxygen, from the switchgear.

The nozzle for igniting hydrogen in oxygen contains a housing with nozzles for supplying electrically conductive fluid connected to cylindrical channels located inside the housing in a layer of insulating material, on one side of which electrodes are connected to the pulse generator, and nozzles directed at an angle to each other are made to a friend and communicating with an explosive chamber nozzle having a bottom with openings for the exit of gas jets,

the combined nozzles contain a housing with nozzles for supplying electrically conductive fluid connected to cylindrical channels located inside the housing in a layer of insulating material, parallel to the placement of the fuel nozzle, on one side of which electrodes are connected to the pulse generator, and nozzles directed on the other at an angle to each other and communicating with the explosive chamber nozzles having a nozzle for the exit of gas jets.

The above set of essential features during implementation ensures the achievement of the goal, while each of the given set of characteristics is necessary, and all together are sufficient to obtain a positive effect - the use of jet propulsion to increase the speed of the vessel and water as an energy carrier instead of hydrocarbon fuel, improving the atmosphere and the biosphere on the planet.

Based on the above arguments, the conclusion that the claimed technical solution meets the criteria of the invention is “inventive step” is absolutely legitimate.

The repeated possibility of implementation in the manufacture of the claimed technical solution with the above set of essential features also fully meets another main criterion of the invention "industrial applicability".

The essence of the technical solution is illustrated by drawings, in which:

- figure 1 shows a side view of a jet hovercraft;

- figure 2 shows a view of 1-1 on a jet hovercraft;

- figure 3 shows a diagram of a gas-steam turbine installation in longitudinal section, showing auxiliary devices located in the hull of a jet vessel on an air cushion, in particular a steam generator connected to a steam turbine, electric generator, condenser. The diagram shows the electrical panel.

The diagram also shows a steam generator connected to a steam manifold of a reactive gas-steam turbine installation and a refrigerator, a fresh water tank and a cryogenic reservoir for liquid hydrogen used in the use of a reactive gas-steam turbine installation / reactive gas-steam turbine engine / on airplanes and airships located in the ship’s hull or aircraft and airship.

- figure 4 in longitudinal section shows the node "N", which shows the plasma chemical reactor, disk valve and steam manifold on the one hand, and on the other it is connected to the expanding nozzle and cylinder of the wave compressor.

- figure 5 shows the node Q showing the labyrinth seals.

- figure 6 shows the second variant of the node Q with labyrinth seals.

- Fig.7 shows a front view of the disk valve.

- Fig. 8 shows in longitudinal section a second embodiment of a cathode electrode device, with a central channel and narrow channels for forcing fluid and cooling the cathode electrode.

- figure 9 in longitudinal section shows another design of the electrode cathode.

- figure 10 in longitudinal section shows a node that shows the design of a block of plasma chemical reactors, a disk valve and a steam manifold on the one hand, and on the other hand is connected to an expanding nozzle and a wave compressor cylinder.

- figure 11 in longitudinal section shows a node that depicts the design of a block of plasma-chemical reactors with a valve mechanism.

- Fig. 12 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a nozzle for igniting hydrogen in oxygen in a combustion chamber.

- in Fig.13 in longitudinal section shows a combined nozzle.

- Fig.14 shows a section through 1-1.

- Fig. 15 shows a section through 2-2.

- Fig. 16 shows a diagram of a second embodiment of the use of thermal energy of spent hydrogen and oxygen and a cooling liquid - a liquid metal coolant.

- Fig.17 shows a diagram of a gas-steam turbine installation.

- on Fig in longitudinal section shows a diagram of a two-stage axial compressor.

An air cushion jet vessel comprises a hull 1, a hull guard / skirt / 2, jet-steam turbine units 3 for vessel movement, mounted on the deck of a vessel, while gas-steam turbine units 4 are installed in the hull, by which centrifugal fans operate / not shown in the drawing / providing injection under the bottom of the housing of compressed air to create an air cushion. Tanks 5 for fresh water, which is the energy carrier for the operation of installations 3 and 4, passenger rooms and cargo holds, steam generators and other reactive gas and steam turbine installation 3 are also shown in FIG. 3. It is made combined and includes two power units - thermodissociation gas turbine unit 6 and steam turbine unit 7, connected by a shaft 8 with an electric generator 9.

за счет расширения водорода и кислорода, имеющих высокие параметры температуры и давления в расширяющихся соплах 11, цилиндрах 12 волновых компрессоров и на газовой турбине 13.Thermodissociation gas turbine unit 6 is used to obtain an energy source - hydrogen and oxygen - products of thermal dissociation of water vapor at a temperature exceeding 2500 ° C, in plasma chemical reactors 10 and useful power $$H_{\mathrm{one}}^g$$

due to the expansion of hydrogen and oxygen having high temperature and pressure parameters in expanding nozzles 11, cylinders 12 of wave compressors and on a gas turbine 13.

The thermodissociation gas-turbine unit 6 contains a steam collector 14, a disk-valve 15 rotating at a predetermined frequency, plasma-chemical reactors 10, expanding nozzles 11 connected to the cylinders 12 of the wave compressors, a gas turbine 13 having an outlet pipe 16. The steam collector 14 is connected by a pipeline to the steam generator 17 , which in turn is connected to the fresh water tank 5 and to the exhaust pipe 16 of the gas turbine 13.

The thermodissociation gas turbine unit 6 has shirts 18 and 19 / cm. figure 4 / for circulation in the inter-wall spaces of the liquid metal coolant in order to cool the plasma-chemical reactors 10, expanding nozzles 11 and cylinders 12 of the wave compressors. In this case, the shirts have nozzles 20 and 21 for the inlet and outlet of the coolant of plasma-chemical reactors and nozzles 22 and 23 for the inlet and outlet of the coolant of the expanding nozzles and cylinders of the wave compressors 11, 12. In these devices, a liquid metal coolant, for example, sodium, is used potassium or lithium / cm. V.B. Kozlov "Liquid metals in technical physics." Knowledge, Physics, 4/1974, pp. 10-36 / 1 /, which are able to efficiently remove large heat fluxes from high-temperature zones while maintaining the required characteristics of these devices / see 1, p. 34 /.

However, the walls of the anode nozzle 24 are cooled by water.

Plasma-chemical reactor 10 / plasmatron / shown in figure 4 on a large scale. It consists of a housing 25, in which, at a predetermined distance from its walls, an electrode-cathode 26 is mounted, connected via a device 27 to a power source / cm. B.A. Artamonov "Electrophysical and electrochemical methods of processing materials", High School. vol. 2, M. 1983, pp. 69-90 / 2 /. In the device 27, the electrode-cathode 26 is mounted on a thread or with a nut to enable it to be replaced when worn / not shown /. Power source 28. An anode nozzle 24 is attached to the housing 25 through an insulating gasket, having a jacket 29 and nozzles 30 and 31 for pumping coolant - water. The nozzle-anode using a bus 32 is connected to a power source 28. Electrical insulation 33 of the device 27.

To enter steam into the plasma chemical / s / reactor / s / 10 with a given frequency of 100 or more cycles per second, a disk valve 15 is used, rotating with a given frequency using a drive mechanism / not shown in the drawing / and gears 34. Disk valve rotates between the steam manifold 14, having a pipe 35 for steam input from the steam generator 17, and the end surfaces of the plasma chemical reactors 10. To reduce steam leakage in the gaps on both sides of the valve disc, thin rings are installed around the walls of the steam manifold 14 and the plasma chemical reactors. e scallops 36 and 37 of soft metal, forming a series of chambers of labyrinth seals / see S.N. Grigoriev "Thermal engines and compressors". - M .: Transzheldorizdat, 1959, p. 263-264 / 3 /. The steam enters the plasma chemical reactors 10 due to the device in the collector of the steam 14 and the disk valve of the holes 38 and 39 located uniformly around the circumference at a predetermined distance from each other, in accordance with the number of plasma chemical reactors 10. When combining these holes due to the rotation of the disk valve 15 pairs enters the plasma-chemical reactors / plasmatrons /.

6 shows a second embodiment of a labyrinth seal device. In this embodiment, annular thin combs are mounted both on the wall of the steam collector 40 and on the wall of the plasma chemical reactors — combs 41, and on both sides of the valve disc — annular combs 42 and 43. The disc valve rotates on a bearing 44 mounted on racks 45. / cm. figure 3 and 4 /. Nozzles 46 in cylinders 12 for injecting water or lithium. 7 shows a disk valve 15, front view.

On Fig and 9, the cathode electrodes are made: the cathode electrode 26 is made in the form of a pointed rod of tungsten or graphite. To increase the service life, Fig. 8 shows an electrode-cathode 26 with a central channel 47 and thin channels 48. In it, for example, water under high pressure enters the channel 47 and is forced out through the thin channels 48, while the water evaporates while decreasing temperature of the pointed part of the cathode electrode.

In Fig. 9, the cathode electrode 26 is hollow with a central partition 49 and a window 50. To reduce the temperature of the cathode electrode, a liquid, for example, water or a liquid metal — sodium, potassium, lithium — that passes through the window 50, is washed by washing walls, which leads to a decrease in the temperature of the cathode electrode.

Figure 10 shows a second embodiment of a plasma chemical reactor device. They are made in the form of a block 51 of the casings 52 and communicate with the block of nozzle-anodes 53. The nozzle-anodes 54 are cooled by water entering the pipe 55 with its outlet through the hole 56. In the housings at a predetermined distance from their walls, cathode electrodes 57 are installed in the devices 58, connected to the power source in the same way as the nozzle-anode block 53 using the bus 59. To cool the block of casings, liquid metal is used - sodium, lithium or water entering the pipe 60 with its outlet through the hole / not shown /. Nozzles 61 are installed in the bodies for injecting an easily ionizing additive - sodium, potassium, etc., in an amount of about 1% of the weight of the steam in order to increase its electrical conductivity / cm. IN AND. Krutov "Technical Thermodynamics". - M.: Higher School, 1971, pp. 447-448 / 4 /.

For operation of wave compressors containing expanding nozzles 11 and cylinders 12, it is necessary to introduce the products of thermal dissociation of water - hydrogen and oxygen, in separate portions, while they are introduced at a frequency of 100 cycles per second or more, which is provided by means of a rotating disk-valve 15, the construction of which and a method for reducing steam leakage are discussed above.

11 shows a third embodiment of a plasma-chemical reactor, also made in the form of a block 62 of the housings 63 and a block of nozzles-anodes 64. Nozzles-anodes 65. Electrodes-cathodes 66, a bus 67 of the electrodes-cathodes and a bus 68 of the nozzles-anodes are connected to the source power / not shown /. A valve mechanism was used for introducing steam into the plasma-chemical reactors with casings 63 and nozzle anodes 65, containing an inlet valve 69, a spring 70, a plate 71, a rocker 72, a solenoid 73, a support 74, a steam collector 75, and a pipe 76 for steam entry. Block 62 has a protective cap 77.

With the inlet valve 69 open, which is achieved by turning on the electronic system of the gas-turbine installation 3 of the solenoid 73 pairs through the steam collector 75 and nozzles 78, it enters the housings 63 with a frequency of 100 cycles / sec or more.

- основной мощности реактивной газопаротурбинной установки 3.The steam turbine unit 7 is used to burn part of the hydrogen and oxygen obtained in the thermal dissociation gas turbine unit 6 and obtain useful power $$H_2^P$$

- the main power of a reactive gas-steam turbine installation 3.

The steam turbine unit 7 contains an axial compressor 79 / or an axial and centrifugal / connecting cylinders / nozzles / 80, combustion chambers 81, with nozzles 82 mounted therein for igniting compressed hydrogen and oxygen, and combined nozzles 83 for injecting a mixture of thermal dissociation products of the electrically conductive liquid and products thermal dissociation of hydrocarbon fuels, for example kerosene, during the start-up of a gas-turbine turbine unit 3, expanding nozzles 84 connected to cylinders 85 of wave compresses a ditch connected to a steam turbine 86. A high-pressure fan 87 and a centrifugal compressor 88 are also mounted on the shaft 8 for compressing and forcing gases - hydrogen and oxygen into the combustion chambers 89, having nozzles 90 for igniting these gases, with the formation of reactive hydrogen in oxygen efforts / thrust / jet gas-turbine installation 3. Housing 91, jet nozzle 92, cone 93, nozzle 94 for injecting kerosene or hydrogen. In this case, the nozzles are connected to a cryogenic reservoir 95 with liquid hydrogen. The purpose of the nozzles 94 is to operate them in the afterburner mode of installation 3. Fairing 96, diffuser 97. Inlet pipe 98 of the axial compressor 79, exhaust pipe 99 of the steam turbine 86 connected to the condenser 100. Coupling cylinders / pipes / 80, combustion chambers 82, expanding nozzles 84 and cylinders 85 of the wave compressors have shirts 101 with nozzles for circulation in the inter-wall spaces of these nodes of the coolant - liquid metal coolant - sodium or lithium, while the nozzles 20 and 22, as well as 102 are connected to the mixing chamber Epoxy 103, and the nozzles 21, 23 and 104, from which the cooling liquid heated from the walls of the thermal dissociation gas turbine unit 6 and the walls of the steam turbine unit 7 flows, are connected to the mixing chamber 105 / pumps for pumping the coolant are not conventionally shown in the drawings /.

The heated coolant is a liquid metal coolant with a temperature of about 580 ° C / sodium / from the mixing chamber 105 enters the steam generator 106, which generates a bunk with a temperature of about 540 ° C directed to a steam turbine 107 connected to the electric generator 108. The high temperature of the steam in front the turbine provides a high efficiency of the turbogenerator 107-108 and uses with high economic efficiency the heat of the coolant of the reactive gas-steam turbine unit 3. The waste steam enters the condenser 109. / cm 1, s Tr. 34 /.

The steam generator 17 is “heated” due to the heat of the exhaust gases — hydrogen and oxygen coming out of the outlet pipe 16 of the thermodissociation gas turbine unit having a temperature of about 500-550 ° C / 600 ° C /. The hydrogen and oxygen spent in the steam generator with a temperature of about 160 ° C / cm. I.I. Kirillov "Gas turbines and gas turbine units." - M .: Mashgiz, 1956, p. 251/5 /. enter the refrigerator 110, in which they are cooled to a temperature of about 20 ° C.

Cooled gases - hydrogen and oxygen, from the refrigerator 110 enter the distribution device 111, from which most of the gases are sent to the steam turbine 7, and the smaller part of the gases - hydrogen and oxygen, goes to the centrifugal compressor 88 and the combustion chamber 89, in which compressed hydrogen and oxygen is burned to form reactive thrust. The exhaust gases from the combustion chambers through the jet nozzle 92 are released into the atmosphere, while they are mixed with air pumped by a high-pressure fan 87.

On Fig shows a nozzle for ignition of compressed gases - hydrogen and oxygen in the combustion chambers 81.

The nozzle consists of a housing 112, inside which cylindrical channels 114 and 115 are placed in the insulation layer 113, having nozzles 116 and 117 on one side directed at an angle to each other, and on the other, electrodes 118 and 119 connected to a pulse generator, the circuit of which consists of a capacitor 120, a resistor 121, a direct current source or a rectifier 122. The nozzles 123 and 124 for entering the cylindrical channels of the electrically conductive liquid under pressure from the pumps / are not shown in the drawing /.

An explosion chamber 125 having a bottom 126 with openings 127 for the exit of gas jets. Flange 128 for attaching the nozzle to the combustion chamber.

On Fig shows a combined nozzle. It is similar to the nozzle of FIG. 12. Its design differs from the nozzle design of FIG. 12 only by the presence of the fuel nozzle 129.

The combined nozzle consists of a housing 130, inside of which in the insulation layer 131 cylindrical channels 132 and 133 are placed, having nozzles 134 and 135 on one side directed at an angle to each other, and on the other electrodes 136 and 137 connected to a pulse generator including a rectifier 138 or a direct current source, a resistor 139, and a capacitor 140 or a capacitor bank. Explosive chamber 141, nozzle 142.

The nozzles of FIG. 12 and FIG. 13 are cooled by the walls of the combustion chambers, which are cooled by a liquid. In some cases, they can be equipped with jackets for autonomous cooling of nozzles.

The nozzles 143 and 144 for entering the cylindrical channels of the electrically conductive liquid from the pumps / not shown in the drawing /, a flange 145 for attaching the nozzle to the combustion chamber.

As the electrically conductive liquid for the operation of the nozzles of FIGS. 12 and 13, concentrated aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes based on salts, bases or acids, or a suspension of powders / dust / graphite, or metals in an electrolyte solution are used.

The nozzle of FIG. 12 operates as follows.

Under pressure from the pumps (not shown in the drawing), electrically conductive liquid is supplied through nozzles 123 and 124, which flows out of cylindrical channels 114 and 115 and nozzles 116 and 117 in the form of jets 146 and 147 with a diameter of D = 0.1-0.2 mm or more. The jets in zone 148 collide with each other and close the discharge circuit of the pulse generator / GI / 120-122 with the GI turned on. In this case, the capacitor 120 / capacitor bank / is discharged into jets, heats them with the formation of an electric explosion of jets. Due to the high temperature of electrical explosions of jets, which can be in the range of / 1-5 / × 104 K, the electrically conductive liquid thermally dissociates / decomposes / into hydrogen, and oxygen, and electrolyte fragments, at a temperature exceeding 2500 ° C.

The resulting products of electric explosions of jets 146 and 147 with a high temperature of more than 2500 ° C and high pressure exit through openings 127 in the form of incandescent flames into the combustion chambers and ignite the gases compressed in them - hydrogen and oxygen. Repeated electrical explosions of the jet 146 and 147 are carried out with a frequency of 100 or more cycles per second due to the pressure of the piston pumps.

Electrical energy explosions jets depends on the energy stored in the capacitor 120 and is defined but the formula: A = CU ^2/2 / cm. 2, pp. 100-103 and B.A. Artamonov "Dimensional electrical processing of metals", Higher School, 1978, p. 50/6 /.

The combined nozzle of FIG. 13 works as follows.

An electrically conductive liquid is injected from the pumps / not shown in the drawing / through nozzles 143 and 144 under pressure, which flows in the form of jets 149 and 150 into the explosion chamber 141 of the combined nozzle and collide with each other in zone 151. The discharge circuit of the pulse generator 138- closes 140 and the capacitor 140 / capacitor bank / discharges into jets, and the discharge current heats the jets like an explosion and with the formation of an electric explosion of jets. Due to the high temperature of the electric explosion of the jets, exceeding 2500 ° C, the aqueous solution of the electrolyte of the jets decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen, while the pressure of the resulting explosion products sharply increases in the explosive chamber 141. At the same time, hydrocarbon fuel, for example, kerosene, is injected in the form jets 152, which due to the high temperature in the explosion chamber 141 of the products of electric explosion of jets 149 and 150 instantly evaporate and thermally decompose into atoms. The resulting mixture of products of thermal dissociation of an electrically conductive liquid of jets 149, 150 and products of thermal dissociation of liquid fuel - kerosene, "shoots" from a blast chamber 141 of a combined nozzle into a combustion chamber 81 under high pressure. In this case, the combustible mixture has a high temperature exceeding 2500 ° C, high chemical activity and when mixed, for example, with air, burns quickly, without delay in ignition / cm. A.S. Khachiyan "Internal Combustion Engines" .- Higher School, 1978, p. 68/7 /.

On Fig shows a section through 1-1. It shows an end view of an axial compressor 79 having a compressor receiving chamber 153. On the receiving chamber, a shutter 154 is pivotally mounted on top, which serves to be sucked by an axial compressor of air during the start-up of a gas-steam turbine installation 3.

On Fig shows a diagram of a second variant of the use of thermal energy of hydrogen and oxygen spent in a thermal dissociation gas turbine unit 6 - steam generator 155, and thermal energy of the cooling liquid (circulating) in the plasma-chemical reactor casings 51, wave compressors with expanding nozzles 11 and thermal dissolution cylinders 12 gas turbine unit 6 and steam turbine unit 7, washing the walls of the connecting cylinders 80, combustion chambers 81, expanding nozzles 84 and cylinders 85, as well as combustion chambers I 89 / combustion chambers may have cooling of the walls with liquid or air /. Coolant is a liquid metal coolant that is widely used in nuclear energy for cooling nuclear reactors and generating water vapor with high temperature and pressure parameters / cm. 1, pages 33-39 /, for example, sodium with a temperature of 580 ° С gives off heat in a steam generator / heat exchanger / 156 and superheater 157 by dividing the flow of heated coolant exiting the mixing chamber 105 / cm. figure 3 / in the device 158 on two streams / see 1, p. 34 /. In this case, the steam from two steam generators 155 and 156 enters the superheater 157, where it is additionally overheated due to the liquid metal coolant circulating in it to a temperature of 540 ° C, pressure 140 atm / cm 1, page 34 /.

The thermal power of superheated steam leaving the superheater 157 and realized in a thermo-dissociation gas turbine unit 6 by substantially increasing its power allows one to obtain a gas-steam turbine unit 3 with a power that is several times greater than the power of modern turbojet engines.

Works reactive gas-steam turbine 3 as follows.

Start-up of the installation 3. It is carried out using the steam turbine unit 7 in the mode of a gas turbine installation / gas turbine /.

The presence of an axial compressor 79 allows the use of a steam turbine unit in the operation mode of a gas turbine. In this case, the shutter 154 is first opened in a vertical position / as shown in Fig. 15 /. Using a starting engine of low power, for example, an internal combustion engine located in the fairing 96 (not shown), the shaft 8 is rotated, and with it the axial compressor 79, all devices located and fixed on it, as well as auxiliary mechanisms. Atmospheric air from the housing 91 is sucked into the compressor receiving chamber 153, compressed therein, and supplied to the connecting cylinders 80 / nozzles / and the combustion chamber 81. Combined nozzles 83, which are injected into the compressed air moving in the chambers, are switched on using the electronic control system of the installation 3 combustion, a mixture of products of thermal dissociation of hydrocarbon fuels, such as kerosene and products of thermal dissociation of electrically conductive liquids, at a temperature exceeding 2500 ° C / gaseous mixture of carbohydrate hydrogen and hydrogen fuel /, which is mixed with compressed air, forming a chemically active combustible mixture. Next, nozzles 82 are turned on to ignite the combustible mixture with the formation of combustion products.

Combustion products with a temperature exceeding 2000 ° C expand from pressure P ₁ in expanding nozzles 84 and cylinders 85 and, like “pistons”, first compress air in front of them to pressure P ₂ , telling the column of air in the cylinders 85 of the wave compressors speed V m / from.

Thus, the energy of the combustion products during expansion is converted into the energy of a compressed column of air moving in the cylinders of 85 wave compressors with a pressure of p ₂ and a speed of V m / s, and in the following work cycles, into the energy of exhaust gases having a pressure of p ₂ and a speed of V m / s Compressed air, and in the next working cycles, compressed exhaust gases, enter the steam / gas / turbine 86, expand on it to a pressure p ₃ while simultaneously realizing the speed on the turbine blades from V m / s to U m / s and obtaining useful power N _p on the shaft 8 and electric power on the generator 9, supplied to the switchboard 159. Exhaust gases exit the pipe 99 into the atmosphere using the device 160, made, for example, in the form of a 3-way plug valve. By turning this valve by a mechanism (not shown in the drawing), the emission of burnt gases into the atmosphere or the flow of exhaust steam into the condenser 100 is ensured.

The following operating cycles of the installation 7 in the GTU mode are carried out with a frequency of 100 or more cycles per second on hydrocarbon fuel to obtain the electric power of the NP on the generator 9.

Note that during fuel combustion and the formation of combustion products in the combustion chambers 81, they expand both towards the cylinders 85 and toward the axial compressor 79, while the burnt gases expand when the expansion cylinders 80 / nozzles / meet compressed air moving towards them, which, due to lower pressure than the pressure of the burnt gases, is compressed in the cylinders 80, it is inhibited and prevents the breakthrough of gases into the flow part of the compressor 79. In this process, the wave principle of compression of one gas A by another gas B /cm. "Fundamentals of gas dynamics" / Edited by Emmons, 1963, section "Wave machines" / 7 /.

The second option. To avoid the burst of burnt gases, a disk valve 161 is installed, shown in Fig. 3 by a dotted line, which, when rotated, provides compressed air inlet from the compressor 79 to the combustion chambers 81 with a frequency of 100 or more cycles / sec. The design and principle of operation of this disk valve is similar to the design and principle of operation of the disk valve 15.

The next ethan is to start the installation of 3. In the process of operation of installation 7 in the GTU mode, the cooling system allows heating the liquid metal coolant, which from the nozzle 104 enters the mixing chamber 105 and the steam generator 106, and from it into the mixing chamber 103 and the nozzle 102 of the cooling system of the installation 7, In this, the temperature and steam pressure gradually increase in the steam generator. Gate valve 162 is closed, as is gate valve 163.

Next stage. The valve 163 opens and the bunker from the steam generator 106 along the bypass line - the steam line 164, is sent to the steam manifold 14 through the main steam line 165. The valve 166 is closed.

When combining the holes 39 of the disk-trap 15 with the casings 25 of the plasma-chemical reactors 10, steam fills the casings under pressure and is cut off from the steam collector 14 due to the continuous rotation of the disk-trap 15. The power supply 28 is turned on, connected to the electric board 159, which leads to ignition of the arc between cathode electrodes 26, and anode nozzles 24, and thermal dissociation of water vapor at a temperature exceeding 2500 ° C flowing through the anode nozzles 24 with the decomposition of steam into hydrogen and oxygen: 2H ₂ O → 2Н ₂ + O ₂ / cm. N.L. Glinka "General Chemistry. - L .: Chemistry, 1980, pp. 211/8 / and G. Muchnik," New Methods of Energy Conversion. Technique. - M.: Knowledge, 1984, pp. 47/9 /. The resulting dissociation products - hydrogen and oxygen, with a temperature exceeding 2500 ° C and high pressure P ₁ go into the expanding nozzles 11 and cylinders 12 of the wave compressors of the thermodissociation gas turbine unit 6. In this case, the heated gases hydrogen and oxygen are at the exit from the anode nozzles 24 high speed due to high temperature and significant gas-dynamic pressure, which increases with increasing s s current between the cathode electrode 26 and anode-nozzles 24 / cm. 2, page 76 /. This velocity gases in the expanding nozzles 11 wave compressors as it occurs in diffusers, converted into pressure P _2, wherein the hydrogen and oxygen expand in the cylinders 12 and, like “pistons”, first compress the steam ahead of themselves, and in the next working cycles, the gases remaining after the expansion of the “pistons” are hydrogen and oxygen to a pressure of p ₃ , telling the residual gases or at the beginning of the pair the speed V m / s, simultaneously a sharp decrease in the temperature of the "pistons" due to the expansion to 700-900 ° C / 1300 ° C /.

. При этом "отработанные" водород и кислород за турбиной имеют давление P₄, температуру около 500-550°C /600°C/, которые выходят из выпускного патрубка 16, поступают в парогенератор 17, в котором отдают остаточное тепло /энергию/ до температуры 160°C. С этой температурой водород и кислород охлаждаются в холодильнике 110 забортной водой до температуры 20°C и заполняют накопительную емкость 167 и распределительное устройство 111. Таким образом, в термодиссоционной газотурбинной установке происходит, в плазмохимических реакторах 10, термическая диссоциация водяного пара при температуре, превышающей 2500°C, с получением газов - водорода и кислорода, имеющих высокие параметры температуры - более 2500°C и высокое давление P₁, т.е. обеспечивается получение источника энергий для работы паротурбинной установки 7 и камер сгорания 89 и дополнительной мощности $$H_1^{г}$$

за счет расширения на газовой турбине 13 полученных водорода и кислорода, в полном соотвествии с 1-м законом термодинамики, с частотой 100 циклов/сек и более.Compressed residual gases are hydrogen and oxygen, with a pressure of p ₃ and a temperature in the range of 700-900 ° C and up to 1300 ° C, if the gas turbine has blade cooling / cm. OK. Yugov "Coordination of airplane and engine characteristics. - M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1980, pp. 48-49 /, and also with a speed of V m / s expand on a gas turbine 13 to a pressure of p ₄ and the realization of gas and hydrogen velocities oxygen, from V m / s to U m / s with additional power $$H_{\mathrm{one}}^g$$

. In this case, the "spent" hydrogen and oxygen behind the turbine have a pressure of P ₄ , a temperature of about 500-550 ° C / 600 ° C /, which exit the exhaust pipe 16, enter the steam generator 17, in which they give off residual heat / energy / to a temperature 160 ° C. At this temperature, hydrogen and oxygen are cooled in the refrigerator 110 by overboard water to a temperature of 20 ° C and fill the storage tank 167 and the switchgear 111. Thus, in the thermodissociation gas turbine installation, in the plasma-chemical reactors 10, thermal dissociation of water vapor occurs at a temperature exceeding 2500 ° C, with the production of gases - hydrogen and oxygen, having high temperature parameters - more than 2500 ° C and high pressure P ₁ , i.e. provides a source of energy for the operation of the steam turbine 7 and combustion chambers 89 and additional power $$H_{\mathrm{one}}^g$$

due to the expansion of 13 obtained hydrogen and oxygen on a gas turbine, in full accordance with the 1st law of thermodynamics, with a frequency of 100 cycles / sec or more.

/Cm. V.V. Sushkov "Technical Thermodynamics". - M.-L.: Power Publishing House ,. 1960, pp. 41-43 / 11 /. The operation of the thermodissociation gas turbine unit 6 for a predetermined period of time ensures the heating of all systems of a reactive gas-steam turbine unit, the steam generators 17 and 106 enter the operating mode, due to which the valve 166, 162 opens, the valve 163 closes, and the steam turbine 107 with the generator 108 begin to work, connected to the electrical panel 159.

The power of electric energy at the electric switchboard 159 increases significantly, and the steam through the steam line 165 enters the steam collector 14. However, the steam turbine unit 7 is still operating in the gas turbine fuel mode, for example, kerosene, and the gases obtained in the thermal dissociation gas turbine unit 6 are hydrogen and oxygen , due to the opening of the crane 168 are sent to the installation 4.

In this mode of operation of units 3, they operate as generators of explosive gas - hydrogen and oxygen, for starting gas-steam turbine units 4 / cm. below/.

With the start of gas-steam turbine units 4, the fuel-kerosene supply to the combined nozzles 83 of the gas-steam-turbine units 3 with the closed valve 168 gradually decreases and the flow of explosive gas / hydrogen and oxygen / from the switchgear 111 to the inlet pipe 98 of the axial compressor 79 increases, while the shutter is closed 154, which reduces the supply of atmospheric air to the compressor. When the combined nozzles 83 are turned off, the steam turbine unit 7, and with it the thermo-dissociation gas turbine unit 6, completely switch to the operating mode, while part of the explosive gas from the distributor 111 is directed to the centrifugal compressor 88 and to the combustion chambers 89 by igniting it by switching on the nozzles 90. Burned gases - water vapor leaves the nozzles of the combustion chambers 89 with the formation of draft 3.

Thus, in the new jet-gas turbine installation, the starting engine is the second power unit 7, which in this mode operates on hydrocarbon fuel like a gas turbine.

However, when starting up the first power unit 6, it becomes the starting engine for operation of one of the gas and steam turbine units 4. FIG. 17 shows a diagram of a gas and steam turbine installation 4, including the same power units 6 and 7 of a reactive gas and steam turbine installation, as well as an electric generator 9, a steam generator 17 and 106 with a turbine generator 107, 108, an electrical panel 159 and a refrigerator 110, in which water stored in the tank 5 also serves as an energy carrier.

These installations 4 are used to drive centrifugal fans that pump compressed air under the bottom of the hull 1.

The working processes of installation 4 are identical to the working processes of a gas-steam turbine installation 3, while the electric energy from the electric generator / s / 9 is supplied to electric motors, which rotate centrifugal fans, forcing compressed air under the bottom of the vessel 1 / not shown in the drawing /.

Steam turbine 7 operates as follows.

From the switchgear 111, part of the 6 gases obtained in the thermodissociation gas turbine unit - HYDROGEN and OXYGEN, are sucked through the inlet pipe 98 into the axial compressor 79, compressed therein and through the pipes / cylinders / 80 enter the combustion chambers 81, in which it is ignited by the inclusion of nozzles 82. The resulting combustion products in the form of steam of high temperature parameters about 2800 ° C, and a high pressure P _1, a high velocity expanding to both sides and, like 'pistons' is compressed in front of him with the expandable timbers 34 and cylinders 85 WAVE COMPRESSORS residual from previous cycles gases and the following operating cycles - the products of combustion of hydrogen and oxygen in the form of steam to a pressure P _2, communicating compressed gas or a pair of speed V m / s, while the temperature of the combustion products sharply decreases from T ₁ = 2800 ° C to T ₂ = 700-900 ° C or up to 1300 ° C if the steam / gas / turbine is cooled / cm. OK. Yugov ′ ′ Coordination of the characteristics of the PLANE and ENGINE ′ ′. - M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1980, pp. 48-49 / 10 / and 8, pp. 345-346 /. The temperature of the compressed gas-PAIR increases slightly and is in the range of 700-900 ° C or up to 1300 ° C, if the turbine 86 is cooled.

- основной мощности от сгорания водорода в кислороде. Отработанный пар или продукты сгорания ВОДОРОДА и КИСЛОРОДА выходят в конденсатор 100, в котором поддерживается давление р₄=0,04 кг/см².Compressed gases, and in the next work cycles, compressed steam with these parameters enters the steam turbine 86, expands on it to a pressure of p ₃ , with a speed from V m / s to υ m / s being realized on it and obtaining useful power $$H_2^P$$

- the main power from the combustion of hydrogen in oxygen. Waste steam or combustion products of HYDROGEN and OXYGEN leave in the condenser 100, in which the pressure p ₄ = 0.04 kg / cm ^{2 is} maintained.

The frequency of the operating cycles of a steam turbine unit is 100 or more cycles per second, as in a thermodissociation gas turbine unit 6. The processes occurring during the expansion of the products of HYDROGEN and OXYGEN combustion in connecting cylinders / pipes / 80 are described above. In the installation 3, a high-pressure fan 87 is mounted on the shaft 8, which ensures, during its rotation, the movement of air at a given speed in the annular channel, covering the main / first / contour of the gas-steam turbine installation 3, which is the combustion chamber 89, arranged uniformly around the circumference. The joint work of these devices allows you to increase the thrust of the installation 3 at a given flow rate of gases - hydrogen and oxygen, or to reduce the flow of gases at a given thrust / cm.10, p. 48 /.

The boosting of the reactive installation 3 is carried out by creating additional thrust due to the combustion of hydrogen injected into the jet nozzle 92 using nozzles 94 coming from a cryogenic reservoir 95 or due to the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel - kerosene, also injected using nozzles 94 into the air stream moving due to the rotation of the high-pressure fan 87, the ignition of combustible mixtures: hydrogen with oxygen or kerosene vapors is carried out by combustion products leaving the combustion chambers 89 A smaller part of the gases — hydrogen and oxygen — is sent from the switchgear to the centrifugal compressor 88, is compressed therein and enters the combustion chambers 89, in which it is ignited by nozzles 90 and the combustion products exit the nozzles of the combustion chambers with the formation of reactive force / thrust / jet gas-turbine installation 3. The frequency of the operating cycles of the combustion chamber 89 reaches 100 or more cycles per second. The same frequency of injection of nozzles located on a circle of hydrogen or kerosene.

Note that the operation of installation 3 in the afterburning mode on kerosene or other hydrocarbon fuel is carried out only when these units are used on jet hovercraft, and the operation of installation 3 in the afterburning mode on hydrogen is carried out when using them on airplanes.

On Fig shows a diagram of the compressor 79 on a large scale, which is made 2-cylinder, comprising a first cylinder 170 of the axial compressor and a second cylinder 171 high pressure. Explosive gas - hydrogen and oxygen are sucked into the second cylinder of the compressor through the pipe 98, and atmospheric air when the reactive gas-steam-turbine installation is started is sucked in with the open damper 154 and undergoes a compression process in 2 cylinders of the axial compressor 170 and 171 to increase the pressure, which can significantly increase the power of the installation 7 during periods of its operation in the mode of a gas turbine installation / gas turbine / on hydrocarbon fuel, when it is used as the starting engine of a reactive gas and steam turbine installation 3.

During the operation of the installation 7 on explosive gas - hydrogen and oxygen, the gases are sucked in through the pipe 98 and compressed only in the second cylinder 171 of the axial compressor, while using the conical sleeve 172 the first cylinder 170 of the compressor is turned off.

Gas-steam turbine units 4.

A diagram of a gas-steam turbine installation is shown in FIG. 17. Its design is exactly the same as that of the 2 power units 6 and 7 of the REACTIVE gas and steam turbine unit 3, with auxiliary steam generator units 17 and a steam generator 106, a turbine 107, an electric generator 108 and a condenser 109. An electric generator 9, an electric switchboard 159, a refrigerator 110, fresh water tank 5.

The gas-steam turbine unit 4 operates in exactly the same way as the TWO power units 6 and 7 of the REACTIVE gas-steam turbine unit on HYDROGEN and OXYGEN, which are generated in the thermodissociation gas-turbine unit 6 and burn up to obtain useful power in the steam-turbine unit 7.

START of a gas-steam turbine installation 4 having a starting ICE.

It is said above that the start-up of the gas-steam turbine unit / ok / 4 is carried out due to the fact that during the operation of the REACTIVE gas-steam turbine / them / installation / wok / 3 in the mode of a gas turbine installation using hydrocarbon fuel, for example, kerosene, the resulting gases - HYDROGEN and OXYGEN in a thermodissociation gas-turbine installation 6 are directed from the tank 167 by opening the crane 168 in the installation 4.

на электрогенераторе 9 и электрощите 159. Газопаротурбинная /ые/ установка /ки/ прогревается с подъемом давления пара в парогенераторе 106, пар из которого начинает поступать в коллектор пара 14 и плазмохимические реакторы 10 термодиссоционной газотурбинной установки 6 газопаротурбинной установки 4. Одновременно на электроды-катоды 26 и сопла-аноды 24 с электрощита 159 подается электроэнергия, что обеспечивает термическую диссоциацию водяного , протекающего через плазмохимические реакторы 10, при совмещение отверстий 38 коллектора пара 14 с отверстиями 39 ДИСКА-КЛАПАНА 15 и корпусами 25 плазмохимических реакторов, с получением ВОДОРОДА и КИСЛОРОДА при температуре, превышающей 2500°C и высоком давлении Р₁. Полученные газы - ВОДОРОД и КИСЛОРОД, c высокими параметрами температуры и давления расширяются в расширяющихся соплах 11, цилиндрах 12 ВОЛНОВЫХ КОМПРЕССОРОВ и на газовой турбине 13 с получением дополнительной мощности $$H_1^{Г}$$

.′′Отработанные′′ газы - ВОДОРОД и КИСЛОРОД выходят из выпускного патрубка 16, нагревают воду с получением пара в парогенераторе 17, охлаждаются до температуры около 20°C в холодильнике 110 и ПРЯМО поступают в паротурбинную установку 7, при этом кран 168 в емкости 167 РЕАКТИВНОЙ газопаротурбинной установки 3 закрывается и эти установки 3 и 4 начинают работать в своем рабочем режиме. С пуском установки 4 пар из парогенератора 106 подается на паровую турбину 107, вращающей электрогенератор 108, при этом электрическая энергия поступает с него на общий для установки 4 электрощит 159, что существенно увеличивает ее мощность.At the same time, in the installation 4, gases - HYDROGEN and OXYGEN enter the steam turbine unit 7, in which they are compressed in an axial compressor 79, which, in contrast to the unit / ok / 3, is single-stage, burned in the combustion chambers 81, and the combustion products expand in expanding nozzles 84, cylinders of 85 WAVE COMPRESSORS and on a steam turbine 86 to obtain useful power $$H_2^P$$

on an electric generator 9 and an electric switchboard 159. The gas-steam turbine (s) / installation / s / is heated with increasing steam pressure in the steam generator 106, the steam from which begins to enter the steam collector 14 and the plasma-chemical reactors 10 of the thermodissociation gas-turbine unit 6 of the gas-steam-turbine unit 4. Simultaneously to the cathode electrodes 26 and nozzle anodes 24 with an electrical panel 159, electricity is supplied, which ensures thermal dissociation of the water flowing through the plasma-chemical reactors 10, while combining the holes 38 of the steam collector 14 with the opening iyami 39 VALVE DISC-housings 15 and 25, plasma chemical reactors, to obtain hydrogen and oxygen at a temperature exceeding 2,500 ° C and high pressure P _1. The resulting gases - HYDROGEN and OXYGEN, with high temperature and pressure parameters expand in the expanding nozzles 11, cylinders 12 of the WAVE COMPRESSORS and on the gas turbine 13 to obtain additional power $$H_{\mathrm{one}}^G$$

. ′ ′ Waste gases ″ - HYDROGEN and OXYGEN exit the exhaust pipe 16, heat the water to produce steam in the steam generator 17, cool to a temperature of about 20 ° C in the refrigerator 110 and go DIRECTLY to the steam turbine 7, while the valve 168 in the tank 167 of the REACTIVE gas and steam turbine unit 3 is closed and these units 3 and 4 begin to operate in their operating mode. With the start-up of the installation, 4 pairs from the steam generator 106 are supplied to a steam turbine 107 rotating the electric generator 108, while electric energy is supplied from it to the electric switchboard 159, which is common for installation 4, which significantly increases its power.

After starting units 3 and 4, electrical energy from the electrical board / s / 159 units 4 is supplied to electric motors rotating centrifugal fans to create an air cushion.

SECOND START OPTION 4.

It is carried out in exactly the same way as the start-up of a gas-steam-turbine installation 3 using hydrocarbon fuel, for example, kerosene.

At the same time, the installations 4 have starting internal combustion engines of low power (not shown in the drawing), which operate during start-up to rotate the axial compressor 79 and are used both in the first and in the second version of starting up the installations. These internal combustion engines also ensure the operation of all auxiliary mechanisms necessary for starting the installations 4.

Features of the design and operation of the Jet gas-steam turbine installation 3 and gas-steam turbine installation 4.

It is known that if the products of dissociation formed at a high temperature are quickly cooled, then the equilibrium does not have time to immediately shift, and then it does not shift due to the extremely low reaction rate at low temperature. Thus, the relationship between the substances that existed at high temperature is maintained "/ see 8, p. 211-212 /. In the considered Reactive gas-steam-turbine installation 3 and gas-steam-turbine installation 4 in the first power units - thermodissociation gas-turbine installations 6 rapid cooling of the products of dissociation - hydrogen and oxygen, due to their rapid expansion in nozzles 11, cylinders 12 of wave compressors and on a gas turbine 13, with a decrease in the temperature of gases - hydrogen and oxygen, behind a gas turbine to 500-550 ° C / 600 ° C /, in which hydrogen practically does not interact with oxygen / see 8, p. 345-346 /.

An additional method for maintaining the relationship between substances that existed at high temperature is the method of injecting water or liquid metal, for example, lithium or bismuth, into dissociation products using nozzles 46 installed in the cylinders 12 of wave compressors. In this case, the injection of water or liquid metal is carried out in the zone with a low temperature of the gases in the cylinders 12.

However, the need for injection of water or liquid metal is established only in the process of testing the operation of one of the plants.

The use of wave compressors made with expanding nozzles 11 and cylinders 12 in a thermodissociation gas turbine unit 6 and wave compressors made with expanding nozzles 84 and cylinders 85 in a steam turbine unit 3 and 4 allows to provide:

- lowering the temperature of the products of dissociation of hydrogen and oxygen from an initial temperature in excess of 2500 ° C to the final one in front of the gas 13 and steam turbine 86 in the range of 700-900 ° C or to 1300 ° C, if the turbines are cooled. At the same time, a high temperature difference is achieved on gas 13 and steam turbine 86 and, as a result, high thermal efficiency of the thermodissociation gas turbine unit 6 and steam turbine unit 7 is obtained in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics.

- equalizes the pressure and speed of the gases - hydrogen and oxygen - the products of dissociation in front of the gas turbine 13 and the products of hydrogen combustion in oxygen in front of the steam turbine 86 in the long cylinders 12 and 85 of the wave compressors, thereby achieving high efficiency of the turbines themselves.

Note that the power source 28 connected to the electric panel 159 for igniting the arc between the cathode electrodes 26 and the nozzles - anodes 24 is turned on with a frequency of 100 cycles per second or more, for example, using an electromagnetic mercury breaker / see 1, page 62 /.

The power sources of plasma-chemical reactors can be very diverse in their parameters and circuit designs. The power source 28 is selected when designing a jet gas-turbine installation of a given power / cm. 2, pp. 87-90 /.

Technical and economic part.

An air cushion jet vessel in which water is an energy carrier for operating jet-steam turbine installations moving a vessel at high speed and gas-turbine installations serving for operation of centrifugal fans for pumping compressed air under the hull bottom and creating an air cushion has a number of advantages over conventional vessels air cushion / SVP / with power plants using hydrocarbon fuel or nuclear with nuclear reactors / cm. V.A. Ilyin "The Judgment of Tomorrow / - M.: Knowledge ,. 1977/7, pp. 24-44 / 12 /.

Firstly, the use of jet propulsion systems on this type of vessel provides a higher flight speed of the vessel above the water surface, compared with hovercraft in which propellers are used.

Secondly, the purity of the atmosphere is achieved due to the absence of flue gases, which in large volumes are released into the atmosphere by conventional SVPs.

Thirdly, huge savings in material and monetary resources are achieved, since water has a significantly lower cost and is readily available, but compared to oil or nuclear fuel - uranium.

The new reactive gas-steam turbine installation is relatively simple in design, and its individual components: plasma-chemical reactors / plasmatrons /, turbines, combustion chambers, compressors have long been mastered by industry and have a low cost.

The widespread use of jet gas-turbine installations on hovercraft will gradually displace ships with power plants using hydrocarbon or nuclear fuel.

At the same time, the use of jet-gas-turbine turbines on airplanes and airships, in which water serves as an energy carrier, will help to stop polluting the atmosphere with exhaust gases when operating on these aircraft turbojet engines. According to current estimates, air transport creates about 1% of the total air pollution. However, in areas of large airports, its share is much higher.

At the same time, the use of new jet-gas-turbine turbines operating on water on airplanes and airships will significantly reduce the cost of flight for passengers, especially over long distances, during the flight of which there are many rivers and lakes with fresh water.

Thus, the proportion of air transport with new reactive gas-steam-turbine plants will increase significantly with increasing range of movement. The same effect is achieved when using new rocket launchers on hovercraft.

Claims (1)

An air cushion jet vessel comprises a hull, a hull guard located in the hull of a fresh water tank, centrifugal fans for injecting compressed air under the hull bottom and creating an air cushion, and gas-turbine units for operation of centrifugal fans, gas-steam turbine units for vessel movement, installed on the deck , using water as an energy carrier in them and obtaining useful power and traction, a steam generator installed in the ship’s hull hydrogen and oxygen with a temperature of 500-550 ° C, connected by a main steam line to a steam collector of a gas-steam turbine installation, a fresh water tank and a refrigerator for cooling the hydrogen and oxygen spent in the steam generator, connected to a storage tank and a distribution device, a steam generator connected to a reactive cooling system a gas-steam turbine installation on a liquid metal coolant, connected to a steam turbine and to a main steam line connected to an electric generator, in for prison staff on the electrical panel and to the capacitor, the power supply of plasma-chemical reactors, reactive gas and steam turbine installation that is connected to the electrical panel,
a gas-steam turbine installation includes a housing with a diffuser for atmospheric air inlet, with a starting engine installed in it in the fairing, a jet nozzle for generating traction, with a cone and nozzles placed therein for injecting hydrogen or hydrocarbon fuel, for boosting the installation and increasing traction, and two power units installed in the housing, containing a thermodissociation gas turbine installation and a steam turbine installation connected by a shaft on one side with an electric generator included on the electrical panel, and on the other with a high-pressure fan to create air movement in the annular channel between the body and power units, and a centrifugal compressor connected to the combustion chambers, evenly spaced around the circumference to burn dissociation products - hydrogen and oxygen and create traction,
a thermodissociation gas turbine installation for generating a source of energy — hydrogen and oxygen and useful power — is made with plasma-chemical reactors uniformly spaced around the circle for thermal dissociation of water vapor and producing hydrogen and oxygen with a temperature exceeding 2500 ° C and high pressure connected to a power source communicating on one side by means of a valve disc having openings for steam inlet and annular labyrinth seals rotating at a given frequency, with a collector pair and the other connected to the flared nozzles and cylinders wave compressor having a nozzle for injecting into the water or liquid metal connected to the gas turbine is fixed on a shaft connected to an electric generator provided with an outlet pipe for discharging the exhaust hydrogen and oxygen into a steam generator,
at the same time, plasma-chemical reactors for thermal dissociation of water vapor and production of hydrogen and oxygen with a temperature exceeding 2500 ° C, expanding nozzles and cylinders of wave compressors have jackets for circulating coolant - liquid metal coolant and water, for cooling the walls of nozzles-anodes of plasma-chemical reactors,
Plasma-chemical reactors contain a jacketed housing communicating with a cooled nozzle-anode, with a cathode electrode located in the housing at a predetermined distance from its walls, mounted in a device connected to a power source, with a nozzle for injecting an easily ionizing additive placed in the housing, or
several plasma-chemical reactors with nozzles for injecting easily ionizing additives located in them are located in one block connected to the expanding nozzles of the wave compressors on the one hand and, on the other hand, communicate with a valve disc having steam inlets and ring labyrinth seals,
or several plasma-chemical reactors located in one block, contain housings with a jacket, a lid and a cap, with cathodes fixed to the shells at a predetermined distance from their walls in the electrical insulation layer, in communication with cooled anode nozzles,
while on the block of plasma chemical reactors there is a valve mechanism with an inlet valve for the inlet of water vapor,
the valve mechanism includes a pipe for steam inlet, connected to a collector connected to the bodies of the plasma chemical reactors, with an inlet valve located on the manifold, with a limiter and a spring for water vapor inlet,
a steam turbine installation for the combustion of hydrogen in oxygen and obtaining useful power is made with an axial compressor connected to a switchgear, connected in series with connecting cylinders, combustion chambers evenly spaced around the circumference, including nozzles for igniting hydrogen in oxygen by injecting gaseous jets of thermal dissociation products conductive fluid and combined nozzles for injecting a gaseous mixture of products thermally dissociation of electrically conductive liquid and hydrocarbon fuel, with expanding nozzles and cylinders of wave compressors, connected to a steam turbine mounted on a shaft connected to a thermodissociation gas turbine unit and an electric generator equipped with an exhaust pipe for exhausting exhaust steam into the condenser, while
the axial compressor is made of a double-shell with a receiving chamber, with a damper pivotally mounted on it for atmospheric air inlet, and the second casing is equipped with an inlet for entering the dissociation products - hydrogen and oxygen, from a switchgear,
the nozzle for igniting hydrogen in oxygen contains a housing with nozzles for supplying electrically conductive fluid connected to cylindrical channels located inside the housing in a layer of insulating material, on one side of which electrodes are mounted connected to a pulse generator, and nozzles directed at an angle to each other are made to a friend and communicating with an explosive chamber nozzle having a bottom with openings for the exit of gas jets,
the combined nozzles contain a housing with nozzles for supplying electrically conductive fluid connected to cylindrical channels located inside the housing in a layer of insulating material, parallel to the placement of the fuel nozzle, on one side of which electrodes are connected to the pulse generator, and nozzles directed on the other at an angle to each other and communicating with the explosive chamber nozzles having a nozzle for the exit of gas jets.

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