RU2536500C2 - Device of adiabatic-compression (versions) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: motors and pumps.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to devices for implementing the method of adiabatic gas compression, and is intended for carrying out research of conditions and kinetics of chemical reactions in the gas phase over a wide range of parameters. According to one embodiment the device comprises a cylindrical reactor module 1 with a sealed lid 2 and a piston 4 made with the ability of reciprocating motion, and the channels of supply of reaction mixtures 6 and 6' and removal of reaction products 7 and 7', the energy supply unit made in the form of a power cylinder 9 with a mechanical lock 13 of the rod 8 connected with the piston 11 of the reactor module 1, and the reactor module 1 is provided with a heater 17 with thermal insulation 18 and additional channels for supply 12 and removal 12' of the neutral gas in the cavity above the piston 11 of the reactor module 1.

EFFECT: ability to control the pace and degree of compression (and dilution) of the gas mixture, as well as the possibility of fixing the current parameters of the mixtures in any phase of the cycle of compression and expansion.

8 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to devices for implementing the method of adiabatic compression of gases and is intended to conduct research on the conditions and kinetics of chemical reactions in the gas phase in a wide range of pressures, temperatures and compositions of reaction mixtures.

Known devices for implementing the adiabatic compression method [1] with a free piston [2-4]. The piston divides the closed volume, in one part of which is supplied compressed gas that accelerates the piston. In another part, the reaction gas is compressed. The piston moves exclusively under the action of gas pressure forces, which determine the dynamic and kinematic characteristics of its movement. The piston in this case has no mechanical connection with other parts of the installation.

Devices are known in which the piston is not free, but connected by a rigid connection with the engine, which drives the piston [5-7]. Such devices, in principle, make it possible to carry out endothermic reactions in a cyclic mode. However, all of the devices mentioned had their purpose in carrying out exothermic hydrocarbon pyrolysis reactions on an industrial scale.

The disadvantage of these devices is the inability to change the kinematic characteristics of the reciprocating motion of the piston associated with the presence of a rigid connection of the piston with the crank mechanism in the case of non-free pistons, and with the dynamic characteristics of the conditions of movement of the piston for free-piston devices, which is very important for research purposes.

A device is known which is a prototype of the proposed device [8], in which the piston compressing the reaction mixture is moved coaxially with the piston of the power cylinder. Strictly speaking, it cannot be attributed to devices with a free piston, as the name implies in the patent.

The device, taken as a prototype, is intended primarily for carrying out the pyrolysis reaction of hydrocarbons in the mode of successively repeating the same compression-expansion cycles.

The device according to [8] contains two opposite reaction modules, each of which is formed by a cylindrical body closed on the outside by a lid, and with an internal by a piston that can be reciprocated and moved by a rod connecting the piston of the reaction module with the piston of the power cylinder, which the authors of [8] call the energy supply unit. The piston of the power cylinder is driven by the pressure of the reaction products of the combustion of the combustible mixture (as in ICE), which is alternately supplied and ignited by a candle from different sides of it. To implement exothermic reactions, the power of the energy supply unit is mainly used during the device startup period according to [8], and after reaching the stationary mode it is either reduced or the power supply unit is completely turned off.

The disadvantage of the prototype, designed to work in a specific cyclic mode under the known conditions of the reaction, is the need for several intermediate cycles to enter the mode, the inability to change the speed and compression ratio (reaction conditions) from cycle to cycle, the inability to change the speed and fixation of the piston to determine the parameters of the source or obtained products, which is necessary for research purposes.

The objective of the invention is to provide a device for studying the conditions and kinetics of chemical reactions in the gas phase in a wide range of pressures, temperatures and compositions of reaction mixtures with the ability to control the rate and degree of compression (and rarefaction) of the gas mixture, as well as the ability to fix the current parameters of the mixtures in any phase compression-expansion cycle.

The solution to the problem of the invention is achieved due to the fact that the adiabatic compression device for conducting chemical reactions in the gas phase in a wide range of pressures, temperatures and compositions of the reaction mixtures contains a cylindrical reactor module, with a sealed cap and a piston of the reactor module with the possibility of reciprocating motion, as well as channels for introducing reaction mixtures and removing reaction products; and an energy supply unit connected by a rod to the piston of the reactor module. According to the invention, the reactor module according to Option 1 is configured to control adiabatic compression and is equipped with a heater with thermal insulation and additional channels for introducing and removing neutral gas in the cavity above the piston of the reactor module, and the energy supply unit is made in the form of a power cylinder with a mechanical rod lock. As a power cylinder, a high-speed hydraulic cylinder or pneumatic cylinder, or a combined pneumo-hydraulic cylinder can be used.

According to the invention according to Option 2, the reactor module is configured to control adiabatic compression and is equipped with a heater with thermal insulation and additional channels for introducing and removing neutral gas in the cavity above the piston of the reactor module, and the energy supply unit is made in the form of a power cylinder with a mechanical rod lock, wherein the reactor module is additionally equipped with a mixing module, the structural solution of which is similar to the reactor module, the reaction and mixing volumes modules are interconnected by the feed channel of the reaction mixture previously prepared in the mixing module.

The distinguishing features of the invention, which provide a positive effect, are the ability to easily control the speed and degree of compression and dilution of the reaction mixture at any stage of the working cycle, the ability to stop and fix the position of the piston of the reaction volume in any phase of the compression-expansion cycle, the ability to realize multi-pass cycles with different speeds and degrees of compression-rarefaction at each stage of such a cycle.

Figure 1 shows the adiabatic compression device (Option 1), figure 2 - adiabatic compression device with a mixer for the preliminary preparation of reaction mixtures (Option 2), figure 3 is a sequence diagram of the piston and valves of the reactor module.

The adiabatic compression device according to Option 1, contains:

1 - cylindrical reactor module;

2 - a cover on the outer end of the reactor module;

3 - a partition (between the ends of the housings of the power cylinder 9 and the reactor module 1);

4 - piston of the reactor module;

5 - reaction volume;

6 and 6 '- channels with shutoff valves for supplying gases and reaction mixtures;

7 and 7 '- channels with locking valves for the release of reaction products;

8 - the rod of the power cylinder associated with the piston of the reactor module;

9 - power cylinder;

10 - the housing of the power cylinder;

11 - the piston of the power cylinder;

12 and 12 '- channels with valves for supplying and removing compressed gas or hydraulics under pressure, depending on the design of the power cylinder 9 (see below);

13 - clamp rod of the power cylinder;

14 - position sensors of the piston of the reactor module;

15 and 16 - channels with shutoff valves for supplying and discharging neutral gas into the space of the reactor module between the baffle 3 and the piston 4 of the reactor module;

17 - heater of the reactor module 1;

18 - thermal insulation of the reactor module.

The heater 17 allows you to set the initial temperature of the reaction mixture, thereby expanding the range of the possible composition of the reaction mixtures (for example, gaseous metal halides, which at normal temperatures are liquids) and increasing the final temperature of the mixture under compression. The piston ends of the reactor module 4 and the cover 2 are heated by heat exchange from the cylindrical walls of the reactor module 1 or by their own heaters (not shown in the figure). Thermal insulation 18 of the reactor module 1 minimizes heat loss to the environment and reduces the temperature of the external parts of the device to a safe for personnel.

The housing of the reactor module 1, the cover 2 and the end face of the piston 4 form the reaction volume 5, in which the compression of the reaction mixture occurs. The joint seal of the reactor module housing 1 and cover 2 is tight. The piston 4 of the reactor module 1 can be either standard (as in FIG. 1) or plunger type. Channels with shut-off valves for the release of reaction products 7 and 7 ′ can be made on the cover 2 of the reactor module.

The power cylinder 9, providing through the rod 8 the translational movement of the piston 4 of the reaction module 1, can be performed in the form of: a high-speed hydraulic cylinder, or a standard pneumatic cylinder, or a combined power cylinder.

The latch 13 of the rod of the actuating cylinder 8 allows you to hold the set value of the reaction volume 5 and, thus, the set values of the parameters of the reaction mixture or reaction products.

High-speed hydraulic cylinders can provide a piston speed of up to 10 m / s, which is sufficient for the adiabatic compression of the reaction mixture. Since the adjustable adiabatic compression device itself is intended for research, compression cycles can be repeated with a sufficient pause between them. Such a hydraulic cylinder provides the ability to easily control the movement characteristics of the piston 4 of the reactor compression module and its reliable positioning by throttling and blocking the fluid supply and discharge channels in the high-speed hydraulic cylinder (inertial loads are removed by hydraulic air dampers).

Standard pneumatic cylinders can provide an even higher compression rate of the reaction volume 5, however, the positioning of the pistons 11 and 4, in this case is more complicated and requires the use of a mechanical lock 13 of the rod 8, connecting the pistons of the power cylinder 11 and the piston 4 of the reactor module. The consumption of compressed air for the experimental setup is not of great importance.

The master cylinder 9 operates in a combined master cylinder mode, if gas is supplied to the left (in FIG. 1) part of the master cylinder 9 from the piston 11, and a liquid, for example, oil, is supplied to the right. When the piston 11 moves to the right (during compression of the mixture), high-pressure gas displaces the oil from the right cavity, which is discharged through channels with valves 12 '. When the piston 11 moves to the left, an oil is supplied to the right cavity, the pressure of which is higher than the gas pressure in the left cavity, displacing the gas through the channel with the valve 12. The operation of the combined power cylinder is more preferable because it combines the advantages of the high speed of the piston of the pneumatic cylinder and the ease of control and positioning cylinder rod.

Adiabatic compression device according to Option 2.

The adiabatic compression device further comprises a mixing module for preliminary preparation of the reaction mixtures, connected by a channel to the reaction chamber of the reactor module 1. The design of the mixer is similar to the design of the reactor module according to Option 1 (see figure 2):

19 - mixing module;

20 - a cover on the outer end of the mixing module;

21 - a partition between the ends of the cases of the power cylinder of the mixer and the mixing module;

22 - the piston of the mixing module 19;

23 - mixing volume;

24, 25, 26 - channels with valves for supplying components of the reaction mixture;

27 - channel with a valve for pumping the reaction mixture from the mixing volume 23;

28 - channel connection mixing 23 and reaction 5 volumes;

29 - power hydraulic cylinder of the mixer for the preliminary preparation of reaction mixtures;

30 - the piston of the power cylinder of the mixer for the preliminary preparation of reaction mixtures, connected by a rod with the piston 22 of the mixing module 19;

31 - heater mixing volume 23 mixer preliminary preparation of reaction mixtures;

32 - thermal insulation of the mixing module 19;

33, 34 - channels with valves for supplying and removing compressed gas or hydraulics;

35, 36 - channels with locking valves for supplying and discharging neutral gas.

Lids 2 and 20 have channels (not shown) for accommodating pressure and temperature sensors.

The adiabatic compression device operates as follows.

Consider the operation of the adiabatic compression device according to Option 1.

After heating with a heater 17, closed by thermal insulation 18 of the reaction volume 5, the piston 4 of the reactor module 1 is shifted to the right until it touches the cover 2. The piston 4 is driven by a rod 8 connected to the piston 11 of the power cylinder 9 by supplying compressed gas or liquid (oil) under pressure to the left side of the volume of the housing 10 of the power cylinder 9 through the channel 12 while simultaneously discharging gas or oil from the right cavity of the power cylinder (between the piston 11 and the cover 3) through the channel 12 ′. In this case, inert gas is supplied into the space of the reactor module 1 between the piston 4 and the baffle 3 through the channel 15, and gas from the reaction volume 5 is vented through the channel 7 ^{1. The} valves of the channels 6, 6 ¹ , 7 16 are closed at this stage.

After touching the piston 4 with the cover 2, the displacement value on the sensors 14 is reset and the device is ready for the start of the working cycle.

The main work cycle consists of three stages.

1. Filling the reaction volume 5 with the reaction mixture and compressing it to the parameter values (pressure and temperature) at which the reaction takes place.

2. Quenching (cooling) of reaction products and their removal from the reaction volume 5.

3. Purge the reaction volume with 5 inert gas.

Each stage, in turn, includes the movement of the piston 4 driven by the power cylinder 9 by means of the rod 8, first to one (left), then to the other side (to the right).

A qualitative view of the time diagram of the adiabatic compression process in time (the relative distance from the end face of the piston to the cap 2 and the opening-closing order of the reagent inlet valves 6 and 6 ¹ and the reaction products outlet valves 7 and 7 ¹ are shown in FIG. 3).

At the first stage, when the piston moves to the left (smooth, as in a cyclogram or stepwise with intermediate stops) from the extreme right position (from touching the cover 2) to the initial position, the components of the reaction mixture are introduced into the reaction volume 5 through channel 6 open for this time The duration of the pause between filling the reaction volume 5 and the beginning of compression (the length of the horizontal section on the sequence diagram) depends on the initial temperature of the reactants, if they are introduced directly into the reaction volume 5, and set the mode so that smiling evenly warmed up to the initial temperature. In Option 2, when using a preliminary preparation mixer, the mixture with the necessary parameters is sent through the connection channel 28 from the mixing volume 23 to the reaction volume 5. After that, all the valves (6, 6 ′, 7, 7 ′) are closed in the reaction volume 5 and the mixture is compressed by the piston 4 when it moves to the right to the state (controlled by pressure and temperature sensors) when a chemical reaction of the components occurs or to a predetermined distance from the cover 2 controlled by the position sensors 14. Moreover, at the beginning of the movement of the piston 4 the volume formed between it and the partition 3 through the gas channel 15 is supplied with neutral gas (included as a diluent gas in the composition of the reaction mixture) and the valves are closed so as to prevent possible extraneous components from entering the reaction volume 5 through the gap between the piston 4 and the walls of the reactor module 1.

The second stage, as a rule (using the lock 13, you can set any pause between the stages), follows almost immediately after the first - the piston 4 quickly moves to the left by a predetermined distance (it can be less than the original) for quenching (cooling) of the reaction products. In this case, the valve of the gas channel 15 is closed, and the valve of the gas channel 16 is open, through which neutral gas is removed.

Next, a channel opens with a valve 7 and moving the piston 4 to the right to cover 2, the reaction products are displaced through this channel into a receiving trap (not shown).

In the third stage, the piston 4 again moves to the left, suctioning through the channel 6 ¹ purge gas to flush the reaction volume 5. After a pause, necessary for the gas to take off the increased (due to compression at the end of the first stage) temperature of the ends of the piston 4, cover 2 and the right side of the housing reactor module 1, the valve opens the duct 7 ¹ and through the purge gas (possibly with residues of the reactants) is extruded in the second trap (not shown) moving piston 4 until it touches the lid 2. The order of the devices 15 and 16 of the supply and removal of n ytralnogo gas in the volume between the piston 4 and the partition 3 on the second and third stages of the cycle similar to the manner of operation at the first stage. After that, the whole cycle is repeated.

Consider the operation of the adiabatic compression device according to Option 2.

The operating procedure of the reactor module is the same as in Option 1.

The mixing module operates as follows.

After warming up by the heater 31, which is closed by thermal insulation 32 of the mixing volume 23, the piston 22 of the mixing module 19 is shifted to the right until it touches the cover 20. The piston 22 is driven by a rod connecting it to the piston 30 of the power hydraulic cylinder 29. In this case, through any of the channels 24, 25 or 26 the gas is vented from the mixing volume 23. Since the mixing volume is not designed to compress gas and the maximum pressure in volume 23 does not exceed several atmospheres, filling the space between the baffle 21 and the piston 22 with inert gas does not necessarily.

After touching the piston 22 with the cover 20, the mixing device is ready for the start of the mixture preparation cycle. The cycle of preparation of the reaction mixture consists in filling the volume 23 through channels 24, 25 and 26 with a closed channel 27 with reaction gases during smooth or stepwise movement of the piston 22 to the left of the original (touching the cover 20) to the desired position. The position of the piston 22 is monitored by sensors (not shown).

Then all gas channels (24, 25, 26 and 27) are closed, and the mixture is maintained for the time required for uniform heating. After that, the channel 27 of the mixing module and the channel 6 of the reaction module are opened and along the channel 28 connecting the mixing and reaction volumes, the finished mixture is displaced by the piston 22 moving to the right (before touching the cover 20) into the reaction volume 5. In this case, the piston 4 of the reaction module 1 moves from its extreme (from touching the cover 2) position to the left, sucking the mixture into a volume of 5.

After touching the piston 22 with the cover 20, the mixture preparation cycle can be repeated.

The duration of the mixture preparation cycle is determined by the temperature of the gases supplied through the channels 24, 25 and 26 and the necessary time for heating the mixture, and, generally speaking, is not related to the duration of the full cycle of the reactor module. These cycles can either go sequentially or be synchronized so that by the time all (three) stages of the working cycle of the reactor module are completed, the mixture in the volume 23 of the mixing module 19 would have the given parameters.

Preliminary preparation of gas mixtures in a separate mixer before feeding them into the reaction volume 5 of the adiabatic compression device creates a positive effect and has the following advantages.

1. It makes it easier to control the composition and parameters of the gas mixture, since in the preparatory volume 23 of the mixer there are no requirements for seals for high pressures and temperatures, and therefore for the design and materials of the parts, as well as the conditions for placing various sensors (pressure, temperature, etc.).

2. When pumping the gas mixture from the preparatory volume 23 of the mixer, high speeds of movement of the piston 22 and high pressures are not required so that standard hydraulic cylinders 29 can be used.

3. By changing the position of the piston 22 of the mixing module 19 when filling the mixing volume 23, it is easy to adjust the partial pressure of any component regardless of the pressure in the supply paths from which this component enters the mixer.

4. By changing the initial position of the piston 22 of the mixing module 19 and the piston 4 of the reactor module 1 when filling the reaction volume 5, it is easy to vary the initial pressure of the gas mixture before compression in the reactor module 1, decreasing or increasing it compared to the pressure in the mixer.

5. The residence time of the mixture in the reactor module 1 is substantially reduced, thereby reducing the contact time of the parts of the reactor module with the components of the reaction mixtures.

6. The design of the adiabatic compression device and the mixer allows the inclusion in the design of several mixing devices of a similar principle of operation. The spatial orientation of the structures can be any. Both independent and synchronized operation of the reactor and mixing modules are possible.

Information sources

1. Kolbanovsky Yu.A., Schipachev B.C., Chernyak N.Ya. etc. Pulse compression of gases in chemistry and technology. 1982, 240 p.

2. RU 2097121, IPC B01J 12/00, 11.27.1997, Device for pulse compression of gases.

3. RU 2115467, IPC B01J 2/00, 07/20/1998, Device for pulse compression of gases.

4. RU 2142844, IPC B01J 2/00, 20.12.1999, Device for pulse compression of gases.

5. RU 2299175, IPC C01B 3/34, F02B 43/12, F02B 47/02, 12.02.2006, Method for producing synthesis gas and installation for its implementation.

6. RU 2317250, IPC C01B 3/34, F02B 43/12, 07/12/2006, Method for producing synthesis gas;

7. RU 2129462, IPC B01J 7/00, C01B 3/36, C01B 3/32, C01B 3/34, 04/27/1999, Chemical compression reactor for producing synthesis gas.

8. Patent RU 2198022, IPC B01J 3/03, C10G 9/18, 2003, Free-piston compression reactor - prototype.

Claims (8)

1. An adiabatic compression device for conducting chemical reactions in the gas phase, comprising a cylindrical reactor module with a sealed cap and a piston of the reactor module with the possibility of reciprocating motion, as well as channels for introducing reaction mixtures and removing reaction products and an energy supply unit connected by a rod to the piston reactor module, characterized in that the reactor module is equipped with a heater with thermal insulation and additional channels for introducing and removing neutral gas in the cavity above the piston reactor module, and the power supplying unit is formed as a cylinder with a mechanical lock rod. 2. The adiabatic compression device according to claim 1, characterized in that a high-speed hydraulic cylinder is used as a power cylinder. 3. The adiabatic compression device according to claim 1, characterized in that a pneumatic cylinder is used as the power cylinder. 4. The adiabatic compression device according to claim 1, characterized in that a combined pneumohydraulic cylinder is used as the power cylinder. 5. An adiabatic compression device for conducting chemical reactions in the gas phase, comprising a cylindrical reactor module with a sealed cap and a piston with the possibility of reciprocating movement, channels for introducing reaction mixtures and removing reaction products and an energy supply unit connected by a rod to the piston of the reactor module, characterized the fact that the device is additionally equipped with a mixing module, the mixing volume of which is connected with the reaction volume of the reactor module by a pre-supply feed channel copulating the reaction mixture, the reactor and the mixing modules are provided with a heater with insulation and additional channels for insertion and removal of the neutral gas in the space above the piston of said modules, a power supplying unit is formed as a cylinder with a mechanical lock rod. 6. The adiabatic compression device according to claim 5, characterized in that a high-speed hydraulic cylinder is used as a power cylinder. 7. The adiabatic compression device according to claim 5, characterized in that a pneumatic cylinder is used as the power cylinder. 8. The adiabatic compression device according to claim 5, characterized in that a combined gas-hydraulic cylinder is used as a power cylinder.

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