RU2531338C2 - Oscillographic measuring device of amplitude characteristics of electric signals - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: measurement equipment.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to measurement equipment, and namely to measuring devices of amplitude characteristics. The device consists of an oscillograph, the first and the second reference voltage sources, the first switch, a voltage difference metre, the first and the second smoothly adjustable delay lines, the second switch, a zone level formation unit, a zone pulse generator, a voltage equality indicator, a control unit, the first coupling capacitor, the third and the fourth reference voltage sources, the third switch, an additional voltage difference metre, an additional coupling capacitor, the first and the second coupling resistors, the fifth and the sixth reference voltage sources, the fourth switch, the third voltage difference metre, the third coupling capacitor, the third coupling resistor, the seventh and the eighth reference voltage sources, the fifth switch, the fourth voltage difference metre, the fourth coupling capacitor and the fourth coupling resistor.

EFFECT: higher measurement accuracy.

5 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

The present invention relates to electrical engineering and can be used in the development of high-precision high-speed oscillographic meters of the nanosecond and subnanosecond ranges and testers for testing high-speed integrated circuits.

According to the main copyright certificate No. 599217, class. G01R 13/30, claimed 06/22/79, an oscilloscope measuring the amplitude characteristics of electrical signals (meter) is known, containing an oscilloscope, the first input of which is connected to the first input terminal, the first output to the first input of the zone leveling unit, the second output to the first input of the zone pulse generator, the output of which is connected to the input of the illumination of the oscilloscope and the second input of the unit for forming zone levels, and the second input is to the third output of the control unit, the first output of which is connected to the third input of the unit for forming zone levels, the second output is with the control input of the second switch, and the fourth output is with the control input of the first switch, the output of which is connected to the first output of the coupling capacitor and the second input of the oscilloscope, and the first and second inputs are to the first outputs of the first and second voltage sources, second outputs which are connected to the inputs of the voltage difference meter, and the inputs to the second input terminal and the second output of the coupling capacitor, the inputs of the first and second continuously adjustable delay lines connected to the synchronization input ation meter, and the outputs - the first and second inputs of the second switch, whose output is connected to the input of the oscilloscope synchronization, and the first and second outputs of the block forming zones levels are connected to inputs of equality indicator strains [1].

The disadvantage of the meter is the appearance of errors in amplitude measurements due to:

the dependence of the error of amplitude measurements on the value of the active component in the output resistance of the source of the studied signals (Rx).

This disadvantage is due to the fact that with a varying value of Rx and the commensurability of the values of Rx and the input impedance of the meter (Rin), the division ratio of the divider formed at the input of the meter is variable, which leads to additional errors in the conduct of amplitude measurements.

Thus, the use of this meter circuit can be effective either with a known and constant value of Rx, or with Rx << Rin;

- the impossibility of measuring the value of Rx in a compensation way with a single-stage meter circuit (one stage includes two adjustable sources of reference voltages, a voltage difference meter, a switch, and RC communication elements);

- the influence of reference voltage sources on the source of the studied signals.

This disadvantage is due to the fact that the sources of reference voltages are connected in series with the source of the studied signals and, when the values of Rx and Rin are comparable, the voltage drops on Rx can be comparable with the values of the reference voltages, which can lead to malfunctions of the device under study;

- the impossibility of calculating the energy characteristics of the studied signals, since for these calculations, along with information about the amplitude of the studied signals, information on the value of Rx is necessary.

In order to increase the accuracy of amplitude measurements by reducing these errors and eliminating these drawbacks, an oscillographic meter of the amplitude characteristics of electrical signals according to the additional invention, auth. No. 815641 is equipped with a third and fourth voltage reference sources, an additional voltage difference meter, a third switch, two communication resistors and an additional communication capacitor, the first output of which is connected to the second input of the oscilloscope, the first output of the second communication resistor and the output of the third switch, and the second output to the output of the first switch, the first output of the first communication resistor and the inputs of the third and fourth sources of reference voltage, the second outputs of which are connected to the inputs voltage difference meter ceiling elements, and the first output - to first and second inputs of the third switch, whose control input is connected to the fifth output of the control unit, wherein the second terminals of the resistor connected to the first input of an oscilloscope [2].

This meter provides:

- measurements of the value of Rx in any area of the investigated periodic signal in a compensation way, due to the non-identical conditions in the input circuits of the meter for each of the pairs of sources of reference voltage;

- reducing the influence of changes in the value of Rx on the error of amplitude measurements, due to the inclusion of these changes during calculations based on derived ratios;

- the ability to calculate the energy characteristics of the studied signals based on the data of amplitude measurements and measurements of Rx.

The disadvantage of this meter is the appearance of amplitude measurement errors due to the influence of reference voltage sources on the source of the studied signals when measuring Rx, which leads to a decrease in the accuracy and reliability of the measurement results of Rx.

This effect is due to the fact that a two-stage meter circuit can provide only one-sided compensation for the effects of voltage drop differences between two pairs of voltage reference sources.

When measuring Rx, compensation is made at the input of the oscilloscope, and the input terminals of the meter (and, therefore, the output of the device under study) are affected by the difference in voltage drops between two pairs of reference voltage sources.

The influence of sources of reference voltages on the source of the studied signals during amplitude measurements can disrupt the operation of the source of the studied signals, distort the shape of the studied signals and, accordingly, reduce the accuracy and reliability of the measurement results.

The aim of the invention is to increase the accuracy and reliability of amplitude measurements, due to eliminating the influence of sources of reference voltages on the source of the studied signals when measuring Rx.

This goal is achieved by the fact that the oscilloscope measuring the amplitude characteristics of electrical signals containing an oscilloscope, the first input of which is connected to the first input terminal, the first output is to the first input of the zone leveling unit, the second output is to the first input of the zone pulse generator, the output of which is connected to the oscilloscope illumination input and the second input of the zone level formation unit, and the second input - with the third output of the control unit, the first output of which is connected to the third input of the ur formation unit outside the zones, the second output is with the control input of the second switch, and the fourth output is with the control input of the first switch, the output of which is connected to the first output of the coupling capacitor and the second input of the oscilloscope, and the first and second inputs to the first outputs of the first and second voltage sources the second outputs of which are connected to the inputs of the voltage difference meter, and the inputs are connected to the second input terminal and the second output of the coupling capacitor, the inputs of the first and second continuously adjustable delay lines connected to the input the meter is synchronized, and the outputs are with the first and second inputs of the second switch, the output of which is connected to the synchronization input of the oscilloscope, and the first and second outputs of the zone leveling unit are connected to the inputs of the voltage equalization indicator, while the first output of the additional coupling capacitor is connected to the second input of the oscilloscope , the first output of the second communication resistor and the output of the third switch, and the second output with the output of the first switch, the first output of the first communication resistor and the inputs of the third and even the second reference voltage sources, the second outputs of which are connected to the inputs of the additional voltage difference meter, and the first outputs - with the first and second inputs of the third switch, the control input of which is connected to the fifth output of the control unit, and the second terminals of the communication resistors are connected to the first input of the oscilloscope, the fifth and sixth voltage reference sources, the third voltage difference meter, the fourth switch, the third coupling resistor, the third coupling capacitor, the seventh and eighth reference voltage sources, a fourth voltage difference meter, a fifth switch, a fourth coupling resistor, a fourth coupling capacitor, wherein the first terminal of the fourth coupling capacitor is connected to the second terminal of the third coupling capacitor, the first terminal of the fourth coupling resistor, the output of the fifth switch and the inputs of the fifth and sixth sources reference voltage, the second outputs of which are connected to the inputs of the third voltage difference meter, and the first outputs - to the first and second inputs of the fourth a switch, the control input of which is connected to the sixth output of the control unit, the second terminals of the third and fourth coupling resistors connected to the first input of the oscilloscope, and the first terminal of the third coupling resistor connected to the first terminal of the third coupling capacitor, the second terminal of the first coupling capacitor and the output of the fourth switch, along with this, the second output of the fourth coupling capacitor is connected to the second terminal of the meter and the inputs of the seventh and eighth sources of reference voltage, the second outputs of which are connected s from the fourth voltage difference meter inputs and first outputs - the first and second inputs of the fifth switch, whose control input is connected to the seventh output of the control unit.

The technical essence of the proposed solution

Introduction to the meter of the above set of blocks and elements leads to the formation of a structure corresponding to two series-connected two-stage meters having a common zero-organ (oscilloscope, strobolvmeter, comparator). When measuring Rx, each of the two-stage meters works in accordance with known algorithms, but the difference in voltage drops generated by each of the two-stage meters at the input terminals of the meter have opposite signs and are mutually compensated. Relations are derived that ensure the fulfillment of the mutual compensation conditions.

Thus, the unwanted effects of the sources of reference voltages on the output of the device under study are completely eliminated when measuring Rx and, accordingly, the accuracy and reliability of amplitude measurements are increased.

The positive effect of the proposed device arises due to the fact that during the joint, synchronous operation of two series-connected two-stage meters having a common (combined) zero-organ, their interaction (mutual influence) leads to the elimination of undesirable effects of reference voltage sources on the output of the device under study, i.e. new “super-total” properties arise, in addition to those due to the known properties of the prototype.

Along with this, it becomes possible to separately, independently adjust the measurement modes and emulate the effects on the device under study, when combining these modes in real time, regardless of the value of Rx.

The proposed set of features is not found in the known literature, therefore, meets the criteria of "novelty."

The coincidence of this set of features, as well as the properties manifested by these signs in the claimed device, which is expressed by its operating principle, with the signs and properties of technical solutions known in science and technology, has not been established.

In particular, no technical solutions have been found that provide:

- combination of measurement and calibration processes in one channel, with the exception of the influence of calibration signals on the device under study;

- combining the processes of measuring and emulating the effects on the device under study in one channel with the independent installation of the modes of emulating the effects and measurements, as well as technical solutions providing measurements of the values of the active component of the output resistance of the source of the studied signals, active components of the current, power (current values at selected moments time) with minimal distortion.

The principle of operation of the meter is illustrated Figure 1, 2, 3 ... 5, which shows:

- figure 1 is a block diagram of a device;

- figure 2 - equivalent circuit diagrams at the input of the meter;

- figure 3 ... 5 is a timing diagram explaining the operation of the device.

The device consists of an oscilloscope 1, the first and second sources of reference voltage 2, 3, the first switch 4, the voltage difference meter 5, the first and second continuously adjustable delay lines 6 and 7, the second switch 8, the block 9 forming the level of the zones, the generator 10 level zones , voltage equality indicator 11, control unit 12, first communication capacitor 13, third and fourth voltage sources 14 and 15, third switch 16, additional voltage difference meter 17, additional capacitor 18 s ides, the first and second communication resistors 19 and 20, the fifth and sixth voltage sources 21 and 22, the fourth switch 23, the third voltage difference meter 24, the third communication capacitor 25, the third communication resistor 26, the seventh and eighth voltage sources 27 and 28 , a fifth switch 29, a fourth voltage difference meter 30, a fourth coupling capacitor 31, and a fourth coupling resistor 32.

The device operates as follows (Figure 1). The investigated periodic signal Ux is fed to the input of the oscilloscope 1. It is assumed that the internal resistances Ri of the sources of reference voltages 2, 3; 14, 15; 21, 22; 27, 28 are much less than the resistances R19, R20, R26, R32. The resistance R20 includes the active component of the input resistance of the oscilloscope 1. The resistance values R19, R20, R26, R32 in the range of changes in the levels of the studied signals Ux are considered constant. Communication capacitors C13, C18, C25, C31 provide the transmission of the variable spectrum components of the studied signal Ux to the input of the oscilloscope 1. The choice of the values of the communication capacitors C13, C18, C25, C31 is made from the undistorted transmission of the shape of the studied signal Ux to the input of the oscilloscope 1. Since Ri << R19, R20, R26, R32, then the division ratio of the divider formed at the input of the oscilloscope 1 can be neglected. The inclusion of voltage reference sources 2, 3; 14, 15; 21, 22; 27, 28, switches 4, 16, 23, 29 in the circuit of the common input bus of the oscilloscope 1 provides, in combination with communication capacitors C13, C18, C25, C31, small distortions of the studied signals in the high-frequency region, due to the small value of C (stray capacitance at the input of the oscilloscope 1).

Communication capacitors C13, C18, C25, C31 can be implemented in the form of a parallel connection of several capacitors to transmit various parts of the spectrum of the studied signal Ux, in particular, low-inductance capacitors or structural capacitors can be used to transfer high-frequency components of the spectrum.

If the input part of the meter is implemented as a remote probe, then the probe design of these elements may include only small-inductance, small-sized capacitors (structural capacities), coupling resistors R19, R20, R26, R32 and an input signal conversion device (for example, a stroboscopic mixer oscilloscope).

The equivalent input resistance of the meter (active component) is equal to:

$$Rin=\frac{R19R\mathrm{twenty}R26R32}{R19R\mathrm{twenty}R26+R19R\mathrm{twenty}R32+R19R26R32+R\mathrm{twenty}R26R32};\text{(one)}$$

The determination of the active component in the output impedance of the source of the studied signals Ux (current values at selected time instants) is performed as follows.

The controlled signal is displayed by the controls of the oscilloscope 1 on the screen (Figure 3). The zone label using the control unit 12 is installed on the monitored portion of the signal Ux. According to the signals of the control unit 12, synchronous switching of the sources of reference voltages 2, 3; 14, 15; 21, 22; 27, 28. At the same time, the voltage of the reference sources 2, 3 is changed; 14, 15; 21, 22; 27, 28 so that the voltage differences of the reference sources have opposite signs (for example: E1-E2 = + E1 ', E3-E4 = -E2', E5-E6 = -E3 ', E7-E8 = + E4'). The shift of the investigated signal Ux along the amplitude axis that occurs in this case is perceived by the operator as a bifurcation of the signal image and the zone label. Change in the magnitude of the voltage differences of the reference sources 2, 3; 14, 15; 21, 22; 27, 28 is made in such a way as to mutually compensate for the displacement of the investigated signal Ux along the axis of amplitudes, originating from each of the pairs of reference sources 2, 3; 14, 15; 21, 22; 27, 28. The alignment control is carried out visually on the screen or by coincidence of the zone pulse marks using the voltage equalization indicator 11. The oscilloscope 1 must have direct current connections.

After the coincidence of the labels of the zones in the studied section of the signal Ux (value U '-> 0 or U' '> 0), at certain values of the voltage differences of the reference sources 2, 3; 14, 15; 21, 22; 27, 28, the value of the active component Rx in the output impedance of the source of the studied signals Ux is calculated.

Rx can be measured using two, three, or four stages in various combinations.

Below are the derived ratios for a number of different combinations of cascades used.

The derived ratio for calculating Rx at E1 ', E2' ≠ 0; E3 ', E4' = 0:

$$Rx12=-\frac{R19\left(\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}+\mathrm{one}\right)}{R19\left(\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}+\mathrm{one}\right)\left(\frac{\mathrm{one}}{R26}+\frac{\mathrm{one}}{R32}\right)+\mathrm{one}};\text{(2)}$$

The derived ratio for calculating Rx at E3 ', E4' ≠ 0; E1 ', E2' = 0:

$$Rx34=-R32\left(\frac{E\mathrm{four}`}{E3`}+\mathrm{one}\right);\text{(3)}$$

The derived ratio for calculating Rx, with E1 ', E2', E3 '≠ 0; E4 '= 0:

$$Rx123=-\frac{R19\left(\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}+\mathrm{one}+\frac{E3`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}\right)}{R19\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}\left(\frac{\mathrm{one}}{R32}+\frac{\mathrm{one}}{R26}\right)+\frac{E3`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}\frac{R19}{R32}+R19\left(\frac{\mathrm{one}}{R26}+\frac{\mathrm{one}}{R32}\right)+\mathrm{one}};\text{(four)}$$

The derived ratio for calculating Rx, with E1 ', E3', E4 '≠ 0; E2 '= 0:

$$Rx134=-\frac{R26\left(\frac{E3`}{E\mathrm{one}`}+\mathrm{one}+\frac{E\mathrm{four}`}{E\mathrm{one}`}\right)}{\frac{R26}{R32}\left(\frac{E3`}{E\mathrm{one}`}+\mathrm{one}\right)+\mathrm{one}};\text{(5)}$$

The derived ratio for calculating Rx, for E1 ′, E2 ′, E3 ′, E4 ′ ≠ 0:

$$Rx1234=-\frac{R19R26R32(E\mathrm{one}`+\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`+E3`+E\mathrm{four}`)}{E\mathrm{one}`R19(R26+R32)+\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`(R19R26+R19R32+R26R32)+E3`R19R26};\text{(6)}$$

The value of Rx is part of the active output impedance of the source of the studied signals - Rist., Measured at direct current. In the steady sections of the signal under study, Rx -> Rist.

When determining Rx, the values of E1 ', E2', E3 ', E4' are measured by voltage difference meters 5, 17, 24, 30, and the values of R19, R20, R26, R32 are known.

Similarly, Rx is determined in the output impedance of the source of the studied signals Ux at any time, in accordance with the section selected in the image of the signal Ux, see Figure 3.

The measured values of the value of Rx (Rxl2, Rx34, Rx123, Rx134), for different combinations of the used cascades, should be identical and may differ in the case of the dependence of the value of Rx on the effects of different voltage drop differences at the input terminals of the meter (Ux ').

The procedure for measuring the value of Rx and the requirements for the ratio of the values of E1 ', E2', E3 ', E4' will be discussed in detail below.

To derive the main dependencies, we consider simplified equivalent circuit circuits at the input of the meter (Figure 2).

Accordingly, you can write the ratio:

$$E\mathrm{one}`=Uo\mathrm{one}`+Ux\mathrm{one}`;$$

$$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`=\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="U\; o"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">U\; </figure-callout>}o2`+Ux2`;\\ E3`=Uo3`+Ux3`;\text{(7)}\\ E\mathrm{four}`=Uo\mathrm{four}`+Ux\mathrm{four}`;\end{array}$$

where: E1 ', E2', E3 ', E4' are the voltage differences of the reference sources 2, 3; 14, 15; 21, 22; 27, 28;

Uo1 ', Uo2', Uo3 ', Uo4' - differences of voltage drops on the communication resistor R20 (at the input of the oscilloscope 1);

Ux1 ', Ux2', Ux3 ', Ux4' - differences of voltage drops at the output resistance of the source of the studied signals (at the input terminals of the meter).

The image of the signal under investigation on the screen of the oscilloscope 1 is shifted along the amplitude axis in proportion to the magnitude of the differences in voltage drops Uo1 ', Uo2', Uo3 ', Uo4'.

We transform relations (7) as follows:

$$\begin{array}{l}Uo\mathrm{one}`=E\mathrm{one}`-Ux\mathrm{one}`;\\ \mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="U\; o"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">U\; </figure-callout>}o2`=\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`-\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="U\; x"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">U\; </figure-callout>}x2`;\text{(8)}\\ Uo3`=E3`-Ux3`;\\ Uo\mathrm{four}`=E\mathrm{four}`-Ux\mathrm{four}`.\end{array}$$

Since when measuring the value of Rx, mutual compensation of the displacements of the studied signal Ux along the axis of amplitudes originating from each of the pairs of reference voltage sources 2, 3 is performed; 14, 15; 21, 22; 27, 28, then from relations (8) it follows:

Uo1 '+ Uo2' + Uo3 '+ Uo4' = 0;

and correspondingly:

$$E\mathrm{one}`+\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`+E3`+E\mathrm{four}`-Ux\mathrm{one}`-\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="U\; x"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">U\; </figure-callout>}x2`-Ux3`-Ux\mathrm{four}`=0\text{(9)}$$

From consideration of equivalent circuit circuits at the input of the meter (Figure 2) it follows:

$$Ux\mathrm{one}`=I\mathrm{one}`\frac{RxR26R32}{RxR26+RxR32+R26R32};\text{(10)}$$

$$Ux2`=I2`\frac{RxR19R26R32}{RxR19R26+RxR19R32+RxR26R32+R19R26R32};\text{(eleven)}$$

$$Ux3`=I3`\frac{RxR32}{Rx+R32};\text{(12)}$$

$$Ux\mathrm{four}`=I\mathrm{four}`Rx;\text{(13)}$$

where: I1 ', I2', I3 ', I4' - differences of currents of sources of reference voltages 2, 3; 14, 15; 21, 22; 27, 28.

We express the values of the differences of the currents I1 ', I2', I3 ', I4' through the known values of the communication resistors R19, R20, R26, R32, the measured values of the voltage differences of the reference sources E1 ', E2', E3 ', E4' and the value of Rx:

$$I\mathrm{one}`=E\mathrm{one}`\frac{RxR19R26+RxR19R32+RxR\mathrm{twenty}R26+RxR\mathrm{twenty}R32+R19R26R32+R\mathrm{twenty}R26R32}{K};\text{(fourteen)}$$

$$I2`=\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`\frac{RxR19R26+RxR19R32+RxR26R32+R19R26R32}{K};\text{(fifteen)}$$

$$I3`=E3`\frac{RxR19R\mathrm{twenty}+RxR19R26+RxR\mathrm{twenty}R26+R19R\mathrm{twenty}R32+R19R26R32+R\mathrm{twenty}R26R32}{K};\text{(16)}$$

$$I\mathrm{four}`=E\mathrm{four}`\frac{R19R\mathrm{twenty}R26+R19R\mathrm{twenty}R32+R19R26R32+R\mathrm{twenty}R26R32}{K};\text{(17)}$$

where the coefficient K is respectively equal to:

$$K=RxR19R\mathrm{twenty}R26+RxR19r\mathrm{twenty}R32+RxR19R26R32+RxR\mathrm{twenty}R26R32+r19R\mathrm{twenty}R26R32.\text{(eighteen)}$$

Substituting relations (14) ... (17) into relations (10) ... (13), we determine the quantities Ux1 ', Ux2', Ux3 ', Ux4' through the known values of the coupling resistors R19, R20, R26, R32, the measured values of the voltage differences of the reference sources E1 ', E2', E3 ', E4' and the value of Rx:

$$Ux\mathrm{one}`=E\mathrm{one}`\frac{RxR26R32(R19+R\mathrm{twenty})}{K};\text{(19)}$$

$$Ux2`=\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`\frac{RxR19R26R32}{K};\text{(twenty)}$$

$$Ux3`=E3`\frac{RxR32(R19R\mathrm{twenty}+R19R26+R\mathrm{twenty}R26)}{K};\text{(21)}$$

$$Ux\mathrm{four}`=E\mathrm{four}`\frac{Rx(R19R\mathrm{twenty}R26+R19R\mathrm{twenty}R32+R19R26R32+R\mathrm{twenty}R26R32)}{K}.\text{(22)}$$

Since the switching of voltage reference sources 2, 3; 14, 15; 21, 22; 27, 28 is performed synchronously, the resulting effect of the differences in the voltage drops on Rx, respectively, is equal to:

$$\begin{array}{l}Ux`=Ux\mathrm{one}`+Ux2`+Ux3`+Ux\mathrm{four}`=\\ =Rx\frac{E\mathrm{one}`R26R32(R19+R\mathrm{twenty})+\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`R19R26R32+E3`R32(R19R\mathrm{twenty}+R19R26+R\mathrm{twenty}R26)+}{K}\\ \frac{+E\mathrm{four}`(R19R\mathrm{twenty}R26+R19R\mathrm{twenty}R32+R19R26R32+R\mathrm{twenty}R26R32)}{}.\text{(23)}\end{array}$$

From a consideration of the circuit diagrams at the input of the meter (Figure 2), we determine the difference in voltage drops Uo1 ', Uo2', Uo3 ', Uo4' at the input of the oscilloscope:

$$Uo\mathrm{one}`=I\mathrm{one}`\frac{R19*R\mathrm{twenty}}{R19+R\mathrm{twenty}};\text{(24)}$$

$$\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="U\; o"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">U\; </figure-callout>}o2`=I2`R\mathrm{twenty};\text{(25)}$$

$$Uo3`=I3`\frac{R19R\mathrm{twenty}R26}{R19R\mathrm{twenty}+R19R26+R\mathrm{twenty}R26};\text{(26)}$$

$$Uo\mathrm{four}=I\mathrm{four}`\frac{R19R\mathrm{twenty}R26R32}{R19R\mathrm{twenty}R26+R19R\mathrm{twenty}R32+R19R2632+R\mathrm{twenty}R26R32}.\text{(27)}$$

Substituting relations (14) ... (17) into relations (24) ... (27), we determine the quantities Uo1 ', Uo2', Uo3 ', Uo4' through the known values of the coupling resistors R19, R20, R26, R32, the measured values of the voltage differences of the reference sources E1 ', E2', E3 ', E4' and the value of Rx:

$$Uo\mathrm{one}`=E\mathrm{one}`\frac{R19R\mathrm{twenty}(RxR26+RxR32+R26R32)}{K};\text{(28)}$$

$$\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="U\; o"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">U\; </figure-callout>}o2`=\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`\frac{R\mathrm{twenty}(RxR19R26+Rxr19R32+RxR26R32+R19R26R32)}{K};\text{(29)}$$

$$Uo3`=E3`\frac{R19R\mathrm{twenty}R26(Rx+R32)}{K};\text{(thirty)}$$

$$Uo\mathrm{four}`=E3`\frac{R19R\mathrm{twenty}R26R32}{K};\text{(31)}$$

The resulting effect of the differences in voltage drops Uo1 ', Uo2', Uo3 ', Uo4' at the input of the oscilloscope 1 and, accordingly, the displacement of the signal under study Ux along the amplitude axis on the oscilloscope screen is:

$$\begin{array}{l}Uo`=Uo\mathrm{one}`+\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="U\; o"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">U\; </figure-callout>}o2`+Uo3`+Uo\mathrm{four}`=\\ =Rx\frac{E\mathrm{one}`R19(RxR26+RxR32+R26R32)+\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`(RxR19R26+RxR19R32+RxR26R32+}{K}\\ \frac{+R19R26R32+E3`R19R26(Rx+R32)+E\mathrm{four}`R19R26R32)}{};\text{(23)}\end{array}$$

Consider the possible options for the four-stage meter circuit when measuring Rx:

- the option when the first and second stages are used, respectively E3 'and E4' are equal to zero:

Uo1 '+ Uo2' = 0; (33)

Substituting relations (28), (29) into equation (33) and solving it with respect to Rx, we obtain relation (2);

- the option when the third and fourth cascades are used, respectively E1'and E2 'are equal to zero:

Uo3 '+ Uo4' = 0; (34)

Substituting relations (30), (31) into equation (34) and solving it with respect to Rx, we obtain relation (3);

- the option when three stages are used, for example, the first, second and third and, accordingly, E4 'is equal to zero:

Uo1 '+ Uo2' + Uo3 '= 0; (35)

Substituting relations (28) ... (30) into equation (35) and solving it with respect to Rx, we obtain relation (4);

- an option when three cascades are used, for example, the first, third and fourth and, accordingly, E2 'is zero:

Uo1 '+ Uo3' + Uo4 '= 0; (36)

Substituting relations (28), (30), (31) into equation (36) and solving it with respect to Rx, we obtain relation (5);

- an option when four stages are used, while we have synchronous operation of two series-connected two-stage meters operating in antiphase (from the point of view of influencing the device under study) and having a common indicator (oscilloscope screen, strobe-voltmeter, comparator):

Uo1 '+ Uo2' + Uo3 '+ Uo4' = 0; (37)

Substituting relations (28) ... (31) into equation (37) and solving it with respect to Rx, we obtain relation (6).

Let us consider the operation of the meter in the prototype simulation mode (two-stage version), when the first, second or third, fourth cascades are used alternately in the measurements of Rx. The calculation of the values of Rx12 and Rx34 is carried out in accordance with the relations (2) and (3). When determining the values of Rx12, Rx34, the value of Uo 'is set equal to 0 visually on the screen of the oscilloscope 1 or by coincidence of the labels of the pulse zones using the voltage equality indicator 11.

In paragraphs 1 ... 4 of table 1, as an example, the calculation results are given when measuring Rx12 (ratio 2) and Rx34 (ratio 3) with R19 = R20 = R26 = R32 = R32 = 1000 kOhm.

From consideration of the measurement results, it follows that the output of the device under study is under the resulting influence of the voltage drop differences Ux '(Ux12' or Ux34 '), which can disrupt the operation of the device under study and reduce the reliability and accuracy of measurements.

Consider the operation of the meter in the measurement mode of the Rx value when four stages are used (synchronous operation mode of two two-stage meters connected in series).

Let us determine the conditions for mutual compensation of the effects of the values Ux1 ', Ux2', Ux3 ', Ux4' at the input terminals of the meter and the values Uo1 ', Uo2', Uo3 ', Uo4' at the input of the oscilloscope 1 (for nonzero values of the values E1 ', E2', E3 ', E4').

From a consideration of the circuit diagrams at the input of the meter (Figure 2) it follows:

Uo1 '+ Uo2' + Uo3 '+ Uo4' = 0;

Ux1 '+ Ux2' + Ux3 '+ Ux4' = 0;

Ux1 '+ Ux2' = - (Ux3 '+ Ux4'); (38)

E1 '+ E2' + E3 '+ E4' = 0.

After substituting expressions (19 ... 22) and transformations into relations (38), we obtain the conditions of mutual compensation (Uo '= 0, Ux' = 0):

$$\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}{E3`}=-\frac{Z2}{Z\mathrm{one}};\text{(39)}$$

E1 '+ E2' + E3 '+ E4' = 0; (40)

where the coefficients Z1, Z2 are respectively equal:

$$Z\mathrm{one}=\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}R26R32(R19+r\mathrm{twenty})+R19R26R32;\text{(41)}$$

$$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="Z"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">Z</figure-callout>}2=R32(R19R\mathrm{twenty}+R19R26+R\mathrm{twenty}R26)+\\ +\frac{E\mathrm{four}`}{E3`}(R19R\mathrm{twenty}R26+R19R\mathrm{twenty}R32+R19R26R32+R\mathrm{twenty}R26R32).\text{(42)}\end{array}$$

и $$\frac{E4`}{E3`}$$

определяются в процессе измерения величин Rx12 и Rx34 [см. соотношения (2) и (3)], поэтому после вычисления коэффициентов Z1 и Z2, в соответствии с соотношениями (41), (42), возможно определить $$\frac{E2`}{E3`}$$

в соответствии с соотношением (39).The ratio $$\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}$$

and $$\frac{E\mathrm{four}`}{E3`}$$

determined during the measurement of Rx12 and Rx34 [see relations (2) and (3)], therefore, after calculating the coefficients Z1 and Z2, in accordance with relations (41), (42), it is possible to determine $$\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}{E3`}$$

in accordance with relation (39).

, $$\frac{E4`}{E3`}$$

, $$\frac{E2`}{E3`}$$

, установить абсолютные значения остальных величин.Setting the absolute value of one of the values E1 ', E2', E3 ', E4' during the measurement process, possibly, subject to the established ratios $$\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}$$

, $$\frac{E\mathrm{four}`}{E3`}$$

, $$\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}{E3`}$$

, establish the absolute values of the remaining quantities.

When measuring Rx, initially lower values of the voltage differences of the reference sources E1 ', E2', E3 ', E4' are set, and then, as the value of Rx is refined, higher values are set for more accurate measurements, while ensuring the ratio of the values of E1 ' , E2 ', E3', E4 ', corresponding to the conditions of mutual compensation (Uo' = 0, Ux '= 0).

If necessary, several iterations are performed to refine the value of Rx and, accordingly, to refine the ratios of the values E1 ', E2', E3 ', E4'.

, $$\frac{E4`}{E3`}$$

, при проведении измерении величины Rx в четырехкаскадном варианте.Define the relationship between the relations $$\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}$$

, $$\frac{E\mathrm{four}`}{E3`}$$

when measuring Rx in a four-stage version.

и $$\frac{E4`}{E3`}$$

, вне зависимости от величины Rx:In the synchronous operation of two two-stage meters, the values of Rx12 and Rx34 are determined in the controlled area of the signal under study in accordance with relations (2) and (3). The measurement results of each of the two-stage meters should be equal - Rx12 = Rx34. Accordingly, after transformations of relations (2) and (3), we obtain the expression defining the relationship $$\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}$$

and $$\frac{E\mathrm{four}`}{E3`}$$

, regardless of the value of Rx:

$$\frac{E\mathrm{four}`}{E3`}=\frac{R19\left(\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}+\mathrm{one}\right)}{R19\left(\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}+\mathrm{one}\right)\left(\frac{R32}{R26}+\mathrm{one}\right)+R32}-\mathrm{one}\text{(43)}$$

и $$\frac{E4`}{E3`}$$

должна соответствовать выражению (43).When setting the absolute values of the values E1 ', E2', E3 ', E4', when measuring Rx, the relationship of the ratios $$\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}$$

and $$\frac{E\mathrm{four}`}{E3`}$$

must correspond to expression (43).

In paragraphs 5 ... 8 of Table 1, as an example, the calculation results are given when measuring Rx values at R19 = R20 = R26 = R32 = R32 = 1000 kOhm.

Consider the option when three stages of the meter are used to determine the Rx value (for example: first, second, third or first, third and fourth, see Figure 1). Initially, the values of the voltage differences of the reference sources are set in accordance with the derived conditions of full compensation at the input of the oscilloscope and the meter for the three-stage version, then a partial mismatch of the conditions of full compensation at the input of the meter is made and the value of Rx in the controlled zone of the signal Ux is calculated (Figure 3).

The calculation of the values of Rx123 or Rx134 is carried out in accordance with relations (4) and (5). When determining the values of Rx123, Rx134, the value of Uo 'is set to 0 visually on the oscilloscope screen or by coincidence of the zone pulse marks using the voltage equalization indicator 11. Alignment can be performed at high sensitivity of the oscilloscope 1, and the influence of the nonlinearity of the amplitude characteristic of the oscilloscope 1 on the measurement error is eliminated Rx values.

Let us determine the conditions for the complete compensation of the effects of the values Ux1 ', Ux2', Ux3 'on the device under study and the values Uo1', Uo2 ', Uo3' on the input of the oscilloscope 1 (for nonzero values of the values E1 ', E2', E3 'and E4' = 0) , i.e. during operation of the first, second and third stages of the meter.

From a consideration of the circuit diagrams at the input of the meter (Figure 2) it follows:

Uo1 '+ Uo2' + Uo3 '= 0; (44) Ux1 '+ Ux2' + Ux3 '= 0; (45) E1 '+ E2' + E3 '= 0; (46)

and correspondingly:

E1 '= - (E2' + E3 ').

After substituting expressions (28 ... 30) and transformations taking into account relation (45) into relation (44), we obtain the conditions for full compensation (Uo '= 0, Ux' = 0):

$$\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}{E3`}=\frac{R19}{R26};\text{(47)}$$

E1 '+ E2' + E3 '= 0; (48)

Since when substituting the values E1 ', E2', E3 'corresponding to the conditions of full compensation (47), (48), we obtain the uncertainty in expression (4) to determine the value of Rx, when determining the value of Rx, the conditions of full compensation are mismatched by the device under study. The size of the mismatch is determined by the required measurement accuracy and the criticality of the device under study to the value Ux '.

In paragraphs 9 ... 12 of Table 1, as an example, the calculation results are given for measurements of Rx123 (ratio 4) at R19 = R20 = R26 = R32 = 1000 kOhm.

We define the conditions for the complete compensation of the effects of the values Ux1 ', Ux3', Ux4 'on the device under study and the values Uo1', Uo3 ', Uo4' on the input of the oscilloscope 1 (for nonzero values of the values E1 ', E3', E4 'and E2' = 0) during operation of the first, third and fourth stages of the meter.

From a consideration of the circuit diagrams at the input of the meter (Figure 2) it follows:

Uo1 '+ Uo3' + Uo4 '= 0; (49) Ux1 '+ Ux3' + Ux4 '= 0; (fifty) E1 '+ E3' + E4 '= 0; (51)

and correspondingly:

E3 '- (E1' + E4 '). (52)

After substituting expressions (28), (30), (31) and transformations taking into account relation (52) into relation (49), we obtain the conditions for full compensation (Uo '= 0, Ux' = 0):

$$\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{E\mathrm{four}`}=\frac{R26}{R32};\text{(53)}$$

E1 '+ E3' + E4 '= 0. (54)

Since, similarly to the previous version, when substituting the values E1 ', E3', E4 'corresponding to the conditions of full compensation (53), (54), we obtain uncertainty in expression (5) to determine the value of Rx, then when determining the value of Rx, the mismatch conditions for full compensation from the investigated device. The size of the mismatch is determined by the required measurement accuracy and the criticality of the device under study to the value Ux '.

In paragraphs 13 ... 16 of Table 1, as an example, the calculation results are given when measuring Rx134 values (ratio 5) at R19 = R20 = R26 = R32 = 1000 kOhm.

After measuring the value of Rx, in accordance with the above methods, it is possible to evaluate the effect of the value of Ux 'on the value of Rx.

We derive relations for determining the values of E1 '... E4' with a known (measured) value of Rx and a given value of Ux '.

Consider the operation of the meter in a three-stage version: E1 ', E2', E3 '≠ 0; E4 '= 0.

From consideration of equivalent circuit circuits at the input of the meter (Figure 2), we can write the following relationships:

E1 '+ E2' + E3 '= Ux'; (55) Uo'1 + Uo'2 + Uo'3 = 0; (56) Ux1 '+ Ux2' + Ux3 '= Ux' (57)

After substituting expressions (19) ... (21) and transformations into relations (57), we obtain:

E2 '= Ux'-E1'-E3'; (58)

$$E3`=Ux`\left[\mathrm{one}+\frac{R19R26(Rx+R32)}{RxR32(R19+R26)}\right]-E\mathrm{one}`\frac{R26}{R19+R26}.\text{(59)}$$

In relations (58), (59), the values of Rx and Ux 'are known, and the values of E1' are specified. After setting the calculated values of the values E1 '... E3' on the oscilloscope screen, the compensation condition Uo '= 0 is controlled. If it is observed (there is no mismatch), the influence of Ux 'on the device under study can be neglected. Along with this, it is possible to measure the value of Rx using the set value of Ux 'as an emulating effect on the device under study.

In paragraphs 17, 18 of Table 1, as an example, the calculation results are given when assessing the influence of the value of Ux 'on the value of Rx (ratio 58, 59) at R19 = R20-R26-R32 = 1000 kOhm.

Amplitude measurements of the studied signals are carried out as follows. The investigated signal using the controls of the oscilloscope 1 is displayed on the screen of the oscilloscope 1 (Figure 4). The zone labels are set on the sections of the studied signal Ux, between which amplitude measurements are carried out. According to the signals of the control unit 12, synchronous switching of the voltage reference sources 2, 3 is performed; 14, 15; 21, 22; 27, 28, as well as continuously adjustable delay lines 6, 7. At the same time, the voltage of the reference sources 2, 3 is changed; 14, 15; 21, 22; 27, 28 and the values of the delays of the delay lines 6, 7 until the labels of the zones on the signal under study are combined (Figure 4). The combination of zone labels can be performed at high sensitivity of the oscilloscope 1 and at “fast” sweeps.

Consider the option of amplitude measurements when the effect of the voltage drop differences of the reference sources E1 '... E4' on the device under study is undesirable, that is, the ratio of the values E1 '... E4' must be such that the compensation condition Ux '= 0 is constantly observed. We assume that E4 '= 0, respectively, Uo4' and Ux4 'are also equal to zero.

From the consideration of equivalent circuits at the input of the meter (Figure 2), we can derive the following relationships:

E1 '+ E2' + E3 ' ⁼ Uo'; (60) Uo'1 + Uo'2 + Uo'3 = Uo '; (61) Ux1 '+ Ux2' + Ux3 '= 0. (62)

After substituting expressions (19) ... (21) and transformations into relation (62), we obtain:

E1 '+ E2' + E3 '= Uo'; (63)

$$\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}\left(\mathrm{one}+\frac{R\mathrm{twenty}}{R19}\right)=-\mathrm{one}-\frac{E3`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}\left(\mathrm{one}+\frac{R\mathrm{twenty}}{R19}+\frac{R\mathrm{twenty}}{R26}\right).\text{(64)}$$

Thus, the change in voltage differences E1 '... E3', when conducting amplitude measurements, is performed before combining the labels of the zones in the controlled areas of the studied signal Ux (Figure 4) in compliance with the relation (64). After combining the labels of the zones, the amplitude of the signal under study is determined Ux = Uo ', while the influence of the reference voltage sources on the device under study is excluded (Ux' = 0).

In relations (63), (64), the values of R19, R20, R26 are known, and the values of E1 '... E3' are measured by voltage difference meters 5, 17, 24.

In paragraphs 19, 20 of Table 1, as an example, the calculation results are given for measuring the amplitude of the studied signal Ux = 0.667 B. The calculations were made taking into account relations (63), (64) for two values of Rx - 15 kOhm and 1000 kOhm, at R19 = R20 = R = 26 = R32 = 1000kOhm.

Consider the variant of amplitude measurements when it is required to establish a certain value of Uo ', with the exception of the effects of voltage differences of the reference sources E1' ... E4 'on the device under study (Ux' = 0). This variant of amplitude measurements is used to set the boundary values when studying signals with a changing amplitude, as well as to calibrate the amplitude scale of the meter. We assume that E4 '= 0, respectively, Uo4' and Ux4 'are also equal to zero.

After substituting expressions (28) ... (30) and transformations into relation (61), we obtain relations defining the quantities E1 '... E3' for a given value of Uo ', Ux' = 0 and an arbitrary value of Rx:

E2 '= Uo'-E1'-E3'; (65)

$$E3`=-Uo`\frac{R19R26}{R\mathrm{twenty}(R19+R26)}-E\mathrm{one}`\frac{R26}{R19+R26}.\text{(66)}$$

Given the value of E1 ', we determine, in accordance with relations (65), (66), the values of E2', E3 '.

After setting the calculated values of the values E1 '... E3', the displacement of the signal under investigation on the screen of the oscilloscope 1 along the amplitude axis corresponds to the specified value Uo ', regardless of the value of Rx and when Ux' = 0. Using the obtained shift of the investigated signal Ux along the axis of amplitudes, in combination with the shift of the studied signal Ux along the time axis, when switching the delay lines 6 and 7, it is possible to carry out amplitude measurements (Figure 4).

In paragraphs 21, 22 of Table 1, as an example, the calculation results are given for measurements at Uo '= 3B. The calculations were made taking into account relations (65), (66) for two values of Rx - 15 kOhm and 1000 kOhm, with R19 = R20 = R26 = R26 = R32 = 1000 kOhm.

Let us consider a variant of amplitude measurements when the resulting effect of the differences in voltage drops Ux 'is used as a means of emulating the effects on the device under study, and the value of Rx is constant.

From the consideration of equivalent circuit circuits at the input of the meter (Figure 2), we can derive the following relationships:

E1 '+ E2' + E3 '+ E4' = Uo '+ Ux'; (67) Uo'1 + Uo'2 + Uo'3 + Uo4 '= Uo'; (68) Ux1 '+ Ux2' + Ux3 '+ Ux4' = Ux '. (69)

Let E4 '= 0, respectively, Uo'4 = 0 and Ux'4 = 0.

After substituting expression (32) and transformations into relation (67), we obtain:

E1 '+ E2' + E3 '= Uo' + Ux '; (70)

$$\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}\left(\mathrm{one}+\frac{R\mathrm{twenty}}{R19}\right)=-\mathrm{one}-\frac{E3`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}\left(\mathrm{one}+\frac{R\mathrm{twenty}}{R19}+\frac{R\mathrm{twenty}}{R26}\right)+\frac{Ux`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}\left(\mathrm{one}+\frac{R\mathrm{twenty}}{Rx}+\frac{R\mathrm{twenty}}{R19}+\frac{R\mathrm{twenty}}{R26}+\frac{R\mathrm{twenty}}{R32}\right).\text{(71)}$$

The change of voltage differences E1 '... E3' during the amplitude measurements is performed before combining the labels of the zones in the controlled areas of the studied signal Ux (Figure 4) in compliance with the relations (70), (71). After combining the labels of the zones, the amplitude of the signal under study is determined (Ux = Uo ') for a given value of Ux'.

In relations (70), (71), the values of R19, R20, R26, R32 are known, the value of Ux 'is set, the value of Rx is determined previously, in accordance with the derived relations, and the values of E1' ... E3 'are measured by voltage difference meters 5, 17, 24.

In paragraphs 23, 24 of Table 1, as an example, the calculation results are given when measuring the amplitudes of the studied signals Ux = 4,333 B and Ux = 3 B. The calculations were made taking into account relations (70), (71) with Ux '= 1,000 V, Rх = 100 kOhm and R19 = R20 = R26 = R32 = 1000 kOhm.

Let us consider a variant of amplitude measurements when it is required to establish a certain value of Uo 'when using the set value of Ux' as a means of emulating the effects on the device under study and a constant value of Rx. This variant of amplitude measurements is used to set the boundary values when studying signals with a varying amplitude and simulating the effects on the device under study. Let E4 '= 0, respectively, Uo'4 = 0 and Ux'4 = 0.

After substituting expressions (28) ... (30) and transformations into relations (68), we obtain relations defining the quantities E1 '... E3' for given values of Uo ', Ux' and a constant value of Rx:

E2 '= Uo' + Ux'-E1'-E3 '; (72)

$$E3`=Ux`\left[\mathrm{one}+\frac{R19R26}{(R19+r26)}\left(\frac{\mathrm{one}}{Rx}+\frac{\mathrm{one}}{R32}\right)\right]-Uo\frac{R19R26}{R\mathrm{twenty}(R19+R26)}-E\mathrm{one}`\frac{R26}{R19+R26}.\text{(73)}$$

Given a value of E1 ', we determine, in accordance with relations (72), (73), the values of E2', E3 '.

After setting the calculated values of the values E1 '... E3' on the screen of the oscilloscope 1, we obtain the shift of the signal under study along the amplitude axis by a predetermined value Uo 'with a set value of Ux' and a constant value of Rx.

Using the obtained shift of the signal under study along the axis of amplitudes, in combination with the shift of the signal under investigation Ux along the time axis, when switching delay lines 6 and 7, it is possible to carry out amplitude measurements (Figure 4).

In paragraphs 25 ... 28 of Table 1, as an example, the results of calculations are carried out when conducting amplitude measurements taking into account relations (72), (73), for different values of Uo ', Ux', Rx, and R19 = R20 = R26 = R32 = 1000 kOhm.

Let us consider the variant of amplitude measurements when the resulting effect of the voltage differences Ux 'is used as a means of emulating the effects on the device under study, and the value of Rx is a variable. The measurement of the value of Rx in the controlled sections of the signal is carried out similarly to the above, in accordance with the derived ratios. If during amplitude measurements for the portion of the studied signal Ux with resistance Rx1, we establish the mode of changing the values of E1 '... E3' in accordance with the relations (70, 71), i.e. for a given value of Ux ', then for a signal section with resistance Rx2, the values of Uo' and Ux 'will change in accordance with relations (32, 23) and, accordingly, the magnitude of the emulating effect Ux' on the device under study will differ from that set on the section signal with resistance Rx1 (it is assumed that Rx is independent of Ux ').

When combining the labels of the zones in the controlled areas of the signal (Figure 4), the amplitude of the investigated signal Ux (Uo '= Ux) is determined, as well as the values of Uo' and Ux 'in the areas of the studied signal Ux with different values of Rx are determined.

Frequency of switching of reference sources 2, 3; 14, 15; 21, 22; 27, 28 and, accordingly, the frequency of emulating effects on the device under study can vary according to the signals from the control unit 12.

Along with the emulating effect on the device under study, Ux ', the device under study can also be affected by the constant component of the voltage drops of the reference sources 2, 3; 14, 15; 21, 22; 27, 28 at the input terminals of the meter -Ux0. The determination of the values of the DC components of the voltage drops at the input terminals of the Ux0 meter and at the input of the Uo0 oscilloscope is carried out in accordance with the relations (23), (32) when replacing the values of the increments E1 '... E3' with the values of the corresponding DC components of the voltage of the reference sources 2, 3; 14, 15; 21, 22; 27, 28. The polarities of the constant components are usually determined relative to the total output of the meter. The presence of a constant component -Ux0, formed by sources of reference voltages, can be used in the direct study of low-level signals having a significant constant component.

In the presence of a constant component of the voltage of the reference sources 2, 3; 14, 15; 21, 22; 27, 28 - Е0 and with a parametrically changing value of Rx (i.e., in the absence of a signal source Ux), the dependence Rx = F (t) will be displayed on the screen of the oscilloscope 1. The determination of the value of Rx at the selected points in this case is carried out in accordance with the derived relations.

After measuring the amplitude of the studied signal Ux and the active component in the output resistance of the source of the studied signals Rx, it is possible to calculate the total amplitude of the studied signal:

$$Uxc=Ux\left(\mathrm{one}+\frac{Rx}{Rin}\right),\text{(74)}$$

the active component of the current Ix = Ux / Rx and the active component of the power of the studied signal Px = IxUx (current values at the selected time instants), as well as the construction of the time-dependent dependencies Ux (t), Rx (t), Ix (t), Px ( t), which makes it possible to comprehensively assess the source of the studied signals.

When conducting temporary measurements (Figure 5), the labels of the zones are set on the controlled areas of the studied signal Ux, between which measurements are made. The reference levels of time parameters are set similarly to the procedures used in amplitude measurements. The signals of the control unit 12 are synchronous switching of voltage sources 2, 3; 14, 15; 21, 22, as well as continuously adjustable delay lines 6, 7. At the same time, the delay values of the delay lines 6, 7 are changed until the labels of the zones on the original and offset images of the studied signal Ux are combined. The combination of zone labels can be performed at high sensitivity of the oscilloscope 1 and at “fast” sweeps. The value of the delay difference, pre-calibrated delay lines 6, 7 [3], corresponds to the value of the measured time parameter.

The main derived relations are significantly simplified if we take R19 = R20 = R26 = R32 = R, and are reduced to the following form:

- relation (1) for calculating the equivalent input resistance of the meter:

$$Rin=\frac{R}{\mathrm{four}};\text{(75)}$$

- relation (2) for calculating the value of Rx at E1 ', E2' ≠ 0; E3 ', E4' = 0:

$$Rx12=-\frac{R\left(\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}+\mathrm{one}\right)}{2\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}+3};\text{(76)}$$

- relation (3) for calculating the value of Rx at E3 ', E4' ≠ 0; E1 ', E2' = 0:

$$Rx34=-R\left(\frac{E\mathrm{four}`}{E3`}+\mathrm{one}\right);\text{(77)}$$

- relation (4) for calculating the value of Rx, for E1 ', E2', E3 '≠ 0; E4 '= 0:

$$Rx123=-\frac{R\left(\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}+\mathrm{one}+\frac{E3`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}\right)}{2\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}+\frac{E3`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}+3};\text{(78)}$$

- relation (5) for calculating the value of Rx, for E1 ', E3', E4 '≠ 0; E2 '= 0:

$$Rx134=-\frac{R\left(\frac{E3`}{E\mathrm{one}`}+\mathrm{one}+\frac{E\mathrm{four}`}{E\mathrm{one}`}\right)}{\frac{E3`}{E\mathrm{one}`}+2}\text{(79)}$$

- relation (6) for calculating the value of Rx, for E1 ', E2', E3 ', E4' ≠ 0:

$$Rx1234=-\frac{R(E\mathrm{one}`+\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`+E3`+E\mathrm{four}`)}{2E\mathrm{one}`+3\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`+E3`};\text{(80)}$$

- coefficient K (18) is respectively equal to:

K = R ³ (4Rx + R), (81)

- relations (19) ... (22) for calculating the quantities Ux1 ', Ux2', Ux3 ', Ux4':

$$Ux\mathrm{one}`=E\mathrm{one}`\frac{2Rx}{\mathrm{four}Rx+R};\text{(82)}$$

$$Ux2`=\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`\frac{2Rx}{\mathrm{four}Rx+R};\text{(83)}$$

$$Ux3`=E3`\frac{3Rx}{\mathrm{four}Rx+R};\text{(84)}$$

$$Ux\mathrm{four}`=E\mathrm{four}`\frac{\mathrm{four}Rx}{\mathrm{four}Rx+R};\text{(85)}$$

- relation (23) for calculating the value of Ux ':

$$Ux`=Ux\mathrm{one}`+Ux2`+Ux3`+Ux\mathrm{four}`=Rx\frac{2E\mathrm{one}`+\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`+3E3`+\mathrm{four}E\mathrm{four}`}{\mathrm{four}Rx+R};\text{(86)}$$

- relations (28) ... (31) for calculating the quantities Uo1 ', Uo2', Uo3 ', Uo4':

$$Uo\mathrm{one}`=E\mathrm{one}`\frac{2Rx+R}{\mathrm{four}Rx+R};\text{(87)}$$

$$\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="U\; o"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">U\; </figure-callout>}o2`=\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`\frac{3Rx+R}{\mathrm{four}Rx+R};\text{(88)}$$

$$Uo3`=E3`\frac{Rx+R}{\mathrm{four}Rx+R};\text{(89)}$$

$$Uo\mathrm{four}`=E3`\frac{R}{\mathrm{four}Rx+R};\text{(90)}$$

- relation (32) for calculating the value of Uo1:

$$Uo`=Uo\mathrm{one}`+Uo3`+Uo\mathrm{four}`=\frac{E\mathrm{one}`(2Rx+R)+\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`(3Rx+R)+E3`(Rx+R)+E\mathrm{four}`R}{\mathrm{four}Rx+R};\text{(91)}$$

- relations (39), (40), which determine, when measuring Rx, the conditions for mutual compensation of the effects of Ux1 ', Ux2', Ux3 ', Ux4' on the device under study and Uo1 ', Uo2', Uo3 ', Uo4' at the input of the oscilloscope 1 (with non-zero values of the values E1 ', E2', E3 ', E4'):

$$\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}{E3`}=-\frac{Z2}{Z\mathrm{one}};\text{(92)}$$

E1 '+ E2' + E3 '+ E4' = 0; (93)

where the coefficients Z1, Z2 (41), (42) are respectively equal:

$$Z\mathrm{one}=R^3\left(2\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}+\mathrm{one}\right);\text{(94)}$$

$$\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="Z"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">Z</figure-callout>}2=R^3\left(\mathrm{four}\frac{E\mathrm{four}`}{E3`}+3\right);\text{(95)}$$

и $$\frac{E4`}{E3`}$$

, при проведении измерений величины Rx в четырехкаскадном варианте:- expression (43), which determines the relationship of relations $$\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}$$

and $$\frac{E\mathrm{four}`}{E3`}$$

, when measuring Rx in a four-stage version:

$$\frac{E\mathrm{four}`}{E3`}=-\frac{\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}+2}{2\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}+3};\text{(96)}$$

- relations (47), (48), which determine the conditions for mutual compensation at E1 ', E2', E3 '≠ 0 and E4' = 0 during measurements of Rx, have the form:

$$\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}{E3`}=\mathrm{one}\text{(97)}$$

E1 '+ E2' + E3 '= 0; (98)

- relations (53), (54), which determine the conditions of mutual compensation at E1 ', E3', E4 '≠ 0 and E2' = 0 during measurements of Rx, have the form:

$$\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{E\mathrm{four}`}=\mathrm{one}\text{(99)}$$

E1 '+ E3' + E4 '= 0; (one hundred)

- relations (58), (59) for determining the values of E1 '... E3' for a known (measured) value of Rx and a given value of Ux ', for E1', E2 ', E3' ≠ 0 and E4 '= 0 (estimate the influence of Ux 'by the value of Rx):

E2 '= Ux'-E1'-E3'; 101)

$$E3`=Ux`\left(\mathrm{one}+\frac{Rx+R}{2Rx}\right)-\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{2};\text{(102)}$$

- relations (63), (64) when conducting amplitude measurements to determine the values of E1 '... E3', at which the compensation condition Ux '= 0 is constantly observed:

El '+ E2' + E3 '= Uo'; (103)

$$\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}=-\frac{\mathrm{one}}{2}\left(\mathrm{one}+3\frac{E3`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}\right);\text{(104)}$$

- relations (65), (66) when conducting amplitude measurements to determine the values of E1 '... E3' for a given value of Uo ', Ux' = 0 and an arbitrary value of Rx:

E2 '= Uo'-E1'-E3'; (105)

$$E3`=-\frac{Uo`+E\mathrm{one}`}{2};\text{(106)}$$

- relations (70), (71) when conducting amplitude measurements to determine the values of E1 '... E3', providing a given value of Ux 'at a constant value of Rx:

E1 '+ E2' + E3 '= Uo' + Ux '(107)

$$\frac{E\mathrm{one}`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}=-\frac{\mathrm{one}}{2}\left(\mathrm{one}+3\frac{E3`}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}\right)+\frac{Ux`}{2\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="00000083.png,00000084.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}2`}\left(\mathrm{four}+\frac{R}{Rx}\right);\text{(108)}$$

- relationships (72, 73) when conducting amplitude measurements to calculate the values of E1 '... E3', providing the specified values of Uo and Ux at a constant value of Rx:

E2 '= Uo' + Ux'-E1'-E3 '; (109)

$$E3`=\frac{Ux`}{2}\left(3+\frac{R}{Rx}\right)-\frac{Uo`+E\mathrm{one}`}{2}.\text{(110)}$$

The meter can be implemented as an autonomous, functionally complete device or as a modular measuring complex, including a typical computer, a standard high-speed oscilloscope, additional devices connected to the measuring input of the oscilloscope, the synchronization input of the oscilloscope, and to one of the standard computer interfaces, for example, USB, and also application software. The implementation of the meter in the form of a modular measuring complex allows you to minimize hardware costs. To ensure the logic of the meter, synchronize all units and connect to standard computer interfaces, it seems advisable to use programmable logic or typical microcontrollers (for example, Atmel) as part of the control unit. The input part of the meter should be implemented as a specialized custom LSI.

Measuring instruments for studying fast processes, such as stroboscopic oscilloscopes, are an indispensable tool in the development, debugging, and serial production of highly reliable electronic equipment. A large number of such products from leading manufacturers, implemented as finished devices with appropriate hardware and software, are currently on the market. At the same time, the price of these products is very high (up to several million rubles), which limits the possibility of their widespread use.

An alternative to the use of expensive stand-alone measuring devices may be the transition to technologies similar to those used in rapidly developing cloud computing services. At the same time, it is possible to reduce hardware costs, which are implemented as relatively inexpensive additional devices for typical computers with basic software, as well as increase mobility, the safety of measurements and calculations (creating a virtual measuring environment), similarly, for example, Intel’s concept of creating Cloud computing environments - Open Data Center. It is possible to quickly download application software from virtual servers as needed, where you can also store the results of measurements and information processing (providing virtual resources from a catalog, creating private clouds and combining them with public clouds to create hybrid clouds).

According to the invention, a mock meter was developed. The values of the communication resistors R19, R20, R26, R32 were chosen equal to 1000 kOhm. The range of voltage levels of the reference sources 2, 3; 14, 15; 21, 22; 27, 28 was ± 15 V. The error in measuring the voltage differences of the reference voltage sources 2, 3; 14, 15; 21, 22; 27, 28 was 0.1%. The error in combining the signals on the oscilloscope screen was 5 mV and was determined by the sensitivity of the oscilloscope 1, noise, and instability of the images of the studied signals. The switching frequency of the reference voltage sources and delay lines varied from units of hertz to 1 kHz. The tuning range of the delay differences of the continuously adjustable delay lines 6, 7 was 0-1 μs, the error in the calibration of the delay lines was: ± 10 ^-5 Tx + 10 nc, where Tx is the value of the delay difference of the adjustable delay lines 6, 7.

The layout was used in tests of high-speed integrated circuits.

The present invention can be used:

- when creating aggregated measuring systems with enhanced functionality and increased accuracy, including standard measuring instruments (SSI), specialized hardware and software modules, typical PCs.

Various types of oscilloscopes, strobvoltmeters, including those with high speed, can be used as SSI.

Aggregated measuring systems are necessary for research and testing of high-speed electronic products of various classes. The use of SSI and standard PCs as a part of complexes allows minimizing the costs of their creation;

- when creating high-speed testers for parametric control and testing of VLSI, VLSI, and functional units of on-board computer systems. The solution to the problem of input parametric control of the element base of computer systems can improve the reliability of radio-technical systems of telecontrol, air traffic control, navigation and landing;

- when creating parametric analyzers-emulators of system highways of on-board computer systems.

The widespread use of the backbone-modular principle of constructing on-board computer systems makes the problem of parametric control of system bus tires an urgent task when creating highly reliable radio systems;

- in medicine, in reflexology.

The most effective use of the present invention when creating highly integrated high-speed on-board computer systems for air traffic control, navigation and landing. Increasing requirements for the reliability of airborne electronic systems lead to the need to increase the accuracy characteristics of the used measuring instruments, expanding their functional capabilities when conducting complex research, as well as when including measuring instruments in various information-measuring systems, semi-natural modeling complexes, and automated design stations.

The relevance of this problem is due to the interconnection of parametric and functional identifications of LSIs of onboard computers and system highways of radio engineering systems (RTS).

This relationship allows us to predict the occurrence of functional failures of the RTS, with adverse combinations of technological, climatic and operational factors, as well as provide measures to reduce the likelihood of parametric and functional failures and, accordingly, increase the reliability of the RTS.

A positive effect from the use of the invention arises:

- as a result of increasing the accuracy of amplitude measurements and, as a consequence of this, increasing the reliability of research results, increasing the reliability of electronic systems or increasing the yield of tested electronic devices when using the proposed device in industry;

- as a result of expanding the functionality of oscilloscope meters in the complex research and testing of various electronic devices;

- as a result of automation capabilities of the measurement process.

Information sources

1. USSR Copyright Certificate No. 599217, cl. G01R 13/30, claimed 12/03/76 g.

2. Copyright certificate of the USSR No. 815641, cl. G01R 13/30, claimed 06/22/79

3. USSR author's certificate No. 575618, cl. G04F 10/04 claimed 06/07/76

Table 1 U, E, R / nn Formula (xxx) one 2 3 four Uo ', V 32 (91) 0 0 0 0 Uo2 ', V 29 (88) 8.571428 8.472222 - - Uol ', V 28 (87) -8.571428 -8.472222 - - Uo3 ', V 30 (89) - - 7.142857 6.944445 Uo4 ', V 31 (90) - - -7.142857 -6.944445 E2 ', V 9.230769 9.172933 - - E1 ', V -10 -10 - - E3 ', V - - 9.090909 9.009009 E4 ', V - - -10 -10 SUM (E1 ': E4'), V -0.7692308 -0.8270674 -0.909091 -0.9909906 E1 '/ E2' -1.083333 -1.090164 - - E4 '/ E3' - - -1.1 -1.11 E2 '/ E3' - - - - Ux2 ', V 20 (83) 0.6593407 0.7007101 - - Ux1 ', V 19 (82) -1.428571 -1.527778 - - Ux3 ', V 21 (84) - - 1.948052 2.064565 Ux4, V 22 (85) - - -2.857143 -3.055556 Ux12 ', V -0.7692308 -0.8270677 - - Ux34 ', V - ^- -0.909091 -0.9909909 Ux ', V 23 (86) -0.7692308 -0.8270677 -0.909091 -0.9909909 Rx12, kOm 2 (76) one hundred 109.9999 - - Rx34, kOm 3 (77) - - one hundred 110 Rx1234 kOm - - - - Rx123 kOm 4 (78) - - - - Rx134 kOm 5 (79) - - - - Table 1 - continued U, E, R / nn Formula (xxx) 5 6 7 8 Uo ', V 32 (91) 0 0 0 0 Uo2 ', V 29 (88) 11.14286 11.26805 10.15425 10.20741 Uo1 ', V 28 (87) -11.14286 -11.26806 -10.15425 -10.20741 Uo3 ', V 30 (89) -7.857143 -7.708333 -9.575472 -9.444445 Uo4 ', V 31 (90) 7.857143 7.708333 9.575471 9.444445 E2 ', V 12 12.2 10.3 10.4 E1 ', V -13 -13.3 -10.45 -10.6 E3 ', V -10 -10 -10 -10 E4 ', V eleven 11.1 10.15 10.2 SUM (E1 ': E4'), V 0 0 0 0 E1 '/ E2' -1.083333 -1.090164 -1.014563 -1.019231 E4 '/ E3' -1.1 -1.11 -1.015 -1.02 E2 '/ E3 ¹ -1.2 -1.22 -1.03 -1.04 Ux2 ', V 20 (83) 0.8571429 0.9319444 0.1457547 0.1925926 Ux1 ', V 19 (82) -1.857143 -2.031945 -0.2957547 -0.3925926 Ux3 ', V 21 (84) -2.142857 -2.291667 -0.4245283 -0.5555556 Ux4, V 22 (85) 3.142857 3.391667 0.5745283 0.7555556 Ux12 ', V -one -1.1 -0.15 -0.2 Ux34 ', V one 1.1 0.15 0.2 Ux ', V 23 (86) 0 0 0 0 Rx12, kOm 2 (76) one hundred 110 fifteen twenty Rx34, kOm 3 (77) one hundred 110 fifteen twenty Rx1234 kOm one hundred 110 fifteen twenty Rx123 kOm 4 (78) - - - - Rx134 kOm 5 (79) - - - - Table 1 - continued U, E, R / nn Formula (xxx) 9 10 eleven 12 Uo ', V 32 (91) 0 0 0 0 Uo2 ', V 29 (88) 5.571429 5.541667 5.915094 5.888889 Uo1 ', V 28 (87) -8.571428 -8.472222 -9.716981 -9.62963 Uo3 ', V 30 (89) 3 2.930555 3.801887 3.74074 Uo4 ', V 31 (90) 0 0 0 0 E2 ', V 6 6 6 6 E1 ', V -10 -10 -10 -10 E3 ', V 3.818182 3.801802 3.970443 3.960784 E4 ', V 0 0 0 0 SUM (E1 ': E4'), V -0.1818185 -0.1981983 2.955675E-02 3.921604E-02 E1 '/ E2' -1.666667 -1.666667 -1.666667 -1.666667 E3 '/ E2' 0.6363636 0.6336336 0.6617405 0.6601307 Ux2 ', V 20 (83) 0.4285714 0.4583333 8.490566E-02 0.1111111 Ux1 ', V 19 (82) -1.428571 -1.527778 -0.2830189 -0.3703704 Ux3 ', V 21 (84) 0.8181818 0.8712462 0.1685566 0.2200436 Ux4, V 22 (85) 0 0 0 0 Ux123 ', V -0.1818183 -0.1981982 -2.95566E-02 3.921569E-02 Ux ', V 23 (86) -0.1818183 -0.1981982 -2.95566E-02 3.921569E-02 Rx12, kOm 2 (76) - - - - Rx34, kOm 3 (77) - - - - Rx1234 kOm - - - - Rx123 kOm 4 (78) one hundred 110 fifteen twenty Rx134 kOm 5 (79) - ^- - - Table 1 - continued U, E, R / nn Formula (xxx) 13 fourteen fifteen 16 Uo ', V 32 (91) 0 0 0 0 Uo2 ', V 29 (88) - - - - Uo1 ', V 28 (87) 5..142857 5.083333 5.830189 Uo3 ', V 30 (89) -7.857143 -7.708333 -9.575472 Uo4 ', V 31 (90) 2.714286 2.625 3.745283 E2 ', V - - - - E1 ', V 6 6 6 6 E3 ', V -10 -10 -10 -10 E4 ', V 3.8 3.78 3.97 3.96 SUM (E1 ': E4'), V -0.2000003 -0.2200003 3.000021E-02 -0.0400002 E3 '/ E1' -1.666667 -1.666667 -1.666667 -1.666667 E4 '/ E1' 0.6333333 0.6299999 0.6616666 0.66 Ux2 ', V 20 (83) - - - - Ux1 ', V 19 (82) 0.8571429 0.9166667 0.1698113 0.2222222 Ux3 ', V 21 (84) -2.142857 -2.291667 -0.4245283 -0.5555556 Ux4, V 22 (85) 1.085714 1.155 0.224717 0.2933333 Ux134 ', V -0.2 -0.2200001 -0.03 4.000004E-02 Ux ', V 23 (86) -0.2 -0.2200001 -0.03 4.000004E-02 Rx12, kOm 2 (76) - - - - Rx34, kOm 3 (77) - - - - Rx1234 kOm - - - - Rx123 kOm 4 (78) - - - - Rx134 kOm 5 (79) one hundred 110 fifteen twenty Table 1 - continued U, E, R / nn Formula (xxx) 17 eighteen 19 twenty Uo ', V 32 (91) 0 0 0.666667 0.666667 Uo2 ', V 29 (88) -4.951885E-02 -9.75 5.571429 5.915094 Uo1 ', V 28 (87) -9.807693 8.571428 -8.571428 -9.716981 Uo3 ', V 30 (89) 9.857211 1.178571 3.666667 4.468554 Uo4 ', V 31 (90) 0 0 0 0 E2 ', V -4.999962E-02 -10.5 6 6 E1 ', V -10 10 -10 -10 E3 ', V 10.15 1.5 4.666667 4.666667 E4 ', V 0 0 0 0 SUM (E1 ': E4'), V 0.1 one 0.6666665 0.6666665 E1 '/ E2' 200.0015 -0.952381 E3 '/ E2' -203.0015 -0.1428571 Ux2 ', V 20 (83) -4.807655E-04 -0.75 0.4285714 8.490566E-02 Ux1 ', V 19 (82) -0.1923077 1.428571 -1.428571 -0.2830189 Ux3 ', V 21 (84) 0.2927884 0.3214286 0.9999999 0.1981132 Ux4, V 22 (85) 0 0 0 0 Ux123 ', V 9.999999E-02 one 0 0 Ux ', V 23 (86) 9.999999E-02 one 0 0 Rx12, kOm 2 (76) - - - - Rx34, kOm 3 (77) - - - - Rx1234 kOm - - - - Rx123 kOm 4 (78) 10 one hundred one hundred fifteen Rx134 kOm 5 (79) - - - - Table 1 - continued U, E, R / nn Formula (xxx) 21 22 23 24 Uo ', V 32 (91) 3 3 4.333333 3 Uo2 ', V 29 (88) 9.365566 8.821428 5.571429 3.714286 Uo1 ', V 28 (87) -9.716981 -8.571428 -8.571428 -8.571428 Uo3 ', V 30 (89) 3.351415 2.75 7.333333 7.857143 Uo4 ', V 31 (90) 0 0 0 0 E2 ', V 9.5 9.5 6 four E1 ', V -10 -10 -10 -10 E3 ', V 3.5 3.5 9.333333 10 E4 ', V 0 0 0 0 SUM (E1 ': E4'), V 3 3 5.333333 four E1 '/ E2' E4 '/ E3' E2 '/ E3' Ux2 ', V 20 (83) 0.134434 0.6785714 0.4285714 0.2857143 Ux1 ', V 19 (82) -0.2830189 -1.428571 -1.428571 -1.428571 Ux3 ', V 21 (84) 0.1485849 0.75 2 2.142857 Ux4, V 22 (85) 0 0 0 0 Ux123 ', V 0 0 one one Ux ', V 23 (86) 0 0 one one Rx12, kOm 2 (76) - - - - Rx34, kOm 3 (77) - - - - Rx1234 kOm - - - - Rx123 kOm 4 (78) fifteen one hundred one hundred one hundred Rx134 kOm 5 (79) - - - ^- Table 1 - continued U, E, R / nn Formula (xxx) 25 26 27 28 Uo ', V 32 (91) 1.5 1.5 1.5 -5 Uo2 ', V 29 (88) 1.625 -17.91204 19.62963 -25.06027 Uo1 ', V 28 (87) -8.571428 -9.62963 -9.62963 -14.19643 Uo3 ', V 30 (89) 8.446428 04/29/167 -8.5 34.25669 Uo4 ', V 31 (90) 0 0 0 0 E2 ', V 1.75 -18.25 twenty -25.75 E1 ', V -10 -10 -10 -fifteen E3 ', V 10.75 30.75 -9 37.25 E4 ', V 0 0 0 0 SUM (E1 ': E4'), V 2.5 2.5 one -3.5 E1 '/ E2' E4 '/ E3' E2 '/ E3' Ux2 ', V 20 (83) 0.125 -0.337963 0.3703704 -0.6897321 Ux1 ', V 19 (82) -1.428571 -0.3703704 -0.3703704 -0.8035714 Ux3 ', V 21 (84) 2.303571 1.708333 -0.5 2.993304 Ux4, V 22 (85) 0 0 0 0 Ux123 ', V one one -0.5 1.5 Ux ', V 23 (86) one one -0.5 1.5 Rx12, kOm 2 (76) - - - - Rx34, kOm 3 (77) - - - - Rx1234 kOm - - - - Rx123 kOm 4 (78) one hundred twenty twenty thirty Rx134 kOm 5 (79) - - - -

Claims (1)

An oscillographic meter of amplitude characteristics of electrical signals, containing an oscilloscope, the first input of which is connected to the first input terminal, the first output is to the first input of the zone leveling unit, the second output is to the first input of the zone pulse generator, the output of which is connected to the oscilloscope illumination input and the second input a zone leveling unit, and the second input of the zone pulse generator is connected to a third output of the control unit, the first output of which is connected to the third input of the zone level former, the second output is with the control input of the second switch, and the fourth output is with the control input of the first switch, the output of which is connected to the first output of the coupling capacitor, and the first and second inputs are to the first outputs of the first and second voltage sources, the second outputs of which are connected to the inputs voltage difference meter, and the inputs with the second output of the coupling capacitor, the inputs of the first and second continuously adjustable delay lines connected to the synchronization input of the meter, and the outputs to the first and second inputs of the second the first switch, the output of which is connected to the synchronization input of the oscilloscope, and the first and second outputs of the zone leveling unit are connected to the inputs of the voltage equalization indicator, while the first output of the additional coupling capacitor is connected to the second input of the oscilloscope, the first output of the second communication resistor and the output of the third switch, and the second output - with the output of the first switch, the first output of the first coupling resistor, and the inputs of the third and fourth sources of the reference voltage, the second outputs of which are connected are connected with the inputs of an additional voltage difference meter, and the first outputs with the first and second inputs of the third switch, the control input of which is connected to the fifth output of the control unit, the second outputs of the communication resistors connected to the first input of the oscilloscope, characterized in that, in order to improve accuracy, it is equipped with a fifth and sixth voltage reference sources, a third voltage difference meter, a fourth switch, a third coupling resistor, a third coupling capacitor, a seventh and eighth sources of voltage, the fourth voltage difference meter, the fifth switch, the fourth coupling resistor, the fourth coupling capacitor, the first terminal of which is connected to the second terminal of the third coupling capacitor, the first terminal of the fourth coupling resistor, the output of the fifth switch and the inputs of the fifth and sixth voltage reference sources, second outputs which are connected to the inputs of the third voltage difference meter, and the first outputs with the first and second inputs of the fourth switch, the control input of which is connected the sixth output of the control unit, the second terminals of the third and fourth coupling resistors connected to the first input of the oscilloscope, and the first terminal of the third coupling resistor connected to the first terminal of the third coupling capacitor, the second terminal of the first coupling capacitor, the output of the fourth switch, while the second terminal of the fourth coupling capacitor connected to the second terminal of the meter and the inputs of the seventh and eighth reference voltage sources, the second outputs of which are connected to the inputs of the fourth voltage difference meter s, while the first outputs of the first and second inputs of the fifth switch, whose control input is connected to the seventh output of the control unit.

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