RU2531329C1 - Method of determining completeness of multi-storeyed, mixed, and uneven-aged timber stands - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method comprises the field taxation of plantings and office computations. In the method of determining the completeness of timber stands of tiers the plantations are generally produced differentially according to the degree of use of the forest area of each of the forest element participating in the plantation of the timber stand to obtain an integrated, comprehensive assessment of the relative completeness of timber standing of planting through private relative completeness of the forest elements regardless of the number of tree species, the amount of wood tiers and the degree of complexity of the age structure.

EFFECT: method enables to provide accuracy in determining completeness of the timber stands.

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Description

The invention relates to the field of forestry and to the field of forest biogeocenology and can be used for forest inventory and forest management, as well as for sound scientific classification of types of forest biogeocenoses.

To study all kinds of forest ecosystems in the rank of biogeocenoses according to academician V.N. Sukachev [10] both in scientific research and for production purposes needs their complete and accurate taxation description at the level of selective measurement taxation. And one of the most important taxation indicators is the completeness of the stands (absolute completeness is the sum of the cross sections of the trunks of the stands at a height of 1.3 m per 1 ha, and the relative one is obtained as the quotient from the division of the absolute completeness of the stand by standard (normal), reducible in special tables of completeness and stocks). The table value (in m ² / ha) is taken corresponding to the given tree species and the average height of this stand.

If the bonitet allows us to judge the possible, potential productivity of the plantation according to the conditions of its location, then the completeness of the plantings reflects the value of actual productivity.

Until now, the fullness of stands and stands has been determined only by tree tiers, moreover, approximately through the average tier height and according to the table of completeness for the tree species prevailing in the tier. There are no ways to determine the completeness of complex, mixed, mixed-aged stands taking into account their taxation specificity in world practice, since taxation by forest elements is a domestic development of Professor N.V. Tretyakova [3, 11, 12] and has the most complete application only in our country. The following is a detailed technology of a new method for determining the completeness of a tree stand of any complexity (that is, regardless of the number of tree layers in it), regardless of the number and variety of tree species and the degree of its different age.

Stage One Works

Aerial photography of the forest is being made. The shooting time is summer or early autumn (before the leaves fall). The shooting scale is 1: 10000-1: 20,000. The optimal scale is 1: 12000-1: 15000. Overlapping aerial photographs is standard. The film used is spectrozonal, in extreme cases, panchromatic. The aircraft used in the shooting are AN-30, AN-2, MI-8. The shooting period is one year before the upcoming field season. After aerial photography, films are displayed and aerial photographs are printed in 30 × 30 cm format.

Second stage work

The most experienced taxis in the fall or winter (in the extreme case in the spring) before the field season perform contour decoding using the usual taxation or landscape, according to the natural territorial complexes - NTK - method [4] in accordance with the requirements of the current forest inventory instruction [5]. When decrypting, different types of stereoscopes can be used, both lens and mirror-lens, both domestic and imported. It is allowed to close the contours of the sections outside the working area of aerial photographs.

Stage Three Works

In the field season (from May to September) taxis work in a forested area. The taxation is carried out with aerial photographs along previously deciphered contours of plantations or other categories of lands and areas (valleys, glades, hayfields, burning areas, clearings, silkworms, stone placers, lakes, swamps, rivers, streams, power lines, manors, etc.) in accordance with categories of lands and areas adopted in forest inventory [5].

During taxation, the following taxation instruments and tools are used: measuring forks (of various types), measuring cables (50 and 100 m), tape measures (from 3-5 to 50 m), colored crayons and colored ribbons (for counting trees), altimeters of different types (SUUNTO, BLUME-LEYSS, Nikitina, baseless laser or ultrasonic altimeters). Makarov altimeters and eclimeters are undesirable because of the low accuracy of the first and low productivity of the second. To measure the absolute fullness of stands using the selective-measuring method, use full-gauges or Bitterlich reloscopes [1]. To measure completeness by continuous enumeration (on the part of the taxation allotment) - forest or mountain compasses, ekers, tape measures and measuring cables, measuring forks and crayons. The age of the trees is determined through representative trees of the stands of forest elements, mainly in the three central steps of the thickness of the diameter distribution of trees and partly in trees of higher ranks by drilling with age drills and counting tree rings on the obtained cores. An age correction is made for the drilling height. In addition, the age of the stands can be additionally determined by special tables (by tree species) for visual determination of the age of trees by their external characteristics (habitus of the tree, nature of the bark, purity of knots, shape of the crown and top). Such tables can be prepared for any tree species [8, 9].

All listed taxation features (the sum of the cross-sectional areas, age and height of forest stands of forest elements) must be determined with one or another accuracy required for different ranks of forest inventory [5] to reliably determine the absolute and relative completeness for each forest stand of the forest element.

The forest stand of the forest element is the age-related generation of one tree species as part of a plantation on the territory of the taxation stand, characterized by certain laws of its structure and growth, in particular, the location of the middle tree and its regular connections with trees of other ranks. The following diagnostics of the stands of the forest element is proposed. First of all, the stand is divided into individual tree species, and within the species, additionally by age generations (generations) of tree species present in the taxation section. To isolate age generations, we use the methodological development of the laboratory for forest inventory and forest taxation of the Institute of Forest and Timber of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences [6, 7], which was later refined and finalized by R.A. Ziganshin (see table 1).

Table 1 Signs of economic groups of types of age structure of cedar stands Age groups Type of distribution of trees by age, thickness, height Number of generations Limits of fluctuation of tree ages in two-thirds of the age series, years (regardless of the method of determining age) average age up to 100-120 years 130-150 years and older Coeval plain one thing up to 25 up to a quarter of the average age of the stand Conditionally of different ages plain one thing from 25 to 50 a quarter to two thirds of the average age Of different ages complicated two or more in the main generation - 60-120, sometimes up to 140 years in the older generation - 60-160 years; in the younger generation - 60-100 years

This table allows, in addition to Siberian cedar, to tax also Siberian larch and various types of spruce (Siberian, ordinary, blue). For Siberian fir and hardwood, in accordance with their life expectancy, it is proposed to distinguish age generations with a range of 40-60 (sometimes up to 80) years. For soft-leaved (birch, aspen) and linden, black alder - with a range of 30-40 years.

The selection in the complex planting of individual stands of forest elements, including age generations, is associated with the need to improve the accuracy of taxation work and with a different consumer commodity structure of these stands. Each forest stand of a forest element receives a full taxation characteristic (field, age, average height and diameter, sum of cross-sectional areas, marketability class) when taxing in the field due to the sufficient number of full-sized circular areas (2-3 in a uniform section and 5-7 in a heterogeneous one) and a comprehensive description of the stands at 2-3 taxation points.

The work of the fourth stage

After a preparatory cycle (aerial photography, printing, and contour interpretation of images) and subsequent field forest inventory work, in the off-site period (October-April), all taxation materials collected in the field are fully processed, including the calculation of stocks by forest elements, determination of height, completeness and stocks of tree tiers and, finally, determining the age, completeness and stock, as well as the class of bonitet and the type of forest — the plantation as a whole.

In accepted practice, when eye-measuring taxation, there are three ways to determine the completeness of planting. First, completeness is determined by tiers. In the first method, the taxiator determines the completeness by eye, relying on his extensive practical experience. In the second, the fullness of the tier is determined according to the table for the prevailing stock of wood, guided by the absolute completeness (the sum of the cross-sectional areas) of all elements of the forest in the tier and the average height of the tier calculated by the weighted average through the average heights and reserves of forest elements. Weights are stocks of forest elements. Usually this method works well with the overwhelming predominance of one tree species (8 units in the composition and above). In practice, they do not use the private completeness of individual elements of the forest. In the third method, the reserve and completeness of the main tier representation are taken as the basis, and the completeness of the remaining tiers is determined through the ratio of their reserves to the stock of the main tier. For example, in a complex stand, the main tier has a fullness (determined by the second method) of 0.5 and a reserve of 100 m ³ / ha, and the reserve of another tier is 80 m ³ / ha. For every 0.1 fullness of the main tier, 20 m ^{3 is} accounted for. Therefore, 80 m ³ / ha of another tier will correspond to a density of 0.4. Then the total completeness of the stands with a two-tier structure will be 0.9.

The following technology is proposed to determine the relative completeness of tree layers and plantations in general. In the first way, the partial relative completeness of the stands of the forest element (through their tree species, average height and their absolute completeness measured in the field) is first determined by the standard table of completeness and reserves of TsNIIILH [13, 14] or the local standard table. Using a standard table is preferable, since it allows you to compare and evaluate stands from different geographical regions. The completeness of the tier will be added through the sum of the private completeness of the forest elements included in this tier, and the total completeness of the stand will represent the sum of the completeness of the individual tiers.

According to the second proposed method, the completeness is determined through preliminary calculation of the fullness of the tier according to the tables of individual tree species present in the tier. In this case, the absolute completeness (the sum of the cross-sectional areas) of all species (forest elements) of the tier and the weighted average tier height, previously determined through the average heights of the forest elements, weighted through their individual reserves, are taken as the basis. The relative fullnesses of the tier previously determined in this way are then weighted through the stocks of individual elements of the forest, which takes into account the degree of their representation in the total stock of the tier. The completeness of the stands, as always, represents the sum of the tier stocks.

In a formalized form, this can be represented as follows.

First way

1. The completeness of the i-th element of the forest is:

P _{i rel} = P _{i abs} / P _{i abs} .

where P _{i Rel} - the relative completeness of the desired element of the forest;

P _{i abs} - absolute completeness in m ² / ha of the i-th element of the forest;

P _{i abs. tabl} - tabular (normal) absolute completeness corresponding to the tree species and the average height of the i-th element of the forest.

2. The completeness of the tier is determined by summing the relative completeness of the elements of the forest tier:

P _tier = ΣP _i Rel,

where Σ is the sign of the summation of the partial completeness of forest elements from the 1st to the kth;

k is the number of forest elements.

3. The completeness of planting is obtained by summing the completeness of individual tiers:

P _us = ΣP _tiers ;

P _us - the total completeness of planting.

Second way

1. The relative fullness of the tier, determined by the i-th element of the forest (tree species) and the average height of the tier (determined by weighing the forest elements of their average heights):

R _{rel. tier along the i-th e-forest} = P _{abs. tier} / P _{abs. according to the table i-th email forests} at H _m tiers,

where H _m - the average height of the tier.

2. Weighted relative fullness of the tier:

P _{bright weight} = Σ (P _i * M _i ) / Σ M _i ,

where P _i - the relative fullness of the tier, determined according to the table of the i-th element of the forest (tree species) at H _m tier;

M _i - stock in m ³ / ha of the i-th element of the forest or tree species.

3. Completeness of planting:

P _us = ΣP _tiers .

Table 2 below shows, by way of example, the taxation data of the three stands that were taxied in the spurs of the Alpine Khamar-Daban, in the lower reaches of the Khara-Murin River.

Judging by the data obtained, the completeness determined by the newly introduced methods control, confirm each other’s indicators and they are clearly more accurate than the usual method used in practice (in production), therefore they can be used both for scientific and production purposes, an algorithm is enough insert their calculations into a computer program and perform field taxation on the elements of the forest. Moreover, one first method of private completeness of forest elements is sufficient, since it is easier to calculate.

table 2 Examples of calculating the relative completeness of complex, mixed, mixed-aged stands Tier, number and height, m Composition and age, years The average height of the forest element, m Abs. the completeness of the forest element and tier, m ² / ha Tab. absolute value. completeness, m ² / ha Relative full ale. forests (private subsistence) Stock ale. forests and tiers, m ³ / ha Weighted Tier Fullness Tier completeness by the sum of private completeness The completeness of the tier according to the old method and the percentage of discrepancy Planting at the foot of a slope 1-22 100K _240-280 22 1,5 48.80 0,03 16,050 0,03 0,03 0,03 II-15,5 fifteen 5.5 36.80 0.15 41,855 12E _{120-140 + 160} 16 1,5 28.90 0.05 11,880 38 P _120-140 16 5,0 28.90 0.17 39,600 0.44 0.44 0.36 (-8%) 10 B ₁₀₀ fifteen 1,5 21.00 0,07 10,575 Tier 15,5 13.5 103.91 III - 9.4 40K _80-120 9 6.5 20.60 0.32 32,500 20B _50-70 eleven 1,5 17.10 0.09 8,340 0.40 0.41 0.38 (-7%) Tier 9,4 8.0 40,840 Planting at the bottom of the slope I - 22.2 80K ₂₄₀ 23 16,333 49.90 0.33 182,930 20E _80-100 19 5,333 24.90 0.21 45,384 0.54 0.54 0.44 (-19%) Tier 22.2 21,666 228,314 II-16.3 50K _80-120 16 0.666 39.00 0.02 5,381 50E _120-140 16.5 0.666 29.45 0.02 5,411 0.04 0.04 0.03 (-25%) Tier 16,2 1,332 10,792 Hillside planting 1-18,4 K _180-200 22 1,000 48.80 0.02 10,700 K _{120 + 140} eighteen 3,000 42.90 0,07 27,000 E _120-140 19 3,500 32.00 0.11 32,165 0.61 0.62 0.65 (+ 5%) P _120-140 eighteen 13,000 31.00 0.42 114,010 Tier 18,4 25,500 183,875

In general, a more accurate definition of completeness leads to more accurate determination of the stocks of stands, and therefore to a more accurate identification of the true productivity of stands and plantations, which is necessary when using complex taxation indicators to assess the productivity of types of forest biogeocenoses (forest types) with the proper organization of forest farms by types of habitat conditions, that is, in fact, on a natural landscape basis.

The most accurate determination of completeness should be made not only taking into account the tree species and the average height of the stands, but also with the gradation of standard sums of cross-sectional areas additionally by bonitet classes, which is especially acute when taxing low-productive northern and prundund forests. One example of such an improved standard table is a table for pine stands, built by A.V. Vagin [2].

Literature

1. Bitterlich Walter. Mirror Reloscope. Austrian patent No. 172.305 - 1947.

2. Vagin A.V., Murakhtanov E.S., Ushakov A.I., Kharin O.A. Forest taxation and forest inventory. - M .: Forest. industry, 1978.- 368 s.

3. Gorsky P.V. Elements of the forest and patterns of their structure by taxation indicators // Taxiator's Handbook. - M .: Forest industry, 1965. - S.6-40.

4. Ziganshin R.A. Nature-based taxation of mountain forests. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing House of the SB RAS, 1997. - 204 p.

5. Instructions for forest management in the forest fund of Russia. - M: VNIIC-forest resources, 1995. - Part 1. - 175 p., Part 2 - 112 p.

6. Semechkin I.V. Features of taxation of stands in connection with the types of age structure // Organization of forestry and forest inventory. Proceedings of the Institute of Philosophy of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vol. 66. - Moscow: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1963a. - S.3-18.

7. Semechkin I.V., Lebkov V.F., Semechkina M.G., Lutsenko M.E., Ziganshin R.A. Methodology and technique of taxation of Siberian cedar plantations // Prospect of research projects proposed for use in the national economy. Issue 3: Taxation and arrangement of Siberian forests. - Krasnoyarsk: IliD SO AN SSSR, 1974. - S.10-13.

8. Semechkina M.G. The use of external signs of growing cedar trees for eye measurement of their age // Ways to improve the inventory of forests of Siberia and the Far East. - M .: Nauka, 1965. - S.131-143.

9. Semechkina M.G., Polyakov V.S. Determining the age of Siberian fir by external signs // Collection of works of production and technical. conf. forest managers of Eastern Siberia. - Krasnoyarsk: Kraen, book. Publishing House, 1966. - P.34-41.

10. Sukachev V.N. Fundamentals of the theory of biocenology // Anniversary collection dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the Great October Socialist. the roar. - M. - L .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1947, part 2. - S.283-305.

11. Tretyakov N.V. The law of unity in the structure of plantings. - M. - L .: New Village, 1927 .-- 114 p.

12. Tretyakov N.V. Some provisions of the Soviet forest taxation. Introduction // Taxi Directory. - M. - L .: Goslesbumizdat, 1952. - S.18-62.

13. Tretyakov N.P., Gorsky P.V., Samoilovich G.G. Taxi Directory. - M. - L .: Goslesbumizdat, 1952.- 854 p.

14. Tretyakov N.V., Gorsky P.V., Samoilovich G.G. Taxi Directory. - 2nd edition - M.: Forestry industry, 1965. - 460 p.

Claims (1)

A method for determining the completeness of complex, mixed, mixed-aged stands, including field taxation of stands and cameral calculations, characterized in that the determination of the completeness of stands of tiers, stands as a whole is carried out differentially, taking into account the degree of use of the forest area by each of the forest elements involved in the stand to obtain an integrated, a comprehensive assessment of the relative completeness of the stand through the private relative completeness of forest elements, regardless of the number of tree Orodes number of tiers of wood and the complexity of age stands structure.