RU2497718C1 - Starting system to warn about single-rotor helicopter critical behaviour - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: transport.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to aircraft engineering, particularly, to safety device preventing accidents at takeoff and landing. Proposed system comprises the following channels: measurement channel, operating constraints generation channel, indication channel and signaling channel. Measurement channel comprises aerometry channel to define direction magnitude and wind velocity vector components, satellite positioning system and helicopter angular position determination channel. Said operating constraints generation channel comprises channels to define tolerable bank and pitch angles, wind velocity and direction, wind velocity vector component at parking and takeoff and landing. Said indication channel and signaling channel comprises the channel to display current and permissible critical parameters of operating constraints at takeoff and landing.

EFFECT: higher safety at whatever conditions.

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Description

The invention relates to safety devices and flight accident prevention single-rotor helicopters at launch and take-off and landing modes.

There are known warning systems for critical regimes of aircraft and other aircraft, in which the principle of limiting critical flight parameters characteristic of a particular regime is realized - the angle of attack, Mach-Mayevsky number, instrument and vertical airspeeds, vertical acceleration (overload), etc. (Soldatkin V. Moscow, “Methods and means of constructing on-board information and control systems for ensuring flight safety”, Kazan, Kazan Publishing House, State Technical University, 2004, pp. 82-84 - Appendix 1; US patents No. 6917860, G01C 23/00, publ. July 12, 2005, No. 6650972, G01C 23/00, published on November 18, 2003).

Using the measurement channels (sensors), the current values of the characteristic critical flight parameters of the aircraft are determined, which are compared with the permissible values of these parameters, which are determined in the channel for the formation of operational limitations. The current and permissible values of the characteristic critical parameters at each stage of the flight are displayed in the display channel using autonomous indicators or on the screen of the electronic display system, forming visual information to the crew about the approach to the dangerous flight modes of the aircraft.

When the current values of the characteristic critical flight parameters approach the operational limits, the signaling channel is activated, generating light, sound or tactile warning signals to the crew about approaching the boundaries of the dangerous flight mode. In accordance with the warning signals of the signaling channel, the crew, through the appropriate controls, changes the parameters of the aircraft’s movement, preventing dangerous and critical flight conditions and the occurrence of flight accidents (see, for example, German application No. 4140943, G01P 1/10, published on June 17, 1993, U.S. Patent No. 6,608,568, B64D 43/02; publ. 08/19/2003).

In the well-known system for preventing critical conditions of a helicopter of the type SOS-B1-800, taken as a prototype (Makarov N.N., “Systems for ensuring the safety of functioning of an onboard ergatic complex: theory, design, application // Ed. By Doctor of Engineering Sciences V.M. Soldatkina, Moscow: Mechanical Engineering / Mechanical Engineering - Flight, 2009, pp. 295-298 - Appendix 2), the principle of limitation on individual critical flight parameters was used - instrument airspeed, vertical speed, normal overload. The influence of other parameters on the level of helicopter flight safety, in particular, lateral speed, angle of attack and slip during spatial maneuvers, is indirectly taken into account in the restrictions imposed on the maximum values of instrument and vertical speeds and normal overload.

Similar to the aircraft critical warning system, the SOS-B1-800 restrictive signal system contains channels for measuring characteristic critical parameters - instrument airspeed, vertical speed and normal overload, a channel for generating permissible values of critical parameters (operational limitations), a channel for indicating current and permissible values of critical parameters and an alarm channel warning the crew of approaching dangerous flight modes.

The system of restrictive signals SOS-B1-800 ensures the formation of warning signals to the helicopter crew about exceeding the maximum permissible vertical overload, about a dangerous combination of vertical speed, lateral and longitudinal components of the airspeed vector and about the danger of getting into the "vortex ring" mode, about exceeding the maximum allowable instrument speed. At the same time, information on approaching the boundaries of permissible operating modes is issued both through the warning signal channel and through the means of the display channel.

Using the system of warning critical modes of the helicopter type SOS-B1-800 allows you to prevent such dangerous flight modes of the helicopter as the "pickup of the helicopter" that occurs due to flow disruption on the rotor blades at large vertical (normal) accelerations, the "vortex ring" mode when reducing the helicopter vertical trajectory with unfavorable combinations of vertical speed, lateral and longitudinal components of the airspeed vector, at limiting modes at the maximum instrumental airspeed spine when also possible breakdowns stream with loss of the blade or wind resistance of the rotor (see. also Russian patent №2352914, G01M 17/00, publ. 20.04.2009).

However, such a critical warning system does not ensure the safe operation of single-rotor helicopters and the prevention of flying accidents in the parking lot, during taxiing and maneuvering on the earth's surface, during takeoff and landing, in lowering and hovering modes, i.e. at launch and takeoff and landing modes.

According to the Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC), about 20 ... 25% of flight accidents of single-rotor helicopters, for example, Mi-8 and its modifications, are associated with the helicopter tipping over onto its side, the rotor striking the Earth’s surface and the tail boom, and the tail rotor colliding with the surface launch or landing pad when exceeding the limits established by the Flight Operation Manual (RLE) for wind speed and direction, for the longitudinal and lateral components of the wind speed vector, for roll angles and t Angage. This is due to the lack of information about the spatial orientation of the helicopter in the parking lot, during taxiing and maneuvering along the earth's surface, during take-off and landing, in lowering and hovering modes.

This determines the necessity of using the critical warning system on single-rotor helicopters, providing crew information support for the safe operation of the helicopter in the parking lot, launch and take-off and landing modes under the influence of various adverse factors: dangerous values of wind speed and direction, dangerous values of the longitudinal and lateral components of the vector wind speeds, dangerous angles of inclination of the parking and runway, dangerous angles of pitch and pitch altitude, uncertainty of the actual trajectory of take-off, descent and landing, with the subsequent determination of operational limitations acceptable for the safety criterion for the specified critical parameters of the helicopter's movement and the formation of a warning signal to the crew about approaching the boundaries of the helicopter's operating conditions.

The main tasks of the start-up system for warning critical modes of a single-rotor helicopter are:

1) In the parking lot of the helicopter before the launch of the power plant and the promotion of the transmission:

- measurement of the following aerometric parameters: wind speed and direction relative to the longitudinal axis of the helicopter; lateral and longitudinal component of the wind speed vector; outdoor temperature and atmospheric pressure at the level of the parking lot or helicopter take-off and landing site (VVPP), which determines the barometric height of the site;

- measurement of the following parameters of spatial angular orientation: initial (parking) angles of heel and pitch of the helicopter taking into account the inclination angles of the runway relative to the horizon plane, soil hardness, subsidence of the shock absorbers of the landing gear and pressure in the wheels;

- automatic determination of permissible combinations of current values of the indicated aerodynamic parameters and spatial angular orientation parameters;

- issuing a warning or even an alarm (visual and audible) when approaching the parameters of the parking mode to the boundaries of flight restrictions specified in the flight manual of the helicopter.

2) In the parking lot at the start of the power plant and the promotion of the transmission ensure:

- measurement of the current values of the angle of heel and pitch, taking into account the additional subsidence of the chassis in low-strength soil;

- measurement of wind speed and direction, lateral and longitudinal components of the wind speed vector, outdoor temperature and atmospheric pressure under conditions of significant distortion introduced by the air flows of the propeller;

- determination of acceptable values of the angle of heel and pitch, taking into account the magnitude and direction of the wind speed;

- development of warning and emergency signaling information upon reaching the characteristic critical parameters of flight restrictions specified in the RLE of the helicopter.

3) In the process of taxiing and maneuvering on the earth's surface, ensure:

- measurement of the lateral and longitudinal components of the wind speed vector;

- measurement of the current speed of taxiing (movement) along the runway;

- Measurement of current values of roll and pitch angles;

- determination of the acceptable values of the roll and pitch angles depending on the thrust of the rotor, the deviation of the handle of the cyclic pitch, taxiing speed, wind speed and direction;

- the formation of warning and alarm when the characteristic critical parameters of the flight restrictions established by the RLE of the helicopter are reached.

4) In the hover mode, ensure:

- measurement of the lateral and longitudinal components of the true airspeed vector, determining the magnitude and direction of the wind velocity vector, taking into account the speed of the longitudinal and lateral displacement of the helicopter relative to the runway;

- measurement of the longitudinal and lateral displacement speed of the helicopter relative to the earth's surface;

- measurement of the angles of roll and pitch of the helicopter;

- measurement of the angular velocity of rotation of the helicopter relative to the vertical axis;

- determination of permissible values of the specified characteristic critical parameters of the helicopter;

- The formation of a warning signal when the roll and pitch angles are reached, depending on the height of the hover and the angular speed of rotation of the helicopter, lateral and longitudinal components of the wind speed vector of the flight restrictions established by the RLE of the helicopter;

- Formation of a warning signal about exceeding the rate of selection of the total pitch of the rotor of the established RLE restrictions.

5) In the reduction mode, ensure:

- Measurement of roll and pitch angles and display of the helicopter descent path relative to the plane of the true horizon;

- Formation of a warning signal about exceeding the vertical speed of descent when approaching the permissible values established by the RLE of the helicopter.

The technical result, the invention is aimed at, is to increase the level of operational safety and to prevent flight accidents of single-rotor helicopters in the parking lot, during taxiing and maneuvering on the earth's surface, during takeoff and landing, in lowering and hovering modes due to information support of the crew on warning critical conditions associated with exceeding flight restrictions established by the Helicopter Airworthiness Manual for wind speed and direction, roll angles and drywall parked and said starting and landing modes.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the start-up warning system for critical modes of a single-rotor helicopter containing a measurement channel, a channel for generating operational limitations, an indication channel, a signaling channel, the measurement channel includes an aerometric channel for determining the magnitude, direction and components of the wind speed vector, satellite positioning channel and determination channel spatial angular position of the helicopter, while the channel for the formation of operational limitations includes channels determining the acceptable values of the roll and pitch angles, the wind speed and direction, the longitudinal and lateral components of the wind speed vector in the parking lot, at the launch and take-off and landing modes, and the indication and signaling channels include, respectively, channels for displaying the current and allowable values of the critical parameters of operational limitations at the launch and takeoff and landing modes.

The invention is illustrated in figure 1 - structural-functional diagram of the starting system for warning critical modes of single-rotor helicopter,

where I is the channel for determining the spatial angular position;

II - aerometric channel for determining the magnitude, direction and components of the wind speed vector;

III - satellite positioning channel;

IV - crew information support channel;

but

1 - block accelerometers;

2 - block of angular velocity sensors;

3 - block magnetometers;

4 - conversion unit;

5 - processor;

6 - air signal sensor;

7 - conversion unit;

8 - processor;

9 - receiver of satellite navigation system (SNA);

10 - channel display current and permissible values of critical parameters;

11 - channel for the formation of operational limitations;

12 - signaling channel;

линейного ускорения вертолета, составляющие ω_x, ω_y, ω_z вектора

угловой скорости вращения вертолета относительно осей связанной системы координат и составляющие T_x, T_y, T_z, вектора

напряженности магнитного поля в месте установки блока магнитометров. В блоке 4 преобразования выходные сигналы указанных датчиков первичной информации преобразуются в цифровые сигналы N_xi, которые поступают в процессор 5, на выходе которого формируются выходные сигналы канала определения пространственного углового положения по стартовым углам крена γ_c и тангажа ϑ_c, текущим значениям угла крена γ(t) и тангажа ϑ(t), по магнитному курсу ψ_M и угловой скорости ω_y вращения вертолета относительно вертикальной оси.Channel I of determining the spatial angular position includes a block 1 of accelerometers, a block of 2 sensors of angular velocity and a block of 3 magnetometers, which measure the components a _x , a _y , a _{z of the} vector

linear acceleration of the helicopter, components ω _x , ω _y , ω _{z of the} vector

the angular velocity of rotation of the helicopter relative to the axes of the associated coordinate system and components T _x , T _y , T _z , of the vector

magnetic field strength at the installation site of the magnetometer block. In the conversion unit 4, the output signals of these primary information sensors are converted to digital signals N _xi , which are fed to the processor 5, at the output of which the output signals of the channel for determining the spatial angular position from the starting roll angles γ _c and pitch ϑ _c , the current values of the roll angle γ (t) and pitch ϑ (t), according to the magnetic course ψ _M and the angular velocity ω _{y of} rotation of the helicopter relative to the vertical axis.

ветра, по абсолютной Н и относительной H_ОТ барометрической высоте и вертикальной скорости V_y.The aerometric channel II for determining the magnitude, direction, and components of the wind speed vector includes an air signal sensor 6, the output signals of which are sent to the conversion unit 7 and then to the processor 8, the output of which produces output signals by the value of W and the wind direction angle ψ, longitudinal W _x and lateral W _z components of the velocity vector

wind, absolute H and relative H _FR barometric altitude and vertical speed V _y .

To improve the accuracy and expand the lower boundary of the measurement of the parameters of the wind speed vector, the air signal sensor 6 of the aerometric channel can be made on the basis of a fixed combined aerometric receiver (for example, see RF patent No. 2427844, G01P 5/14, published on 08.27.2011).

вертолета и составляющие скорости

перемещения вертолета относительно земной поверхности. Выходные сигналы спутникового канала в виде скорости руления (маневрирования) V_P и скорости продольного V_CX и бокового V_CZ смещений вертолета относительно земной поверхности используются также в аэрометрическом канале II при определении параметров вектора

скорости ветра при рулении, маневрировании по земной поверхности, на взлете и при посадке, а также на режимах снижения и висения.Satellite channel III positioning includes a receiver 9 SNA, recording the location

helicopter and speed components

the movement of the helicopter relative to the earth's surface. The output signals of the satellite channel in the form of taxiing speed (maneuvering) V _P and the speed of the longitudinal V _CX and lateral V _CZ displacements of the helicopter relative to the earth’s surface are also used in the air channel II when determining the vector parameters

wind speed during taxiing, maneuvering on the earth's surface, at take-off and landing, as well as in lowering and hovering modes.

The output signals of the channel for determining the spatial angular position, aerometric and satellite measurement channels are supplied to channel IV of the crew information support, which includes channel 10 for displaying the current and permissible values of critical parameters, channel 11 for generating operational restrictions, and channel 12 for signaling.

The starting system works as follows.

The output signals of channel IV of the crew’s information support through the indicating, light and sound alarms warn the crew about approaching the boundaries of the helicopter’s operational flight modes in the parking lot, launch and take-off and landing modes established by the Helicopter’s Flight Operation Guide.

In particular. The flight manual for the Mi-8 class helicopter imposes the following restrictions on the parameters of the parking, launch and take-off and landing modes:

1) In the parking lot, the angle of inclination of the helipad in the direction of take-off and landing should not exceed the permissible value ϑ _{0 extra} = 5 ang. hail., the angle of inclination in the transverse direction - values γ _{0 add} = 3 ang. hail.

, продольная -

.The lateral component W _z of the wind speed vector, acting at an angle of 90 angles. hail. to the longitudinal axis of the helicopter, must not exceed the permissible value

longitudinal -

.

During the launch of the power plant and the promotion of the transmission, the angles of heel γ and pitch ϑ of the helicopter should also not exceed the values of γ _{0 extra} and ϑ _{0 additional} established by the RLE of the helicopter.

2) When taxiing and maneuvering the helicopter over the earth's surface, the heel angles γ and pitch ϑ must not exceed the maximum permissible values γ _PR and ϑ _PR , which depend on the taxi speed V _p , angles γ ₀ , ϑ _{0 of the} runway inclination, W value and angle ψ of the direction of the wind speed vector, thrust P _НВ and P _{РВ of the} main and tail rotors, position x _{ЦС of the} handle of the cyclic step, i.e.

In the process of taxiing and maneuvering the helicopter over the earth's surface, the lateral W _z and longitudinal W _x components of the wind speed vector should not exceed the parking restrictions established by the RLE, i.e.

3) During take-off and landing of a helicopter, restrictions of the form (1) and (2) are supplemented by restrictions on the allowable take-off mass m _extra , depending on the value of W and the direction ψ of the wind speed vector (or on W _x and W _z ) and the method of take-off (landing) - by helicopter (without take-off) or by plane (with take-off).

4) In the reduction mode, the vertical speed of reduction of the helicopter V _{y sn} should not exceed the permissible value V _{y sn extra} , which depends on the relative flight height H _FR , i.e.

.

.

5) In the hover mode, the current values of the angle of heel γ (t) and the pitch angle ϑ (t) of the helicopter should not exceed the allowable flight restrictions for the roll γ _{l ogre} and pitch ϑ _{l ogre} , which depend on the height of hover H and the angular velocity ω _{y of} rotation helicopter relative to the vertical axis, i.e.

When the start system for warning critical regimes of a single-rotor helicopter is operating, channel I of spatial angular orientation, air channel II for determining the magnitude, direction, and components of the wind speed vector and satellite channel III for positioning measure the current values of the characteristic critical parameters of the helicopter parked, during taxiing, and maneuvering along the earth's surface , on takeoff and landing, on the modes of lowering and hovering.

линейного ускорения, составляющие ω_x, ω_y, ω_z вектора

угловой скорости вращения вертолета относительно осей связанной системы координат и составляющие T_x, T_y, T_z вектора

напряженности магнитного поля в месте установки блока магнитометров. Выходные сигналы указанных датчиков первичной информации преобразуются в блоке 4 преобразования в цифровые сигналы N_xi, которые подаются на вход процессора 5. В процессоре 5 в соответствии с определенными алгоритмами вычисления определяются параметры пространственной угловой ориентации вертолета на стоянке γ_c, ϑ_c, при рулении и маневрировании по земной поверхности, на взлете и при посадке, на режимах снижения и висения - γ(t), ϑ(t).In this case, channel I, using the blocks of accelerometers 1, the block of sensors of angular velocity 2 and the block of magnetometers 3 measures the componentsa _x,a _y,a _z, vector

 linear acceleration components of ω_x, ω_y, ω_z of vector

 the angular velocity of rotation of the helicopter relative to the axes of the associated coordinate system and components T_x, T_y, T_z of vector

 magnetic field strength at the installation site of the magnetometer block. The output signals of these primary information sensors are converted in block 4 conversion into digital signals N_xithat are fed to the input of processor 5. In processor 5, in accordance with certain calculation algorithms, the spatial angular orientation parameters of the helicopter in the parking lot γ are determined_c, ϑ_c, when taxiing and maneuvering on the earth's surface, on takeoff and landing, in the modes of lowering and hovering - γ (t), ϑ (t).

результирующего воздушного потока вихревой колонны несущего винта, параметры вектора скорости

, обусловленной движением вертолета относительно окружающей воздушной среды, а также абсолютную температуру T_H наружного воздуха и абсолютного давления P_H окружающей среды. Выходные сигналы датчика 6 воздушных сигналов в виде полного P_ПΣ и статического P_{СТ Σ}, давлений результирующего воздушного потока вихревой колонны, давлений P_1Σ и P_2Σ, P_3Σ и P_4Σ, определяющих угловые положения вектора скорости

результирующего воздушного вихревой колонны, температуру T_TΣ результирующего воздушного потока вихревой колонны, а также в виде давлений P₁, …, P₈ и статического дросселированного давления P_СТ.Д поступают в блок преобразования 7, где преобразуются в цифровые сигналы

, которые поступают на вход процессора 8. В процессоре 8 по определенным алгоритмам вычисления определяются величина W, направление ψ и составляющие W_x, W_z вектора скорости ветра, абсолютная Н и относительная Н_ОТ барометрические высоты, вертикальная скорость V_y.The sensor 6 of the air signals of the air channel II senses the parameters of the velocity vector

the resulting air flow of the rotor vortex column, the parameters of the velocity vector

due to the movement of the helicopter relative to the surrounding air environment, as well as the absolute temperature T _{H of the} outside air and the absolute pressure P _{H of} the environment. The output signals of the sensor 6 air signals in the form of full P _PΣ and static P _{CT Σ} , the pressure of the resulting air flow of the vortex column, the pressure P _1Σ and P _2Σ , P _3Σ and P _4Σ , which determine the angular position of the velocity vector

of the resulting air vortex column, the temperature T _{TΣ of the} resulting air flow of the vortex column, as well as in the form of pressures P ₁ , ..., P ₈ and static throttled pressure P _ST.D enter the conversion unit 7, where they are converted to digital signals

that go to the input of the processor 8. In the processor 8, according to certain calculation algorithms, the value W, the direction ψ and the components W _x , W _z of the wind speed vector, absolute H and relative H _FR barometric heights, vertical speed V _{y are} determined.

The satellite channel III positioning using the receiver 9 SNA determines the taxi speed V _p and the speed V _CX , V _CY longitudinal and lateral displacement of the helicopter relative to the helicopter runway, which are also fed into the air channel.

The output signals of the channels of the spatial angular position, aerometric and satellite measurement channels are fed to channel IV of the crew information support, where the current and allowable values of the characteristic critical parameters at launch, launch and take-off and landing modes are displayed in the display channel. In this case, the permissible values of the critical parameters are calculated in the channel 11 of the formation of operational limitations and also served in the channel 10 of the display and channel 12 of the alarm. On channels 10 and 12 (indications and alarms), the crew is given visual, light and sound warning information about the approach to the boundaries of the operating modes established by the Helicopter Flight Operation Guide.

In accordance with the information received, the crew makes a decision to control the helicopter in this mode to reduce the value of the motion parameter, approaching the operational limits established by the Helicopter’s Flight Operation Manual, preventing the occurrence of an accident and ensuring a regulated level of safety in the current mode.

ветра. В соответствии с алгоритмом обработки массива давлений P_i, приведенным в ранее (см. патент РФ №2427844, G01P 5/14, опубл. 27.08.2011) по выходным сигналам неподвижного многоканального проточного приемника в процессоре 5 вычисляются величина W и направление ψ вектора скорости

ветра. Для получения информации о параметрах вектора скорости

ветра при запуске силовой установки и раскрутки трансмиссии, при рулении и маневрировании по земной поверхности, на взлете и при посадке, на режимах снижения и висения, используется дополнительный осесимметричный, например сферический аэрометрический приемник.In the parking lot, before the start of the power plant and the promotion of the transmission, the multichannel flow-through aerometric receiver 13 senses the parameters of the velocity vector

the wind. In accordance with the algorithm for processing the pressure array P _i given in earlier (see RF patent No. 2427844, G01P 5/14, published August 27, 2011), the value W and the direction ψ of the velocity vector are calculated from the output signals of the fixed multichannel flow receiver in processor 5

the wind. For information about the parameters of the velocity vector

wind at the start of the power plant and the promotion of the transmission, during taxiing and maneuvering on the earth's surface, on takeoff and landing, in the lowering and hovering modes, an additional axisymmetric, for example a spherical aerometric receiver is used.

The pressures P _PΣ , P _CTΣ , P _1Σ and P _2Σ , P _3Σ and P _{4Σ are} converted in the conversion unit 7 (Figure 1) into digital signals that are input to the processor 8.

ветра при работающей силовой установке и раскрутке трансмиссии несущего винта, при рулении и маневрировании по земной поверхности, на взлете и при посадке, на режимах снижения и висения. При этом выполнение датчика 6 воздушных сигналов на основе неподвижного комбинированного аэрометрического приемника за счет использования информации аэродинамического поля вихревой колонны несущего винта позволяет повысить точность и расширить нижнюю границу измерения параметров вектора скорости ветра при работающей силовой установке в условиях возмущений, вносимых вихревой колонной несущего винта вертолета.In the processor in accordance with the algorithms disclosed in the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2427844, G01P 5/14, publ. 08/27/2011, the longitudinal W _x and lateral W _z components of the velocity vector are calculated

wind with a working power plant and the promotion of the transmission of the rotor, during taxiing and maneuvering on the earth's surface, on takeoff and landing, in the modes of lowering and hovering. At the same time, the implementation of the airborne sensor 6 based on a fixed combined aerometric receiver through the use of the aerodynamic field information of the rotor vortex column allows to increase the accuracy and extend the lower boundary of the measurement of wind speed vector parameters when the power plant is operating under disturbances introduced by the helicopter rotor vortex column.

The proposed start-up system for warning critical regimes of a single-rotor helicopter increases the level of safety during its operation in the parking lot, during taxiing and maneuvering on the earth's surface, during takeoff and landing, in lowering and hovering modes due to information support of the crew.

Claims (1)

A single-rotor helicopter critical flight warning system comprising a measurement channel, a channel for generating operational limitations, an indication channel, an alarm channel, characterized in that the measurement channel includes an aerometric channel for determining the magnitude, direction and components of the wind speed vector, a satellite channel for positioning and a channel for determining the spatial angular the position of the helicopter, while the channel for the formation of operational limitations includes channels for determining permissible x roll and pitch angles, wind speed and direction, longitudinal and lateral components of the wind speed vector in the parking lot, at launch and take-off and landing modes, and indication and signaling channels include, respectively, channels for displaying the current and allowable values of critical parameters of operational limitations on the starting and takeoff and landing modes.