RU2490860C1 - Method of production of grain-feeding mixtures for livestock - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture. The method consists in collection of grain, its transportation to mechanical thrashing floor, flattening, conservation and placing for storage in air-tight storehouses. At that the cereal crops of wheat, barley, oats are started to be harvested simultaneously at the end of the kneaded phase at humidity of 40-45% when the accumulated dry matter is 88-92% of weight of grain seeds, without threshing using the combine through combing the stems and harvesting grain heap in a vehicle and transportation to the site where the grain heap of every culture is placed in separate coils. Then, the grain-feeding mixture is prepared, for which, according to the receipt, into the mixer hopper the components of needed crops are loaded - wheat, barley, oats, mixed in a mixer. Then the grain-feeding mixture is fed into a crusher hopper where it is flattened and treated with preservative. The grain-feeding mixture is moved from the crusher to storage hopper from which using the vehicle it is delivered to a storage location and placed in air-tight storehouses.

EFFECT: method enables to start harvesting grain for feed purposes 6-8 weeks earlier than the conventional technology, with the nutrients in grain are digestible form, and also to eliminate mechanical and biological feed loss.

3 cl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used when harvesting crops for fodder purposes and the production of concentrated grain-feed mixtures.

A known method of harvesting crops, in which the mowing, threshing and cleaning of grain from impurities is carried out by combines in full or at the end of wax ripeness with grain moisture 18-20%. From the field, the collected grain is transported by vehicles to a mechanized current for drying, cleaning, sorting and storage.

In the two-phase method of harvesting crops, plants in the phase of wax ripeness with grain moisture of 25-30% are mowed with a reaper and laid in rolls, and then, after drying, they are picked up with a combine with a picker and ground. [Korenov G.V. Progressive methods of harvesting and combating crop losses / G.V.Korenov, A.P. Tarasenko. - M .: Kolos. - 1983. S.25-50].

A known method of harvesting crops (see and.with. No. 880334, A01D 91/04), in which the plants are cut together with part of the root system, installed in a vertically standing roll and fix the lower part of it with soil for stability, rapid ripening and drying. After drying, the harvesting unit moves along the roll, with a special copying device it clamps and holds the lower part of the plants fixed in the soil in the roll, and from the upper part of the roll, the grain mass is stripped or wiped off the stems, partially cleaned and sent to the grain store.

The disadvantage of the above methods of harvesting grain for fodder purposes is that the threshing begins during the period of complete ripening of the grain, when polymerization processes prevail in it. This is a very difficult way of sequentially going through related chemical reactions. Humidity decreases to 18-12%, the relative content of total and non-protein nitrogen is low, the fraction of proteins soluble in alcohols and alkalis is increased, the amount of readily soluble carbohydrates in the grain is sharply reduced and they turn into starch, in the crystalline areas of which the molecules are so tightly connected, that molecules, such as water, are very difficult to penetrate into their location.

High molecular weight nutrient compounds of grains make it difficult for animals to digest them. They must first be cleaved to the simpler compounds that make them, go into solution, and then be absorbed. Animals spend additional physiological energy.

The next drawback is that in the process of sorting into seed and food grains, small, puny, frosty and injured grains remain, which breathe almost 2 times more energetically than the finished ones, which leads to the loss of nutrients and the defeat of their microscopic fungi. For the safe feeding of such grain, heat or chemical treatment is necessary.

The closest in technical essence of the claimed method is a method for separate harvesting of grain crops and production of grain raw materials for livestock (see patent RU No. 2286664 C1, A01D 91/04, 10.11.2006), in which the mowing and threshing of grain crops going to the production of flattened the grains begin with combines in the phase of milk-wax ripeness with a moisture content of 30-35%. To reduce grain losses with an under-ground spike, a combine harvester with a threshing drum diameter of 800 mm is used. The cleaned grain from the combine is transported to a mechanized current, where it is placed in a riot for short-term storage of grain for no more than 1-3 hours, then the loader is fed grain into the receiving hopper, then into the operational hopper, from which it is screwed into the receiving hopper of the conditioner, in which the grain is flattened , and processed by preservative. Canned flattened grain by means of a screw loader is transferred to a second operational hopper, from which it is loaded into a vehicle and transported to a storage or warehouse previously converted for storage of canned flattened grain.

The disadvantages of this method are the high grain losses behind the combine and frequent technological failures. In the process of threshing cereals into the phase of milk-wax ripeness at a moisture content of 30-35%, the stems and leaves are broken, which release sticky juice, it dries on the deck surface and the process of grain separation through the deck is difficult, which leads to large losses, and then to technological failure. The concave, screen, sieve and straw walker should often be cleaned. When the moisture content of the grain is above 29%, the threshing by the grain combine is stopped. [Vorovkini G.P. Uneven ripening and harvesting of crops in bad weather - OMSK., Publisher FGOUVPO OmGAU - 2005. P.71].

The next disadvantage of this method is that canned flattened grain of each culture is stored separately, therefore, to compose a feed grain mix from wheat, oats, barley, before feeding it is necessary to open the storage of each crop at the same time, which leads to mechanical losses of feed, to reduce their feed qualities due to contamination and oxidation of the grain, as well as to additional costs for loading and getting enough of each component to the place of mixing.

The objective of the invention is to reduce the physiological cost of an animal to digest grain feed, and increase its digestibility by starting grain collection at the end of the dough-like phase with a grain moisture of 40-45% and ending at the beginning of the wax phase with a grain moisture of 25%, when nutrients in the grain unpolymerized and are in easily digestible form, as well as a reduction in grain losses and valuable non-cereal part of the sex crop during the harvesting process by combing the ears of grain crops. The reduction of nutritional and mechanical losses of grain and the total costs during the preparation of feed mixtures before feeding is observed due to the use of ready-made grain and feed mixtures prepared from grains of various crops according to the recipe in the process of mixing them before conditioning, preserving and storing.

The problem is solved in that the collection of grain, sex and parts of the spikelets of grain crops (wheat, oats, barley) is carried out by tow, starting from the phase of the dough-like state, when 88-92% of the mass of grain seed is accumulated in dry matter, and the humidity is 40-45 % and ends in the phase of wax ripeness, when the humidity reaches 25-30%. and the growth of dry matter stops, and the nutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, fats are still in a low molecular weight and easily accessible form for assimilation by the animal organism, since the grain is in the initial stage of complex biochemical transformations of nutrients in the direction of high molecular weight compounds.

Since in the nutrition of seeds of spike crops and the accumulation of nutrients in the process of their development, spike and flower flakes play, for example, in wheat from 10 to 50% of all assimilators are delivered to the ears of corn, and in barley 50-70%, therefore, sex and spikelets, which will be collected together with grain during the towing process during the period of the above ripening phases, contain high-quality nitrogen-free extractive substances, which gives them high nutritional value.

The carded grain heap of each crop, from the field machine, is transported to a mechanized platform by truck, where each crop is stacked separately, and then according to the recipe, the feed components of each crop are loaded into the mixer hopper, mixed and fed through the receiving hopper to the conditioner, where the grain particles are deformed and processed by preservative. Then, the prepared grain mixture is transported to the storage place, where it is laid in polymer hoses or other airtight storage with preliminary compaction.

During the feeding period, for a certain type of animals or their physiological state, a polymer sleeve prepared for them or a storehouse with a grain-feed mixture is opened.

Harvesting of grain crops going for fodder purposes begins in the phase of the dough-like state at a grain moisture of 40-45%, when the growth of dry matter ends, and the nutrients are still in a low molecular weight form, therefore animals are easily accessible for assimilation.

Grain harvesting is carried out by combing the ears of plants, rather than direct combining, as in the prototype, which will significantly reduce grain losses and collect valuable non-grain parts (sex, partly spikelets), and use the combed stalks of crops to form the wings or as a source organic matter to enrich the soil.

After combing and transporting the grain heap to the mechanized site, unlike the prototype, the grain-feed mixture is prepared. To do this, the grain heap of each culture on the site is stacked separately, then, according to the recipe, the grain components of different cultures are mixed, subjected to conditioning, canned and placed in a polymer sleeve or sealed storage with preliminary compaction. You can prepare a feed mixture for any type of animal according to the recipe.

Scrubbing of grain crops of wheat, barley, oats is completed at the end of the wax ripeness phase at a moisture content of 25-30%, when the nutrients in the grain are still in easily digestible form by animals. In the process of collecting grain by combing the stalk in the above phases of maturation, it is allowed to collect sex and spikelets that contain high quality nitrogenous extractives, which gives them high nutritional value.

According to the recipe for each type of animal, their physiological state, the mixture is prepared and laid in separate polymer sleeves or other sealed containers with pre-compaction, therefore, during feeding, the sleeve with the necessary feed mixture is opened, which eliminates the need to prepare the feed mixture before feeding, as well as related this mechanical and biological loss of feed.

Since for the implementation of this method, the identical terms for collecting grain from different crops of wheat, barley, and oats in the phase of the dough-like state and preparation of the grain-feed mixture with subsequent storage are technologically linked, this also ensures the sowing time of these crops.

Claims (3)

1. The method of production of grain-feed mixtures for livestock, which consists in collecting grain, transporting it to a mechanized current, conditioning, preserving and storing it in airtight storage, characterized in that the grain crops of wheat, barley, oats begin to be harvested simultaneously at the end of the dough phase humidity of 40-45%, when 88-92% of the mass of grain seed is accumulated in dry matter, without threshing it with a combine by combing the stems and collecting the grain heap in a vehicle and transporting it to the site where the grain the heap of each culture is placed in separate riots, then the grain-feed mixture is prepared, for which, according to the recipe, the components of the required crops are loaded into the mixer hopper - wheat, barley, oats, mixed in the mixer, then the grain-feed mixture is fed into the conditioner hopper, where it is flattened and treated with a preservative, then the grain-feed mixture from the conditioner is transferred to the storage hopper, from which the vehicle is delivered to the storage place and put into airtight storages. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the stripping of crops to feed is completed at a moisture content of 25-30%, when the nutrients are still in easily digestible animal form. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the prepared grain-feed mixture for each type of animal is laid in separate airtight storage.