RU2486436C1 - Staroverov's shot - 7 (versions) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: weapons and ammunition.

SUBSTANCE: in compliance with first version, proposed shot comprises shell accommodating pressurised hydride and oxygen. Besides it houses fuse, or detonation, or shaped charge inside explosive arranged inside or outside of said shell and capable of piercing said shell. In compliance with second version, said shot includes hydride and oxygen-releasing substance. Besides it houses fuse, or detonation, or shaped charge inside explosive arranged inside or outside of said shell.

EFFECT: higher brisance.

13 cl

Description

The invention relates to civilian and, especially, to military explosive charges.

The invention is applicable in all types of civilian blasting and in all military ammunition.

Explosive charges are known, see, for example, "Infantry Weapons", Harvest, 1999, p. 566.

The invention is aimed at enhancing the blasting and fragmentation effects of explosive ordnance.

The velocity of the expansion of the fragments and the pressure at the front of the shock wave depend on the speed of sound in the compressed gas, which is formed in the volume occupied by the explosive (hereinafter BB). In the mixture of gases that forms after the explosion of most explosives, and at that temperature and pressure, the speed of sound usually does not exceed 1100 m / s. And it drops rapidly as the adiabatic expansion of explosive gases. The speed of the fragments, of course, is even lower.

Meanwhile, the speed of sound in hydrogen even at normal temperature and pressure of 1330 m / s. That is, if a hydrogen cylinder in the form of a shell at room temperature simply bursts from internal pressure, it will create a much stronger shock wave and give the fragments a much higher initial velocity than a high-explosive fragmentation charge with a conventional explosive of the same weight. And if you also slightly increase the temperature of hydrogen, then the pressure at the front of the shock wave and the velocity of the fragments will increase sharply. For example, hydrogen with a temperature of only 650 degrees C (this is below its ignition temperature) will have a sound speed of 2360 m / s, and will be able to accelerate the fragments to a speed of 2120 m / s. That is, a “cold explosion” will result, as a result of which, due to adiabatic expansion, the gas after the explosion can have approximately the ambient temperature.

This is the basis of the idea of this invention. The purpose of the invention is to increase the speed of expansion of fragments, the pressure at the front of the shock wave and the radius of the fragmentation and high explosive charge.

Hydrogen-generating reactions can be used that give the greatest possible specific (i.e., 1 g) energy release, for example, the reaction of beryllium hydride with water, giving 10.05 kJ / g. This, by the way, is one of the best reactions in terms of an equivalent indicator, that is, in terms of energy release and percentage hydrogen evolution. If we introduce an equivalent indicator equal to the product of specific energy by the percentage of hydrogen from the initial mass, then this reaction will have a second indicator - 1.39. The first place is occupied by the reaction of diborane with ammonia with the formation of boron nitride. She has less energy release, 7.27 kJ / g, but the percentage of hydrogen is greater - 19.4, and therefore her equivalent indicator is 1.41.

But there is a chance to increase energy release if you use the exothermic effect of the reaction of water formation.

OPTION 1. Therefore, this charge contains a shell in which hydride and oxygen are under pressure, and also the charge contains a fuse inside or contains an explosive or cumulative explosive charge located inside or outside the shell and capable of breaking through the shell.

Oxygen in the shell can be in gaseous form, and maybe in cryogenic form - in liquid. Any hydrides can be used.

The exothermic avalanche-like, i.e. explosive, reaction in such a charge proceeds in two stages. Consider it with the example of beryllium hydride.

Example 1:

2BeH ₂ + O ₂ = BeH ₂ + Be + H ₂ + O ₂ = BeH ₂ + BeO + H ₂ O = 2BeO + 2H ₂ + 1155 kJ.

That is, half-burning of beryllium hydride occurs, as it were. But, if water would be released during complete combustion, the speed of sound of which is 3.2 times less than in hydrogen, then during half-combustion, the hydrogen we need will be released.

The hydrogen evolution in this reaction is small - 7.47%, but the energy evolution of 1155 kJ, or 21.39 kJ / g, is a record. By the way, the mentioned equivalent coefficient for this reaction of 2.86 is also a record.

However, too little hydrogen emission is a concern: can such an amount of hydrogen be able to disperse such a large amount of ballast (beryllium oxide) to a speed approaching its record speed of sound at a given temperature. Let us make a verification calculation for the kinetic energy of the reaction products. It turns out that at 100% efficiency reaction products without taking into account melting and evaporation can reach a speed of 6540 m / s, taking into account melting - 6125 m / s, and taking into account the evaporation of beryllium oxide at a temperature of 4120 degrees C and the heat expended on it, the temperature will not rise above this temperature (excluding evaporation calculated reaction temperature 8885 degrees C). In this case, the speed of sound in hydrogen will be 5150 m / s. Such will be the speed of the blast wave. The speed of the fragments strongly depends on their mass and is unlikely to exceed 4000 m / s. In addition, hydrogen will be heavily contaminated with beryllium oxide vapors, and the speed of sound in it will decrease.

The ratio of components in this reaction is 22.06: 32, that is, taking into account possible deviations and side reactions of 40.81 + -20% beryllium hydride and, of course, 59.19 + -20% oxygen. Such a large tolerance is given in order to be able to experimentally determine the optimal ratio - how much hydride to burn and how much to decompose, that is, to vary the amount of hydrogen released.

In the above reaction, the oxygen by mass should be about one and a half times more than the hydride (in this case, beryllium hydride). Given the low density of oxygen, and the relatively high density of beryllium hydride, it becomes clear that it is desirable to somehow evenly distribute the fine hydride in gaseous or liquid oxygen. This can be done, for example, like this.

OPTION 1-A. The charge has two concentric or coaxial shells, and in the inner shell there is a hydride and one or two small explosive charges, and oxygen gas is in the outer shell. A single or first explosive charge explodes and sprays a hydride relatively uniformly in oxygen. If there is a second explosive charge, then after mixing the reagents, it ignites the mixture. Or it is set on fire at the same time as a spray.

OPTION 1-B. In the case of liquid oxygen, option “A” is not applicable. It is necessary to distribute the hydride in oxygen in advance. This can be done, for example, as follows: the hydride in charge is glued to glass fiber from refractory glass or from a metal hydride (if it is metal), which is uniformly or randomly located in the charge volume.

That is, the thread impregnated with an adhesive composition is pollinated with finely divided hydride (if the hydride is in the solid phase), and a “fluffy” thread is obtained. Glass should be refractory in order not to waste heat energy on melting, that is, on the phase transition of the glass. The glue should emit as few gases as possible during heating so as not to contaminate them with hydrogen, such as organosilicon compounds. The uniform distribution of the filament in the charge volume implies its winding on some kind of light frame, for example, from a hydride metal. A chaotic distribution implies random packing of the thread into the charge volume with the formation of a kind of “felt” of the desired density.

OPTION 1-B. In this embodiment, the hydride is mixed with crushed small-fiber pyroxylin or colloxylin (nitrated cotton wool), or glued on one or both sides to layers of pyroxylin or colloxylin fabric (nitrated gauze), and the latter are evenly distributed in the charge volume (gauze - in layers or roll) . The presence of pyroxylin, colloxylin, or other combustible substances (including explosives) somewhat pollutes hydrogen, but it activates the reaction process.

OPTION 1-G. If the hydride is in gaseous form (boranes, silanes, phosphine), then it is mixed with oxygen in one phase - in compressed gaseous or in liquid cryogenic form.

OPTION 1-D. In the above example, the reaction is likely to go exactly as indicated. This is facilitated by the fact that the oxygen molecule and the beryllium hydride molecule react “without residue” upon meeting, and that hydrogen only reacts with oxygen at temperatures above 700 degrees C, and the beryllium atom can react with oxygen even at room temperature. However, when using some other hydrides, for example lithium hydride, aluminum hydride, lithium aluminum hydride (double hydride), the reaction of oxygen compound with hydrogen can predominantly take place. In this case, when the explosion of the charge, hydrogen may not form at all, and only water vapor and the second component (for example, lithium) are formed in pure form. This will sharply reduce the speed of sound in the reaction products, therefore, the charge efficiency.

To prevent this, the hydride in the charge should be divided into two portions. That is, the charge contains two or three shells, and the outer shell contains a part of the hydride (for example, half), and the second shell contains oxygen and hydride, or the second shell contains oxygen, the third from the outer layer the shell contains a hydride (the remainder, which may be another hydride) and one or two explosive charges (i.e., combination with option 1-A).

Moreover, since there is excess oxygen pressure in the second shell from the outer layer, so that it does not destroy this shell, or so that it does not have to be made excessively strong, there is a gas in the outer shell, for example hydrogen, under the same pressure as in the second from the outer layer is the shell. To make such a charge, both of these shells must be simultaneously pumped up, avoiding a large pressure difference between them.

Options 1-B, C, D, D do not tolerate overloads, and therefore are not suitable for firing from guns and mortars.

SPARE OPTION. If the velocity of propagation of the reaction front in a confined space in a given medium (by analogy with explosives is called the “detonation velocity”) will be below the limit of requirements for explosives (quite conventionally, this lower limit in this case can be designated as the speed of sound in air, then there is an average of 350 m / s), then two fallback options are possible. First, the shell strength is selected from the condition of its destruction at an internal pressure equal to 80-95% of the maximum pressure at the end of the reaction. And in this case, the shell after some time (fractions of seconds or even seconds) self-destructs, scattering fragments and causing a shock wave.

The second - the shell is made a little stronger (and heavier) and can withstand the maximum pressure of the reaction products. That is, she herself will not be destroyed. Then, after the end of the reaction, it is cut by a perforating linear cumulative charge located outside or inside the shell. The shape of the cut can be chosen in the most diverse way: for high-explosive charges in a bomb-shaped shell, a cut across the horizontal plane is advantageous, in which case the main energy of the shock wave will be directed to the sides. A fragmentation of ammunition is advantageous to cut into small parts.

OPTION 2. It is beneficial to store oxygen in the ammunition in a compressed state on the one hand, since the energy of the compressed gas is added to the energy of a chemical explosion, which amplifies the blast wave and increases the initial velocity of the fragments. But on the other hand, in some cases it can be inconvenient, for example, when undermining bridges or other engineering structures.

In these cases, bound oxygen can be used, for example, nitrates, chlorates, perchlorates, potassium superoxide, permanganates, mixtures thereof and other known or emerging oxygen-generating substances.

Therefore, this charge, if it uses solid beryllium hydride or beryllium borohydride, or another solid hydride, may not contain a shell, at least - strong. Some kind of shell, such as a plastic film, is still desirable, since the hydride can react with air (with the moisture contained in it), and the oxygen-releasing substance can damp in moist air. However, if gaseous hydride, such as diborane, monosilane or phosphine, is taken as the hydride, a strong shell is still necessary.

A thermal decomposition reaction with the evolution of oxygen can be of a very curious kind if a heavy metal nitrate is taken, which is thermally decomposed to form the oxide of this metal, and the metal hydride is taken as a hydride, which is in a series of voltages to the left of the mentioned metal. In this case, between the heavy metal oxide and the hydride metal that has been separated in its pure form, a reaction of metallothermy is possible (similar to termite) with the release of a large amount of heat. Especially if beryllium hydride is taken (standard molar enthalpy of beryllium oxide formation = -598 kJ.). For example:

2Cu (NO ₃ ) ₂ + 2BeN ₂ -2CuO + 4NO ₂ + O ₂ + 2Be + 2H ₂ = 2Cu + 2BeO + 4NO ₂ + 2H ₂ O

Or vice versa: if, for example, beryllium hydride is taken as a hydride, which, as a result of the reaction described in Example 1, releases beryllium oxide, and as an oxygen-releasing substance, for example, calcium or magnesium perchlorate, whose oxides have a more negative standard molar enthalpy of formation, then the metallothermy reaction can occur with calcium or magnesium ions released as a result of decomposition and dissociation of perchlorates of these substances. And exothermic.

BeO + Me = Be + MeO

So, this charge contains hydride and oxygen releasing substance, and also the charge contains a fuse inside or outside, or it contains an explosive or cumulative explosive charge.

A charge with a solid oxygen-releasing substance may have a longer shelf life than charges with gaseous or liquid oxygen.

The reaction in this charge proceeds in the same way as in the first embodiment, but decomposition of the oxygen-releasing substance or their mixture is added.

Example 2: take potassium perchlorate as an oxygen-releasing substance. And as the hydride, as in the first embodiment - beryllium hydride. The reaction when heated will be:

4BeN ₂ + KClO ₄ = 4BeN ₂ + KCl + 2O ₂ = 2BeN ₂ + 2BeO + 2H ₂ O = 4BeO + KCl + 4H ₂

1880 kJ will stand out, that is 10.30 kJ / g, which is much worse than in the first embodiment. Hydrogen will be only 5.43% of the initial mass. The reagent ratio will be 44.12: 138.55, i.e. 24.15 + -20% beryllium hydride and 75.85 + -20% potassium perchlorate.

OPTION 2-A. If the enthalpies of formation of both substances involved in the reaction - both oxygen-releasing and hydride-are negative, that is, if their decomposition reactions are endothermic, then the reaction rate may be insufficient for an explosion. In this case, you can add a conventional explosive to the charge. This, of course, will contaminate hydrogen, but still the blast wave and the speed of the fragments will be much greater than during the explosion of a conventional explosive. That is, such a charge contains a classic explosive, such as TNT, uniformly mixed with hydride and oxygen releasing agent.

The most promising is the reaction of beryllium borohydride or borane with perchlorate or ammonium nitrate. In addition to the above reactions, an exothermic reaction of formation of boron nitride (molar enthalpy of formation –252.6 kJ, that is 10.14 kJ / g), which will further increase the overall exothermic effect of the reaction, will take place. And, in addition, it will increase the percentage of hydrogen evolution. In this case, the exothermic effect of ammonium decomposition will increase the velocity of the combustion front in such a charge.

Example 3: Take, as in example 2, 24.15 g of beryllium hydride (melting point 220 degrees C), 75.85 potassium perchlorate (melting point 610 degrees C) and mix them with 50 g of molten TNT (melting point 80.85 degrees C). That is, a mixture is obtained containing beryllium hydride 16.1%, potassium perchlorate 50.57% and TNT 33.33%. The mixture can be blown up in molten form or allowed to cool and harden.

In the explosion of such a mixture, in addition to the two main reactions: the hydride reaction with oxygen and the TNT decomposition reaction, two more reactions will go in parallel: the hydride reaction with water vapor released as a result of TNT decomposition, and the oxygen oxidation reaction of organic substances released as a result of TNT decomposition. However, both of these reactions will not worsen the main thing - the evolution of hydrogen.

Example 4: Consider two reactions of beryllium borohydride with ammonium nitrate.

3Be (BH ₄ ) ₂ + NH ₄ NO ₃ = 3BeO + 2BN + 4B + 14H ₂ +1989.8 kJ.

That is, an energy release of 10.14 kJ / g, hydrogen of 14.39%, equiv. an indicator of 1.46.

The ratio of hydride and nitrate is 116.1: 80.04, or 59.19% and 40.81%.

Now take saltpeter 2 times more to oxidize boron:

3Be (BH ₄ ) ₂ + 2NH ₄ NO ₃ = 3BeO + 4BN + 4B + B ₂ O ₃ + 14H ₂ +3383.6 kJ.

That is, the energy release of 12.25 kJ / g (taking into account the melting of boron oxide 12.17 kJ / g), hydrogen 10.95%, equiv. indicator 1.33.

The ratio of hydride and nitrate is 116.1: 160.08, or 42.04% and 57.96%, formally. The rate of the second reaction is higher, but it has three “minuses”: hydrogen can be contaminated with beryllium oxide vapors (boiling point 2100 degrees C), molten oxide can “envelop” boron molecules, preventing the formation of boron nitride, and an excess of oxidizing agent instead of beryllium and boron can start oxidizing hydrogen with the formation of water vapor, that is, pollute hydrogen. Perhaps the optimal ratio lies somewhere in the middle (requires a series of experiments).

It is possible that instead of three molecules of beryllium borohydride one of its molecules and two more beryllium hydride molecules are taken.

The calculated temperature (in degrees C) of the first reaction at a constant pressure is 4975, with a constant volume of 5785. The second reaction is 7165 and 8150, respectively. But due to the evaporation of boron oxide and due to the melting of beryllium oxide, boron and boron nitride (in the range of 2075-3000 degrees C) the actual temperature will be lower.

Claims (13)

1. A charge, characterized in that it contains a shell in which hydride and oxygen are under pressure, and the charge contains a fuse inside or contains an explosive or cumulative explosive charge located inside or outside the shell and capable of penetrating the shell. 2. The charge according to claim 1, characterized in that the ratio of the components in this reaction is 40.81 ± 20% beryllium hydride and 59.19 ± 20% oxygen. 3. The charge according to claim 1, characterized in that it has two concentric or coaxial shells, and in the inner shell there is a hydride and one or two small explosive charges, and oxygen gas is in the outer shell. 4. The charge according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal hydride or hydride (if it is metal) in the charge is glued to the glass fiber from refractory glass, which is uniformly or randomly located in the charge volume. 5. The charge according to claim 1, characterized in that the hydride is mixed with crushed small-fiber pyroxylin or colloxylin or glued on one or both sides to layers of pyroxylin or colloxylin fabric, and the latter are evenly distributed in the charge volume. 6. The charge according to claim 1, characterized in that if the hydride is in gaseous form (diborane, silane, phosphine), then it is mixed with oxygen in one phase - in compressed gaseous or in liquid cryogenic form. 7. The charge according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains two or three shells and a part of the hydride is contained in the outer shell, and the second shell contains oxygen and hydride, or the second shell contains oxygen, in the third from the outer layer of the shell contains hydride and one or two explosive charges. 8. The charge according to claim 7, characterized in that in the outer shell there is a gas, for example, hydrogen, under the same pressure as in the second shell from the outer layer. 9. A charge, characterized in that it contains a hydride and an oxygen-releasing substance, and also the charge contains a fuse inside or outside or contains an explosive or cumulative charge of an explosive. 10. The charge according to claim 9, characterized in that the oxygen-generating substance contains nitrates or chlorates, or perchlorates, or potassium superoxide, or permanganates, or a mixture thereof. 11. The charge according to claim 9, characterized in that the shell strength is 80-95% of the maximum pressure possible as a result of the reaction. 12. The charge according to claim 9, characterized in that the ratio of the reactants is 24.15 ± 20% beryllium hydride and 75.85 ± 20% potassium perchlorate. 13. The charge according to claim 9, characterized in that it contains an explosive substance uniformly mixed with hydride and oxygen-releasing substance.