RU2476777C2 - Device for heat saving and air conditioning in residential buildings - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: heating.

SUBSTANCE: device comprises the following components installed in an attic: an outer heat exchanger of a heat pump near an exhaust ventilation riser, with a tray for collection and a tube for drainage of condensate, a heat pump, a fan of which is connected with a supply ventilation riser, with supplied air distribution among bedrooms of apartments through branches with mufflers, temperature controllers and a heat counter installed in the basement or the first floor in risers of the heating system, and a limit air temperature controller in an apartment on the top floor. In summer period the heat pump operates in a reversible mode, supplying cooled air into the supply riser.

EFFECT: provision of the possibility to save heat, resources for heating of apartments in winter and transient periods, air conditioning in apartments in summer.

4 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention is intended for use in energy-efficient ventilation, heating and air conditioning systems in residential buildings.

The well-known "Energy-saving ventilation and air conditioning system", including a supply and exhaust unit, in which air valves, a filter, a plate recuperative heat exchanger connected to the supply air duct with taps are installed along the supply air, and the filter is installed along the exhaust air a heat exchanger, a fan for exhausting exhaust air into the atmosphere, characterized in that an electric air heater is installed in front of the heat exchanger in the exhaust air stream If it is included in the electric network from a pulse of sensors controlling the formation of ice on the surface of the plate channels in the zone where moisture condensation occurs during cooling and drying of the exhaust air, a supply air temperature sensor is installed in the supply air stream behind the heat exchanger, which has a pulse connection with a multi-leaf bypass air valve, the supply air ducts are connected to the ejection closers installed under the windows of the serviced rooms installed on d the windows of the rooms, and their heat exchangers are connected to sources of centralized or local supply of heat and cold, and on the connecting pipelines mounted automatic valves associated with sensors for monitoring the temperature of the room [1].

The main reasons for the termination of patent No. 2244882 were structural difficulties in its implementation in existing buildings, the presence of two fans in the system - a supply and exhaust fans, considerable energy consumption for thawing ice on the heat exchanger, and in summer in the outdoor air cooler of the supply and exhaust unit and heat exchangers under Windows should supply cold water through heating systems, which is unrealistic.

The well-known "Installation of heat recovery of exhaust air", containing a heat-removing heat exchanger with a tray for collecting condensate in the exhaust unit, and a heat-releasing heat exchanger in the supply unit, heat exchangers are connected by pipelines through which antifreeze circulates from the pump, air-valves with electric drives are installed in the units, two fans , air filters, characterized in that a heater is installed in which the antifreeze heated in the heat-transfer heat exchanger is heated to a level that is set It is equipped with an automatic device that controls the heating temperature of the fresh air in the heat transfer heat exchanger, as well as condensation control sensors, which have a pulse connection with fans and an antifreeze heater, and a temperature controller installed in the room, which controls the operation of the pump [2].

The main reasons for the termination of patent No. 2281437 were structural difficulties in its implementation in existing buildings, the presence of two fans in the system - a supply and exhaust fan, a considerable amount of heat energy for thawing ice in the heat transfer heat exchanger, and in summer it is impossible to use the unit as an air conditioner.

The well-known "Method of regulating heat transfer in the ventilation system of office and residential premises", through which air is periodically supplied from the room to the street and from the street to the room through a device into which a heat-accumulating nozzle and a layer of sorbent are placed that can absorb and give off water vapor to the one passing through it air, thereby regulating its humidity [3]. The device is a pipe, one end of which goes into the room, and the other into the street, in which a reversible fan, a heat-accumulating nozzle and a layer of sorbent are placed. In the description of patent No. 2277205, it is noted that about 50-70% of the total heat consumption for heating residential premises is lost in the ventilation system. However, according to sanitary norms and rules, the device of constant exhaust ventilation is necessary from sanitary units and kitchens of residential apartments, through which so much heat is lost. The device can really be used in office, but not in residential premises.

The well-known "Method of energy recovery" in air conditioning and ventilation equipment containing a device for directing a volumetric flow of supply air, a device for directing a volumetric flow of exhaust air and a heat recovery system, comprising the following steps: exchange of thermal energy in the heat recovery system leaving a volume flow of exhaust air through a first heat exchanger connected to a heat pump; transferring the exchanged heat energy by means of a heat pump and a second heat exchanger connected to the heat pump to a storage circuit, which for transferring heat energy is connected to the heat exchanger and contains an energy accumulator; transferring heat energy transferred to the storage circuit by means of a third heat exchanger to the supply air volume flow leaving the heat recovery system to cool or heat the supply air volume flow; regulation of the fraction of transferred heat energy in the heat exchanger attached to the volumetric flow of the supply air by controlling the amount of circulating liquid contained in the storage circuit flowing through the energy accumulator and heat exchanger [4].

The technical result is an increase in the coefficient of heat recovery, and a way to actually implement it in newly designed industrial buildings, although the device design is quite complicated due to the presence of one or two heat storage circuits. The introduction of this method of heat recovery in residential buildings with a centralized heating system is very difficult, since in residential buildings, as a rule, a supply ventilation system is not provided.

In the description of the invention it is noted that due to the use of a heat pump and the energy consumption necessary for the heat pump to operate, it is possible to transfer more energy to outside air than can be taken from exhaust air, and if the known heat recovery systems achieve a maximum heat recovery coefficient of 0.8, then when using a heat pump - 1.23, and in most cases there is no need for heating the supply air with an additional heater.

The purpose of the invention is to create a simple device for saving heat in residential buildings by reducing heat loss in the exhaust ventilation system.

The goal is achieved by the use of a reversible heat pump in a residential building, which in the winter utilizes the heat of the exhaust air and transfers it to the supply air, and in the summer cools the supply air, with the development of a schematic diagram of the supply ventilation system in residential buildings.

The device contains a heat exchanger installed in the attic of the exhaust ventilation riser with a collection tray and a condensate drain pipe, a heat pump, the fan of which is connected through the filter to the supply ventilation riser with the supply air distribution in the apartment bedrooms, with taps with silencers, temperature controllers and a heat meter installed in the basement or on the ground floor in the risers of the heating system, and a temperature limit controller, installed in the apartment on the top floor.

Figure 1 shows a cross section of the main existing types of residential buildings, figure 2 shows a plan of a modern four-room apartment in a nine-story building, and figure 3 - plan of a three-room apartment in a five-story building.

The heat exchanger 1 is, for example, a heater installed obliquely and close to the brick riser 2 exhaust apartment ventilation ducts 3. Bottom and top of the heat exchanger 1 in the riser 2 for each channel 3 punched holes 4, equipped with shutters 5. The apartment ventilation ducts 3 themselves at a height the heat exchanger 1 is equipped with dampers 6. Under the heat exchanger 1, a condensate drain pan 7 is installed and a condensate drain pipe 8 into the sewer riser 9. The pipe 8 is laid in a layer of ceiling insulation 10. The heat exchanger 1 is covered with collapsible heat-insulating shields 11, forming a chamber.

The ventilation system consists of a riser 12, which in each apartment has floor bends 13, usually in bedrooms. Outlets 13 are laid under the central heating radiators 14 and have openings with noise silencers 15. The living section of the riser along the floors should be no less than the total cross-section of the openings of the downstream silencers. In the attic, near the supply ventilation riser, a heat pump is installed, which in the most rational form consists of a hermetic compressor 16, a condenser 17 with a fan 18, blocked into a condensing unit, and a heat exchanger 1 as an external evaporator. The heat exchanger 1 is connected to the compressor 16 by pipelines 19 through the expansion valve ТРВ 20. To the working surface of the heat exchanger 1 is attached a thermoballion 21 of the emergency ice monitoring sensor 22. The capacitor 17 is connected to the riser 12 through an air filter 23, for example, of a cassette type.

In the apartment on the top floor, a temperature limit controller 24 is installed, for example, a three-contact bimetallic temperature sensor DTKB. In the basement or on the ground floor in the supply riser 25 of the heating water, a temperature controller 26, for example, a direct-acting RTD, is installed in the radiator 14. A totalizing heat meter from all heating pipes of these apartments (not shown) is also installed there.

These heat storage devices are installed in a residential building in quantities equal to the number of apartments on one floor.

A device for heat storage in residential buildings is as follows. Heat surpluses in existing apartments are generated and air oxygen is consumed during operation of stoves 27, other household appliances and from living people, plus heat dissipation from heating radiators 14. Natural draft is generated in exhaust risers 2 due to the difference in temperature and air density of the outdoor and indoor apartments, this loses about 50-70% of the total heat consumption for heating residential premises [3].

To recover heat from the exhaust air, the flaps 5 of the openings 4 are opened, and the flaps 6 of the exhaust apartment channels 3 are closed, and the air will pass through the heat exchanger 1. With the compressor 16 running in the external evaporator-heat exchanger 1, the refrigerant boils and takes the heat of the exhaust air, and the exhaust air itself is drained during cooling, and condensate is released on the surface of the heat exchanger 1. The condensate flows through the fins of the pipes of the inclined heat exchanger 1 into the tray 7, and then through the pipe 8 to the sewer 9. The riser tube 8 is protected from freezing in winter ceiling insulation 10.

It is known that during the condensation of 1 liter of water, 595 kcal of heat is released from the vapor. The amount of moisture vapor emitted by one person during light work and a room temperature of 20 ° C is 225 g / person · h [5, p. 42], and upon condensation of these moisture vapor, 134 kcal / h of heat can be trapped, or 0.156 kW The thermal power of the heating system of a 5-storey residential building, where 200 people live, can be determined from [6, p. 396]. At an external temperature of 0 ° C, it is equal to 355 kW, and at - 10 ° C - 438 kW, at - 20 ° C - 520 kW, at - 30 ° C - 604 kW. When recovering heat from condensation of moisture vapor from 200 people. can be reduced by 31.2 kW, or 8.8, 7.1, 6 and 5.2%, respectively, the power of the heating system. This latent heat makes up 40% of the total heat release of people with light work [5, p. 42]. When utilizing the total heat, 200 people can be reduced by 78 kW, or respectively by 22, 17.8, 15 and 13% of the power of the heating system. When utilizing heat from people, from stoves 26, from other home appliances and from the heating system, it is possible to save at least 50% of the total heat consumption for heating residential premises, which confirms [3].

The compressor 16 pumps the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator-heat exchanger 1 to the condenser 17, where the refrigerant condenses under pressure and with high temperature. The liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator-heat exchanger 1 through the expansion valve ТРВ 20, which relieves the pressure in the system, and the refrigerant goes into boiling mode, while the expansion tank ТРВ 28, installed at the outlet of the gas pipeline 19 from the heat exchanger 1, controls its temperature, and The expansion valve automatically adjusts the amount of refrigerant passage.

The fan 18 blows the outside air through the condenser 17, cools the refrigerant, and the heated air through the filter 23 is pumped into the supply ventilation pipe 12 and then through the taps 13 through the silencers 15 evenly in the bedrooms 29 of all these apartments. The incoming air is heated to a comfortable temperature of 20 ° C by radiators 14 of the heating system. The speed of passage of the coolant through the radiators 14 is controlled by temperature controllers 26, tuned to a comfortable temperature in the apartment on the first floor, usually the coldest. Interior doors 30 must be equipped with ventilation openings at the top and bottom, so that air circulates throughout the apartment, including the common room 31, and ultimately enters the kitchen 32, into the exhaust riser 3.

The temperature controller 24 controls the upper limit of the comfortable temperature in the apartment on the top floor, turning off the compressor 16, after turning off the heating radiators by the temperature controller 26. After a short cooling of the air in the apartments, the temperature controller 24 switches the compressor 16 back on.

There is no need to open vents 33 in apartments, even during transitional periods, since the temperature and air quality in the apartments will be comfortable.

The thermostatic valve 20 must be set to the minimum positive temperature of the heat exchanger 1, so that more heat is taken from the exhaust air, but the ice does not form on the heat exchanger. Ice formation is monitored by an emergency sensor 22, which turns off the condensing unit of the heat pump.

The totalizing heat meter calculates the amount of heat consumed by the heating system of these apartments located one above the other. Since heat savings of at least 50% are expected, residents themselves may be interested in private financing for the installation of a heat storage device in their apartments, when a common heat meter is installed in the common heating unit of the apartment building, and payments for heating will be transferred from the living area to natural heat consumption. Costs pay off in 1-2 years.

In order to increase comfort in summer for well-off residents of existing buildings or in new construction of elite residential buildings, it is possible to install well-known reversible heat pumps, which in summer operate in reverse mode, supplying cooled air to the supply pipes. In reversible heat pumps, the evaporator is transferred to the role of a condenser, giving off heat to the exhaust air, and the condenser is transferred to the role of an evaporator, cooling the supply air.

Information sources

1. Energy-saving ventilation and air conditioning system. RU 2244882 C1, cl. F24F 5/00, F24F 11/00, publ. 01/20/2005.

2. Installation of heat recovery of exhaust air. RU 2281437 C2, cl. F24F 3/147, publ. 08/10/2006.

3. The method of regulating heat transfer in the ventilation system of office and residential premises and a device for implementing this method. RU 2277205 C1, cl. F24F 3/147. publ. 05/27/2006.

4. Method and device for energy recovery. RU 2362946 C2, cl. F24F 12/00, publ. 27.07.2009.

5. V.F. Drozdov. Heating and ventilation. Part 2. Ventilation. M .: Higher school, 1984.

6. B.Kh.Draganov and others. Heat engineering and the use of heat in agriculture. M .: Agropromizdat, 1990.

Claims (4)

1. A device for saving heat in residential buildings, comprising an external heat exchanger located in the attic close to and inclined to the exhaust ventilation riser in a collapsible chamber, with a collection tray and a pipe for draining condensate into the sewer riser, an exhaust ventilation riser in which openings are made and dampers for changing the air flow, the supply ventilation pipe near which a condenser with a fan and a compressor are installed, while an external heat exchanger is connected to the condenser and the pipe compressor wires, forming as a whole a heat pump, the condenser fan is connected with the riser plenum through an air filter, a riser plenum has bends which are laid under the radiators of the central heating and have openings with a silencer, besides, the device is provided with a temperature control and heat meters. 2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the living cross-section of the supply riser along the floors varies, and should not be less than the total cross-section of the openings of downstream silencers. 3. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the temperature controllers in the heating system are set to a lower air temperature than the air temperature controller in the heat pump control circuit, within the comfort zone. 4. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that, in order to increase comfort, it is possible to install a reversible heat pump, which in the summer period supplies cooled air to the supply riser.

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