RU2463220C2 - Method of positioning physical objects in circumplanetary outer space and device for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: transport.

SUBSTANCE: inventions relate to various objects positioning and moving in circumplanetary outer space. The method includes physical bodies (objects) positioning in space near sufficiently small planet (1) (satellite, asteroid, etc.). To do this stationary relative to planet support in the form of solid and rigid ring is used (2). This ring generally is self-balanced by gravities of its parts located on different sides of a planet (1). Stable ring position is provided by its shift from centrally symmetric (statically unstable) position relative to planet to position where the ring contacts with the planet by some ring's part. This part of the ring (2) may be made with increased mass per length unit. Thereby, access to the ring from planet's surface is provided, which lets the support to be moved and various freights to be returned from it to the planet.

EFFECT: more possibilities for positioning and transportation of various objects (research stations, planet monitoring facilities, telecommunication systems, sites for space vehicles launching and landing, etc) in circumplanetary space.

2 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The present invention relates to the field of research and development of near-outer space.

The objective of the invention is to expand the capabilities in solving the problems of positioning in the near-planet space of various physical bodies (objects) - observation and research stations, telecommunication systems, space platforms for launching and landing spacecraft, etc.

The use of these physical bodies positioned in the near-planet space is a promising direction in organizing global space radio communications, launching and landing spacecraft, and in studying near-planet space, planetary territories, etc.

Here, at the very beginning of the application, it is necessary to emphasize that all that is said in the application materials with respect to planets and their near-space outer space will be completely and completely true with respect to possible natural satellites of planets and their near-satellite outer spaces. Therefore, to simplify recordings, references to natural satellites and their near-satellite outer spaces are omitted in the application materials.

There is a method of positioning physical bodies in near-planet space, based on the fundamental laws of I. Newton and using the principle of continuous movement of positioned physical bodies around a planet at a certain speed tangential to an imaginary circle around the planet in a plane passing through its center. These physical bodies are accelerated to the required speed with the help of powerful launch vehicles and powerful rocket engines that lift them to a predetermined height. Moreover, taking into account the simultaneously acting forces of attraction to these bodies on the planet, which informs them of normal acceleration, they do not fly into space, but do not fall onto the planet, but move at that speed in orbit around the planet, holding in near-planet space at a given height for a long time (for example, artificial satellites, spacecraft, orbital stations, etc.).

As is known, the founder of this method is K.E. Tsiolkovsky, who for the first time theoretically substantiated the possibility of a man entering space using powerful launch vehicles and rocket engines (despite accusations of the impracticability of this method, including due to a misunderstanding of the nature of the reactive movement and due to the lack of necessary design solutions, special materials and special fuels), and the performers of this opportunity are S.P. Korolev and others, who realized it at the cost of huge costs involving the economy of the whole country s.

Devices for implementing this method are powerful launch vehicles and associated spaceports with their extensive infrastructure.

Along with dignity, namely, the solution of the problem of positioning physical bodies in the near-space outer space, this method and devices for its implementation also have significant, organically inherent disadvantages due to the principle of mandatory continuous movement of physical bodies at a certain speed at a given height, which is exclusively used in this method in orbit around the planet.

Among the disadvantages of this method, in addition to the huge cost of its implementation noted above, it is worth noting the need to use special materials and special fuels for powerful launch vehicles and jet engines, the great complexity and high accuracy of manufacturing them and ships in general, as well as organically inherent to this method huge overloads when lifting and accelerating physical bodies (satellites, spaceships, etc.) to the required speeds, adversely affecting the health of astronauts and increasing Suitable probability of failure of equipment at these facilities, and the phenomenon of weightlessness experienced by astronauts during the motion of spacecraft in orbit at the desired speed, adversely affect the health, performance and timing of their stay in orbit.

In this regard, the present application proposes a qualitatively excellent way of positioning physical bodies in near-outer space with a device for its implementation.

It is also based on the fundamental laws of I. Newton, but in it, in contrast to the above-described known method, physical bodies are positioned in near-planet space in a space support motionless relative to the planet in the form of a self-balancing solid rigid ring around a planet with a radius greater than the radius of the planet, and with a mass much smaller than its mass, and located in a plane passing through its center.

With this method, the physical bodies to be positioned are motionless relative to the planet (they do not need to be specially accelerated to any speed, as was required with the above-described known method), therefore, costly powerful launch vehicles and associated spaceports with their branched infrastructure are not needed, no overloads and the phenomenon of weightlessness, which is a great advantage compared to the known method.

The essence of the proposed method and device is illustrated by a drawing in two projections (figure 1), where the numbers denote:

1 - a planet in the form of an ideal continuous homogeneous ball with mass Mn, with radius Rп and centered at point O;

2 - a rigid rigid ring with a mass Mk significantly smaller than the mass of the planet, with an ideal shape and with the same density along the entire contour, covering the planet in a plane passing through its center, and having a radius Rк = Rп + h, a larger radius of the planet by h .

In the drawing, the hatching in the first projection shows a section of the planet and the ring around it in a plane passing through its center, which coincides with the center of the ring.

Let us show the self-balancing mechanism of such a ring. In this case, we will rely on the following well-known scientific fundamental information:

1) firstly, the well-known, widely used in physics, productive principle of superposition, according to which the resulting gravity acting on a complex physical body (which in our case is a ring that encompasses a planet in a plane passing through its center) determined by the geometric (vector) sum of the gravity of its elementary parts (see physics textbooks for high school and for relevant universities);

2) secondly, the fact that the force of gravity acting on any material point with mass m located near the surface of the planet is defined as the geometric (vector) sum of the planet’s gravity (F) and centrifugal inertia (Q), taking into account the effect planet rotation around its axis:

(see physics textbooks for high school and for relevant universities or the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Third edition. M., Sovetskaya Encyclopedia Publishing House. 1976. Volume 23, p. 359 and 1974. Volume 18, p. 167) .

It should be noted that the attraction forces of other planets do not appear in formula (1), because they are negligible compared to the attractive force F of a given planet.

It should also be recognized that the geometric (vector) sum of the forces F and Q in (1) will actually be equal to the difference of their modules, because the inertia force Q is opposite to the force of attraction F. This reduces the force of gravity.

The force of attraction F of a material point over a given planet is determined by the well-known formula (I. Newton's law of gravity)

where Mn and Rp are the mass and radius of the planet, respectively;

m is the mass of the material point located at a height h above the surface of the planet;

- гравитационная постоянная, численно равная силе, с которой взаимодействуют две материальные точки единичной массы на единичном расстоянии;

- gravitational constant, numerically equal to the force with which two material points of unit mass interact at a unit distance;

The inertia force Q acting on a material point is determined by the formula

where m is the mass of the material point;

(R _P + h) is the distance from the axis of the planet to the material point;

W is the angular velocity of rotation of the planet.

To the above in paragraph 2), the following should be added. The gravity P, defined by formula (1), can, according to the 2nd law of I. Newton, be expressed by the formula

(see, for example, the textbook Course of Physics by T. I. Trofimova. Seventh Edition. M.: Higher School Publishing House. 2003, p. 48).

In the formula (4):

m is the mass of the material point;

a _F is the acceleration of gravity of a material point under the action of an attractive force F;

a _Q is the acceleration of the material point caused by the inertia force Q.

This means that the force of gravity, taking into account the force of inertia, will be less. It should be noted that if the inertia force Q is noticeably less than the gravitational force F (and, accordingly, the acceleration a _Q caused by this force is noticeably less than the free fall acceleration a _F ), then formula (1) and formula (4) can be written in the form:

Formulas (5) and (6) are often used for approximate calculations (the exception is the implementation of the known method described above, i.e., the cases with artificial satellites, for which P≈0 and, accordingly, a _F - a _Q = 0, because F = Q and, accordingly, a _F = a _Q ).

So, we apply the information of points 1) and 2) to our case with a rigid rigid ring covering the planet in a plane passing through the center of the planet, assuming that the centers of the planets and the rings coincide.

According to claim 1), mentally we divide the ring into a set of identical elementary parts (material points) of the same mass m.

According to p. 2), in accordance with formulas (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6), each of these elementary parts (material points) will be affected by the force of gravity P in the direction to the center of the planet in the plane of the ring.

In the first projection of FIG. 1, a plurality of these equal gravity forces P in the plane of the ring in the direction of the coincident centers of the ring and the planet are shown by arrows R.

According to (6), each of these gravity forces P is conveniently expressed by the formula

where m = ρ · S is the mass of each elementary part of the ring (material point);

ρ is the average density of the elements of the ring;

S is the cross-sectional area of the ring;

a _F is the acceleration of gravity of the elementary part (material point) of the ring located near the surface of the planet at a distance (Rп + h) from the center of the planet in the plane passing through its center.

Thus, the ring around the planet is loaded with many equal forces P uniformly distributed over the entire contour of the ring and acting in the plane of the ring towards the center of the planet and the center of the ring coinciding with it.

From the symmetry of the picture on the first projection of the drawing (Fig. 1), it follows that the vector sum of the entire set of gravity P will be zero and, therefore, theoretically the ring should be in equilibrium around the planet in a plane passing through its center so that the center of the ring coincides with the center of the planet. Physically, this is due to the fact that, as can be seen from the drawing (Fig. 1), in the set of identical gravity forces P, uniformly acting along the entire contour of the ring in its plane towards the center of the planet (and ring), for each gravity P of one or of another elementary part of the ring, there exists an equal and opposite directed gravity P of the diametrically opposite elementary part of the ring, which, naturally, counterbalance each other.

This important conclusion, reflecting the main essence of the invention, can be physically confirmed even more clearly. Mentally we divide the ring into two identical half rings and determine the resultant gravity forces of the half rings along their axis of symmetry. Obviously, the gravity of the half rings will be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign. Consequently, the half rings will balance each other and the ring will be in equilibrium.

This way of visual proof of the equilibrium of the ring is also good because it allows you to determine the compressive stress in the sections of the junction of the half rings (and generally in each section of the ring), which allows us to assess the bearing capacity of the ring structure.

We show it mathematically.

In accordance with (6), the resultant gravity of one half-ring will obviously be equal to

where φ is the angular coordinate of the elementary parts (Rп + h) dφ of the half-ring counted from the axis of its symmetry (the remaining notation is the same).

направлена по оси симметрии полукольца, к центру кольца.Force

directed along the axis of symmetry of the half ring, to the center of the ring.

, т.е. равнодействующая сила тяжести другого полукольца, равная и противоположно направленная силе тяжести в (8).Obviously, the resultant force of gravity will act on the other half-ring -

, i.e. the resultant force of gravity of the other semicircle, equal and opposite to the force of gravity in (8).

One half-ring balances the other and, therefore, the ring will be in equilibrium around the planet.

Compression stress develops in the sections of the joint of the half rings

This compression stress does not depend on the particular sectional shape of the ring. Obviously, such a voltage will be in each section of the ring.

Formula (9) allows us to evaluate the bearing capacity of the ring structure. Substituting in (9) the limiting values of σ for various materials, one can find the radius (and diameter) of the ring capable of withstanding the gravity forces P distributed uniformly along its contour. Calculations show that the strength properties of existing special high-strength materials are sufficient to ensure the strength of the rings around the planets ( or satellites) with a diameter of up to (0.5 ... 1.0) * 10 ⁶ m = (500 ... 1000) km, which is quite a lot. These sizes will be even larger as new high-strength materials appear in the future, surpassing existing in their properties: science and technology do not stand still.

It should be noted here that the limiting ring dimensions given above are obtained on the basis of approximate formula (6), which does not take into account the inertia force Q, which reduces the gravity P of the elementary parts of the ring.

In calculations based on the exact formula (4), which takes into account the inertia force Q, which reduces the gravity P of the elementary parts of the ring, the values of the size of the ring will be larger.

Thus, a rigid rigid ring around a planet with a radius greater than the radius of the planet and a mass much smaller than its mass, covering the planet in a plane passing through its center so that the centers of the ring and the planet coincide, is a self-balancing device that will be in equilibrium in the "hanging" position around the planet due to the antidirectional action of gravity of the components of the ring located on different sides of the planet in a plane passing through its center.

Such a ring is the main means for implementing the invention.

Now we turn to some clarifications regarding the earlier conclusion about the ideal symmetry of the picture in Fig. 1.

This conclusion should not be considered final, because it was obtained under the assumption that a rigid rigid ring has the same density along its entire contour and is ideally shaped, and the planet is an ideal continuous uniform ball.

In reality, ideal symmetry will not work, since a real ring cannot be made with exactly the same density along its entire contour and ideal in shape, and the planet is not an ideal continuous homogeneous ball.

For these reasons, forces different in magnitude will act on different mentally distinguished elementary parts of the ring, and therefore the resulting vector sum of all these forces will not be zero. Under the action of this resulting force, the ring will shift to the planet until its more massive part comes into contact with it, and the diametrically opposite part of the ring will be maximally distant from the planet, as shown in Fig. 2.

This result is very important in practical terms, because this automatically creates access to the ring from the surface of the planet. Therefore, in practice, it is necessary to initially perform a certain part of the ring more massive, so that under the action of the vector sum of gravity, this part of the ring reliably pressed against the earth's surface of the planet (figure 2). For clarity, in the first projection of FIG. 2, the more massive part of the ring is shown in a thickened form, and the larger gravity forces acting in this part of the ring are shown by the longer arrows P.

The position of the ring around the planet shown in FIG. 2, when it is pressed by its massive part to it and at the same time is in the plane passing through its center, is the position of stable equilibrium.

Indeed, if we assume that the ring, while being pressed by its more massive part to the planet, received, under the influence of some imaginary external force F _k, acceleration a _k and shifted from the equilibrium position to a plane that does not pass through the center of the planet, as shown by the dotted line on the second projection of figure 2, then in this case, in the vector sum of the forces of gravity acting on the ring, components of these forces will arise, returning it to its previous position, i.e. to the plane initially occupied by him, passing through the center of the planet, which is clearly illustrated by the arrows of gravity P shown on the second projection of FIG. 2, acting along the contour of the dashed ring towards the center of the planet (by the way, it should be noted that, according to the second law of I. Newton , for the ring to communicate some kind of acceleration a _k from the equilibrium position, it would take, taking into account the large mass of the ring M _k , a very large value of this mentioned imaginary external force F _k = a _k M _k ).

In equilibrium, the ring will be self-balanced around the planet, snuggling into it with its more massive part. To keep the ring even of a large mass M _k in this position around the planet, no additional efforts are required: everything is provided by powerful gravity.

On such a ring as on a support, you can place any space objects, for example, telecommunication systems for organizing global space radio communications, observation and research stations with astronauts, space platforms for launching and landing spacecraft, etc. At the same time, for the convenience of cargo delivery to any part of the ring, and especially to the part farthest from the planet and therefore its most important part in practical terms, the ring should be structurally hollow with a round, square (or rectangular) cross section of appropriate sizes (this will also reduce mass of the ring). To ensure the necessary rigidity, the ring should be made of high strength material, have the appropriate wall thickness and the length of the side of the square (or rectangle) or the diameter of the cross section. Cargo and astronauts can be delivered to the part of the ring farthest from the planet’s surface that can be transported with jet or electric engines inside the ring. It should be noted that efforts to overcome gravity during the delivery of these goods along the ring will not be much more efforts to deliver similar goods on the surface of the planet. Indeed, near the planet’s surface, where gravity is at its maximum, the angle of elevation in the ring relative to the planet’s surface is small (almost imperceptible). As you move farther away from the planet’s surface along the ring, the elevation angle does not increase much, but the increase in effort will be partially offset by a decrease in gravity. These gravity will be determined by the expression (6), where substitute m, equal to the mass of the transport with the load. As for the return of transport with cargo to the surface of the planet, then under the action of gravity it will move along the ring itself (as they say, on brakes).

Space telecommunication systems on the ring can not only cover the planet’s territory with radio communications, but also provide global space radio communications on promising ultrashort, centimeter, millimeter and optical ranges of electromagnetic waves.

Space observation points on the ring are very convenient for exploring both the surface of the planet and near-outer space and deep space. When working in them, the astronauts will not experience the phenomenon of weightlessness, and when they rise on them they will not be subjected to overloads.

As for the space platforms for launching and landing spacecraft on the ring in the near-planet space, where gravity is less than on the surface of the planet, they have several advantages compared to space centers on the planet's surface:

- launching spacecraft from them can be simpler and cheaper, because in this case, unlike cosmodromes on the surface of the planet, costly powerful booster rockets and large reserves and expenses of expensive fuel will not be required;

- the physical efforts of the astronauts located on space platforms (as well as on space observation posts) will be less than on the surface of the planet, and they will not experience the weightlessness typical of the known method of overload;

- when launching and landing spacecraft, you can use the speed of the sites themselves tangentially around the planet due to its rotation around its own axis: this speed when launching ships in the direction of rotation of the planet will be added to the speed reported to the ships, and when landing ships in the direction of rotation of the planet subtract from the speed of the landing ships, which makes launching and landing easier and cheaper (this will manifest itself to the greatest extent when the ring is located in the equatorial plane of the planet);

- when landing ships along the ascending branch of the ring, the braking force of gravity to the planet will be used, it will be added to the braking force of the jet engines of the ship, which will make landing easier and cheaper.

These are mainly the distinguishing features of the proposed method and device.

To the above, we can add a few words about a possible technology for manufacturing and lifting the ring around the planet in accordance with figure 2. This could be done in two stages.

1. First, on the planet’s surface, along a selected circle around it, in a plane passing through its center, a sufficiently strong hollow ring of a round, square (or rectangular) section of the required size with a shear mechanism within certain limits of adjacent ring links (according to the principle of the link in the link) is made . In this case, the most massive part of the ring, in which the entrance to the ring will be, is located in the right place directly on the surface of the planet, and the rest is on supports of a certain height, taking into account the terrain. As soon as the ring is closed around the planet with sufficient rigidity of its structure, it, in accordance with the principle of self-balancing described above, becomes self-balancing under the action of gravity along its entire contour (Fig. 2), and the need for supports disappears.

2. Then, using the shear mechanism of the adjacent links of the ring, increase its radius to the desired value in order to obtain a predetermined height h above the planet of that part of the ring, which according to Fig. 2 is diametrically opposite to its massive part pressed against the planet.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the present invention is of undoubted interest, expands the boundaries of knowledge of the material world and, when realized in the future, promises great opportunities in the field of research and exploration of near-planet space and deep space, in the field of launch and landing of spacecraft, in the field of observations beyond the territories of the planets and their coverage by global space radio communications in promising meter, centimeter, millimeter and optical ranges electromagnet s waves.

Claims (2)

1. The method of positioning physical bodies in the near-planet space by placing them on a space support in the form of a ring around the planet in the indicated near-planet space in a plane passing through its center, with a radius greater than the radius of the planet, and a mass much smaller than its mass, characterized in that it uses a rigid and rigid ring immobile relative to the planet, self-balancing by the forces of gravity of the parts of the ring on different sides of the planet, while the ring is stable and not accessible in the planet provide initial increase in mass of a certain part of the ring, the biasing ring in its plane relative to the center of the planet to the pressing of the more massive parts of the planet. 2. A device for positioning physical bodies on it in near-outer space, made in the form of a ring around a planet in the indicated near-planet space in a plane passing through its center, with a radius greater than the radius of the planet, and a mass much smaller than its mass, characterized in that the ring is made motionless relative to the planet, rigid, rigid and self-balancing by the gravity of the parts of the ring on different sides of the planet, and the ring is stable and accessible from the planet s initial mass increase certain part of the ring, the biasing ring in its plane relative to the center of the planet to the pressing of the more massive parts of the planet.

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