RU2455660C1 - Method of accelerated identification of stable internal field contours of soil fertility in agricultural fields - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: agricultures are determined on the basis of field relief scanning, using systems for parallel driving of agricultural aggregates using position navigation systems GPS or GLONASS. Following the results of field relief, an electronic map of field relief is made, where agricultural contours are identified, using which soil is sampled in the field using portable navigation devices for agrochemical analysis and introduction of differentiated doses of fertilisers calculated on the basis of soil samples analysis and topographic criteria of agricultural contours.

EFFECT: expansion of functional capabilities.

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Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture. The identification of the in-floor contours of soil fertility (agricultural contours) is required for the advanced technology of fertilizer application, namely for their differentiated application, taking into account the agrochemical properties of the soil and the need of plants for nutrients.

The differentiated use of fertilizers is one of the most advanced methods for optimizing the mineral nutrition of plants in precision farming technologies. During the years of extensive agriculture, when the soils were generally poorly supplied with elements of plant mineral nutrition, and the level of fertilizer use was insignificant, their differentiated application was not so relevant. The intensification of the use of mineral fertilizers in the second half of the last century led to a general increase in soil fertility in many countries, including Russia, and the desire, due to traditional technologies, to realize the potential of modern varieties of agricultural crops when a fertilizer is applied with an average dose for the entire field, was included in a contradiction with the environmental and economic requirements of modern agriculture. With an increased level of fertilizer application and an overall increase in soil fertility, uniform application of fertilizers by traditional technologies due to its known intra-field variability leads to overfertilization of the soil and crops in areas of increased fertility and inadequate - in areas with reduced fertility. As a result, excessively applied fertilizers not used by plants, especially nitrogen fertilizers, cause pollution of the environment, including groundwater, due to their filtration along the soil profile, as well as agricultural products, in particular nitrates. Insufficient supply of plants with nutrients in parts of the field of reduced fertility causes a shortage of yield and deterioration of its quality. The founder of domestic agricultural chemistry D.N. Pryanishnikov (Pryanishnikov D.N. Selected Works. Vol. 1. - M .: Kolos, 1965. - P.72) pointed out the feasibility of fertilizing taking into account the intra-field heterogeneity of soil fertility, which subsequently was repeatedly confirmed by foreign and domestic authors (The precision-farming guide for farmerists. - USA, Moline: Yon Deere publishing, 1997. - 119 p.; Sokolov A.V. Agrochemical mapping of soils. - M .: Nauka, 1962. - 154 p.; Yakushev V.P. On the way to precision farming. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of PNPI RAS, 2002. - 458 p .; Lichman G.I., Marchenko N.M. ., Marchenko AN The system of precision farming in modern agricultural technologies: Collection of reports of the X international scientific-practical conference “Automation and information support of production processes in agriculture.” Part 2. - M .: VIM Publishing House, 2008. - S.557-566). Agronomic feasibility, environmental requirements and the ever-increasing cost of agrochemicals, on the one hand, and the improvement of the technical level of the agro-industrial complex in developed countries, on the other hand, at the end of the 20th century created the conditions for the development of a set of new agricultural technologies that were called Precision agriculture abroad, and in Russia - “precision farming”.

A prerequisite for the introduction of precision farming technologies is the allocation of in-field contours of soil fertility - agricultural outlines. Various methods can be used to identify agricultural contours: according to grid sampling of soil samples, from remote (aerospace) images (Afanasyev R.A., Blagov A.V., Meyer O.N. An improved method for agrochemical soil inspection // Patent of Russia No. 2102748 , 1998), on scanning the yield or electrical conductivity of the soil (Lichman G.I., Marchenko N.M., Drincha V.M. Basic principles and prospects for the use of precision farming. - M.: Russian Agricultural Academy, 2004. - 81 pp.) by topographic features (Franzen DW and Narina T. Management zone delineation methods. Proceeding of the 6 ^th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, P. Robert ed., July 14-17, 2002, Minneapolis, MN. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI - 2002, - P. - 363-377). The disadvantages of these methods are the difficulties of obtaining such information. For grid sampling of soil samples, most often recommended abroad, it is necessary to divide the field area into plots (squares) of 0.5 to 1.5 ha, depending on the complexity of its relief, which requires significant costs for both sampling and their agrochemical analysis. Remote monitoring of agricultural land using aviation is currently almost never used due to its high cost. Relatively cheap low-resolution satellite images are of little use for decryption by ground-based agrochemical indicators (keys) due to their insufficient resolution, and high-resolution space images are also very expensive and are used in agriculture, especially in our country, on a limited scale. To scan the electrical conductivity of the soil, the corresponding technical devices are available only abroad and are very expensive, which naturally imposes restrictions on the mass application of this method in our country in the future. In addition, the circuits identified by these methods are not stable over time, since neither productivity, nor electrical conductivity, nor other indicators are stable, which requires periodic, at least every 3 years updating of previously obtained data (Solohub MP, Van Kessel C ., Pennock DJ The Feasibility of Variable Rate N Fertilization in Saskatchewan: Proceedings of the 3rd ^rd International Conference “Precision Agriculture.” - Minneapolis, 1996. - P.65-73). To highlight time-stable, for many decades, agricultural contours, you can use the results of topographic surveys of the area, performed in the traditional way, i.e. geodetic leveling. However, this method, usually used in reclamation projects (Chizhmakov AF, Chizhmakova AM Geodesy. - M .: Nedra, 1977. - 342 p.), Requires a lot of time and is therefore rarely used to solve others agricultural tasks. The objective of the invention is to develop a low-cost method of accelerated detection of in-field contours of soil fertility. Due to the difficulty of obtaining the necessary information for the allocation of agricultural outlines on agricultural fields, a new method is proposed, based on their accelerated allocation according to topographic characteristics and not having the disadvantages and limitations listed above for its implementation in agricultural practice.

The rationale for the method of accelerated topographic allocation of agricultural outlines on agricultural fields

The proposed method for identifying intra-floor agricultural contours is based on their dependence on the meso- and microrelief of agricultural fields. Studies have shown (Kashtanov AN, Yavtushenko V.E. Agroecology of slope soils. - M .: Kolos, 1997. - 240 p.) That geochemical processes in the root-inhabited soil layer associated with lateral subsoil and surface runoff of water can lead to the movement of many chemicals in the soil, including those necessary for plant nutrition. In particular, we have established the dependence of the content of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen in the plow layer of the sod-podzolic soil on the position of the contours under study on the relief of the agricultural land. This dependence is shown by two columns in Fig. 1, where the abscissa indicates the serial numbers of six characteristic plots of the agro-polygon, and the ordinate shows the nitrate and ammonium nitrogen content (mg / kg) in the soil of the arable horizon of these plots. The left row of columns shows the content of nitrate nitrogen, the right row - of ammonium. The plots numbered 1-3 refer to the elevated relief elements of the agro-polygon, numbered 4-6 to the lowered ones. An analysis of the data presented in graphical form shows that the content of nitrate nitrogen prevails in the soil of elevated relief elements, and ammonium nitrogen prevails in the soil of lowered elements. The agro-contours distinguished by the relief are among the most stable over time, since the meso- and microrelief of fields under adaptive landscape farming can change significantly over time only as a result of long denudation-accumulative soil processes (Solohub M.R., Van Kessel S., Pennock DJ The Feasibility of Variable Rate N Fertilization in Saskatchewan: Proceedings of the 3 ^rd International Conference “Precision Agriculture.” - Minneapolis, 1996. - P.65-73). Another basis of the proposed method is the ability to determine the location and heights of relief elements using devices for parallel driving of agricultural units (PPV), receiving signals from modern navigation satellite systems, in particular GPS or GLONASS. We propose to use these devices, usually used in agricultural units as tracers, for scanning the relief of agricultural fields for accelerated topographic identification of agricultural contours. The complex of equipment, including the device for parallel driving of agricultural aggregates (PPV) and the base station, which determines the geographical coordinates of the PPV and its height above sea level, allows, with appropriate processing of the data obtained by special computer programs, to create electronic field maps and select agricultural circuits representing them areas of the field that differ in position on the topography of the field, namely, in terms of excess over the lower (zero) point of this field and the exposure of the slopes, and chennye for selection of soil samples for agrochemical analysis and follow them differential fertilizer.

Along with the use of differentiated fertilizers in technologies, the method of accelerated topographic detection of in-field contours can also be used for traditional agrochemical inspection of agricultural land, which will significantly reduce the cost of labor-intensive operations for grid sampling and agrochemical analysis of soil samples, since such contours can be repeatedly used as permanent elementary plots for continuous or local monitoring of soil lodorodiya most accurately reflect its underfloor diversity.

Required machinery and equipment:

- A device for parallel driving of agricultural equipment (PPV), which determines the geographical location and elevation of the receiving antenna of a moving unit above sea level, such as Mojo 3D, mojoRTK console, Trimble EZ-Guide 750, using GPS or GLONASS navigation signals;

- Base station type Leica Mojo RTK, Leica iRTK, Trimble RTK with a radio modem;

- A set of power and information cables;

- A car with a high cross type Niva Vaz-21213, Vaz-21214, UA3-469, UA3-69 or a wheeled tractor;

A laptop or desktop computer with programs such as "Card-2011", "Surfer" (versions 7-9) or analogues.

The method is as follows. On the field intended for the differentiated use of fertilizers, after inspecting it, choose the direction in which the relief will be scanned using parallel driving devices (PPV). It is recommended to choose the direction along the plowing and other treatments carried out on the field. As a rule, this direction coincides with the longest side of the field. In this case, less time will be spent on turning the car or tractor. In addition, an item for installing a portable base station is selected. When choosing a location for installing a base station, the following conditions should be followed:

- A base station transmitting information over a radio channel should be in direct line of sight with a working PPV and at a distance of no more than 5 km from it;

- The base station transmitting information via GPRS (packet radio communication for general use) should be located at a distance of no more than 10 km from the workplace of the PPV (direct visibility is not required);

- As a rule, base stations are installed on the most elevated areas of the area, away from houses and trees, covering part of the satellites that are used by the station to determine its location.

PPV is installed on a cross-country vehicle or a wheeled tractor and moved across the field at a speed of 10-30 km / h. During the movement of the car or tractor, the PPV indicates the direction of movement to the operator in order to make parallel passes of the equipment through equal distances. Indication is made by LEDs or on the display. In the process of movement (without stops), the device automatically fixes the updated three-dimensional coordinates of reference points (longitude, latitude, elevation) coming from the satellite navigation system through the base station. The distances between the aisles are set in the PPV before starting work and must correspond to the working width of the fertilizing equipment used in the farm for differentiated fertilizer application. As a rule, the grip width of modern fertilizer technology can be pre-adjusted and range from 10 to 30 m. The intervals between the reference points should also be set equal to the grip width of the fertilizer technology. U-turns of the scanning unit are performed outside the scanned area.

The working time required to scan the topography of the field depends on the area of the field, the speed of the PPV, the distance between adjacent passages of the car or tractor. For example, with a field area of 50 hectares, a distance between adjacent passages of a vehicle of 20 m, its path length (without turns) will be 2500 m. At a speed of moving PPV across the field of 25 km / h, the direct working process of scanning the terrain will take only 6 minutes, not counting time for turns, installation of a base station and other auxiliary operations, usually taking no more than 1 hour. The work is performed by two people: the driver of the vehicle and the operator PPV.

The received field data is processed later on a stationary computer or laptop (cameral processing). First, information about the points, the coordinates of which were determined, is copied to a flash memory card via a USB port. Such ports are available in the aforementioned PPV: Mojo 3D, mojoRTK console, Trimble EZ-Guide 750. Information about points is usually recorded in the form of a database (Table 1).

 Using such a table, in programs like Map 2011 or Surfer, a two-dimensional elevation model (elevation matrix) is built that allows you to select agricultural contours, according to which, using portable navigation devices in nature, the locations of soil sampling for their agrochemical analysis are then determined using a known method (Sampling Methodology) soil samples for elementary sections of the field for the differential application of fertilizers. M .: VNIIA, 2007. - 36 pp.) and the introduction of differentiated doses of fertilizers calculated according to the results of the analysis of these samples. The boundaries of the selected contours separate areas with their specific water-air, denudation-accumulative and biological soil regimes associated with the meso- and microrelief of the fields.

The proposed method reduces the time to perform field work by tens of times compared with other ground-based methods of geodetic surveying: leveling, measuring, tacheometric and other types, which require breaking the field into polygons of a certain configuration, picketing characteristic points, moving geodetic rails along pickets, sighting , writing data to the field log, painstaking calculations of heights, which will take at least 4-5 working days for a group of 4 people with a field area of about 50 hectares.

The advantages of the proposed method are:

- the comparative speed of identifying intra-field agro-contours according to the results of scanning the relief of fields;

- permissible accuracy of the scan results;

- the stability of the selected agricultural contours and the possibility of reusing information about their location in the fields;

- the use of equipment available on the domestic market and used in the Russian Federation by many agricultural producers;

- The use of computer programs available in the domestic market.

Application example

Verification of the proposed method for accelerated isolation of internal soil fertility contours on agricultural fields using the Trimble EZ-Guide 750 PPV installed on an UAZ-69 car, GPS navigation satellite system and Trimble RTK base station was carried out on one of the 18 hectare crop rotation fields of the Central Experimental station VNII agrochemistry them. D.N. Pryanishnikova (TsOS VNIIA). Scanning the topography of this agro-polygon for 1 hour with the use of an SPP, which has acceptable stability for the geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) and elevations above sea level (within 25 cm), allowed through the processing of received satellite signals corrected for accuracy using a computer program such as "Surfer" to create an electronic model (map) of the relief of an agro-polygon with the allocation of soil fertility contours on it using a ground-based base station. Figure 2 shows the electronic map created by the computer program according to the results of the PPV survey, figure 3 shows the agricultural contours: 1-2 - watersheds, 3 - the upper third of the slopes, 4, 6 and 7 - the middle third of the slopes, 5 - the hollow.

To verify the accuracy of the proposed method, a preliminary leveling survey was conducted in the traditional way (Golubeva Z.S., Kaloshina O.V., Sokolova N.I. Workshop on geodesy. - M .: Kolos, 1969. - 240 p. ) for 450 pickets located at the corners of square polygons of 20 × 20 m, which took 4 days for 4 people, including the breakdown of the field into polygons, installation of pickets and leveling. Statistical processing of digital data obtained using traditional (leveling) and accelerated (PPV) methods for determining the topography of an agricultural polygon showed that the coefficient of pairwise linear correlation between the two data sets was 0.99, which indicates a high level of identity. Table 2 presents comparative data on a field fragment with 40 pickets, obtained in two ways, with a coefficient of pairwise linear correlation between the data series 0.99 and the average difference in determining the excess of 7 cm.

table 2 The elevation elevation indices at 40 pickets of the field fragment with respect to the lower elevation point, determined by GPS-shooting and leveling, m No. p / p The method of shooting the terrain Difference GPS scan Leveling one 3.972 4,000 -0.028 2 4.431 4.420 0.011 3 4.707 4.790 -0.083 four 5.240 5.250 -0.010 5 5.449 5.560 -0.111 6 5.646 5.740 -0.094 7 5.844 5.940 -0.096 8 5.778 5.940 -0.162 9 5.887 5.990 -0.103 10 5.562 5.730 -0.168 eleven 5.080 5.270 -0.190 12 4.572 4.700 -0.128 13 3.631 3.800 -0.169 fourteen 4.220 4.320 -0.100 fifteen 5.102 5.310 -0.208 16 5.484 5.540 -0.056 17 5.279 5.390 -0.111 eighteen 5.228 5.240 -0.012 19 4.919 4.970 -0.051 twenty 4.664 4.760 -0.096 21 4.505 4.600 -0.095 22 4.406 4.390 0.016 23 4.070 3.970 0.100 24 3.573 3.610 -0.037 25 3.466 3.450 0.016 26 4.040 3.870 0.170 27 4.007 4.080 -0.073 28 3.960 4.120 -0.160 29th 3.947 4.160 -0.213 thirty 4.512 4.520 -0.008 31 4.822 4.870 -0.048 32 5.101 5.110 -0.009 33 4.828 5.030 -0.202 34 4.359 4.560 -0.2018 35 4.694 4.920 -0.226 36 3.741 3.500 0.241 37 3.842 3.930 -0.088 38 3.856 3.870 -0.014 39 3.621 3.530 0.091 40 3.150 3.170 -0.020 Average 4,580 4,648 -0.068

According to the graph (Fig. 4), in which the abscissa axis shows the numbers of reference points of the agro-polygon, the ordinate axis shows the excess above the bottom point of the agro-polygon topography in meters, the GPS results are shown with a dashed line, and the leveling survey with a solid line, it can be seen that the excess points on the relief of the agro-polygon determined by these two methods also almost coincide. This is also evidenced by the comparison of two maps created by surveying the relief in the two indicated ways: FIG. 2 — according to GPS surveying and FIG. 5 — according to leveling data. From the density on the black-and-white images presented on these maps, it can be seen that these images are mostly of the same type.

Claims (1)

A method for accelerating the isolation of stable in-field contours of soil fertility on agricultural fields (agricultural circuits), characterized in that the agricultural circuits are determined by scanning the topography of the field using parallel driving devices (PPV) mounted on a cross-country vehicle or tractor, with non-stop movement of the car or tractor across the field parallel passages with the distances between adjacent passages and intervals between reference points preliminarily entered into the electronic memory of PPV at the presence of a base station that corrects the signals of GPS or GLONASS navigation satellite systems, fixing the received data on geographic coordinates and elevations of reference points and transferring these data via a flash memory card to a laptop or office computer, followed by processing them using special software (such as “Map” -2011 ”,“ Surfer ”or analogues) and presentation of the field in the form of an electronic map with the allocation of agricultural contours on it, taking into account the excess of reference points over the lower point of the field topography and the exposure of the slope s.

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