RU2446516C1 - Method for obtaining reserve electric energy from solar heat on moon surface - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: power industry.

SUBSTANCE: according to the invention, method for obtaining reserve electric energy from solar heat involves heating and overheating of working medium in liquid phase in high pressure cavity, its ionisation at the boundary: high pressure electrode - electrolyte, cross flow of working medium ions through electrolyte layer under action of gradient of electrostatic field, recombination of working medium ions at the boundary: electrolyte - low pressure electrode of working medium and flow of working medium in the form of superheated steam from low pressure electrode to low pressure cavity; at that, in high pressure cavity there arranged is the amount of working medium, which is pre-set as to mass, and low pressure cavity is connected to environmental vacuum, to which low pressure superheated steam of working medium is emitted spontaneously.

EFFECT: increasing specific power of direct conversion of solar heat to electricity.

4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to energy, specifically to barogalvanicheskih generators for converting thermal energy into electrical energy.

Known methods for converting solar energy into electricity (B. Anderson, “Solar energy (Fundamentals of building design)”, M., Stroyizdat, 1982) [1].

There is a method and device for the direct conversion of solar energy into electricity using a barogalvanic converter (S. A. Sidortsev "On the barogalan converter of solar energy into electricity and heat", J. "Heliotekhnika" No. 3, 1984) [2].

The method of direct conversion of solar heat into electricity [2] is adopted as a prototype and has a number of promising advantages, which include: high energy efficiency, the absence of moving parts, cheap working fluid, low specific gravity, since in modern conditions the generator’s electrode block can be made using new nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes) and nanotechnology.

An object of the invention is to develop a method for producing backup electricity from solar heat on the surface of the moon planet.

The technical result that can be obtained by carrying out the invention is: 1 - increase in the specific power of the direct conversion of solar heat into electricity; 2 - generation of a predetermined one-time specified number of kilowatt hours of electricity.

To solve the stated problem with the achievement of the specified technical result in the known method [2] for generating electricity by directly converting thermal energy into electrical energy in a barogalvanic generator located in the solar radiation flux on the surface of the moon planet, by heating and overheating of the working fluid in the liquid phase in a high cavity pressure, its ionization at the boundary: high-pressure electrode - electrolyte, ion transport of the working fluid through the electrolyte layer under the influence of an electro gradient field, recombination of ions of the working fluid at the boundary: the electrolyte is a low-pressure electrode and the working fluid flows in the form of superheated steam from the low-pressure electrode into the low-pressure cavity, the amount of the working medium, predetermined by mass, is placed in the high-pressure cavity, and the low-pressure cavity is informed with an environmental vacuum into which superheated low pressure steam of the working fluid is spontaneously released.

These advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent when considering the attached figures.

Figure 1. Functional diagram of a barogalvanic electric generator, which implements the proposed method for generating electricity on the surface of the planet Moon: a) at the beginning of the generator; b) at the end of the generator.

Figure 2. Image in the T-S diagram (temperature - entropy): a set of thermodynamic processes characterizing the proposed method for generating electricity (solid lines) and the thermodynamic cycle of the prototype method for generating electricity (dashed lines).

Figure 3. The calculated values of the voltages (V) and specific power (W) at the terminals of the barogalvanic electric generator operating according to the proposed method (solid lines) and the prototype method (dashed lines).

Figure 1 shows: 1 - current-generating cell of a barogalvanic electric generator; 2 - high-pressure cavity of an overheated liquid working fluid (superheated liquid iodine) with a pressure of P ₁ = 2.5 atm, a temperature of T ₁ = 573 K, equal to the temperature obtained due to concentrated solar energy on the surface of the moon with a maximum mass of the working fluid M _{r .t.} = max and cavity volume 2 - V = const; 3 - a low-pressure cavity with a temperature T ₁ = 573 K of superheated steam of low pressure of the working fluid and a pressure of P ₂ = 2.5 · 10 ^-6 atm (superheated steam of low pressure iodine); 4 - porous high pressure electrode; 5 - porous (gas diffusion) electrode of low pressure; 6 - electrolyte (for example, silver iodide); 7 - hole (perforated) wall bounding the low-pressure cavity 3; 8 - spontaneous release of superheated low-pressure steam P ₂ = 2.5 · 10 ^-6 atm (iodine) with a temperature T ₁ = 573 K into an ambient vacuum in the process of generating electricity by cell 1; 9 - output electrical terminals of cell 1 of the generator; Q ₁ - the supply of solar heat to cell 1 of the electric generator on the surface of the moon planet.

Figure 2 shows: K is a critical point; X = 1 - line of the liquid working fluid; (10-11-12-13-14) - a set of thermodynamic processes that characterize the proposed method of generating electricity: (10-11) - the process of heating a solid working fluid (crystalline iodine) from a solid state T _TV. to the melting temperature T _pl. = 386.6 K with absorption of solar heat Q ₂ ; (11-12) - the process of melting of a solid working fluid and its transition to a liquid state at a temperature T _pl. = 386.6 K with the absorption of solar heat Q ₃ - the heat of the phase transition; (12-13) - the process of heating a liquid working fluid (iodine) at a constant pressure of P ₂ = 2.5 atm from the temperature T _pl. = 386.6 K to the temperature obtained due to concentrated solar energy on the lunar surface, equal to T ₁ = 573 K - the temperature of superheat of liquid iodine with the absorption of solar heat Q ₄ ; (13-14) - the process of isothermal generation of electrical energy in cell 1 at a temperature of T ₁ = 573 K with absorption of solar heat Q ₅ , while Q ₁ = Q ₂ + Q ₃ + Q ₄ + Q ₅ ; 13 - point on the TS diagram, in which the working fluid is in an overheated liquid state with a temperature T ₁ = 573 K and a pressure P ₂ = 2.5 atm; 14 - point on the TS diagram, in which the working fluid is in the form of superheated low pressure steam with a temperature T ₁ = 573 K and a pressure P ₂ = 2.5 · 10 ^-6 atm; (15-16-17-18-19-20-15) - thermodynamic cycle on the TS diagram of the prototype method for generating electricity: (15-16) - the process of heating a solid working fluid (iodine) with solar heat to the melting temperature; (16-17) - the process of melting the working fluid due to solar heat; (17-18) - the process of heating and overheating of a liquid working fluid due to solar heat; (18-19) - the process of isothermal power generation with absorption of solar heat; (19-20) - the process of cooling superheated steam of a working fluid; (20-15) - the process of isothermal transition from dry steam to a solid state of the working fluid (crystalline iodine).

Barogalanic electric generator works by the proposed method as follows.

The thermal energy of concentrated solar radiation Q ₁ raises the temperature of cell 1 to a temperature T ₁ = 573 K, at which the working fluid located in the high-pressure cavity 2 will be in an overheated state with a pressure P ₁ = 2.5 atm and a temperature T ₁ = 573 K .

на границе: электрод 4 - электролит 6, перетоке ионов через слой электролита 6 под действием градиента электростатического поля, рекомбинации ионов йода на границе: электролит 6 - электрод 5 по реакции

в полости 3.The working process of current formation in cell 1 consists in the ionization of high-pressure liquid iodine P ₁ in cavity 2 by reaction

at the border: electrode 4 - electrolyte 6, the flow of ions through the electrolyte layer 6 under the influence of the electrostatic field gradient, the recombination of iodine ions at the border: electrolyte 6 - electrode 5 by reaction

in the cavity 3.

The expansion of liquid iodine through the electrode block, including electrodes 4 and 5 and electrolyte 6, is isothermal with heat absorption Q ₅ (figure 2, process (13-14)). Low pressure iodine vapor P ₂ = 2.5 · 10 ^-6 atm (in the prototype P _{2 it} corresponds to the pressure of elastic vapors above solid iodine at a temperature T = 300 K and amounts to P ′ ₂ = 2.5 · 10 ^-4 atm (J .Kay, T.Laby “Tables of physical and chemical constants”, physical and mathematical literature, M, 1962, p. 112)) through holes 8 of wall 7 will go into the environment vacuum on the surface of the moon. There is no iodine in the vacuum and therefore there is no partial pressure of iodine vapor in the vacuum - it is zero. Nothing will prevent the rapid departure of the superheated iodine vapor from the electrode 5 through the openings 8 of the wall 7 into the ambient vacuum near the surface of the moon. This pressure P ₂ will be lower than the pressure of the elastic vapor of iodine over the solid phase P ' ₂ = 2.5 · 10 ^-4 atm. Since in reality the pressure P _{2 is} unknown, then we take it P ₂ = 2.5 · 10 ^-6 atm, which differs from P ' ₂ = 2.5 · 10 ^-4 atm by two orders of magnitude.

The electromotive force of the current-generating cell 1 is determined by the formula:

where ΔG is the Gibbs thermodynamic potential drop - J / mol;

Z is the valency of the iodine ion, the charge carrier in the system Z = 2;

F is the Faraday number, 96500 C / mol ≈10 ^-4 C / mol;

;R is the gas constant

;

P ₁ = 2.5 atm; P ₂ = 2.5 · 10 ⁶ atm; T _i.e. = T ₁ = 573 K. Substituting the values in the formula (1), we obtain the voltage at the terminals 9 of cell 1 of the generator:

The power density at the terminals 9 of the cell 1 of the generator is determined by the formula:

where J is the current density at the electrodes 4, 5, A / cm ² .

As an electrolyte, we take AgI iodide silver with a conductivity of æ _electron ≈0.1 1 / Ohm · cm, and we take δ = 0.1 cm as the thickness of the electrolyte, then formula (3) takes the form:

Figure 3 presents the calculated values of the voltages at the terminals 9 of one cell and its specific power calculated by the formulas (1-4), depending on the current density at the electrodes 4, 5 of the cell 1. Similar formulas (1-4) were calculated the voltage V and the specific power W of the current-generating cell operating according to the prototype method (dashed lines).

As can be seen from the graph (figure 3), when the cell 1 of the generator is in the mode of maximum specific power, component W _gene. = 0.156 W / cm ² (for a current-generating cell operating according to the prototype method, W _prot. = 0.05 W / cm ² ), the voltage at the terminals 9 of cell 1 will be equal to V _gen. = 0.395 B (for a current-generating cell operating according to the prototype method, V _prot. = 0.225 B), at a current density J _gene. = 0.395 A / cm ² (in a current-generating cell operating according to the prototype method, J _prot. = 0.225 A / cm ² ).

The specific consumption of the working fluid-iodine through the electrode block, including electrodes 4, 5 and electrolyte 6, cell 1 is uniquely determined by the Faraday law:

where g is the specific consumption of the working fluid through the electrode block of the cell 1, g / s;

I _floor - the total current generated by the entire surface of the electrodes 4, 5, S ₄ = S ₅ ;

S _cell. - the area of the electrode 4 or 5, S ₄ = S ₅ ;

A is the atomic weight of the working fluid, iodine, g / mol (for iodine, A = 126.91 g / mol ≈ A = 127 g / mol).

We take to calculate the specific consumption:

S _cell. = S _{electrode 4,5} = 100 cm ²

hourly flow rate of the working fluid will be equal to:

the daily consumption of the working fluid will be equal to:

mass of filling with working heat M _r.t. cavity 2 (figure 1) will be equal to:

where n is the time in days of operation of the electric generator on the lunar surface.

Thus, the use of the proposed method for producing electrical energy on the lunar surface allows to increase the specific power of direct conversion of solar heat into electricity and to ensure the generation of a reserve, one-time, predetermined amount of kilowatt-hours of electricity.

Claims (1)

A method of obtaining backup electricity from solar heat on the surface of the moon planet by directly converting solar heat to electricity in a barogalvanic generator located in a stream of solar radiation on the surface of the moon planet by heating and overheating the working fluid in the liquid phase in the high-pressure cavity, its ionization at the boundary: high pressure electrode - electrolyte, the flow of ions of the working fluid through the electrolyte layer under the action of a gradient of the electrostatic field, the recombination of ions of the working bodies at the boundary: an electrolyte is a low-pressure electrode of the working fluid and the working fluid flows in the form of superheated steam from the low-pressure electrode into the low-pressure cavity, characterized in that a predetermined mass quantity of the working medium is placed in advance in the high-pressure cavity, and the low-pressure cavity is informed with an environmental vacuum into which superheated low pressure steam of the working fluid is spontaneously released.

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