RU2439345C2 - Methods of increasing engine power and efficiency, decreasing their toxicity, and devices to this end - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: engines and pumps.

SUBSTANCE: proposed method comprises pre-drying in engine air inlet channel, air gas separation to enrich with oxygen with its subsequent ozonisation, and/or initiation of its decomposition to release elemental oxygen, and/or formation of negative ozonide-ion. Note here that, for synthesis of ozone and destruction in waste gas toxicity, barrier discharge is used and/or synthesis of additional oxidisers is performed for nitrogen dioxide and/or nitrogen tetra oxide, nitrous acid, nitric acid, and nitro compounds. Note that in engine fuel system and/or combustion chamber fuel ionisation is performed. Note also that to ensure fuel mono dispersion, engine chamber and duel particles are provided with unipolar charge.

EFFECT: higher power output and efficiency, reduced toxicity.

24 cl, 8 dwg

Description

The invention relates to engine building, aviation, energy, mechanical engineering, metallurgy, the chemical industry, oil refining, welding, manufacturing, metalworking, cement production, the production of building materials, pulp and paper, food industry, agriculture, textile industry, mining, medicine, fish farming, urban management, domestic use.

In engine building, the proposed method can be used to increase engine power, save fuel (liquid, gaseous), use heavy fractions of fuel, ethanol, fuel with additives of methanol, biofuel and other alternative fuels, and reduce toxicity of exhaust gases.

In mechanical engineering - to increase the resistance of the cutting tool, which is achieved by ozonation of cooling emulsions, for welding and cutting of metals, ion nitriding of steels.

In the metallurgy of ferrous metals for the intensification of metallurgical domain, open-hearth, convection processes, production of ferroalloys.

In aviation to ensure the breathing of pilots.

In non-ferrous metallurgy during the hydrometallurgy of nickel and cobalt, the recovery of vanadium, gallium, the production of aluminosilicates, the calcination of ore concentrates, the semerization of copper matte, the hydrometallurgy of gold, the calcination of zinc concentrates.

In the chemical industry, in reactions of organic and inorganic synthesis, in the production of organic intermediates, sulfuric acid production, production of diorenic acid, activation of a manganese catalyst, purification of the mothalium fraction, purification of exhaust gases.

In the coke industry for the oxidation of carbon monoxide in coke oven gases.

In the petrochemical industry for the production of azelaic and lauric acids.

In the energy sector, when burning solid, liquid, gaseous fuels in an atmosphere enriched with oxygen, ozone obtained in the process of gas separation at the workplace, it will reduce heat loss with flue gases, partially it will increase the efficiency of boiler units, intensify the combustion process, save fuel by eliminating chemical, mechanical incompleteness of combustion, reduce heat loss with flue gases, partially eliminate the ingress of nitrogen (air) into the combustion zone with the formation of nitrogen oxides, since nitrogen is solitator.

In mining for underground gasification of fuel. For drilling wells in the ground using a thermal drill.

In construction for cement production.

In the pulp and paper industry for bleaching paper and pulp.

In the microbiological industry for the sterilization of cultural fluids and equipment, the production of protein-vitamin concentrates (BVK), the production of nicotinic acid, vitamin PP.

In the food industry for storing food, vegetables, fruits, eliminating specific odors.

In agriculture, to increase the yield of crops, stimulate plant growth in the conditions of greenhouse cultivation, neutralization and decontamination of pickled grain, in farm animals and birds, reduce the incidence of sapronous microorganisms, salmonellosis, bronchitis, pneumonia, in the treatment of pigsties.

In the processing of agricultural products, ozone treatment prevents aging of the wine, avoids clouding of wines, allows you to delay the process of acidification of milk, provides sterilization of rooms, vessels, containers.

In fish farming, for the preparation of water (neutralization, disinfection) when growing various aquatic organisms in order to increase their viability, for the prevention and treatment of fish with helminths and parasitic protozoa, and for disinfecting water from pesticides, herbicides, phenols, benzopyrenes. In medicine, with ozone therapy, surgery, therapy, dermatology, cosmetology, obstetrics and gynecology, dentistry, anesthesiology, intensive care, intensive care, oncology, neuropathology, cardiology. For the treatment of arthritis, tuberculosis, infectious, ocular and vascular diseases.

In sanitation and epidemiology for sanitation, disinfection of premises of workshops, warehouses, hospital rooms, canteens, sterilization of medical instruments, cleaning and sterilization of water, elimination of rodents and flying insects.

Domestic use - for sanitation of residential premises, in air conditioners, purification of drinking water, ozonation of bathtubs, pools and aquariums, sanitation of drains, washing machines for bleaching clothes, for the destruction and protection from rotting, mold, fungus in basements, cellars, vegetable stores, bathhouses, in home farms for processing feed, livestock, hatcheries, greenhouses, eggs, processing bees, hives, young animals.

In urban facilities for the treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater, rivers, ponds and air. Recycling waste, including used car tires. Purification and purification of drinking water.

Banks, archives, libraries - refreshment, sterilization and deodorization of air in workrooms and storages. Destruction of microorganisms whose habitat is the surface of banknotes, books, magazines, paper documents and paper dust.

Dried nitrogen obtained in the process of gas separation can be used for fire extinguishing needs, reducing the processes of corrosion of metals, as well as for drying various materials, heating products in microwave ovens, and increasing the safety of products in refrigerators.

A well-known universal nitrous oxide supply system of the American company "Nitrogen Oxide sistems", in which to increase engine power and its economy provides the supply of nitrous oxide in the cylinder of the engine, mixed with air-fuel mixture. When compressed and ignited, nitrous oxide decomposes into molecular nitrogen and atomic oxygen 2N ₂ O = 2N ₂ + 2О under the influence of temperature up to 350 ° С. Atomic oxygen, interacting with the fuel, allows you to oxidize the additional amount of fuel. A known method of intensifying fuel combustion, in which the intensity of fuel combustion in an internal combustion engine is provided by feeding nitrous oxide into the combustion chamber of the engine, and fixing the catalyst in the combustion chamber to decompose nitrous oxide (RU patent No. 2237818 on “Method of intensification of fuel combustion and internal combustion engine for the implementation of the method ").

There is a known process of intensification of combustion associated with the use of nitromethane, which is added to rocket fuel (N.G. Khomchenko, General Chemistry, p. 433).

There are also known methods of increasing power and economy by using turbocharging, pre-combustion ignition, stratified charge, ignition of a gas-air mixture by a burning torch of liquid fuel. Ultrasonic atomization is used to ensure good homogeneity of the fuel-air mixture. Laser ignition of depleted fuel mixtures with an energy of 30 mJ is used for 4 ns at a pulse frequency of 150 Hz. For fine atomization of fuel, the Common Rail system is used, in which fuel is injected into the engine under high pressure. A gas separation device is installed in the intake air duct of the engine, which provides oxygen / nitrogen gas separation and oxygen enrichment with further oxygen ozonation and subsequent ozone decay for the release of atomic oxygen in the engine (patent for invention RU No. 2128777 on “A method for reducing exhaust gas toxicity ").

To reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases, expensive high-speed catalysts are used: platinum, iridium, rhodium, osmium.

The disadvantages of the known technical solutions is a slight increase in power, efficiency and reduction of engine toxicity.

The technical result of this invention is to increase the power, efficiency of engines, reducing their toxicity. The proposed scheme of the duty cycle of the engine is shown in figure 1.

), а в топливной системе двигателя и (или) камере сгорания двигателя проводят процесс ионизации топлива. Кроме того, при форкамерно-факельном и факельном зажигании для повышения мощности факела пламени проводят предварительный пиролиз топлива с образованием ациклических соединений и их реакцию с озоном, так как скорость реакции озона, например, с двойной связью С=С в 100000 раз выше, чем с ординарной связью С-С. Для снижения токсичности отработанных газов, состоящих в том числе из 90% окиси азота и 10% диоксида азота, их направляют системой рециркуляции в реактор синтеза диоксида азота, а затем в впускной воздушный тракт и (или) отдельную форкамеру для синтеза нитросоединений. Понижение токсичности отработанных газов двигателя и одновременная экономия топлива достигаются установкой в системе рециркуляции катализаторов для синтеза неразветвленных или низкомолекулярных разветвленных углеводородов.The task in part of the method is solved by the fact that in the intake air duct of the engine to activate the ozone synthesis process, air is dried, cooled, gas is separated by air for oxygen enrichment, followed by ozonation, its decomposition to produce atomic oxygen and (or) the formation of negative ozonides - ions by ionization and (or) simultaneously carry out the synthesis of additional oxidizing agents of nitrogen dioxide and (or) nitrogen tetraoxide, nitrous, nitric acids, nitro compounds (characteristic wa nitrogen compounds from oxidation until restoration is modified as follows

), and in the fuel system of the engine and (or) the combustion chamber of the engine, the process of ionization of the fuel is carried out. In addition, during prechamber and flare ignition, in order to increase the power of the flame, pre-pyrolysis of the fuel is carried out with the formation of acyclic compounds and their reaction with ozone, since the reaction rate of ozone, for example, with a double bond C = C, is 100,000 times higher than with ordinary bond CC. To reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases, including 90% nitric oxide and 10% nitrogen dioxide, they are sent by a recirculation system to the nitrogen dioxide synthesis reactor, and then to the inlet air duct and (or) a separate prechamber for the synthesis of nitro compounds. Reducing the toxicity of engine exhaust gases and simultaneous fuel economy are achieved by installing catalysts in the recirculation system for the synthesis of unbranched or low molecular weight branched hydrocarbons.

The problem in terms of the device is solved by the fact that the intake air system of the engine is equipped with a drying, air cooling system, gas separation device producing gas separation by nitrogen / oxygen gases, and the ozonizer is located after the gas separation device and is made in the form of coaxially arranged cylinders, and on the inner surface of the outer of the grounded cylinder, discharge protrusions are made, and the inner cylinder is coated with high-voltage high-temperature insulation and connected to one of the clamps a high-voltage high-frequency power source.

The task in part of the device is solved in that the fuel ionizer can be made in the form of electrets installed on the fuel line near the nozzle, injector and (or) at the outlet of the atomization channel of the nozzle, injector in such a way that provides a positive charge of fuel particles, or in the form of a ring equipped with high-voltage, high-temperature insulation and installed at the outlet of the fuel atomization channel and (or) near the nozzle, injector in the fuel line, while the ring (tube) is connected to the clamp of the constant housing and the cylinder of the combustion chamber of the engine. (A.N. Gubkin "Electrets". - M .: Nauka, 1978, p.192).

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 shows the proposed scheme of the duty cycle of the engine.

Figure 2 shows the installation diagram of a gas separation device, an ozonizer.

Figure 3 shows the flow diagram of the products of the pyrolysis of fuel and ozone in the prechamber.

Figure 4 shows a diagram of the ionization of fuel.

Figure 5-8 shows an increase in the degree of dispersion of fuel droplets and an improvement in the uniformity of its distribution throughout the combustion chamber, depending on the rectified voltage applied to the ring tube.

In Fig. 5, there is no voltage.

6, the voltage is 5 kV.

7, the voltage is 10 kV.

In Fig. 8, the voltage is 25 kV.

The proposed method is implemented in a device (Fig. 2), which contains an air filter 1, a gas separation device for a drying unit with an additional drying device for the air entering the engine, for example, a drying unit BO-660 for vehicles 2, an air cooler 3, and a nitrogen dioxide synthesis reactor and (or) nitric, nitrous acids, a thermostat for the process of dimerization of nitrogen dioxide (not shown in the drawing), ozonator 4 and a fuel ionizer (not shown in the drawing), a power supply of high rectified voltage 5, inlet air Engine shnyj path 6 indicating the feed point of nitrogen oxides, nitric acid, nitrous acid.

To increase the power of the engine, preliminary pyrolysis of the fuel is used and the pyrolysis products are fed to the nozzle prechamber (Fig. 3), the prechamber or the vortex chamber of the engine, where they react with ozone or ozonide ions or atomic oxygen.

The fuel ionizer (Fig 4.) is made in the form of a ring 2, equipped with high-voltage, high-temperature insulation, and is installed at the outlet of the atomization channel of the nozzle 2, injector, carburetor, tube 4 installed on the fuel line 5 near the nozzle. Ring 2 and tube 4 are connected to the clamp of the high-voltage DC power supply 3, the polarity of which is opposite to the polarity of the metal housing of the combustion chamber (not shown in the drawing) for charging fuel droplets with a positive charge.

The gas separation device is configured to separate oxygen and supply it to the combustion chamber of the engine.

The fuel ionizer is made in the form of electrets 2, 4, creating a high electrostatic field, installed at the output of the atomization channel of the nozzle 1, injector, carburetor and (or) on the fuel line 5, directly near the nozzle, and the side of the electret interacting with the sprayed fuel has a positive potential , and the back side is negative and is equipped with a metal screen (not shown in the drawing).

Ways to increase the power, efficiency of engines, reduce their toxicity and devices for their implementation is implemented as follows.

The power of an air oxidizer containing 20.9 volume percent oxygen is increased, for which purpose the air supplied to the engine is enriched with oxygen, increasing its concentration, then it is dried, cooled and ozonized by supplying a rectified voltage from a power source 5 to the cylinders of ozonizer 4 (Fig. 2). In this case, an electric barrier arises between them, as a result of which oxygen is converted into ozone and (or) as a result of ionization into a negative ozonide ion entering the combustion chamber and (or) the engine nozzle, nozzle.

At the same time, in the reactor, reactions are carried out for the synthesis of an additional oxidizing agent of nitric oxide with a possible increase in the oxidizing power to nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen tetroxide, nitric and nitrous acids, and nitro compounds are synthesized in the engine prechamber. The exhaust gases of the engine through the recirculation system are also sent to the reactor for the further synthesis of nitrogen dioxide, nitric, nitrous acids. To supply nitrogen dioxide with an injector and nozzle, nitrogen dioxide is dimerized in a thermostat. In addition to increasing the strength of oxygen and nitrogen oxidizing agents, preliminary pyrolysis of the fuel is carried out.

Depending on operating conditions (high-altitude operating conditions, engine starting in winter), engine operating modes, a combination of synthesized oxidizing agents or all oxidizing agents are fed into the engine combustion chamber, engine prechamber, nozzles.

The fuel is ionized by applying a high rectified voltage from the power source 3 to the ring 2, the tube 4 mounted on the fuel pipe 5 high pressure. The resulting droplets of fuel at the nozzle outlet of the nozzle acquire an electric charge of the same name with the polarity of the nozzle due to electrostatic induction. Moreover, all drops of injected fuel have the same size and have a positive charge.

Charged fuel particles falling into the combustion chamber are evenly distributed over its volume due to electrostatic repulsive forces, which allows to obtain a homogeneous mixture of fuel with synthesized oxidizing agents and to ensure a high degree of charge combustion completeness.

The economical operation of the engine is ensured by the synthesis of hydrocarbon fuel from the exhaust gases of the engine using the catalysts that are installed in the engine recirculation system.

Reducing the toxicity of engine exhaust gases is provided by a separate fence from the exhaust gas recirculation system containing oxidizing agents nitrogen oxides, nitric acid, nitrous acid, and nitrogen recovered from oxides from the catalytic system is fed to the nitrogen dioxide synthesis reactor to increase the strength of oxidizing agents and their concentration.

Engine power as a result of the combined effect of the amount of oxidizing agents and fuel ionization, its preliminary pyrolysis increases to 24%. Fuel consumption is reduced to 20%. The effectiveness of reducing the toxicity of engine exhaust gases depending on engine operating conditions is as follows: for carbon black - 56-60%, nitrogen oxides - 16-20%, carbon monoxide (2) 48-61%.

Claims (24)

1. A method of reducing the toxicity of engine exhaust gases, in which a gas separation process is carried out in the intake air duct of the engine, followed by ozonation of oxygen-enriched air to increase engine power and economy, characterized in that a preliminary process is performed in the intake air duct of the engine to increase the percentage yield of ozone synthesis drying, then carry out gas separation of air for enrichment with oxygen, followed by its ozonation, and (or) initiating its decay for the release of atomic oxygen, and (or) the formation of negative ozonide ions, moreover, for the synthesis of ozone and to reduce the toxicity of engine exhaust gases, a barrier discharge is used and (or) the process of synthesis of additional oxidizing agents of nitrogen dioxide and (or) tetraoxide, nitrous, nitric acid , nitro compounds, and in the fuel system of the engine and (or) the combustion chamber of the engine, the process of ionization of the fuel is carried out, moreover, to ensure monodispersity of the fuel, a unipolar charge of the combustion chamber of the engine is provided of Tell and fuel particles. 2. A device installed in the intake air duct of the engine and containing an air filter; a gas separation device, an ozonizer and a device for electrifying fuel installed behind it, characterized in that it is additionally equipped with an air drying and cooling device, a gas separation device with the possibility of gas separation by nitrogen / oxygen gases, an ozonizer located after the gas separation device and made in the form of coaxially arranged cylinders moreover, on the inner surface of the outer grounded cylinder, discharge protrusions are made, and the inner one is covered with high-voltage insulation th and is connected to one of the terminals of the high-voltage high-frequency power source for the generation of ozone and a device for initiating its decay for the release of atomic oxygen and (or) an ionizer generating negative ozonide ions with their separate supply to the combustion chamber of the engine, in addition, the engine air intake duct combined with the reactor for the synthesis of an additional oxidizer of nitrogen dioxide. 3. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the fuel electrification device is made in the form of electrets that are installed on the fuel line near the nozzle, injector and (or) at the outlet of the atomization channel of the nozzle, injector, carburetor, so that the fuel particles charge positively . 4. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the device for electrifying fuel, fuel pyrolysis products, made in the form of a tube, a ring, is installed on the fuel line near the nozzle, injector, and (or) a ring at the outlet of the atomization channel of the nozzle, injector, and the ring located at the outlet of the nozzle fuel atomizer nozzle, the injectors are provided with high-voltage, high-temperature insulation, while the rings, tubes are connected to the clamp of the constant high-voltage power supply, and the polarity of the clamp provides connection positively charged fuel droplets. 5. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that for the reactions of the synthesis of nitrogen dioxide in the reactor serves oxygen-enriched air obtained after the process of drying and cooling and gas separation of atmospheric air, and (or) ozone, which is obtained in the process of barrier discharge, surface discharge or pulse discharge. 6. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the barrier discharge is used for preliminary reactions of the synthesis of nitric oxide with its supply to the reactor for the synthesis of nitrogen dioxide and to neutralize the exhaust gases of the engine, and to obtain a barrier discharge as a power source using semiconductor converters based on parallel or sequential thyristor inverters with a power supply voltage of 10-35 kV and higher, a frequency of 10 to 20,000 Hz and higher, or other power sources that provide optimal syn eza, and as the dielectric of the ozonator used glass, ceramic or enamel base. 7. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the gaseous nitrogen dioxide is fed into a thermostat, in which the temperature is maintained at minus 11.4 ° C to 24 ° C for dimerization of nitrogen dioxide molecules, translating it into a liquefied state, and then fed into the chamber the combustion of the engine in a liquid state with a nozzle, injector, and endothermic dissociation and association reactions are used to cool the air entering the engine, the engine and (or) its parts, ozonizer electrodes. 8. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that to increase the power of the oxidizing agent in the air intake duct of the engine, they additionally equip a device for supplying water, water vapor or use water vapor obtained in the process of gas separation from atmospheric air for the synthesis of nitrous and nitric acids from dioxide nitrogen. 9. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the gaseous nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and (or) liquid nitrogen tetroxide, nitrous, nitric acid, oxygen-enriched air, ozone, ozonid ions, atomic oxygen; served in the combustion chamber of the engine, separately, together or in combination feed. 10. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that gaseous nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and (or) liquid nitrogen tetroxide, nitrous, nitric acid are fed to the engine prechamber, nozzles separately, together or in a feed combination for the synthesis of nitro compounds exhibiting oxidizing properties . 11. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the engine is equipped with a thermostat for liquefying nitrogen dioxide and fed into the combustion chamber of the engine and (or) the combustion chamber of the engine, nozzles for preliminary reactions with the fuel or its pyrolysis products to form nitro compounds. 12. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that for carrying out the reactions of synthesis of nitrogen dioxide in the reactor, nitric oxide is pre-synthesized, and atmospheric air with a standard ratio of nitrogen and oxygen molecules is used for its synthesis, and one or two sources of atmospheric air are used. 13. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that for each type of reaction using one or separate, for each type of synthesis, gas separation devices providing enriched oxygen - synthesis of ozone and enriched nitrogen - synthesis of nitrogen dioxide. 14. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that to increase the percentage of nitrogen dioxide and (or) to increase the concentration of nitric, nitrous acids, an engine recirculation system is used to supply nitrogen oxides from the exhaust gases of the engine to the nitrogen dioxide synthesis reactor and then to the inlet engine air path. 15. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that in the intake air duct of the engine behind the air filter and the drying device, which is used as a gas separation device and in which the oxygen concentration is increased, then the oxygen-enriched air is cooled and fed to the ozonizer and ionizer with the formation in the process of further ionization of ozonide ions or negative ozonide ions and (or) initiate the decomposition of an ozone molecule with the formation of atomic oxygen and which are fed into the combustion chamber of the engine, ozone and (silt ) Ozonide ions and (or) the atomic oxygen which is fed into the engine prechamber, the prechamber nozzle chamber with a split charge. 16. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that during prechamber ignition in the prechamber nozzle, pyrolysis of a portion of fuel is carried out to decompose the limiting hydrocarbon compounds into acyclic unsaturated ones with the formation of double, triple bonds to increase the torch power of the burning mixture during reactions with ozone, atomic oxygen, ozonide ions. 17. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that upon ignition by a burning torch of liquid fuel, a portion of the fuel is pre-pyrolyzed to decompose the limiting hydrocarbon compounds into acyclic unsaturated ones to form double, triple bonds to increase the torch power of the burning mixture during reactions with ozone, atomic oxygen , ozonide ions. 18. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that in an additional or vortex chamber of the engine preliminary pyrolysis of a portion of fuel is carried out to decompose the limiting hydrocarbon compounds into acyclic unsaturated ones with the formation of double, triple bonds to increase the power of the burning fuel mixture in reactions with ozone, atomic oxygen , ozonide ions. 19. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that in the exhaust gas recirculation system from products of thermal degradation of carbon monoxide, hydrogen fuel, fuel synthesis reactions are carried out, and thorium oxide is used as a catalyst to produce high-octane fuel consisting of low molecular weight branched hydrocarbons. 20. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that in the exhaust gas recirculation system from products of thermal destruction of carbon monoxide, hydrogen fuel, fuel synthesis reactions are carried out, while iron / cobalt (G. Fischer - F. Tropsch) is used as a catalyst obtaining unbranched hydrocarbons. 21. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that it is preliminarily sampled from the nitrogen oxides from the catalytic converter and, using a recirculation system, fed to the nitrogen dioxide synthesis reactor. 22. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the gas separation membranes of the drying unit are made in the form of hollow fibers and (or) are equipped with a heater and (or) additionally use non-heating drying methods using adsorbents, for example, silica gel, granulated ultramicro-porous alumina gel to produce air with low moisture content, and to lower the temperature of the air mixture entering the engine, coolers are used, the principle of which is based on various physical principles. 23. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the gas separation membranes are made of poly-4-methylpentene-1, polysulfones, siloxane-containing polymers, polyvinyltrimethylsilane or other gas separation devices are used, the action of which is based on various physical principles and selectively transmitting components of the gas air mixture . 24. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the electrets are made of fluoropolymers, polyvinyl difluoride or other materials that create a high electrostatic field.

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