RU2433493C1 - Method and device to generate quantum beams - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: power engineering. ^ SUBSTANCE: method to generate beams of directional coherent radiation in optical range is carried out with the help of pulse sources of nuclear radiation. Inverse occupation of atoms and molecules of active medium is provided. The active medium is placed in an open resonator. The released energy in the form of a directional coherent beam of optical range photons is taken out beyond the resonator limits via a partially transparent output window of the resonator. The active medium is surrounded with a radioactive medium, or the radioactive medium is placed homogeneously or heterogeneously inside the active medium, the pumping energy of the active medium is increased. The active medium is transferred into a super-radiating condition, from which the active medium, using the initiating start radiation, is transferred into the main (or less excited) condition, by release of the superradiation with intensity that is directly proportional to the squared quantity of excited atoms or molecules. The device of quantum beams generation comprises a quantum generator. Films of uranium-235 (235U) are applied onto inner surfaces of the side walls of pipes, as well as a double-zone pulse nuclear reactor that generates a field of nuclear pumping energy of active Ar-Xe gas mixture (medium). The pulse nuclear reactor is replaced with a power plant of non-nuclear design. ^ EFFECT: higher efficiency of pumping energy transformation into energy of directional radiation and expanded range of quantum components of radiation beams. ^ 7 cl, 20 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of energy conversion. There are various types of energy: mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, electromagnetic, nuclear, etc. Transformations of some types of energy into others are known, for example: mechanical into electrical; electric to thermal; mechanical to thermal; chemical into electrical; chemical into the formation of new structural bonds at the level of molecular quantum systems; nuclear to electrical, etc. Each type of energy has its own characteristic properties, which can manifest themselves in long-range action or the possibility of instantaneous concentration and provide the environment with sharply different qualitative properties: for example, phase transitions of the first and second kind. A first-order phase transition — with a change in the state of aggregation of the medium. A second-order phase transition — without a change in the state of aggregation, but with a change in internal energy due to a restructuring of the structure of internal bonds (phase transition, jump). Nuclear energy can generate electromagnetic energy, the birth of particles, the conversion of electromagnetic energy to the rest energy (mass) of particles.

A notable form of energy is energy, the carrier of which are electromagnetic waves and electromagnetic radiation. Moreover, different ranges of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation have their own characteristic properties: radio waves; lasers and others. The latter possess the properties of quantum systems of the microworld — stimulated energy transitions of atoms and molecules from excited states to the ground, unexcited ones. Using this property, light beams are formed with a high directivity, coherence, monochromaticity and, as a result, high intensity and phasing. Laser light sources have properties and capabilities that no light source had in the dolaser period. Lasers are characterized by a strongly pronounced energy individuality of each atom or molecule, the phasing (coherence) of electromagnetic waves in which is provided by external sources of electromagnetic waves and the properties of the stimulated emission of quantum systems during their transition from one energy level to another. Moreover, the external phasing (correlating) fields are external with respect to each individual atom or molecule, but not to the entire ensemble of quantum systems of the medium that would be the source of this correlating field.

The logical continuation of laser-type systems that convert one type of energy into other types are super-emitting (and super-absorbing) systems. At higher levels of energy pumping compared to laser, but not exceeding a certain certain level, the properties of superradiance in a number of ways are very similar to laser radiation, namely:

1. The need to provide the appropriate energy pumping inverse population of electronic levels of the medium.

2. A high degree of directivity of optical radiation.

3. A high degree of coherence of the medium.

4. The installation of an open resonator provides positive feedback, as for laser-active media.

However, superradiant systems are characterized by a combination (collectivization) of individual atomic energies into a single phased energy ensemble. In this case, phasing is ensured by additional bonds due to energy correlations "field + particles", which do not occur in laser systems. At a certain critical value of the inverse population and its rate of change at t _n ~ 0, where t _n is the starting value of the pump time, the super-excited system is formed into a dissipative system with negative energy. The negative energy of dissipative systems, in fact, is an unstructured, transitional form of energy. Under certain conditions, negative energy is pumped into that form of energy, the matrix of elements of which seems to be the most energetically determined (optimal) system. From the superradiant state, depending on the magnitude of the inversion and the increment characterizing the rate of relative change of the inversion, negative energy can be converted into superradiance (SI): photons in the optical range; gamma quanta; nuclear radiation in the form of beams of neutrons, charged particles, etc.

The inventive material is almost entirely the result of experimental studies. The methodology of these studies was based on two theoretical works [1, 2], substantiating the polariton model of superradiance, and the assumption of one of the authors of this application (Trykova OA [16]) on the prominence structure of electron shells of atoms and the transfer of a significant number of atoms excited ( pumped) medium into Rydberg states, i.e. states with large values of the principal quantum number "n". It is assumed that experimental studies do not contradict this, that such initial conditions ensure the transfer of media into superradiant or superabsorption states, which are characterized by the phased collective dynamics of particles and photon fields and the final result of which is superradiation and superabsorption. For convenience of further discussion, we combine the terms “superradiant” and “super absorbent” into one: superradiant. The superabsorption state is the antipode of the superradiant state, but the physics of the processes leading to superabsorption is the same, the difference is only in the boundary conditions for the formation of superabsorption.

As noted above, laser radiation is a well-known phenomenon, accompanied, like superradiance, by the collective processes of particles and photon fields. For the realization of laser radiation, as well as for the realization of superradiance, it is necessary to ensure the inverse population of electronic levels of the medium.

A characteristic feature of the process of formation of laser radiation is its phasing. In particular, this circumstance determines the coherence of laser radiation. However, the transition of excited atoms to a lower or ground energy state, as a result of stimulated radiative transitions, occurs in each atom individually independently of other atoms. A characteristic feature of the superradiant state is also the phasing of the formed superradiance. But this phasing is due to the collective phasing of all the excited centers. The removal of excitation in each excited atom occurs not independently of other atoms (molecules), but collectively, by an "avalanche".

The essence of the claimed solutions consists in: a method for producing super-intense beams of directional coherent radiation of the optical and shorter wavelength ranges (X-ray radiation, γ-radiation), directed particle beams from quantum nuclear objects (neutrons, charged particles); as well as in a method of deactivating radioactive media by creating an increased inverse population by pumping active media with nuclear (and not only nuclear) radiation, transferring the media to a superradiant (or super absorbing) state by using additional external fields from the fluxes of γ-quanta of the radioactive environment and intense magnetic and electric fields with magnetic induction values from "B" ≥1 T and strengths E up to several tens of kilovolts, the specific intervals of the parameters of which These ranges depend on the type of radiation or particles involved in the formation of directional (and non-directional) transported beams (or flows). The efficiency of the installations according to the claimed method is from units to several tens of percent.

The known method for producing directed coherent photon beams [28, 32] is implemented when receiving laser radiation. The disadvantages of this method are the low efficiency (~ 0.005) converting the pump energy into laser radiation energy and the formation of photon beams of only the optical range.

The proposed method provides an efficiency of conversion of pump energy into directed radiation energy of more than 10 ÷ 20% and significantly expands the range of quantum components of radiation beams (γ-quanta, neutrons, etc., Fig.17, a, 18).

A known method of deactivation of radioactive waste (RAW) [33] by the disposal of radioactive waste. Long-term storage of radioactive waste requires the conservation of waste in a form that will not enter into reactions and will be destroyed over time. One way to achieve this is by vitrification (or vitrification). Highly active radioactive waste is mixed with sugar and then calcined. Calcination involves the passage of waste through a heated rotating tube and aims to evaporate water and de-nitrate fission products to increase the stability of the resulting glassy mass. In the obtained substance in the induction furnace, ground glass is constantly added. The result is a new substance in which, upon solidification, the waste is bound to a glass matrix. This substance in the molten state is poured into alloy steel cylinders. When cooled, the liquid hardens, turning into glass, which is extremely resistant to water. According to the international technological society, it will take about a million years for 10% of such glass to dissolve in water. After filling, the cylinder is brewed, then washed. After inspection for external pollution, steel cylinders are sent to underground storage. This state of waste remains unchanged for many thousands of years. The search for suitable sites for deep final waste disposal is currently underway in several countries. Within the framework of these searches, the project called “Remix & Return” (mixing and returning) looks the most real, the essence of which is that highly active radioactive waste mixed with waste from uranium mines and concentration plants to the initial level of uranium ore radioactivity will then be placed into empty uranium mines. Advantages of this project: the disappearance of the problem of highly active radioactive waste, the return of the substance to the place intended by nature, the provision of the miners and the provision of a cycle of removal and disposal for all radioactive materials [33]. The disadvantages of existing methods of deactivation and disposal of radioactive materials and waste: a threat to the environment; very laborious and laborious technology for the preparation of radioactive waste for disposal and a huge amount of accumulated radioactive waste. In 1997, in 20 countries with a large part of the world's nuclear potential, the spent fuel reserves in the storage facilities inside the reactors amounted to 148 thousand tons, 59% of which were disposed of. There were 78 thousand tons of waste in external storage facilities, of which 44% were disposed of. Given the rate of disposal (about 12 thousand tons annually), the waste is still far away from the final disposal of waste [33].

The proposed method is devoid of the above disadvantages and provides: the preservation of the ecology of the environment; a sharp increase in the rate of disposal of radioactive waste (hundreds and thousands of times); full payback of waste disposal. In addition, the proposed method may create alternative energy sources. An example of the creation of alternative sources of energy and payback of the proposed method of disposal (deactivation) of radioactive waste: the energy released during the deactivation of radioactive waste can be used by different consumers in the form of electricity, heat, etc. For example, when deactivating radioactive waste with an activity of 2.5 · 10 ¹⁰ Ki (Curie) accumulated and buried in the Krasnoyarsk region, the energy released during the deactivation of these wastes will be about 5 · 10 ¹⁵ ÷ 2.5 · 10 ¹⁶ J [21, 23, 34]. This means that even with a 10 percent efficiency conversion of this energy into electrical energy, this energy is equal to the energy that a power plant such as Sayano-Shushenskaya could supply consumers within 60-300 years. But the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station generated the 4th part of all the electricity generated in the Russian Federation. And the rest is no radioactive debris.

A known method of protection against penetrating radiation [35]: protection against gamma rays is performed using materials made on the basis of elements that are heavy in atomic weight; neutron protection is carried out using materials made on the basis of light-atomic-weight elements; protection against mixed flows of nuclear radiation is performed using materials made on the basis of a certain combination of materials made on the basis of heavy and light elements. The main disadvantages of existing protective devices: large dimensions, large weight and, as a consequence, large losses of flows in beams transported to objects of radiation exposure. The latter is essential for medical purposes.

The proposed method substantially eliminates the above disadvantages: the gain in the above parameters — weight, dimensions, radiation intensity — can be several decimal orders [17].

Known methods for producing intense sources of neutrons and gamma quanta using critical nuclear reactors, using subcritical nuclear reactors (boosters), in nuclear reactions implemented on charged particle accelerators [36, 37]. The disadvantages of the known methods are well known: the complexity of the plants that implement the existing methods, and the intense accumulation of radioactive contaminating waste.

In the proposed method, these disadvantages are absent. A trial installation that implements the proposed method is extremely simple (a description of the experimental installation is given in the "Description of the invention" section on page 26-27). The multiplication coefficient of neutrons and gamma rays in the experimental setup was 10 ² ÷ 10 ⁴ . Presumably, conditions are created in the working fluid (active medium) for the formation of superabsorption and, apparently, there are nuclear reactions similar to nuclear fusion reactions [30, pp. 93, 94].

The inventive method is implemented using the device adopted for the prototype, the conversion of nuclear radiation energy into laser directed coherent radiation of the optical range of high power, consisting of components of a quantum generator operating in the mode of a quantum amplifier made in the form of a block of pipes (resonators) made of stainless steel with a diameter ⌀50 mm and a length of l = 2500 mm with uranium ²³⁵ U coating thickness δ = 0.5 mm inside the pipes, filled with an active medium of Ar-Xe gas mixture, is placed inside the tube block (cuvette), called a laser block, a dual-zone pulsed nuclear reactor having an efficiency of converting nuclear energy into laser radiation energy of the optical range of 0.005 (efficiency = 0.005), characterized in that to increase the efficiency of converting nuclear energy into energy laser radiation of the optical range by 10 ÷ 20 times (efficiency = 0.05 ÷ 0.1) in the Ar-Xe active gas mixture introduced tritium in a concentration comparable with the concentration of Xe in the existing Ar-Xe mixture. To increase the efficiency to 0.5 and higher, a part of the tubes was removed from the laser unit, in the free space, between the tubes (cuvettes) remaining in the laser unit with the active Ar-Xe-T gas mixture, pulsed solenoids, tubes (cuvettes) with Ar- Xe-T gas active medium remaining in the laser unit is installed inside the solenoids, which relative to the active medium of the tubes (cuvette) create an external pulsed magnetic field with a given value of magnetic induction "B", the solenoids are switched on simultaneously (or with some lead ), Including the pumping of nuclear radiation. To expand the range of directional radiation by the type of radiation (γ-quanta, neutrons, charged particles), a cuvette (cuvette) with an active Ar-Xe-T gas medium is installed in the central channel of a pulsed solenoid, and a remote channel is installed in the same channel from one of the ends of the cuvette a vacuum electron lead of a pulsed electron accelerator, on the side, close to the solenoid, a source of nuclear radiation is installed, for example a neutron generator (this can be the active zone of a nuclear reactor), the location of the cell, the solenoid and the target gene the neutron atom is surrounded by a hydrogen-containing moderator, the energy of the active medium is pumped by a beam of electrons entering the cell with the active medium through the exit window of the vacuum electron guide of the accelerator, the electron beam of the accelerator, the source of nuclear radiation, if the pulse source of nuclear radiation, an external magnetic field are turned on simultaneously (or with some advance or delay), while the pulse duration of the external magnetic field and the pulse duration of nuclear radiation Chez pump pulse duration. One of the options for a cell with an active medium is made in the form of a focone, in which the active medium in the form of nanotechnological fiber optic fibers of scintillating polystyrene with tritium chemically incorporated instead of hydrogen atoms is enclosed in a metal shell, for example, made of aluminum, the shell thickness (length) is comparable to or slightly larger than the mean free path of electrons in the materials of the shell and the active medium. In a focuvette cell, scintillating polystyrene fibers with hydrogen replaced by tritium are replaced by channels with an Ar-Xe-T gas mixture.

The well-known installation adopted as a prototype is made in the form of an energy prototype of a quantum generator of a pulsed reactor-laser system - an optical nuclear-pumped quantum amplifier (OKUYAN) - which was developed by specialists of the SSC RF IPPE for experimental demonstration of the unique power and energy qualities of nuclear-pumped lasers [28 ].

OKUYAN consists of two modules: an ignition reactor and a laser unit (see Figure 1). As a pilot reactor, a BARS-6 dual-zone pulse reactor is used. The laser unit (LB) is a cylindrical structure with a longitudinal cavity to accommodate the firing pulse reactor. The diameter of the forehead is ~ 1700 mm, and the length is ~ 2500 mm. The laser unit includes laser-active elements (LAELs), their simulators and neutron moderator elements. The LB is surrounded by two rows of an external neutron reflector. In the neutron-physical sense, the laser unit is a deeply subcritical system with the effective neutron multiplication coefficient significantly less than 1.

OKUYAN functions as follows. Neutrons born in a pulsed firing reactor, passing through a laser block, slow down in it and cause fission of uranium-235 in laser-active elements. Fission fragments create a recombinationly non-equilibrium nuclear-excited plasma in the volume of the laser-active medium. The energy stored in a laser-active medium can be removed from LAELs using a special optical system.

The calculations showed that if all LAEL simulators (~ 650 units) are replaced with real laser-active elements, the total energy of the output laser beam from the system will be ~ 50 kJ with a duration of ~ 10 ms.

Key Features OKUYAN

Parameter Value The number of divisions in the reactor BARS-6 5 · 10 ¹⁷ Impulse duration in LB 1-10 ms Laser active medium Ar he Laser transition Xe1 Laser Transition Wavelength 1.73 μm The output energy of laser radiation (650 LAELs) up to 50 kj

The disadvantages of the known device are: low conversion efficiency (~ 0.5%) of nuclear pump energy into the energy of the output radiation beam and the formation of a directed photon beam only in the optical range.

The proposed devices do not have these disadvantages. The efficiency of conversion of nuclear pump energy into the energy of output radiation beams of more than> 50% is possible. The formation of the output radiation beam covers not only the optical range, but also photons of the γ-quantum range. In addition, the proposed device allows the formation of directed beams of particles under certain initial and boundary conditions for the formation of a superradiant state.

(но не >10 МэВ). Вакуумный электроновод 4 e^--пучка установлен в центральный осевой канал 11 импульсного соленоида 2 (ИЭМ [27]), создающего в центральной части осевого канала магнитное поле с индукцией В≥10 Тл. В осевой канал соленоида вплотную к выходному окну электроновода установлена герметично кювета 1 с Ar-Хе-Т активной газовой смесью. Диаметр кюветы ⌀=5÷12 мм, длина l=30÷50 мм. Длительность импульса e^--пучка

с. Амплитудное значение тока

А. Длительность импульса магнитной индукции импульсного соленоида τ_B≈10^-7÷10^-4 с. Вплотную к соленоиду размещена нейтронная трубка 6 импульсного генератора нейтронов с энергией вылетающих нейтронов Е_н=14 МэВ. Длительность импульса нейтронов τ_н~0,5·10^-6 с. Число нейтронов в импульсе - от 10⁸ нейтронов. Кювета с активной средой и нейтронная трубка генератора нейтронов размещены в полиэтиленовом блоке 10. Кювета с активной средой изготовлена разных модификаций, в которых активная среда использована в газовом и конденсированном исполнении с возможностью дополнительных присадок (добавок) к основному составу активной среды (см. п.6 способа формулы). На выходе экспериментального канала 11 устанавлены детекторы 8 для регистрации нейтронов и фотонов (сверхизлучательных пучков), выходящих из кюветы 1.Figure 2 shows an example of a device that does not use a source of nuclear radiation (for example, a nuclear reactor) for energy pumping. In this setup, a pulsed electron accelerator 5 with an average electron energy was introduced as a source of energy pumping

(but not> 10 MeV). A vacuum electron guide 4 e ^- beam is installed in the central axial channel 11 of the pulsed solenoid 2 (IEM [27]), which creates a magnetic field in the central part of the axial channel with induction B≥10 T. Close to the exit window of the electron guide, a cuvette 1 with an Ar-Xe-T active gas mixture is installed in the axial channel of the solenoid. The diameter of the cell ⌀ = 5 ÷ 12 mm, length l = 30 ÷ 50 mm. Pulse duration e ^- beam

from. Current amplitude value

A. The pulse duration of the magnetic induction of the pulsed solenoid τ _B ≈10 ^-7 ÷ 10 ^-4 s. The neutron tube 6 of the pulsed neutron generator with the emitted neutron energy E _n = 14 MeV is placed close to the solenoid. The neutron pulse duration τ _n ~ 0.5 · 10 ^-6 s. The number of neutrons in a pulse is from 10 ⁸ neutrons. The cell with the active medium and the neutron tube of the neutron generator are placed in a polyethylene block 10. The cell with the active medium is made of various modifications, in which the active medium is used in gas and condensed form with the possibility of additional additives (additives) to the basic composition of the active medium (see p. 6 way of the formula). At the output of the experimental channel 11, detectors 8 are installed for detecting neutrons and photons (superradiant beams) emerging from the cell 1.

А, длительность

с), магнитной индукции ИЭМ (в центре кюветы В≥10 Тл). При этом плотность потока сверхизлучения φ из фотонного излучения и частиц в предположении, что каждая частица (и квант излучения) имеет энергию E_c~8 МэВ, составит φ_с~10²⁹ см^-2·с¹ на расстоянии 1 м от излучателя. Величина потока Ф_с в единицу времени зависит от частоты следования импульсов e^--пучка. При частоте следования импульсов электронного пучка f=100 Гц поток Ф_с сверхизлучения в условиях, в которых определена плотность потока φ_с, составит Ф_с~2·10¹⁸ см^-2·с^-1. При необходимости приведенные значения плотности потока φ_с и потока Ф_с легко пролонгируются на один-два десятичных порядка в сторону больших значений без заметных ограничений в техническом исполнении установки. Описанному варианту установки (Фиг.2) по получению интенсивных направленных пучков фотонов и частиц, согласно просмотренным (в рамках патентного поиска) публикациям, аналогов нет.The installation shown in figure 2, operates as follows. An intense pulse of energy pumping from the electrons of the e ^- beam through the exit window 3 of the vacuum electron guide 4 enters the cell 1 with the active medium, and the medium is provided with a high excitation density and inverse population. The transition of the medium from the excited state to the ground is accompanied by electromagnetic radiation of a different range (optical, x-ray, γ-quantum), as well as the emission of particles (β-particles, neutrons, etc.). The magnetic field of solenoid 2 is switched on synchronously with the pump pulse (or with some advance), and the active medium is transferred into a super-excited state. The detectors 8 detect radiation emanating from the cell 1. The charged charged particles are detected by the cell itself, operating in the mode of an ionization chamber. Necessary parameters of the super-excited state of the active medium with the exit of superradiance from the cell in the form of directed flows (beams) of electromagnetic radiation and particles (with a divergence of no worse than 10 ^-2 rad) with a total energy E _c ≈2 · 10 ⁴ J, power P≈10 ¹⁶ ÷ 10 W for a time τ _s <3 · 10 ^-13 s are provided by changing the parameters of the e ^- pump beam (current

Ah, duration

c), magnetic induction of the IEM (in the center of the cuvette B≥10 T). Moreover, the flux density of superradiance φ from photon radiation and particles, assuming that each particle (and radiation quantum) has an energy E _c ~ 8 MeV, will be φ _s ~ 10 ²⁹ cm ^-2 · s ¹ at a distance of 1 m from the emitter. The magnitude of the flux Ф _с per unit time depends on the pulse repetition rate of the e ^- beam. When the pulse repetition rate of the electron beam is f = 100 Hz, the flux Φ _{s of} superradiance under conditions in which the flux density φ _s is determined is Φ _s ~ 2 · 10 ¹⁸ cm ^-2 · s ^-1 . If necessary, the given values of the flux density φ _s and flux Ф _s can easily be extended by one or two decimal orders in the direction of large values without noticeable limitations in the technical design of the installation. The described installation option (Figure 2) for obtaining intense directed beams of photons and particles, according to the publications viewed (as part of a patent search), has no analogues.

Figure 3 presents a block diagram explaining the principles of interaction of individual subunits of the devices shown in Figures 1, 2. Cell 1 with the active medium (if the active medium is solid, then the active medium itself plays the role of cell 1) is placed in external fields, stimulating the formation of a super-excited state of the active medium. Preferably, the transverse dimensions of the cell or its diameter are <or << its length. A cuvette (or cuvettes) is placed in intense pulsed fields 3: a pump energy field, which can be nuclear or non-nuclear (for example, a beam of energetic electrons) of origin; an external magnetic field with induction in the region of placement of the cuvette B≥1 T; an additional source of nuclear radiation (neutrons and γ-quanta when using a pump energy source of non-nuclear origin), which can be of stationary design; field of radiation γ-quanta, resulting from induced activity during radiation capture of neutrons by the nuclei of auxiliary elements. The latter (the field of radiation gamma rays) is a necessary condition for heterogeneous placement of a source with induced radioactivity relative to the active medium. In the case of a homogeneous placement of a source with induced radioactivity, the condition that only radioactive gamma rays are emitted by radioactive sources is optional. To synchronize the start-up time of devices that provide the necessary set of fields 3 that form the superradiant state of the active medium, a partially reflecting screen 6 is installed on the path of the superradiation beam 4 emerging from the cell 1, and the reflected part of the superradiance is detected by a detector (or set of detectors) of superradiance 8. The signals from the output of the detector 8 are supplied to the control device 9 for starting the devices 5, 2, 10, 11 with parameters depending on the duration and amplitude of the signals at the output of the detector of superradiations 8, and e structure of superradiance beams.

An analogue of the proposed installation shown in Figure 2, in some approximation, can serve as a device, a description of which is given in [5].

The features of superradiant states and superradiance are most clearly demonstrated by the polariton model of SR [2,1].

In superradiance after the action of an external field on the medium (pump field) and with the formation of an inverse population (at a high density of the inverse population ΔN, along with ordinary electromagnetic waves, polarization waves propagate in the medium, characterized by negative energy, which is concentrated in polarization oscillations (rather than the electric field , whose energy is relatively small)), the electric energy of the pumping electromagnetic field is pumped into the polarization field energy. With polarization at the resonant frequency, polarization waves arising in the medium cover all microdipoles of the medium, forming a single phased macrodipole. The energy of the polarization field and the phases of the polarization waves become the same for all centers of excitation (excited atoms and molecules).

The dynamics of the effect on the centers of excitation of this field also becomes uniform for all centers of excitation, or on the entire macrodipole formed.

In inverted samples with reflecting walls, for polarization waves, these waves form polariton modes localized inside the sample. If the walls of the sample have a reflection coefficient R <1, then the polariton modes go beyond its boundaries, but in the form of an ordinary electromagnetic wave. Radiation of electromagnetic waves outside the sample leads to a decrease in the energy of the polariton mode, and since Since the polariton mode energy is negative, this leads to an increase in the amplitude (in absolute value) of the oscillations of the polariton mode, and this, in turn, leads to an increase in the amplitude of electromagnetic radiation, i.e., losses. Thus, dissipative instability is realized. In unbounded samples, such instability of waves with negative energy is possible in the presence of absorption of polarization waves in the substance. As a result, in unlimited samples and samples with a reflection coefficient of the sample boundaries R = l, the super absorption mode is possible, while in open samples with R <1, the super-radiation mode is realized.

The result of dissipative instability is: the energy of polarization waves transforms avalanchely into electromagnetic radiation in a time inversely proportional to the number of excitation centers τ ₁ ~ (1 / N), and thus the intensity of the superradiance pulse

W _c ~ (ħωN) / τ ₁ = ħω (N) ² ,

where ħωN is the energy of the polarization field into which the energy of the external pump field was pumped.

For lasers, the radiation intensity is proportional to the number of excitation centers N, i.e. W _lazer ~ N.

Superradiance is characterized by narrowly directed coherent spontaneous emission of an ensemble of collective-excited atoms with an intensity proportional to the square of their number. In fact, spontaneous coherent radiation is, like laser, stimulated coherent radiation.

и разности населенностей ΔN=N₂-N₁ единицы объема среды [1]The superradiant collectivized state is characterized by general energy levels, the radiation at the transitions between which (Fig. 4) is described in macroscopic approximation by the semiclassical equations of field interaction with a continuous medium - the classical Maxwell equations and the equations for average polarization following from the quantum description of a two-level medium

and population differences ΔN = N ₂ -N ₁ unit volume of the medium [1]

- коэффициент связи поляризации с полемwhere T ₁ is the energy relaxation time of active centers (centers of excitation); T ₂ is the phase relaxation time of active centers; ΔN _n is the population of the medium at the initial moment of pumping at t≈0; σ is the conductivity of the medium; ω ₀ is the transition frequency;

is the coupling coefficient of polarization with the field

d is the dipole moment of the transition of atoms or molecules at the resonant frequency.

.In an inverted medium, ΔN> 0 and the value

.

The evolution of the coupling coefficient depending on the degree of inverse population of the pumped active medium has a strong influence on the features of the development of processes preceding superradiance. The delay in SI output is due to the time of inducing the field ± particle correlation, which form the collective dynamics of the centers of excitation. Moreover, correlation guidance should be phased. Phasing during correlation is carried out at the quantum level, i.e. at the level of interaction of field photons with individual atoms and molecules. Therefore, correlation time is of great importance. This, in turn, depends on the intensity of the coherent fraction in the pump wave at the starting time interval of the fluctuation quantum phasing of the centers of excitation of the medium and reaching the macroscopic level of phasing of the centers of excitation and the whole medium by polarization waves that convert the positive energy of electromagnetic waves into negative.

According to macroscopic electrodynamics, the Dicke SR is based on the mechanism of dissipative instability of polarization oscillations with negative energy [1].

Near the resonance frequency ω ~ ω ₀ at polariton resonance due to dissipative instability (in an inverted medium under certain growth conditions ΔN (t), i.e., by choosing the parameters ΔN and ΔN (t) near a certain frequency ω ₀ ), it is possible to ensure polariton resonance near any previously specified transition ω ₀ and thereby ensure the SR spectrum near the desired transition ω ₀ . In this case, the behavior of the inversion ΔN (t) substantially depends on the intensity of the phasing (and initially phased) component in the initial starting time interval of the energy pumping of the medium.

МэВ и фотонейтронов, спектр которых был близок к спектру деления с

МэВ. Интерпретация экспериментальных результатов однозначно (по мнению авторов) указывает на эффекты сверхизлучения в оптическом диапазоне фотонов, а также сверхпоглощения и мультиплицирования гамма-квантов, т.е. в более коротковолновом диапазоне фотонов. Проявление основных признаков сверхизлучения для твердотельных сред происходит не при криогенных температурах, а при Т≥300 К. Экспериментально установлено, что фактором ("катализатором"), способствующим коллективизации центров возбуждения при формировании сверхвозбужденного состояния сверхизлучающей среды, являются продукты ядерных превращений, рождающиеся при радиоактивном распаде радиоактивных ядер, образующихся при захвате нейтронов ядрами. Пороговое значение числа образующихся радиоактивных ядер, оцененное по выходу гамма-квантов, сопровождающих радиоактивный распад образующихся радиоактивных ядер, определяется из условия: удельная мощность потока энергии активационных гамма-квантов в возбуждаемой среде Р_уд, Дж·м^-2·с^-1, должна быть сравнима или больше удельной мощности потока P_Q, Дж·м^-2·с^-1, внутренней колебательной энергии Q, Дж·м^-3.In the works on excitation [5–12, 13, 14, 16, 17–19, 21–23], the results of studies of superradiance on different media during nuclear pumping of media are presented. Pumping was carried out by a mixed stream of fast electrons with an energy of E _n = 27 MeV, of hard inhibitory gamma rays with a spectrum

MeV and photoneutrons, the spectrum of which was close to the spectrum of fission with

MeV. The interpretation of the experimental results unambiguously (according to the authors) indicates the effects of superradiance in the optical range of photons, as well as superabsorption and multiplication of gamma rays, i.e. in the shorter wavelength range of photons. The manifestation of the main signs of superradiance for solid-state media does not occur at cryogenic temperatures, but at T≥300 K. It has been experimentally established that the factor ("catalyst") contributing to the collectivization of the excitation centers during the formation of the superexcited state of the superradiant medium is the products of nuclear transformations generated during radioactive the decay of radioactive nuclei formed during the capture of neutrons by nuclei. The threshold value of the number of generated radioactive nuclei, estimated by the output of gamma rays accompanying the radioactive decay of the generated radioactive nuclei, is determined from the condition: the specific power flux of activation gamma rays in the excited medium R _beats , J · m ^-2 · s ^-1 , should be comparable to or greater than the specific flow rate P _Q , J · m ^-2 · s ^-1 , internal vibrational energy Q, J · m ^-3 .

A model was proposed in [16], which allows to some degree plausibly explain the observed phenomenon. It is proposed to consider atomic electrons as emissions or fluctuation bursts of nuclear (nucleon) matter as a result of the resonant interaction of fluctuations of the field of zero vibrations with nuclei or, more precisely, with nuclear (nucleon) condensate. This means that atoms are nuclei, on the outer boundary of which periodically bursts of prominences appear, which are an integral part of nuclear matter (nuclear condensate).

Apparently, prominences or prominences-electrons are a transitional form of energy or a transitional form of matter (nuclear condensate). Prominences-electrons can be characterized as virtual electrons or quasiparticles with the properties (for a short time) of electrons. The lifetime of prominences in an atom in an electron state, apparently in order of magnitude, should be taken equal to the lifetime of atoms with respect to spontaneous transitions, i.e. τ _pipe ~ τ _cn ~ 10 ^-8 s. Moreover, τ _cn ~ 10 ⁻⁸ s should be considered in the coordinate system external to the atom. Passing to the own coordinate system of the nucleus and using the Heisenberg uncertainty relations, in each specific case we can estimate the frequency of the atom "into orbit" of the corresponding prominence. This frequency will determine the resonant frequency of the interaction of fluctuations in the zero-point oscillations of the vacuum with the nuclear condensate field. Estimates show that the frequency of occurrence of “electrons” in the “orbit” of atoms coincides in order of magnitude with the frequency value in the expression E _ω = ħω, which characterizes the energy of an electron in the orbit of a Bohr atom. If fluctuations of zero vacuum oscillations are considered as phased coherent oscillations, it is natural to assume, in connection with the assumed resonant interaction of fluctuations of zero vacuum oscillations with nuclear condensate, the phasing of the decay products of radioactive nuclei. Thus, the proposed physical model explains the effect of the initial phasing of the excitation centers located in the field of nuclear decay products.

Thus, a method arises of effective and controlled collective phasing of the excited centers: mix the active medium with the auxiliary radioactive medium or place the active medium so that the radioactive auxiliary medium in the form of a "bath" surrounds the active medium and provides the necessary gamma background level over the entire volume of the active medium quanta and other decay products accompanying the radioactive decay of the nuclei of the auxiliary medium. In principle, the transfer of excited media to a collectivized state in which the electrons of atomic shells are collectivized, in light of the above picture of the peculiarities of the excitation of the polariton mode, is quite understandable.

, радиусом орбиты , орбитальным моментом

, магнитным моментом

. Рассмотрим газ аргон Ar. Рассмотрение выполним для главного квантового числа n=5 и давления Р=1 ат:It was established by experiments that the threshold of the inverse population, necessary for transferring media to a superradiant state with certain properties, is qualitatively influenced by the placement of the excited medium in an external magnetic field. Let us consider the mechanism of action of an external magnetic field using Rydberg electrons as an example. Consider a gaseous medium. Rydberg electrons entering a circular orbit are characterized by the parameters: energy

radius of the orbit orbital moment

magnetic moment

. Consider the argon gas Ar. We will consider the analysis for the main quantum number n = 5 and pressure P = 1 at:

- скорость электрона на орбите;

- ток, создаваемый электроном на орбите; S - площадь, охватываемая орбитой

.Where

- the speed of the electron in orbit;

- current generated by an electron in orbit; S is the area covered by the orbit

.

Let us consider a superradiant process for an Ar-Xe mixture, for which the number of centers of excitation upon pumping is determined by argon atoms (the concentration of argon atoms is ~ 99%). We define the duration of the superradiance pulse for a cell with a length L = 5 cm [24]:

where T ₁ is the lifetime of the transition at a wavelength of λ = 2 μm relative to spontaneous emission; Δt _imp is the temporal width of the pump pulse; Δω _n is the frequency broadening of the pump pulse.

With an inverse population, N _p = 10 ¹⁵ cm ^-3 , T ₁ = 5 · 10 ^-9 s, Δt _imp = 40 · 10 ^-6 s, Δω _n = ~ 10 ¹⁰ Hz: τ _s = ~ 1,256 · 10 ^-10 s ; τ _s ≡τ.

, при которой все векторы магнитных моментов

всех ридберговских атомов развернутся вдоль вектора магнитной индукции

. Воспользуемся известным гироскопическим соотношениемLet us estimate the magnitude of the induction of an external magnetic field

at which all vectors of magnetic moments

all Rydberg atoms will unfold along the magnetic induction vector

. We use the well-known gyroscopic ratio

, действующей на плечо, равное радиусу орбиты

, за время длительности сверхизлучения dt~τ_c. Отсюдаwhere T _L is the moment of rotation of the force

acting on the shoulder equal to the radius of the orbit

, during the duration of the superradiance dt ~ τ _c . From here

The total magnetic moment of all phased elementary (electronic) magnetic moments is

равен

По определению

. Следовательно,Then the total torque

is equal to

A-priory

. Hence,

Thus, to correlate all centers of excitation at the atomic level, it is sufficient to include moderate magnetic fields.

Rydberg electrons, being in orbits fixed by the Coulomb forces of nuclei, in turn, through the same Coulomb forces drag the nucleus into orbital motion. The walls of the potential well of nuclear forces hold the nucleus in some kind of equilibrium orbit. The radius of this equilibrium orbit, apparently, should be established from the condition of equality of the angular frequency of rotation of the electron in the Rydberg orbit and the parameter ω _{i of the} de Broglie energy of the nucleus

those.

Let us estimate the magnetic moment of the orbital motion of the nucleus µ _i after the nucleus enters equilibrium orbit:

The total nuclear magnetic moment of the excited medium when the medium is placed in an external magnetic field is

. Воспользуемся также гироскопическим соотношениемLet us estimate the magnitude of the magnetic induction B of the external magnetic field for the full orientation of all magnetic nuclear moments µ _i in the field

. We also use the gyro ratio

where L _i = m _i · V _i · R _i = ~ 2.1 · 10 ^-34 N · m · s ^-1 ; τ _i ≈τ _s = 1.256 · 10 ^-10 s. Then N _i = 1,675 · 10 ^-24 N · m.

AND

And therefore

These are very large fields. The obtained value "B" is included in the corridor of estimates obtained from experimental data (see section: physical and operational parameters of the MI-30 experimental setup, p.21, p. 28).

Let us estimate the recoil energy of a non-collectivized nucleus during its interaction with a gamma quantum with an energy E _γ = 10 MeV.

Assume, conditionally, the lifetime of the excited nucleus relative to the transition from this level to τ _γ ~ 1 year = 3.15 · 10 ⁷ s. Let us estimate the width of the energy level ΔE _γ = Г _γ

those. (comparing ((22) with (21)) resonant interaction is impossible.

. Эффективный орбитальный момент коллективизированного ядра равенLet us evaluate the capabilities of nuclei in an excited medium placed in an external magnetic field, i.e. for the case when there is a rigid coupling of the orbital moments as a result of a rigid coupling (orientation) of the magnetic moments of the nuclei through an external magnetic field

. The effective orbital momentum of the collectivized nucleus is

We define the force F _γ acting on the shoulder equal to the radius of the core R _i ,

; а

Where

; but

Hence,

From here

On the other hand,

or

where ΔL _i = N · Δt _γ = F _γ · R _i · Δt _γ ;

Then

And the recoil energy of a collectivized core

which is substantially less than Г _γ (22).

We perform a similar estimate for β particles with E _β = 18 keV. The recoil energy of a non-collectivized core, such as argon

Consider the case of conditional β-decay by argon nuclei with an energy of E _β = 18 keV and T _1/2 = 1 year.

For a collectivized kernel (see (26))

Where

Substituting (30), (31), (32) into (29), we obtain

or

.which is significantly less than the value

.

, и, таким образом, возможна лавина β-частиц в результате диссипативной неустойчивости среды.The energy loss of β particles for the recoil of the nucleus is significantly less than the width of the energy level, i.e.

, and, thus, an avalanche of β particles is possible as a result of dissipative instability of the medium.

If we are dealing with dissipative systems, then we are talking about the conversion of one type of energy into another in the presence of channels of exit to this other type of energy. If the conditions for the phasing of polarization waves are ensured and the intensity of the force external field is sufficient to retain the magnetic moments of the nuclei in such a way that the effect on the elementary magnet is perceived by the entire system of excited centers, then when a certain inversion is exceeded, collective (avalanche-like) removal of nuclear excitation by particles responsible it is for these levels of arousal.

And we should not forget about the following circumstance: apparently, in the presence of an external organizing force field, there is a parameter in the form of the product τ '~ ΔN · Δτ · B (or E, or D), where ΔN = f (τ), B = B (τ), E = E (τ) and D = D (τ), in which, on the one hand, free (vacuum) energy is released from the vacuum, and on the other hand, one type of medium energy is converted to another, and for each This parameter has its own type of transformation.

; Т_1/2~12,3 года; А=3. Рассмотрим случай с n=5:Let us make similar estimates of β decay ((29) ÷ (34)) for tritium nuclei

; T _1/2 ~ 12.3 years; A = 3. Consider the case with n = 5:

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

or

In comparison with the level width Г _γ = 0.85 × 10 ^-24 eV (45), the recoil energy of the collectivized tritium core is negligible

For comparison (see (42)), the recoil energy of a non-collectivized nucleus

.

.

Let us estimate the magnitude of the induction of an external magnetic field, providing a rigid correlation of the magnetic moments of collectivized nuclei

The total magnetic moment of the excited collectivized medium will be

Core Turning Point (18)

According to relation (19)

This is a very large value of induction. You can focus on the slower procedure for turning magnetic moments through oriented magnetic moments of electron collectivized orbitals. It is important that, in this case, the time to reach the overexcited state be such as not to fall into the region of intense relaxation processes that begin at t> 10 ^-9 s.

электронных орбиталей. Оценим магнитный момент электрона на ридберговской орбите атома трития (n=5)We estimate the magnitude of the induction B ^T for aligning the magnetic moments

electronic orbitals. Let us estimate the magnetic moment of the electron in the Rydberg orbit of the tritium atom (n = 5)

The total magnetic moment of the orbital electrons

The moment of electron rotation in orbit

The total moment of rotation of the orbitals

By relation (14) we obtain

,

,

, в результате которых рождаются, в частности, нейтроны, геометрия вылета которых и интенсивность (направленность, квадратичная зависимость длительности излучения от числа центров возбуждения, когерентность) определяются свойствами сверхизлучения [30 (стр.93, 94), 31].In dissipative systems with negative energy, the conversion of this energy to another type of energy occurs according to the scheme: the channel for transferring energy from one type to another opens to that type of energy, whose samples (or matrix from samples) are already formed and which, as a matrix, is dominant over all others, those. energy losses are determined by a matrix, the exit channels to which are energetically most preferred. In the tritium example, when entering a superradiant state, when nuclei are involved in collective dynamics, when the recoil of the nuclei is negligible compared to the width of the β-decay level, the ban on an avalanche-like transition from this level of β-particles is lifted, and all negative energy losses will go along the channel of formation and, consequently, the emission of β particles. Most likely, this will not be β-decay, since before β-decay, it will not come. Given the complete collectivization of nuclei and electrons, the process of “pulling” energy from vacuum is probable [29]. The total collective excitation energy may turn out to be sufficient (>> 10 ^-2 J · cm ^-3 ) for transferring the medium to a super-excited state with a number and system of levels providing the condition for the occurrence of fusion reactions on nuclei

,

,

as a result of which neutrons are generated, in particular, whose emission geometry and intensity (directivity, quadratic dependence of the radiation duration on the number of centers of excitation, coherence) are determined by the properties of superradiance [30 (p. 93, 94), 31].

In the period from 1979 to 1994, the authors of this application performed a series of experimental studies on the characteristics of optical radiation arising in solid-state and gas media when they are irradiated with intense nuclear radiation (neutrons, gamma rays, and fast electrons) at temperatures T > 300 ° K. The studied media were solid-state scintillating inorganic and organic single crystals NaI (Tl), CsI (Tl), stilbene, etc., and gaseous media based on Ar-Xe mixtures. The studies were performed in the gamma-ray energy range from E _γ ~ 1.8 MeV to E _γ ~ 27 MeV; neutrons - on spectra close to the fission spectrum of ²³⁵ U, ²³⁸ U; electrons - with Е _е- ~ 27 MeV. The range of recorded optical radiation is from deep (vacuum) ultraviolet with a wavelength of λ << 250 nm to the infrared region with λ = 2.03 μm. The experimental results are reported in [5–12, 13, 14, 16].

According to the results of studies, it was found that, under certain conditions, the observed optical radiation has signs that characterize it as optical superradiance (SR):

1. A high degree of directivity of optical radiation [5, 6, 10 ÷ 14] (Fig.5, 6).

2. The quadratic dependence of the intensity of optical radiation on the number of active centers of excitation [8, 9, 12, 13] (Fig.7, 8).

3. The spectral width of the optical radiation varies insignificantly (in comparison with the spectral width of the spontaneous emission) with the division into separate lines. The line structure [10, 13, 8, 9] is clearly visible in the spectrum (Figs. 9, 10, 11, 12).

4. Fixed spatial coherence [not publ.] (Fig.13, 14, 15).

5. There is a delay in the appearance of optical radiation (with the above signs) relative to the pump pulses [5, 6, 8, 9, 12] (Fig. 16).

6. By installing the resonator, when the boundary conditions noted with respect to media generating SI are met, positive feedback is provided, as for laser-active media [10, 14, 15].

7. The phenomenon, the manifestation of which is noted in items 1 ÷ 6 - threshold.

The effects of SR during nuclear pumping at T> 300 ° K are manifested if the pumped (excited) medium is placed in the field of gamma quanta generated during the radioactive decay of the nuclei of the excited medium or the nuclei of the medium surrounding the excited medium at a specific energy flux power P _γ , J · m ^-2 · s ^-1 , activation gamma rays in an excited medium, comparable or greater specific power flow of the internal vibrational energy P _u , J · m ^-2 · s ^-1 , excited medium.

. Импульсы пучка электронов с

являлись импульсами накачки исследуемых сред (образцов).An intense pulsed beam of hard electrons with energy was used to transfer the media to the atomic-nuclear superradiant state (AASIS)

. Pulses of an electron beam with

were pump pulses of the studied media (samples).

Experimental results and methodological features performed in the period from 1995 to 2000 experimental studies are highlighted in [17–19, 21–23].

The experiments were performed on an MI-30 electron accelerator. The main array of experimental studies performed on the installation shown in Fig.17. Experiments were performed on superradiance (in the setup shown in Fig. 16, a) in the optical range (Fig. 16), as well as on superabsorption and superradiance (or multiplication) of gamma rays. Superabsorption is the antipode of superradiance, but the physics of the processes leading to superabsorption is the same, the difference is only in the boundary conditions [1, 20].

In experiments on superabsorption on the samples under study in barrier geometry, the transmission of ¹³⁷ Cs radionuclide photons with photon energy E _γ = 0.661 MeV was studied.

The experimental results, for example, a sample of aluminum with a thickness of 30 mm, are presented in Fig.17, a.

In experiments on superradiation, data were obtained on the multiplication (multiplication) of gamma rays by excited media having "resonant" energies, i.e. energies coinciding with the energies of gamma rays emitted by excited nuclides.

The experimental technique and geometry of experiments on the study of superradiation (multiplication) of gamma rays is similar to transmission experiments in barrier geometry. But as a radionuclide source S, a radionuclide was used, the gamma-ray energies of which are "resonant" with respect to the excited sample. In this work, as a source with resonant gamma rays, we used a nickel sample similar to the studied (excited) one, previously irradiated in an intense flux, an e ^- beam with an electron energy E ₀ = 27 MeV.

On Fig presents experimental results.

According to experimental data, the coefficient of multiplication or multiplication of gamma rays can be K _γ >> 10.

за время от нескольких минут до нескольких десятков минут. При этом по оценкам в области энергий активационных гамма-квантов до Е_γ<1 МэВ должны были выполняться условия выхода в сверхпоглощательное состояние. Уровень активации в зависимости от поглощенной энергии фиксировался по выходу активационных гамма-квантов из исследуемых образцов. Измерения выходов гамма-квантов выполнено двумя видами детекторов: интегральным стандартным детектором гамма-квантов КРАБ-2 и сцинтилляционным спектрометром гамма-квантов с детектором гамма-квантов монокристаллом NaI(Tl). Отклик детектора КРАБ-2 (Фиг.23) позволяет выделить область гамма-квантов Е_γ<0,1 МэВ. Сцинтилляционный спектрометр фиксировал гамма-кванты в диапазоне энергий Е_γ>0,15 МэВ. Спектры активационных гамма-квантов простирались, в основном, до энергий Е_γ>3 МэВ (Фиг.26). Геометрия облучения образцов представлена на Фиг.24. Экспериментальные результаты, представленные на Фиг.20, 21, характеризуются более чем в десять раз заниженной величиной радиоактивности (область энергий активационных гамма-квантов Е_γ<0,15 МэВ) в сравнении с обычным "классическим" облучением потоком нейтронов (и фотонейтронов) до аналогичных значений поглощенной энергии ядерных излучений. Экспериментальные результаты в области энергий активационных гамма-квантов Е_γ>1÷1,5 МэВ (Фиг.22, 25) отражают факт несоответствия интенсивности и энергии и геометрии накачки критериям выхода в сверхизлучательное (сверхпоглощательное) состояние в этой области энергий возбуждения исследуемых образцов (по интенсивности накачки и внешних силовых полей).Fig. 19 illustrates the results of experiments obtained on the studied samples in the mode of residual superabsorption (the mode in geometry and physical parameters is similar to that in which the results shown in Fig. 17 are obtained) in the time interval immediately after the switching off of the electron beam incident on test samples. Significant inertia (retention) of the superabsorbent state is observed. On Fig.20, 21, 22 presents experimental data on the activation of samples irradiated by an intense beam of hard electrons with energy

over a period of several minutes to several tens of minutes. Moreover, according to estimates in the energy range of activation gamma rays up to E _γ <1 MeV, the conditions for reaching the superabsorption state should have been fulfilled. The level of activation, depending on the absorbed energy, was recorded by the output of activation gamma rays from the studied samples. Measurements of gamma-ray outputs were performed by two types of detectors: an integrated standard gamma-ray detector KRAB-2 and a scintillation gamma-ray spectrometer with a gamma-ray detector single crystal NaI (Tl). The response of the detector KRAB-2 (Fig.23) allows you to select the region of gamma rays E _γ <0.1 MeV. A scintillation spectrometer recorded gamma rays in the energy range E _γ > 0.15 MeV. The spectra of activation gamma rays extended mainly to energies E _γ > 3 MeV (Fig. 26). The geometry of the irradiation of the samples is presented in Fig.24. The experimental results presented in Figs. 20, 21 are characterized by more than ten times underestimated radioactivity (the range of activation gamma-ray energies E _γ <0.15 MeV) in comparison with conventional "classical" irradiation with a neutron flux (and photoneutron) up to similar values of the absorbed energy of nuclear radiation. The experimental results in the field of activation gamma-ray energies E _γ > 1 ÷ 1.5 MeV (Figs. 22, 25) reflect the fact that the intensity and energy and pump geometry do not meet the criteria for reaching the superradiant (super-absorbing) state in this region of excitation energies of the studied samples ( by pump intensity and external force fields).

Errors in the results of experimental studies, and these are mainly statistical and systematic errors, were estimated by the usual "classical" methods. Errors were minimized by a high multiplicity of experiments; the maximum possible synchronization (simultaneity) of the measurement procedures "background + effect", "background"; high static content in each fixed “point” of experimental functional dependencies (on time). The number of statistical samples at each point reached 10 ⁶ -10 ⁸ samples. In addition, a number of additional experiments were performed, the results of which can be interpreted as a result of a strict correlation of the collective dynamics of nuclei with the generalized collective electron orbital. In the case of the alleged tight correlation of the bonds of electrons and nuclei, it is natural to assume a deficiency of bonds of electrons and nuclei of a medium in a superradiant (superabsorption) state due to interaction with external fields, including the gravitational field.

Experiments were carried out in which a change in the gravity was recorded on samples of ⁵⁸ Ni installed in the e ^- beam flux in geometry and with the e ^- beam parameters providing multiplication of gamma rays in the Ni sample. When the weight of the Ni-sample equal to P = 40 g, a decrease in weight of more than 0.5% (> 200 mg) was recorded. A change in weight of more than 200 mg was recorded with an error of less than 10%. Thus, according to the authors, some of the microcomponents (quantum systems) of the nickel sample did not interact with the gravitational field.

When performing gravitational experiments, a red glow of the Ni sample was observed at a sample temperature T <460 ° C. The temperature was measured in the center and on the surface of the sample with chromel-alumel thermocouples with a diameter of 0.5 mm. The temperature of the sample, estimated by spectral analysis by the color of the glow of the sample, corresponded to a temperature of T≈950 ° C. Luminosity corresponded to the luminosity of incandescent lamps of several tens of milliwatts. The observed luminescence is apparently the luminescence of electrons held in circular orbits in an external magnetic field and by the Coulomb forces of nuclei. Numerical estimates of the magnitude of the external magnetic field arising from bias currents in the microwave range and estimates of the spectral composition of the bremsstrahlung of electrons (twisted by an external magnetic field, as well as nuclei in orbits held by the Coulomb forces) do not contradict this assumption.

интенсивность проявления сверхизлучательных эффектов резко снижается (в несколько раз, 5÷10 раз).The following very important circumstance should be noted. When conducting research on superradiation, a catalytic effect of neutron fluxes on the manifestation of superradiant effects was noted. For example, when the electron energy decreases, the e ^- beam to

the intensity of manifestation of superradiative effects decreases sharply (several times, 5 ÷ 10 times).

приводило к восстановлению интенсивности проявления сверхизлучательных эффектов. При этом увеличение числа центров возбуждения за счет нейтронных реакций составляло пренебрежимо малую величину, менее 1%. Напрашивается вывод: по-видимому, на процессы коллективизации электронных оболочек очень сильное влияние оказывает когерентная поляризация исследуемой среды продуктами β-распада нейтронов.The necessary (even excess) level of excited centers in the medium under study was provided by changing the current of the e ^- beam. Only the yield of photoneutrons decreased significantly (tens of times). Recovery of the level of photoneutrons when electrons reach the e ^- beam of giant resonance energy

led to the restoration of the intensity of manifestations of superradiant effects. Moreover, the increase in the number of centers of excitation due to neutron reactions was a negligible amount, less than 1%. The conclusion suggests itself: apparently, the processes of collectivization of electron shells are very strongly influenced by the coherent polarization of the medium under study by the products of β-decay of neutrons.

In addition to superradiant and superabsorption processes accompanied by the emission of gamma rays, experiments were carried out in which the behavior of neutrons in a medium under conditions of super absorption was considered. The medium material was polyethylene in the form of plates with sizes S = 55 × 55 cm ² . The plates were assembled in a block with a height of h = 20 cm. The block was placed in an external high-voltage electric field. The neutron tube NT-910 of a pulsed neutron generator with a neutron energy at the output of a tritium target E _n = 14 MeV was installed close to the block. The duration of neutron pulses was τ _n = 0.5 · 10 ^-6 s. The pulse repetition rate was regulated in the range of 25–40 Hz. When the generator was operating, at some point in time, an external electric field was turned on, and at the output of the polyethylene block from the side opposite to the location of the NT-910 neutron tube, “n” and “γ” radiation scintillation spectrometer was recorded with discrimination of the background component (or γ-quanta) , or neutrons). The detector of the scintillation spectrometer was a stilbene single crystal with a diameter of ⌀ = 40 mm and a height of h = 40 mm. The detector was installed at a distance of L = 2.5 m from the polyethylene block. Neutrons and γ-quanta were recorded: the selected region for neutrons E _n ~ 3 ÷ 5 MeV; the selected region for γ-quanta E _γ ~ 20 ÷ 25 MeV. The number of neutrons per neutron emitted from the tube of the neutron generator was Ф _n ~ 10 ² ÷ 10 ⁴ neutrons; the number of γ-quanta per unit radiation flux emerging from the tube of the neutron generator was Φ _γ > 10 ² .

Based on the analysis of experimental data and in the framework of the proposed models that are identified with the main properties of the observed radiation, conclusions are drawn about the factors that determine the processes of the formation of the superradiant state of excited media with subsequent superradiation of these media in the superradiant state. Boundary and initial conditions have a significant impact on the efficiency of superradiance formation and on its characteristics, especially at the initial stage of superradiance formation (geometric factors, increment, characterizing the absolute value and nature of the time dependence of the inverse population). For example, in [26], data are presented on the conversion of nuclear pump energy into optical radiation with an efficiency of 90% scintillation detectors made according to nanotechnological criteria (the diameters of scintillation detectors are 90 nm).

Below are the values of the physical and operational parameters characteristic of the MI-30 experimental setup (Fig. 17), and a brief description of the estimation procedures and some brief conclusions on these estimates of some nodal parameters based on the obtained experimental data.

1. The beam of electrons is pulsed.

2. The amplitude value of the current i _A = 120 ÷ 200 mA = 0.12 ÷ 0.2 A.

3. The average value of the amplitude of the current in the pulse i _A = 30 ÷ 50 mA = (3 ÷ 5) 10 ^-2 A.

4. The pulse repetition rate e ^- beam f - 100 Hz.

5. The diameter of the cross section (spot) of the focused electron beam in the region of the studied samples is ⌀ _е- = 6.3 mm. In experiments on optical superradiance, up to ⌀ _е- = 25 mm.

.6. Electron energy e ^- beam

.

7. Geometry of samples, for example, from ⁵⁸ Ni ₂₈ , disks: diameter ⌀ = 50 mm; thickness h = 10 mm; a set of disks up to a thickness of H = 50 mm.

8. The frequency of the microwave generator: f _microwave = 3.3 GHz.

9. At the microtron output, the e ^- beam pulse with a duration of τ _and = 10 ^-6 s is a train of microwave pulses with a half-pulse duration of an individual pulse in a train of τ _microwave = 80 · 10 ^-12 s. The shape of the pulses is Gaussian. The period of the microwave pulses inside the train T _microwave = 320 · 10 ^{-12 C.}

10. The effective length of the primary 80 picosecond clumps (microwave pulses): l _microwave = s · τ _microwave = 2.4 cm = 0.024 m.

11. The working duration of the e ^- beam at τ _u = 10 ^-6 s and f = 100 Hz for t = 1s-Δt = 25 · 10 ^-6 s.

12. Most experiments were performed at the amplitude value of the current e ^- beam: i _A = 120 mA = 0.12 A and frequency f = 100 Hz.

13. The proportion of radiation inhibitory losses (of the total energy of the e ^- beam) is ~ 0.5.

14. The number of electrons in the primary pulse τ _microwave e ^- beam: N ' _microwave = 6 · 10 ⁸ .

.15. The number of electrons e ^{- the} beam for τ _u = 10 ^-6 s is

.

.16. The number of electrons e ^- beam for 1 s at f = 100 Hz is

.

электронов в результате каскадных процессов на более "мягкие" электроны от первичных электронов с

и рожденных при взаимодействии тормозных γ-квантов со средой:

. Средняя энергия каскадных электронов принята

и

.17. The multiplication factor

electrons as a result of cascade processes to softer electrons from primary electrons with

and born from the interaction of bremsstrahlung gamma quanta with the medium:

. The average energy of cascade electrons is accepted

and

.

.18. Thus, the final number of electrons in the primary bunch:

.

19. We determine the induction of the vortex magnetic field in the central part of the e ^- beam when interacting with the sample medium: B = (µ ₀ · I _bias. ) / 2πr, where r is the radius of the effective cross-sectional area of the vortex electric field. The effective volume in which the maximum of the vortex electric field is concentrated is the diameter ⌀ = 1 cm; length L = 2.4 cm.

20. The bias current density: i _cm = ∂D / ∂t = εε ₀ (1 + X) ∂Е / ∂t ~ ε ₀ ∂Е / ∂t, because at the assumed frequencies (ω >> 10 ¹⁰ Hz) εε ₀ (1 + X) ~ ε ₀ .

21. The following estimated values of the parameters I _{bias were obtained.} , B, ρ is the radius of Rydberg's orbit at n = 40: I _shift. = 8.3 · 10 ⁷ A; B = 40 ÷ 1000 T; ρ = 8.81510 ^-9 m.

.22. The radius ρ is determined by the expression

.

- ускорение вращательного движения электрона;

- линейная скорость электрона на орбите с энергией, соответствующей n=40. Оценим время жизни сверхизлучательного, точнее, сверхпоглощательного состояния Т_ж.с.с.. Время одного оборота

с. Потеря энергии за 1 оборот: ΔЕ_об=W_cвeч.·Т_об=0,15·10^-25 Дж. Количество оборотов

. Примем

(усредненные литературные данные по β-распадам Е_β=(0,1-1)МэВ). Тогда Т_ж.с.с.=n_об·Т_об=0,357 с.23. Glow power at ρ = 8.815 · 10 ^-9 m: W _candle. = µe ² a ² / 6πc = 0.422 · 10 ^-12 W, where µ = 4π · 10 ^-7 (T · m) / A;

- acceleration of the rotational motion of the electron;

is the linear velocity of an electron in orbit with an energy corresponding to n = 40. We estimate the lifetime superemitting, more precisely, the state sverhpogloschatelnogo T _zh.s.s. . One turn time

from. Loss of energy per 1 revolution: ΔE _about = W _candle. · T _about = 0.15 · 10 ^-25 J. Number of revolutions

. Will accept

(averaged literature data on β-decays E _β = (0.1-1) MeV). Then T _train.s. = n _about · T _about = 0,357 s.

24. The duration of the superradiative pulse at Xe: τ _s = (4πST ₁ ) / (λ ² NL) = 3.75 · 10 ^-14 s. The delay time τ _about = τ _c lnN = 10 ^-12 s.

25. Duration of a superradiant pulse τ _s = 1.3 · 10 ^-14 s. Delay time: τ ₀ = τ _c lnN = 0.4 · 10 ^-12 s.

26. Perform alternative estimates τ _s for single crystals NaI (Tl) and Ar-Xe gas mixture by the expression: τ _c = (4π · T ₁ · Δt · Δω _{pump neodn.ush.)} / (Λ ² · N _{ch.ts. c.} · L), T ₁ - lifetime relative to spontaneous transitions; Δω _non-linear - the width of the spectrum of the glow in superradiance.

27. For NaI (T1): τ _c = (12.56 · 2 · 10 ^-7 · 80 · 10 ^-12 · 5.5 · 10 ¹⁴ ) / ((3,7 · 10 ^-7 ) ² · 1,964 · 10 ²⁰ · 3 · 10 ^-2 )) ≈1.4 · 10 ^-7 s, delay τ ₀ = τ _c lnN = 4.6 · 10 ^-6 s = 4.6 μs.

28. For the Ar-Xe mixture: τ _c = (12.56 · 10 ^-8 · 80 · 10 ^-12 · 10 ¹² ) / ((2 · 10 ^-6 ) ² · 0.67 · 10 ¹⁷ · 5 · 10 ^-2 )) = 75 · 10 ^-11 = 0.75 · 10 ^-9 s. Such a value of τ _{c was} obtained due to the uncertainty in the values of T ₁ and Δω _neod. · Τ ₀ = τ _c lnN = 0.75 · 25 = 19 · 10 ^-9 = 1.9 · 10 ^-8 s.

29. Let us evaluate the induction of an external magnetic field B for the variant according to item 21. The estimate is performed using the gyroscopic relation: N = (dL) / (dt), in which N is the moment of the rotational force acting on the shoulder equal to r = ρ the radius of the orbit L of the Rydberg electron when the magnetic moment μ _{L is} rotated to the direction parallel to the magnetic induction vector B. The value of "B" is found from the relation: N = B · µ · N _microwave · B = N / (µ · N _microwave ) = (1.155 · 10 ^-9 J) / (0.8 · 10 ^-9 J / T ) = 1.5 T. Those. B≥ (1 ÷ 10) T.

As you can see, the experimental results and the values of the estimated physical parameters do not contradict the models adopted (polariton 2-level model, prominence model of the structure of atoms) in the interpretation of superradiant processes, and therefore, can serve as the basis for the formation of applied technical solutions (proposals).

31. Estimated values of T _w.s.s. (. p.p.23 cm) differ greatly from the values of experimental: T _zh.s.s. = 10 ÷ 100 s. There can be three reasons: 1. Strong orthogonalization of wave functions describing orbital moments in Rydberg states. 2. The energy of the electron in orbit is maintained by preserving the product B _int · µ _L = const due to the transfer of the energy of the external magnetic field to the orbital. 3. Resonant energy transfer through the channels: vacuum - nucleon-condensate in the form of prominences - Rydberg electrons. The most likely causes are 2 and 3.

32. When a collective orbital is formed that transfers the medium into an atomic-nuclear superradiant (super-absorbing) state (AASIS), communications are blocked (due to switching to the more significant internal ones formed) with other external fields interacting with the quantum systems of the medium. If this is so, then blocking should also take place on the external gravitational field. Experiments were carried out, which confirmed that when entering the AYASIS, the gravitational field is blocked. A 40 g nickel sample changed its weight in the direction of decreasing by 0.5%, in some cases reaching 0.7–0.8%. The error of the experimental results is <10%.

33. And in the same experiments on blocking the gravitational field in AYASIS, a red glow of the nickel sample was observed (optical (“visual”) estimates corresponded to a temperature of 900 ÷ 1000 ° C) at a temperature of the sample itself in the center and on the surface T = 460 ° C. Temperature was measured by chromel-alumel thermocouples. The linearity of thermocouples was tested up to 1000 ° C. Accuracy: 0.5 ÷ 1%. Diameter ⌀ = 0.5; 1.0 mm.

The implementation of the method and the operation of the installation are illustrated by the following drawings.

Figure 1. OKUYAN.

Figure 2. The block diagram of the experimental setup.

1 - a cuvette with a diameter of ⌀5 ÷ 10 mm with an active gas medium; 2 - small-sized pulse solenoid, IEM, for magnetic induction B = 10 ÷ 30 T; 3 - exit window of the vacuum electron guide e ^- beam; 4 - an electron guide; 5 - electron accelerator; 6 - a tube of a neutron generator; 7 - electronic block of a neutron generator; 8 - detector of radiation emerging from the cell 1; 9 - signal and switching cables of the detector 8; 10 - unborated polyethylene; 11 - axial (experimental) channel; 12 - tritium target.

Figure 3. The general block diagram of the inventive device.

1 - a cuvette with an active gas medium; 2 - a device for generating an intense pulsed magnetic field in the area of the active medium; 3 - external fields stimulating the formation of a super-excited state of the active medium; 4 - a beam of superradiance at the output of the cell; 5 - pulsed device for energy pumping to form the necessary level of inverse population in the active medium; 6 - reflector of superradiance; 7 - the reflected part of the superradiance beam; 8 - detector (or detectors) of superradiance; 9 is a control device for the triggering generators of external devices with specified field parameters depending on the duration, amplitude and structure of superradiance beams at the output of the cell; 10 - device additional source of penetrating nuclear radiation (neutrons and γ-quanta) pulse or non-pulse execution; 11 is a device for generating in the region of active medium placement stationary (or pulsed) fields created by induced radioactivity during radiation capture of neutrons by the nuclei of auxiliary elements.

Figure 4. SI at the transition 2-1 with frequency ω ₀ and power Q >> Q _comp. .

Figure 5. The intensity distribution of light beams at the output of the optical resonator:

but.

- распределение интенсивности светового пучка на выходе оптического резонатора, имеющего "глухое" зеркало с r₁~1 в отсутствие выходного зеркала. Апертура выходного отверстия а=27 мм, расстояние от выходного отверстия до фотопластинки l₂=530 мм;

- the intensity distribution of the light beam at the output of the optical resonator having a "blind" mirror with r ₁ ~ 1 in the absence of an output mirror. The aperture of the outlet a = 27 mm, the distance from the outlet to the photographic plate l ₂ = 530 mm;

- распределение интенсивности светового пучка на выходе оптического резонатора в отсутствие "глухого" и выходного зеркал. Отражения обусловлены только изменением коэффициента преломления на торцах активной среды.

- the distribution of the intensity of the light beam at the output of the optical resonator in the absence of "deaf" and output mirrors. Reflections are caused only by a change in the refractive index at the ends of the active medium.

b.

- распределение интенсивности светового пучка на выходе оптического резонатора с установленным "глухим" с r₁~1 и выходным с r₂~0,95 зеркалами. Апертура выходного зеркала а=24 мм, l=465 мм;

- the intensity distribution of the light beam at the output of the optical resonator with a “deaf” set with r ₁ ~ 1 and output mirrors with r ₂ ~ 0.95. Aperture of the output mirror a = 24 mm, l = 465 mm;

- распределение интенсивности светового пучка на выходе резонатора в отсутствие "глухого" зеркала с разъюстированным относительно оптического элемента (активной среды) выходным зеркалом.

- the intensity distribution of the light beam at the output of the resonator in the absence of a “deaf” mirror with an output mirror that is out of alignment with respect to the optical element (active medium).

at.

- распределение интенсивности светового пучка на выходе резонатора с установленным выходным зеркалом с r₂~0,95 в отсутствие "глухого" зеркала.;

- the intensity distribution of the light beam at the output of the resonator with an installed output mirror with r ₂ ~ 0.95 in the absence of a “dead” mirror .;

- распределение интенсивности светового пучка на выходе резонатора в отсутствие "глухого" зеркала с разъюстированным относительно оптического элемента (активной среды) выходным зеркалом.

- the intensity distribution of the light beam at the output of the resonator in the absence of a “deaf” mirror with an output mirror that is out of alignment with respect to the optical element (active medium).

6. Examples of divergence and intensity distributions of light beams:

3 - photon beam with λ <425 nm. Subthreshold pump mode.

6 - nozzle for fixing the filters;

7 - duralumin shell of crystals;

9 - NaI single crystal (Tl): d = 4 cm, h = 4 cm.

12 - light filter. The dotted line indicates one of the fixed variants of the directional component.

Figure 6 presents the characteristic experimental results obtained in studies with NaI (Tl) crystals, the geometric axis of which was established perpendicular to the direction of the axis of the electron beam.

7. Change in the amplitude of the pulses of generation radiation depending on the duration of the pump pulses.

°°° - experiment;

- расчет по выражению [25]

- calculation by the expression [25]

with parameter values:

A ₀ = 1.015; B ₀ = 4.3; α = 5.8 μs ⁻¹ ; Δt _T = 0.14 μs; φ = 0.76 μs ^-1 ; φ ₁ = 0.799 μs ^-1 ; Δt ₀ = 0.501 μs.

Fig. 8. Light output of a Nal (Tl) single crystal depending on the flux density of gamma rays incident on a single crystal.

••• - experiment;

- ^. - ^. - ^. - - extrapolation to the region Ф _γ > Ф _{γ, n of the} functional dependence of the light output characteristic of flux densities Ф _γ <Ф _{γ, n.} Ф _{γ, n} is the threshold flux density of gamma rays (for the appearance of a superradiant state).

The data in the box are presented in full-scale.

Fig.9. Scintillation spectrum of NaI (Tl) crystals:

- subthreshold mode, φ _γ <φ _n , φ _γ ~ 7 · 10 ¹⁰ s ^-1 · cm ^-2 , without an optical resonator.

Figure 10. The spectrum of optical radiation at the resonator output (-), the end surfaces of the NaI (Tl) crystal with a diameter of d _k = 4 and a length of l _k = 8 cm are optically coupled to the exit windows of optical glass, the side surface is cleaned of reflecting MgO powder and surrounded by methylene iodide and black velvet impregnated with methylene iodide, suprathreshold irradiation mode, φ _γ ~ 8 · 10 ¹² s ^-1 · cm ^-2 , the optical resonator is aligned to the generation mode, the scintillation spectrum of NaI (Tl) crystals without an optical resonator, corresponding to the spectrum in Fig. 9 .

11. Optical luminescence spectra of a NaI (Tl) single crystal.

- спектр спонтанного оптического излучения монокристалла NaI(Tl);

- spectrum of spontaneous optical radiation of a NaI (Tl) single crystal;

1 - integrated spectrum;

2, 3 - differential spectra.

Fig. 12. Spectra of optical radiation emerging from single crystals placed inside an optical resonator.

- спектр оптического излучения на выходе оптического резонатора, имеющего "глухое" зеркало с r₁~1 в отсутствие выходного зеркала (экспериментальные условия соответствуют условиям, при которых получены результаты, представленные на Фиг.11 (сплошные линии);

- the spectrum of optical radiation at the output of an optical resonator having a “blind” mirror with r ₁ ~ 1 in the absence of an output mirror (experimental conditions correspond to the conditions under which the results shown in Fig. 11 are obtained (solid lines);

- спектр оптического излучения на выходе оптического резонатора в отсутствии зеркал и при плотности потока гамма-квантов Ф_γ, примерно на два порядка ниже пороговой плотности потока Ф_n, Ф_γ=10¹¹ см^-2·с^-1;

- the spectrum of optical radiation at the output of the optical resonator in the absence of mirrors and at a gamma-ray flux density of f _γ , is approximately two orders of magnitude lower than the threshold flux density of f _n , f _γ = 10 ¹¹ cm ^-2 · s ^-1 ;

- спектр оптического излучения, полученный при облучении монокристаллов NaI(Tl) гамма-квантами изотопного источника ⁶⁰Со.

- the spectrum of optical radiation obtained by irradiating single crystals of NaI (Tl) with gamma rays of an isotopic source of ⁶⁰ Co.

Fig.13. Refractive picture interpreted in the framework of the phase contrast method. Stilbene single crystal with dimensions: height h = 40 mm, diameter ⌀d = 40 mm. The exit translucent window is removed; 100 <magnification <1000. The wavelength of superradiance λ _s ~ 20 nm (~ 60 eV). The divergence of the radiation beam with the installed output window is 10 ^-3 -10 ^-4 rad.

Fig.14. Schematic diagram of a microscope that implements the method of "phase contrast". L - gap simulating a point source; 1 - aperture; 2 - condenser; 3 - object of observation; 4 lens; 5 - phase plate; AA - the focal plane of the lens 4; EE is the image plane of the observation object.

Fig.15. Phase and amplitude characteristics of light waves in a microscope implemented by the "phase contrast" method.

Fig.16. Pulses on a recording oscilloscope of a pulsed two-beam oscilloscope C1-75 when the Ar-Xe mixture is pumped by an electron beam.

but. The optical cavity is aligned to the generation mode. The photodetector is based on the FD-10GA photodiode.

b. The optical cavity is misaligned. The photodetector is based on the FD-10GA photodiode.

at. The optical cavity is aligned to the generation mode. Photodetector - based on the photo resistance FSG-22-ZA2.

The optical resonator is misaligned. Photodetector - based on the photo resistance FSG-22-ZA2.

1 - pump pulse (input I of the oscilloscope); 2 - pulse generation (input II of the oscilloscope); 3 - basic (“zero”) level at the input of the II oscilloscope, the fluctuations of which during the duration of the pulses of the electron beam are determined by “pick-ups” from the control circuits of the MI-30 microwave magnetron.

Fig. 16, a. The geometry of an experimental setup for studying the characteristics of superradiance in the optical range (wavelength λ = 1.73 μm; λ = 2.03 μm) of an Ar-Xe gas mixture.

1 - vacuum electron guide; 2 - optical filter; 3 - laser cell; 4 - focusing lens F = 112 mm; 5 - photodetector FD-10GA; 6 - detector housing; 7 - optical filter; 8 - lead protection; 9 - quotation laser LG-70; 10 - shutter; 11 - plug of the photodetector collimator; 12 - lead target; 13 - optical bench; 14 - aperture; 15 - aluminum membrane.

^{*) The} characteristic cross section of the excited volume of the Ar-Xe mixture in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the electron beam is e ^- .

Fig.17. The geometry of the experimental setup for the study of superradiant and superabsorption effects in the γ-quantum range.

1 - electron wire of the MI-30 electron accelerator [38]; 2 - brake target; 3 - test sample; 4 - duralumin capsule for a sample of ¹³⁷ Cs radionuclide with the energy of the emitted γ-quanta E _γ = 0.661 MeV; 5 - lead protective container; 6 - a lead gate with an overlapping collimator channel for the output of a beam of gamma quanta incident on the test sample; 7 - protective lead screen-collimator of scintillation detector 8; 8 - scintillation detector (stilbene single crystal); 9 - photomultiplier; 10 - housing of the detector and switching switch of the dynodes [39]; 11 - a protective lead container for the detector 8; 12 - carriage for moving the gate 6; 13 - electric motor for remote movement of the gate 6 with the channel-collimator using the carriage 12.

Fig.17, a. The experimental transmittances T (f) of gamma rays with energy E _γ = 0.661 MeV behind aluminum ( ²⁷ Al) samples, depending on the time of irradiation with the e ^- beam:

••• °°° - experiment;

- ориентировочные значения пропусканий;

- estimated transmittance values;

T ₀ --- - transmission of gamma rays before irradiation of the sample with an e ^- beam;

↓ - boundaries of the included e ^- beam.

Fig. 18. The experimental values of the transmission T (f) of gamma rays with energies of radioactive resonant nickel ⁽⁵⁸ Ni) as a function of irradiation time e ^- - beam:

••• °°° - experiment;

- ориентировочные значения пропусканий;

- estimated transmittance values;

T ₀ --- - transmission of gamma rays before irradiation of the sample with an e ^- beam;

↓ - boundaries of the included e ^- beam.

Fig.19. Data from experimental studies of transmittances T (f).

T ₀ (dashed lines) - transmission of gamma rays with energy E _γ = 0.661 MeV samples before their irradiation with an e ^- beam.

1) Glass, composition (by weight, orient.): SiO ₂ - 72%; Fe ₂ O ₃ - 0.2%; CaO - 6.6%; MgO - 4.1%; Na ₂ O - 14.7%; K ₂ O - 1%; SO ₃ - 0.35%;

2) Al;

3) Ni.

Fig.20. Change in gamma activity along the length (in sections) of Ni samples depending on the total (in time) energy of the incident electron beam.

- энергия е^--пучка. Кулоны;

- energy is an e ^- beam. Pendants;

D _exp is the exposure dose on the surface of the Ni sample from the side of the incident e ^- beam;

oo - experimental data on gamma activity A _γ of the 1st section (Δl = 1 cm);

■ ■ - experimental data on gamma activity A _γ of the 2nd section (Δl = 1 cm);

□ □ - experimental data on gamma activity A _γ of the 3rd section (Δl = 1 cm);

+ + - experimental data on gamma activity A _γ of the 4th section (Δl = 1 cm);

•• - experimental data on gamma activity A _γ of the 5th section (Δl = 1 cm);

- · - · - · - - an approximate "smoothed" representation of the functional behavior of the gamma-activity values of sections of Ni-samples depending on the total energy of the e ^- beam;

1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - section numbers in accordance with the geometry shown in Fig.24.

Fig.21. Change in gamma activity along the length (in sections) of Ni samples depending on the total (in time) energy of inhibitory gamma quanta absorbed in Ni samples.

A “point” representation of the experimental data is similar to that in FIG.

- ориентировочное "сглаженное" представление функционального поведения значений гамма-активностей секций Ni-образцов в зависимости от поглощенной энергии тормозных гамма-квантов;

- an approximate "smoothed" representation of the functional behavior of the values of gamma activities of sections of Ni samples depending on the absorbed energy of inhibitory gamma quanta;

1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - section numbers in accordance with the geometry shown in Fig.24.

- · - · - · - · - is the assumed sectional behavior of the gamma activities of Ni samples in the absence of anomalies in the interaction of inhibitory gamma rays with Ni samples.

Fig.22. Change in gamma activity along the length (in sections) of Ni samples depending on the total (in time) energy of inhibitory gamma quanta absorbed in Ni samples.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - section numbers in accordance with the geometry shown in Fig.24.

-o-o- - experimental data obtained in measurements with a gamma spectrometer for energies E _γ > 0.2 MeV, for the 1st section;

- ■ - ■ - - experimental data obtained in measurements with a gamma spectrometer for energies E _γ > 0.2 MeV, for the 2nd section;

- □ - □ - - experimental data obtained in measurements with a gamma spectrometer for energies E _γ > 0.2 MeV, for the 3rd section;

- + - + - - experimental data obtained in measurements with a gamma spectrometer for energies E _γ > 0.2 MeV, for the 4th section;

- • - • - - experimental data obtained in measurements with a gamma spectrometer for energies E _γ > 0.2 MeV, for the 5th section;

- · - · - · - - estimated data on gamma-activity of sections of Ni-samples obtained from normalized data presented in Fig. 21 by dash-dotted "curves" (according to the results of measurements by CRAB).

Fig.23. Sensitivity of the KRAB-2 gamma-quanta receiver (detector) to incident gamma-quanta of different energies.

Fig.24. Geometry of irradiation of Ni samples with an e ^- beam.

Fig.25. Change in gamma activity along the length (in sections) of Ni samples at the total (in time) energy of inhibitory gamma rays absorbed in Ni samples, E _γ = 2 · 10 ⁴ J.

++ - experimental data obtained in measurements with a gamma spectrometer [7] for energies E _γ > 0.2 MeV;

⊕⊕ - data on gamma activities obtained from CRAB measurements for the version of the "classical" (non-anomalous) change in induced gamma activity with irradiation energy;

•• - experimental data obtained in measurements with a gamma spectrometer [7] in the energy range E _γ = 0.75–1.35 MeV;

(•) (•) - data on gamma activities obtained in measurements by CRAB, in accordance with experimental results.

Fig.26. Spectrum of gamma rays accompanying a decrease in the radioactivity of irradiated Ni samples

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Claims (7)

1. The method of producing beams of directed coherent radiation in the optical range, which consists in the fact that using pulsed sources of nuclear radiation provide inverse population of atoms and molecules of the active medium, the active medium is placed in an open resonator, in which the forced transition of excited atoms and molecules to the main (or less excited) state, and the released energy in the form of a directed coherent beam of photons in the optical range through a partially transparent exit window the zoning is taken outside the resonator, characterized in that in order to increase the efficiency of conversion of nuclear radiation energy into energy of directed coherent radiation in the form of a photon beam and increase the intensity of the output directed coherent radiation, the active medium is surrounded by a radioactive medium or the radioactive medium is placed homogeneously or heterogeneously inside the active medium, increase the pump energy of the active medium, transfer the active medium to a superradiant state, from which the active medium with the help of ating starting radiation is converted into the basic (or less excited) state by emitting superfluorescence with intensity directly proportional to the square of the number of excited atoms or molecules. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that for deactivating the active medium, increasing the range of stimulated coherent radiation emitted at the output of the active medium to a shorter wavelength region (X-ray and γ-radiation), prolonging the process of formation and emission of an active medium in superradiant state of directed beams from quantum nuclear objects (neutrons, β-particles, etc.), the active medium is placed in an external pulsed magnetic field of high intensity and energy pumping is carried out r when the magnetic field, wherein the transition structure to different types of radiation (photons, neutrons, charged particles and others.) is carried out changing the intensity of the external magnetic field. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that for a significant increase in the efficiency of converting the energy of nuclear radiation into various types of directional radiation, the active medium is made in the form of fibers or (thin) films determined by nanotechnological criteria, from materials with a refractive index that ensures full internal reflection. 4. The method according to claims 1, 2, or 3, characterized in that in order to obtain superprotective properties, the active medium is provided with a super absorbent state. 5. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that to increase the intensity of nuclear radiation by nuclear sources, a hydrogen-containing condensed active medium is placed in an intense pulsed neutron field and exposed to it by an alternating electric field. 6. The method according to claims 1, 2, or 3, characterized in that in order to increase the efficiency of formation of quantum beams, substances are introduced into the active medium that initiate nuclear reactions in the active medium with the release of various types of quantum objects, with the help of which they ensure the formation of beams, consisting of a specific type of quantum objects (radiation). 7. A device for generating quantum beams, containing a quantum generator operating in the mode of a quantum amplifier, consisting of one tube (or cuvette) or a block of pipes (or cuvette), which are optical resonators containing an active Ar-Xe gas medium, on the inner surfaces of the side walls which creates active Ar-Xe gas mixture (medium) field of nuclear energy pumping deposited film uranium-235 ⁽²³⁵ U), dual-zone pulsed nuclear reactor, characterized in that the active mixture additionally introduced gaseous tritium, pulsed A nuclear reactor that energizes the active medium has been replaced by a non-nuclear power plant (for example, an accelerator of high-energy electrons), a facility has been introduced that generates an intense pulsed magnetic field at the location of the cell (or cell) with an active medium, and an additional nuclear source installation has been introduced radiation of pulsed or non-pulsed execution, which creates a field of penetrating nuclear radiation of neutrons and γ-quanta at the location of the cell (or cell), the source is introduced nickname-installation of pulsed or non-pulse execution, creating a field of radiation γ-quanta generated as a result of induced radioactivity during radiation capture of neutrons by the nuclei of auxiliary elements, an installation mode control unit has been introduced that provides synchronous (or partially desynchronous - ahead or delay) switching on the installations (installation energy pumping of the active medium; installation that forms a magnetic field, source-installation, which forms the field of penetrating nuclear radiation, source-installation, which forms the field of radiation γ-quanta), which form the working dynamics of excitation in the active medium, a detector (or detectors) detecting superradiance (beams) at the output of the cell (or a cuvette), the output of which (or which) is connected to the input of the control unit, providing feedback that allows you to establish control over the modes of devices that generate (and form) excitation fields at the location of Veta (or cuvette) and to provide the required matching mode parameters devices depending on the structure and the intensity of quantum objects superradiant beams.

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