RU2428624C1 - Cavitation power plant and cavitation steam generator (versions) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: power industry.

SUBSTANCE: plant includes sea water supply pipeline, sea water supply pump, the first and the second recuperative heat exchangers, cavitation steam generator with plasmatron, steam compressor and pipeline of saline discharge from the plant; at that, plant is also equipped with once-through magnetic sea water processing device, hydraulic cyclone, steam cleaning system, steam condenser, fresh water collecting tank and hydraulic impact steam condensation system.

EFFECT: increasing the steam formation efficiency, reducing the content of hazardous tritium and deuterium impurities in condensate of vapour phase and simplifying the operation of plant and cavitation steam generators.

3 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to power plants, allowing to translate into a vapor state various liquid media without using different types of boilers with heating the liquid medium by burning fuel. In particular, the invention allows the use of the property of a liquid medium to evaporate during a sharp decrease in pressure during the formation of a cavitation mode of flow of a liquid medium, which allows the use of this installation in various technological installations, in particular for fresh water, especially in areas where there are no sources of drinking water as such, for example, on offshore drilling platforms or in arid areas on the shores of the seas and oceans.

Known power plant for desalination of water, containing an evaporator with an external heater desalinated liquid, at least one recuperative heat exchanger return to the evaporator of heat received by the evaporated liquid in the desalination process, a steam supercharger from the evaporator to the condenser, channels for supplying desalinated liquid to the evaporator and channels discharge of distillate and brine (see patent RU No. 2077488, class B01D 3/06, 04/20/1997).

This technical solution is quite simple structurally, but, however, does not provide for the recovery of the heat of vaporization, which is discharged through the condenser and unproductive lost. In addition, the heating of the evaporated liquid by means of high-temperature heat sources leads to the occurrence of salt deposits on the heating surfaces, which greatly complicates the operation and reduces the performance of this type of distillation desalination plant.

The closest to the invention in technical essence and the achieved result in terms of energy cavitation installation, is an energy cavitation installation comprising a sea water supply pipe, a sea water pump, first and second recuperative heat exchangers, a cavitation steam generator, a steam compressor and a brine discharge pipe from installation (see patent RU No. 2234354, CL B01D 3/06, 08/20/2004).

This installation is quite time-consuming to manufacture and energy-consuming, since it involves installation that is difficult to manufacture and operate. In addition, the need for fine adjustment of the system and, most importantly, the inability to obtain desalinated water, safe for domestic use, due to the fact that with the removal of salts and impurities from seawater, the concentration of deuterium and tritium hydroxides sharply increases, the concentration of which in seawater even Before desalination, it is several times higher than their concentration in natural fresh water.

The closest to the invention in terms of technical nature and the achieved result in terms of cavitation steam generator, is a cavitation desalination plant containing an evaporation chamber, a cavitator located in it, a water inlet pipe made in the form of a confuser, and a steam outlet, while the cavitator is equipped with a rod connected to the source of oscillation, and the vapor drain pipe is located inside the rod, and the evaporation chamber and the vapor drain pipe are equipped with electrodes (see copyright certificate SU No. 952745, class B01D 1/26, 08.23.1982).

This installation allows you to translate the liquid medium into a vapor state in the cavitation flow mode, however, the presence of a shaft oscillation drive through which the steam pipe passes complicates the design of the device and increases energy consumption during operation of the installation.

Another closest to the invention in terms of technical nature and the achieved result in terms of cavitation steam generator is a cavitation generator comprising a housing with an internal working chamber and a pipe for discharging liquid from it located on the side wall of the housing, a drive shaft inserted in the chamber, introduced into the chamber through one of the end walls of the housing and the activator mounted on the shaft, made in the form of a disk, on the side surfaces of which movable cavitators are installed on the racks, I overlap working chamber with a gap from the end walls of the housing, on which similar stationary cavitators are installed on the posts between the movable cavitators (see patent RU No. 2115176, class B01F 11/02, July 10, 1998).

The disadvantage of this design is the ineffective use of the peripheral zones of the product’s capacity, where, due to the high pressure from centrifugal forces, cavitation is absent.

The problem to which the invention is directed, is to develop a structurally simple and economical installation for producing a vapor phase with the possibility of obtaining fresh water from sea water.

The technical result consists in that an increase in the efficiency of vaporization is achieved, a reduction in the health of tritium and deuterium impurities in the vapor phase condensate and a simplification of the operation of the installation and cavitation steam generators are achieved.

This problem is solved, and the technical result is achieved in terms of the energy cavitation installation as an object of the invention due to the fact that the energy cavitation installation contains a sea water supply pipe, a sea water supply pump, first and second recuperative heat exchangers, a cavitation steam generator, a steam compressor and a discharge pipe brine from the installation, while the installation is additionally equipped with a direct-flow device for magnetic treatment of sea water, a hydrocyclone, a steam treatment system , a steam condenser, a fresh-water collection tank and a hydro-shock steam condensation system made in the form of a valve installed in the compressed steam supply pipe from the steam compressor and connected to the compressed steam supply pipe through valves installed one in front of the valve and the other behind the valve in the direction the compressed steam pipeline, the low-pressure chamber and the high-pressure chamber, while the sea water supply pipe is connected through the first recuperative heat exchanger to the sea water supply pump, which Through a direct-flow seawater magnetic treatment device, a hydrocyclone and a second recuperative heat exchanger located in the condenser are connected to an input made with a plasmatron of a cavitation steam generator, which is connected through the first recuperative heat exchanger to the brine discharge pipe from the unit and the steam outlet is connected through the steam cleaning system to the steam the compressor, which is connected to the compressed steam supply line with a compressed steam output with a hydraulic shock system installed on it; steam condensation with low and high pressure chambers and a shutter, and the low pressure chamber is connected to the inlet of the steam compressor, and the high pressure chamber is connected to a condenser, which is connected by an input to the compressed steam supply pipe and by an outlet to a fresh water collection tank.

This problem is solved, and the technical result is achieved in part of the cavitation steam generator, as an object of the invention due to the fact that the cavitation steam generator contains an evaporation chamber connected to the seawater supply pipe, the brine outlet pipe and the steam pipe, the evaporation chamber is made in the form of a spiral and equipped with a plasmatron connected through an anode and a cathode installed in the evaporation chamber to an electric current source, with additional steam outlet connected to the evaporation chamber pipes, all the steam pipes are connected to the inner wall of the evaporation chamber along it along the flow in the sea water evaporation chamber, the plasma torch anode is made in the form of a grid, for example, nickel, located at the entrance to each steam pipe and in the form of an inner coating of the outer chamber wall, and the plasma torch cathode is made in the form of cathode candles with tungsten electrodes mounted through insulators on the outer wall of the evaporation chamber opposite the entrance to each vapor pipe.

This problem is solved, and the technical result is achieved in part of another embodiment of the cavitation steam generator, as an object of the invention due to the fact that the cavitation steam generator includes a housing with an internal working chamber and a pipe for removing fluid from it located on the side wall of the housing, the drive shaft located in the chamber, an activator mounted on a shaft through one of the end walls of the housing and mounted on a shaft, made in the form of a disk, on the side surfaces of which are mounted movable e cavitators that overlap the working chamber with a gap from the end walls of the housing, on which similar stationary cavitators are mounted on racks between the movable cavitators, while the cavitation steam generator is equipped with a plasmatron, the drive shaft is hollow for supplying sea water through it into the working chamber and is equipped with a directional disk the end wall opposite to the shaft in its axial region is made with a steam outlet pipe equipped with a plasmatron nickel anode hollow with porous walls located in the chamber on, passed through a hole made in the activator, and the side wall of the housing is equipped with cathode candles of a plasmatron with tungsten electrodes isolated from the inner walls of the chamber that perform the functions of the anode.

Figure 1 presents a block diagram of a power cavitation installation.

Figure 2 presents the first embodiment of the cavitation steam generator.

Figure 3 presents a second embodiment of a cavitation steam generator.

The energy cavitation installation comprises a sea water supply pipe 1, sea water supply pump 2, first 3 and second 4 recuperative heat exchangers, a cavitation steam generator 5, a steam compressor 6 and a brine discharge pipe 7 from the installation. The installation is additionally equipped with a direct-flow device 8 for magnetic treatment of sea water, a hydrocyclone 9, a steam purification system 10, a steam condenser 11, a fresh water collecting tank 12 and a steam shock condensing system 13 made in the form of a shutter installed in the pipeline 14 for supplying compressed steam from a steam compressor 6 15 and connected to the pipeline 14 for supplying compressed steam through valves 16 and 17, installed one 16 in front of the valve 15, and the other 17 - behind the valve 15 along the pipeline 14 of the compressed steam, chamber 18 low and camera 19 Accelerating pressure. The pipeline 1 for supplying sea water is connected through the first recuperative heat exchanger 3 to the pump 2 for supplying sea water, which is exited through a direct-flow device 8 for magnetic treatment of sea water, a hydrocyclone 9 and a second recuperative heat exchanger 4 located in the steam condenser 11 are connected to an input made with a plasmatron of a cavitation steam generator 5, which is connected through the first recuperative heat exchanger 3 to the brine outlet pipe 7 to the brine discharge pipe from the installation and the steam outlet is connected through the cleaning system 10 steam to the steam compressor 6, which is connected by an outlet of compressed steam to the compressed steam supply line 14 with a hydraulic shock condensing system 13 for condensing steam with chambers of reduced 18 and high pressure 19 and a shutter 15, wherein the reduced pressure chamber 18 is connected to the inlet of the steam compressor 6 and the pressure chamber 19 is connected to a condenser 11, which is connected by an input to a compressed steam supply pipe 14 and an output to a fresh water collecting tank 12.

The cavitation steam generator 5 according to the first embodiment has a vaporization chamber 20 connected to a seawater supply pipe 21 (entrance to the cavitation steam generator), a brine outlet pipe 22 (brine outlet from the cavitation steam generator) and a steam discharge pipe 23 (steam outlet from the cavitation steam generator). The evaporation chamber 20 is made in the form of a helical spiral and is equipped with a plasma torch consisting of an anode 24 and a cathode 25 connected to an electric current source (not shown) and installed in the evaporation chamber 20. Additional vapor pipes 26 are connected to the evaporation chamber 20. All steam pipes 23 and 26 are connected to the inner wall 27 of the evaporation chamber 20 along it along the flow in the evaporation chamber 20 of seawater, the plasmatron anode 24 is made in the form of a grid, for example, nickel, located at the entrance to each steam pipe 23 and 26 and in the form the inner coating of the outer wall 28 of the chamber 20, and the cathode 25 of the plasmatron is made in the form of cathode candles with tungsten electrodes installed through insulators on the outer wall 28 of the evaporation chamber 20 opposite the entrance to each steam pipe 23 and 26.

Thus, cathode candles are important elements of the cavitation steam generator 5. The tungsten electrode of the cathode candle is screwed onto the copper core, which provides high electrical conductivity and heat transfer, which increases the reliability of the tungsten electrode, porcelain insulator and the cathode candle as a whole.

The cavitation steam generator 5 according to the second embodiment comprises a housing 29 with an internal working chamber 30 and a nozzle 32 for discharging liquid from it located on the side wall 31 of the housing 29 (brine outlet from the cavitation steam generator), a drive shaft 33 introduced into the chamber 30 introduced into the chamber 30 through one of the end walls of the housing 29 and the activator 34 mounted on the drive shaft 33, made in the form of a disk, on the sides of which are mounted movable cavitators 35 that overlap the working chamber 30 with a gap from the end walls of the housing 29, on which the like stationary cavitators 36 are mounted on the racks between the movable cavitators 35. The cavitation steam generator 5 is equipped with a plasmatron consisting of an anode 24 and a cathode 25 connected to an electric current source (not shown). The drive shaft 33 is made hollow for supplying sea water through it into the working chamber (entrance to the cavitation steam generator) and is equipped with a directional disk 37, the end wall opposite to the shaft in its axial region is made with a pipe 38 for steam extraction (steam output from the cavitation steam generator), equipped with in the chamber 30 a hollow with porous walls nickel anode (anode 24) of the plasmatron passed through a hole made in the activator 34, and the side wall 31 of the housing 29 is equipped with cathode candles (cathode 25) of the plasmatron from tungsten Mom electrodes isolated from the inner walls of the chamber, performing the functions of the anode 24.

Sea water is piped 1 through a pump 2 through a first recuperative heat exchanger 3, and a once-through device 8 for magnetic treatment of sea water into a hydrocyclone 3. After exposure to sea water in a magnetic field, magnetized water becomes more structured than ordinary water. It increases the rate of chemical reactions and crystallization of dissolved substances, adsorption processes are intensified, coagulation of impurities and their precipitation are improved. As a result of magnetic treatment, the dissolved calcareous compounds crystallize. Magnetic treatment of water also affects the electrokinetic potential and the aggregative stability of suspended particles, accelerating their deposition. These processes (removal of the initial suspension and crystallization products) are realized in a hydrocyclone 3, from which water free of physical impurities is slightly heated in the second recuperative heat exchanger 4 located in the steam condenser 11, and then it enters the cavitational steam generator 5 equipped with a plasmatron to form a plasma flame in the electrostatic field, which, together with acute cavitation processes, provides intensive formation of steam at a relatively low temperature (up to 60 ° C), freed water from heavy water impurities. This release is carried out by trapping the ions of deuterium, tritium and their derivatives with tungsten cathodes located on the periphery of the working chamber 30 or the evaporation chamber 20 (depending on the embodiment of the cavitation steam generator 5) in the high pressure zone of the water flow, at a distance from the central zone providing steam removal from the cavitation steam generator 5 to the steam cleaning system 10.

The cleaned steam enters the steam compressor 6 and under high pressure (up to 6 atm) enters through a compressed steam line 14 into the hydraulic shock system 13 for condensation of steam with chambers of reduced 18 and high pressure 19 and a shutter 15.

A distinctive feature of the steam condensation section is the use of the effect of isothermal hydraulic shock in the steam stream, providing an increase in pressure in front of the shutter 15 and a decrease in pressure (vacuum) behind it. The increase in pressure on the pressure side of the valve in the pipeline 14 of compressed steam and lowering it on the low pressure side behind the valve 15 is due to non-stationary, shock phenomena. The principle of using such phenomena is as follows. At the initial stage of operation, the steam moves freely along the pipeline 14 of compressed steam at a speed U. At some point, the shutter 15 closes, causing a shock wave running towards the flow, behind which the pressure is

P = ρ · U · c,

where ρ is the density of the vapor-air mixture in the condenser tube, U is the flow velocity before braking, and s is the speed of sound in the vapor-air mixture.

The current velocity at this moment is zero.

After the shock wave reaches the steam compressor 6 or the shut-off element on the pipeline 14 of compressed steam, if it is installed on it, the wave is reflected. At the same time as the shutter 15 is closed, the valves 16 and 17 open. In this case, part of the high-pressure steam from the area in front of the shutter 15 passes to the high-pressure chamber 19, which is maintained in the chamber 19, and the other part of the steam from the low-pressure zone behind the shutter 15 passes to the chamber 18 low pressure. After that, the valves 16 and 17 are closed, and the shutter 15 opens and free movement of steam is restored in the pipeline 14. In the chamber 19, which may be structurally located in the steam condenser 11 due to the high pressure and low temperature, steam condensation occurs.

From the low-pressure chamber 18, steam is returned to the inlet of the steam compressor 6, and from the high-pressure chamber 19, the steam is sent to the steam condenser 11, where the final condensation of the steam occurs under the cooling effect of fresh sea water from the hydrocyclone 9. Distillate from the steam condenser 11 (fresh water) sent to the tank 12 for collecting fresh water. If necessary, the distillate from the tank 12 can be sent for re-cleaning in a parallel chain starting with a cavitation steam generator (not shown).

Water from the cavitation steam generator 5, which has not turned into steam (brine), enters the separator 39 and from there partially into the first recuperative heat exchanger 3, where it heats the sea water, and partially returns to the cavitation steam generator 5 for reprocessing.

Of fundamental importance are the designs of cavitation steam generators 5.

When installing a cavitation steam generator 5 in accordance with the first embodiment, seawater enters the evaporation chamber 20 made in the form of a helical spiral. Significant centrifugal forces develop in the rotating fluid, and a pressure gradient forms in the radial direction. Due to a sharp drop in pressure in the paraxial zone from the side of the inner wall 27 of the evaporation chamber 20, seawater boils and cavitation bubbles filled with steam are intensively ejected into the indicated paraxial zone of the evaporation chamber 20, from which the latter is sucked off by steam through the steam pipes 23 and 26 and the steam cleaning system 10 preferably oil-free compressor 6 and is sent to the steam condenser 11 through the hydraulic shock system 13 of condensation of steam. Due to the pressure gradient in the evaporation chamber 20, the flame formed by the cathodes 25 and anodes 24 of the plasmatron will be located almost exactly along the radius of the evaporation chamber 20 towards the center of rotation.

Very important elements of the cavitation steam generator 5 are cathode candles (cathodes 25) located on the outer wall 28 of the evaporation chamber 20. A tungsten electrode in the form of a tip is screwed onto a copper core, which provides high electrical conductivity and heat transfer, which increases the reliability of the tungsten electrode installed in the porcelain insulator . On the inner wall 27, including at the entrance to the steam pipes 23 and 26 and on the outer wall 28 in the evaporation chamber 20, anodes 24 made of mesh are placed and cathode candles (cathodes 25) with tungsten electrodes are installed in the outer wall 28.

Connected to a source of electrical energy, the anode 24 and cathode 25 cause an electric current of water ions. As the voltage increases, hydrogen is first released at the cathode 25, then a volume-diffuse discharge appears at the cathode 25, the efficiency of which is regulated (in particular) by the color of its glow, and the plasma temperature can reach ~ 10000 K, and heat is released. The tungsten electrode of the cathode 25 at the time when the energy is released, is covered with a luminous sheath from the plasma. Here conditions arise for chemical and nuclear reactions. Other processes typical of conventional electrolysis, for example, the formation of hydrogen molecules, take place here. During the electrolysis of water, quite often an electron is captured directly by the nucleus of heavy hydrogen - deuterium with the formation of a special elementary particle of a dineutron (double neutron). They do not live very long, but at the same time manage to get into the tungsten crystal lattice with the formation of the tungsten isotope - 184, which makes it possible to remove heavy water elements from water.

When installing the cavitation steam generator 5 in accordance with the second embodiment, seawater enters the completed working chamber 30 through the hollow drive shaft 33. The heated seawater is discarded by the guiding disc 37 to the periphery to the side wall 31 of the housing 29. When sea water interacts with the stationary 36 and movable 35, rotated by the drive shaft 33 cavitators, seawater is rotated in the working chamber 30 with the formation of the zone of reduced pressure in the axial zone of the working chamber 30. In rotating liquid developing significant centrifugal forces, the pressure gradient is formed in the radial direction. Due to the sharp drop in pressure in the near-axis zone noted above, seawater boils and cavitation bubbles filled with steam are intensively ejected into the specified near-axis zone of the working chamber 30. “Cold” steam from the cavitation zone passes through the porous nickel anode 24, where deuterium ions and its derivatives are retained ( the steam is free from the heavy component and slightly heated by burning plasma), the pipe 38 of the steam outlet and then through the steam cleaning system 10, the latter is sucked off by the steam compressor 6 and sent to the condenser ara 11 of hydraulic system 13 through vapor condensation. Due to the pressure gradient in the working chamber 30, the flame formed by the cathodes 25 and the anode 24 located along the axis of the working chamber 30 and made of porous nickel will be located almost strictly along the radius of the working chamber 30. Otherwise, the processes occurring in the cavitation steam generator 5 are similar to those described above.

The present invention can be used in energy in the treatment of various liquid media, mainly for desalination of predominantly sea water and purification of natural waters from various pollutants.

Claims (3)

1. An energy cavitation installation comprising a sea water supply pipe, a sea water supply pump, first and second recuperative heat exchangers, a cavitation steam generator, a steam compressor and a brine discharge pipe from the installation, characterized in that the installation is additionally equipped with a direct-flow device for magnetic treatment of sea water, a hydrocyclone , a steam cleaning system, a steam condenser, a fresh water collection tank and a hydraulic shock system for condensation of steam, made in the form installed in the pipe water supply of compressed steam from the steam compressor of the valve and connected to the pipeline for supplying compressed steam through valves installed one in front of the valve and the other behind the valve in the pipeline of compressed steam, low pressure chamber and high pressure chamber, while the sea water supply pipe is connected through the first a recuperative heat exchanger to a seawater supply pump that exits through a direct-flow seawater magnetic treatment unit, a hydrocyclone and a second recuperative heat located in the condenser the exchanger is connected to the inlet of a cavitation steam generator made with a plasmatron, which is connected through the first recuperative heat exchanger to the brine discharge pipe from the unit and the steam outlet is connected through the steam purification system to the steam compressor, which is connected to the compressed steam supply pipe with the compressed steam installed on it hydraulic shock condensation system of steam with chambers of low and high pressure and a shutter, and the chamber of low pressure is connected to the inlet of the vapor oh compressor, and the pressure chamber is connected to a condenser, which is connected by an input to the compressed steam supply pipe and an output to a fresh water collecting tank. 2. A cavitation steam generator containing an evaporation chamber connected to a seawater supply pipe, a brine discharge pipe and a steam pipe, characterized in that the evaporation chamber is made in the form of a helical spiral and is equipped with a plasma torch connected through an anode and a cathode to an electric source current, moreover, additional steam pipes are connected to the evaporation chamber, all steam pipes are connected to the inner wall of the evaporation chamber along it along the flow in the evaporation chamber Orsk water, the plasmatron anode is made in the form of a grid, for example, nickel, located at the entrance to each steam pipe and in the form of an inner coating of the outer chamber wall, and the plasmatron cathode is made in the form of cathode candles with tungsten electrodes mounted through insulators on the outer wall of the evaporation chamber opposite the entrance to each steam pipe. 3. A cavitation steam generator comprising a housing with an internal working chamber and a fluid outlet pipe located on the side wall of the housing, a drive shaft located in the chamber, introduced into the chamber through one of the end walls of the housing, and an activator made in the form of a disk mounted on the shaft the lateral surfaces of which movable cavitators are installed on the racks, overlapping the working chamber with a gap from the end walls of the housing, on which similar stationary ones are installed on the racks between the movable cavitators e cavitators, characterized in that it is equipped with a plasmatron, the drive shaft is hollow for supplying sea water through it to the working chamber and is equipped with a directional disk, the end wall opposite its shaft, is made with a steam outlet pipe provided with a hollow port with porous walls of the plasmatron nickel anode passed through the hole made in the activator, and the side wall of the housing is equipped with cathode candles of the plasmatron with tungsten electrodes isolated from internal tenok working chamber performing the anode function.

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