RU2420500C1 - Method to produce organo-mineral fertilisers and process line for its realisation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. ^ SUBSTANCE: method to produce organo-mineral fertilisers includes mixing caustobioliths of coal variety with mineral fertilisers, alkalis, lignocellulose component and highly toxic wastes of agricultural production, disinfection, dehydration and forwarding for granulation. Previously short-acting humates are produced by means of cavitation dispersion of caustobioliths in aqueous solution of alkalis until complete yield of humates and achievement of temperature of 75-90C, or humates of prolonged action are produced by cavitation dispersion of caustobioliths in aqueous solution of acid until temperature of 60C is achieved. Then alkali is added and dispersed until temperature reaches 75-90C, and humates are produced with controlled release of reactant. A short-acting lignocellulose component is produced by cavitation fermentation dispersion of raw materials in aqueous solution with addition of a ferment from thermophilic bacteria with participation of chemical and catalytic fermentation, or a lignocellulose component of prolonged action is produced by cavitation dispersion of raw materials in aqueous solution of mineral fertilisers and microelements with addition of swine manure or bird lime until temperature of 75-90C. Highly toxic wastes of agricultural production - swine manure and bird lime, which contribute to an organic part of fertilisers, are processed into a short-acting component by cavitation dispersion of raw materials in aqueous solution of thermophilic bacteria with chemical and catalytic effect and into a component of prolonged effect by means of cavitation dispersion of raw materials in aqueous solution of mineral fertilisers and microelements until temperature of 75-90C. Inhibition of all bacteria, microbes, disease agents, helminth eggs, plant seeds, which have not lost their germinating ability, is carried out by means of cavitation dispersion and rendering mechanical, thermal, electric and chemical effect at bacteria. Dehydration of organo-mineral suspension is carried out by means of spraying suspension heated up to 75-90C in vacuum with organisation of explosive boiling, fine spraying and fast dehydration. Also a process line is suggested to produce short-acting and prolonged action organo-mineral fertilisers, as well as their mixtures in the necessary combinations. ^ EFFECT: invention makes it possible to recycle highly toxic wastes of agricultural production, to produce humic and humic organo-mineral fertilisers suitable to improve crop capacity of all types of crops, to improve structure of any soils, to reclaim disturbed lands, to detoxify soils, contaminated with pesticides, nitrates and technical fluids. ^ 2 cl, 6 dwg, 3 tbl

Description

The field of technology.

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used for the production of organic fertilizers suitable for any type of soil (podzolic, gray, forest, chernozem, serozem, solonchak, etc.). Organomineral fertilizers reduce the dissolution rate of phosphorus components in water, and the humic components of fertilizers due to the formation of insoluble compounds of a neutral type provide restoration of soil structure, their detoxification from herbicides, and also neutralization of heavy metals. Organomineral fertilizers are long-acting fertilizers, which is provided not only by the presence of the humic component, but also by impregnation of the organic component of the fertilizer with mineral substances and microelements.

The invention allows to utilize and disinfect various agricultural wastes generated at various livestock farms, poultry farms, etc. The present invention can be specifically used for disposal in fertilizers of very toxic waste - poultry manure and pig manure - by special cavitation processing into environmentally friendly organic fertilizers.

The invention will find application in engineering (industrial) ecology for the detoxification and cleaning of soils and lands contaminated with organic and inorganic waste and ecotoxicants, for the restoration of disturbed lands, industrial dumps of heaps and dumps of municipal solid waste. Technological cavitation processes incorporated in the invention will reliably deprive germination of weed seeds found in manure and litter.

A known method for the disposal of agro-industrial waste (Russian patent No. 2333049 dated 09/10/2008), according to which the utilization of agro-industrial waste, in particular poultry manure, involves loading the waste into the drying chamber in a pre-dispersed state in the ejector, supplying heat carrier gas to the drying chamber temperature 1200-1600 ° С, heat treatment and drying of waste with subsequent unloading. Moreover, the initial agricultural waste before it is loaded into the drying chamber is pre-repulped in water or circulating solutions, compressed air is bubbled through the resulting suspension, salt waste from magnesium or potassium production is introduced, and surfactants are water-repellent additives. The clarified liquid phase after sedimentation of the suspension is discharged from the lower zone of the storage tank to the collection tank, and partially dehydrated agricultural waste is discharged from the storage tank and loaded through an ejector into the drying chamber.

The disadvantages of the known invention are:

1) the chemical composition of the resulting organic fertilizers does not meet the needs of plants in N, P, K;

2) drying and disinfection of chicken manure occurs at a very high temperature of the heat carrier gas 1200-1600 ° C, which is associated with an uneconomical method of removing moisture from 2500 kJ / kg;

3) the absence of granulation in the technology of preparation of fertilizers, the obtained fraction has a wide range from dusty to large pieces, which will not allow for uniform distribution of fertilizers in the process of their application to the soil;

4) the need to dilute chicken manure with a triple amount of water, followed by bubbling with compressed air, indicates the imperfection of the fermentation process of fresh chicken manure, high water consumption, the complexity of technological support due to the presence of compressed air;

5) dispersion of chicken droppings in an ejector is less efficient and more energy-intensive compared to, for example, rotary-pulse dispersants.

Known liquid complex fertilizer and method for its production (Russian patent No. 2268868 dated 01/27/2006), comprising a mixture of humic and complex water-soluble mineral fertilizers "Aquarin 13", and as components of the mixture used liquid humic fertilizer with a content of humic acids of at least 2 , 6 g / l, and water-soluble fertilizer "Aquarin 13" in a mixture of at least 0.1%.

The disadvantages of the known invention are:

1) obtaining potassium humates by air sparging of an aqueous solution of caustic potassium with sifted wet low-lying peat at room temperature, which requires prolonged mixing to obtain chelating compounds of humates, which are most actively formed at temperatures of 60-75 ° C;

2) the need for long-term upholding of the obtained product up to 24 hours, which reduces the yield of finished products to 80-85%;

3) a low amount of N, P, K introduced into the mixture along with 0.1% fertilizer "Aquarin 13" (OAO Buisky Chemical Plant), which contains N - NO ₃ , N - NH ₄ 13%, P ₂ O ₅ 41%, K ₂ O 13%, requires increased doses when applied to the soil.

A known method of processing organic waste into vermicompost and installation for its implementation (Russian patent No. 2108998 dated 04/20/1998), including the processing of organic waste into vermicompost using red California worm as a vermiculture with the formation of a bed of compost with its worms, providing living conditions and the propagation of worms in terms of temperature, humidity and aeration of compost, increasing the compost layer to ensure that the worms migrate upwards, as they process the compost, remove e processed bottom layer and the formation of a bed from an extended layer with worms migrated into it. By adding compost directly to the surface layer, preserving the bed until puberty of the worms emerging from cocoons deposited in the bed, and completely migrating both the old and young worms from the initial layer, only the completely processed lower layer is removed, and a new bed is formed from the remaining upper a layer containing worms of different ages and late cocoons.

The implementation of the method takes place in pallets with a size of 500 × 1000 mm, which are located in multi-tiered racks, and the room is provided with heating, humidification, aeration and lighting.

The disadvantages of this method are:

1) the duration of the process of processing manure by California worms is 105-115 days, and therefore, the low productivity of the installation;

2) the need to maintain a microclimate that ensures the livelihoods and reproduction of worms;

3) the inability to process highly toxic waste: bird droppings and pig manure;

4) the absence of a guarantee of complete disinfection of compost from dangerous bacteria and viruses contained in cattle manure, straw, fallen leaves, etc.

Organic fertilizer is known (Russian patent No. 2282607 of 08/27/2006) containing peat, superphosphate, potassium salt and the remainder from peat hydrolysis, urea, and the remainder from peat hydrolysis is taken as a residue, for example, of lowland peat treated with hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. The choice of potassium fertilizer in the form of potassium sulfate is due to its best, in comparison with potassium chloride, peptizing properties when obtaining organomineral fertilizer in granular form.

The disadvantages of this method are:

1) lack of alkaline effects to obtain humates;

2) there is no disinfection of peat and centrate;

3) there is no enzymatic effect on the organic part of the fertilizer.

A prolonged-action soil modifier and a method for producing it are known (Russian patent No. 2345976 dated September 20, 2008), according to which compost is preliminarily prepared by aerobic two-stage fermentation of a mixture of litter manure and litter bird droppings with peat, with interrupted aeration from the bottom up. In this case, the first stage of fermentation proceeds in the mesophilic mode at a temperature of 25-30 ° C, the second in the thermophilic mode at a temperature of 65-80 ° C. The finished compost in a concentration of 10-20% is mixed with a moisture content of not more than 40% purified from mechanical impurities and chopped peat (a mixture of lowland and high) and potassium humate taken at a concentration of 76-86% and 2%, respectively.

After that, the mixture is crushed in a crusher in a known manner to a particle size of 0.5-1 mm and passes through a vibrating screen. A fraction with a particle size of more than 1 mm is sent for re-grinding.

A mechanically activated peat fraction (particle size 40-50 microns) obtained by treating peat in a centrifugal-elliptical mill with simultaneous dispersion is introduced into the mixture using a dispenser. The ultrafine fraction of peat should be 2% of the total mass of the mixture. The components are thoroughly mixed at room temperature for 12-25 minutes.

If necessary, special additives (mineral compounds of macro- and microelements) are introduced into the composition of a prolonged-action soil modifier to obtain the most enriched complex fertilizer, which has a quick-acting effect on the development of plants during certain periods of vegetation (flowering, fruit setting, etc.).

The disadvantages of the known soil modifier prolonged action are:

1) in the process of preparation of a soil modifier of prolonged action, the acidity of peat is not removed;

2) the duration of the process of fermentation of fresh manure 4-6 days;

3) the process of humification of mechanically activated peat after mixing all components of the fertilizer is slowed down, at present, a more powerful means of influence is known - cavitation dispersion.

A known method of producing organic fertilizers (Russian patent No. 2350587 dated 03/27/2009), according to which cavitational dispersion of a humate-containing substance is carried out, followed by the addition of phosphoric or phosphoric acid, and then the solution is neutralized with alkali to pH 7-7.5 and introduced into a liquid humic fertilizer of micronutrients.

The disadvantages of the known method of producing organic fertilizers are:

1) the method provides for the production of only liquid organic fertilizers;

2) the introduction of orthophosphoric acid to form sparingly soluble phosphohumates in order to ensure the prolongation of the fertilizer is not effective; cavitation impregnation of lignocellulose raw materials seems more promising;

3) the method does not solve the problem of recycling agricultural waste (bird droppings, pig manure, cattle manure, etc.), but uses peat, brown coal, sapropel as the main component of humic fertilizers.

The invention is known - a fertilizer composition (Russian patent No. 2351577 dated 04/10/2009), in which leonardite, lignite, xylene and peat are selected as a humified fossil, which is diluted in water with the addition of gluconic acid to a pH of less than 2.5. This is followed by sequential addition of an alkaline reagent to the mixture to adjust the pH to a value corresponding to the alkaline medium.

After mixing peat and gluconic acid in an aqueous solution, the mixture is stirred for 2-4 hours, then it settles for 6-12 hours, after adding alkali it is stirred for 6-12 hours, and then the resulting fertilizer settles for 24 hours. After filtration, urea is added to the liquid fertilizer and a urea gluconate solution is obtained.

In the case of obtaining granular gluconates with humate complexes, various fillers, macro- and micronutrient fertilizers, as well as components with a high level of moisture absorption, for example derivatives of hydrolyzed starch, up to 25% of the processed material can be added to the mixture. In the future, such fertilizer in the soil captures and accumulates moisture, increasing in size, by swelling up to 150 times.

The disadvantages of the known invention are:

1) the duration of the cooking process;

2) the composition of fertilizers does not provide for the use of agricultural waste, and even more highly toxic bird droppings and pig manure;

3) gluconation reactions and the production of humate complexes are carried out by mechanical stirring, although there is a more radical means of exposure, accelerating the course of chemical reactions, cavitation dispersion.

A known method of producing organic fertilizers and a production line for its implementation (Russian patent No. 2296731 from 04/10/2007, prototype).

According to this method, which solves several problems in the process of preparing various compositions of organic fertilizers, namely:

- a cavitation method for producing humates by dispersing coal series caustobioliths in an aqueous alkali solution. The resulting product can be used as an independent liquid fertilizer, and can also be used as a component of a complex organomineral fertilizer;

- a cavitation method for producing the organomineral component of a fertilizer obtained by cavitation destruction of the cell structures of lignocellulosic raw materials (straw, sawdust, sunflower husk, flax bonfire, husks, manure, etc.), while the raw material is intensively saturated with an aqueous solution containing nitrogen, phosphorus , potassium and a set of trace elements, ensuring not only the breakdown of fiber, but also the occurrence of partial hydrolysis of components of plant materials;

- cavitation method of processing municipal solid waste in cities and the use of the resulting composition as a component of organic fertilizer. Cavitation destruction of the lignocellulosic component of urban household waste, creation of conditions for the flow of physicochemical and biochemical processes of enzymatic fermentation of starch-containing waste, creation of conditions for the breakdown of proteins catalyzed by proteases;

- cavitation inhibition of all putrefactive bacteria and microbes, as well as inhibition of germination of weed seeds contained in plant materials, manure or municipal solid waste;

- development of a technological line for the cavitation preparation of humic acids and humates, a line for the preparation of lignocellulosic organomineral component of the fertilizer, a line for the cavitation preparation of the organo-carbohydrate component of the fertilizer from municipal solid household waste, preparation of a homogeneous, disinfected and seedless suspension, ensuring vacuum dehydration of the resulting suspension to humidity, which passes granulation and obtaining granular complex humic organomines eral fertilizers.

The disadvantages of the known method of producing organic fertilizers are:

1) the preparation technology provides for the production of only humic acids and humates from caustobiolites of the coal series by cavitation treatment in an alkali solution. Cavitation dispersion is carried out until the temperature of the mixture reaches 80-90 ° C and its "thickening". The technology does not provide, for example, gluconates and glucohumates, phosphohumates (by treatment with phosphoric or phosphoric acid), etc .;

2) the technology of cavitation preparation of fertilizer components by destruction and impregnation of lignocellulosic raw materials (straw, sawdust, sunflower husk, flax bonfire, husks, manure) does not involve the processing of highly toxic waste such as chicken manure and pig manure. The technology of enzymatic action on high-strength, fibrous waste from processing agricultural products, such as flax bonfire, sunflower husk, etc .;

3) the complexity of the technological process for obtaining organic fertilizers, including the processing of urban solid waste complex in composition. The difficulty of sorting solid household waste in the large presence of plastic and plastic bags, wrappers and packaging, metal, wood, reinforced concrete and rubber inclusions. The processing of municipal solid household waste must be separated into independent production, with the simultaneous sorting of waste for its intended purpose at the places of their collection (metal, glass, plastic, food waste, paper, etc.);

4) the technology of vacuum dehydration of the resulting suspension to the required moisture content is designed to work with drying loose components (straw, sawdust, sunflower husk, etc.), but will not be able to provide dehydration of durable cakes, dung dung and manure forming when dried.

A known method of disinfecting manure (Russian patent No. 2317670 dated 02.27.2008), according to which the microorganisms B. stearo - the mophilus, B. subtilis, B. brevis and B. coagulans are used as the active component that destroys bacteria in the manure with a concentration of 1.3–2 million microbial cells in each ml of each microorganism, which is introduced into manure at volume ratios of 0.01: 1–1.5, followed by exposure at a temperature of 52–56 ° C for 5–9 days anaerobic conditions.

The disadvantages of this method of disinfecting manure are:

1) the duration of the disinfection process 5-9 days of one batch of manure;

2) the need to grow 4 types of microorganisms on an industrial scale.

A known production line for the processing of organic materials and / or waste containing organic materials (Russian patent No. 2108997 dated 04/20/1998), including a mechanical chopper, humidifier-mixer, the output of which is communicated with the input of the biomixer, and the output of the latter is technologically connected with molding aggregate.

In addition, the line is equipped with a gas generator, a steam generator, a steam jet ejection grinder, a water sterilization unit, as well as a plant for preparing the seed biomaterial with means for its ultraviolet activation, while the humidifier-mixer is made in the form of an activator disintegrator, with which the output of the water sterilization unit is communicated. The plant for the preparation of the sown biomaterial is communicated with the biomixer, the output of the mechanical chopper being technologically connected with the passive nozzle of the steam-jet ejector chopper, and its active nozzle with the output of the steam generator, the power plant of which is in communication with the gas generator.

The disadvantages of the known device are:

1) the complexity of the production line, and most importantly the need to have a water sterilization unit in it, a mixer-mixer in the form of an activator disintegrator, a steam jet ejector, a steam generator. All these installations can be replaced by one cavitation dispersant with a high density of cavitation;

2) the steam-powered installation must produce steam with a pressure of several hundred atmospheres and a temperature of several hundred degrees, which is associated with its registration in boiler inspection authorities, the need to have highly qualified personnel and strict security measures.

A known line for the production of peat fertilizers (Russian patent No. 2021988 from 10.30.1994), containing a peat hopper-feeder, vibrating sieve, hoppers-dispensers of mineral additives, conveyor, mixer, separator and storage. In addition, the line is additionally equipped with a conveyor located behind the mixer and the associated middle part with a chute ejector, which is connected through the dispenser-feeder and separator to the extractor inlet. An alkali mixer is connected to the extractor through a liquid dispenser, an intermediate tank and a pump, while the extractor inlet is connected to a storage tank, the output of which through an adjustable pump is connected to a centrifuge connected to the storage. At the same time, the other end of the tray ejector is connected to the belt of the transfer conveyor. A plow ejector is installed above the centrifuge on the conveyor frame, and a hopper of the packaging machine is installed under the conveyor at the location of the plow ejector. The output of this conveyor is connected to the discharge hopper, while the extractor is heated.

The disadvantages of the line for the production of peat fertilizers are:

1) the line provides for the preparation of only three types of peat fertilizers;

2) the reaction of the formation of salts of humates occurs during alteration and at room temperature, which weakly affects the rate of the reaction between humic acids and alkali;

3) fertilizers are not disinfected in any way.

Known installation for biofermentation of organo-waste (Russian patent No. 2189714 from 09/27/2002), containing a concrete platform, grating floor, a container for collecting excess liquid and instrumentation. In addition, the installation has a tray under the grating floor for collecting excess fluid, made with biases towards the middle and towards the thermophilic yeast tank, a pump for maintaining the temperature-humidity regime by feeding thermophilic fluid to the treated manure from the telescopic nozzle.

The disadvantages of the known invention are:

1) the possibility of biofermentation processing of only litter manure and straw waste from plant growing;

2) the need for dilution of thermophilic bacteria;

3) the duration of the fermentation process is 25-35 days.

A device for the fermentation processing of liquid manure and litter (Russian patent No. 2247099 of 02.27.2005, prototype), comprising a housing with a longitudinally recessed storage bottom and a lid, in which there are located means for introducing a processed liquid medium and a suspension of microorganisms, aerating gas, means for selecting a pro-fermented medium, in addition, a nozzle for discharging exhaust gas is mounted in the lid, an air distribution device for aeration connected to the means for introducing aerating gas, and Inside the housing bubble plate installed between the impeller and the housing cover to the exhaust gas output pipe penootboynik installed in the longitudinal recess bottom disposed agitator and jacketed casing for supplying coolant or refrigerant.

The advantage of the known device is the ability to utilize the waste products of animals and birds on livestock farms and poultry farms to produce bioorganic fertilizer.

The disadvantages of the device are:

- low productivity of the device, reducing the time of fermentation processing against the natural process:

a) with a periodic process of 15%;

b) with a continuous process of 25%

- there is no guarantee of the death of pathogenic bacteria and viruses;

- there is no mineral correction of the chemical composition of bioorganic fertilizer.

Known devices for disinfecting manure waste (Russian patents No. 2331827 dated September 10, 2008, 2248112 dated March 20, 2005, 2199199 dated February 27, 2003, 2199848 dated March 10, 2003, 2197805 dated February 10, 2003) . All devices contain high-voltage pulse generators and emitters. The impact on pathogenic microflora and microorganisms contained in manure runoff is based on the Yutkin effect.

The disadvantages of the known devices for disinfecting manure effluents are:

1) high energy costs for processing 1 ton of effluent, which exceeds cavitation disinfection by 12-15 times;

2) the need to provide unprecedented security measures to protect personnel and animals from electric shock;

3) the lack of the possibility of disinfecting straw bedding manure and litters.

A known production line for implementing a method for producing organic fertilizers (Russian patent No. 2296731 dated 04/10/2007, prototype), comprising weighted batchers of components, a mixer, a granulator, a heat generator, a drying oven, a cyclone and a refrigerator. In addition, the production line contains a line for the preparation of humic acids and humates, a line for the preparation of an organomineral component, a line for the preparation of an organo-carbohydrate component, and a line for the homogenization, dehydration, granulation and drying of the granules. Moreover, the humic acid preparation line contains a weight dispenser, a conveyor belt, a mixer, a cavitation wet dispersant of coal-type caustobioliths, a container for humic acids and humates. The organic-mineral component preparation line contains weighing batchers, a conveyor belt, a mixer, a cavitation dispersant of wet grinding of solvent raw materials. The organo-carbohydrate component preparation line contains weighing batchers, a belt conveyor-sorter, containers for collecting metal, plastic, wood, glass, a magnetic iron separator, a chopper, a mixer, a cavitation dispersant for wet grinding of solid household waste.

The line of homogenization, dehydration, granulation and drying of granules contains a homogenizer mixer, a cavitation disperser-homogenizer, a vacuum receiver for dehydration of homogenized liquid fertilizers, a vacuum pump, a condensate heat exchanger, a granulator, a drying oven, a heat generator, a classifier, a refrigerator, a cyclone and a fan.

The disadvantages of the known processing line for implementing the method of producing organic fertilizers are:

1) the line for the preparation of humic acids and humates does not provide for the preparation of prolonged-action liquid humic fertilizers (phospho-humates, sulfo-humates, gluconates, etc.);

2) the preparation line of the organomineral and organocarbohydrate component does not provide:

- fermentation processing of hardly decomposable raw materials - bonfires of flax and husks of sunflower to increase the speed of the fertilizer when applied to the soil;

- processing of highly toxic agricultural waste (pig manure and bird droppings);

3) the line of homogenization, dehydration, granulation and drying of granules is designed to work with loose lignocellulosic components (sawdust, bark, husk, straw) that are not sintered during vacuum dehydration, into cakes, dung, which are formed during the dehydration of cavitation activated pig manure and bird droppings, requiring mechanical destruction before unloading from the vacuum receiver by a screw conveyor. Pork manure and poultry manure sprayed during the drying process adhere to the walls of the vacuum receiver to dehydrate homogenized liquid fertilizers, from which they are very difficult to remove, and in the course of long-term operation it completely overgrows with crust over almost the entire volume.

4) The vacuum receiver for dehydration of homogenized liquid fertilizers is not provided with a device for heating the dehydrated fertilizers, since the really developed vacuum providing boiling is in the range (0.7-0.9) kg / cm ² and the temperature (60-85) ° C.

The advantages of the well-known technological line for obtaining complex humic organomineral fertilizers is cavitation disinfection of processed materials with simultaneous inhibition of germination of weed seeds.

A device is known for removing moisture in a vacuum (Russian patent No. 2316701 dated 02.10.2008), including an evaporator chamber with a water jacket, an electric heater and a temperature controller, installed in a cell configured to rotate around a horizontal axis and rotate around a symmetry axis, and equipped driven oscillatory motion at an angle of 180 ° around the axis of symmetry, in addition, a horizontal condenser, pipeline, condensate collector and vacuum pump. The difference between this device is the inclusion of a vertical condenser in the pipe cut, connecting the condensate collector and the horizontal condenser.

The disadvantages of the known device are:

1) the absence in the chamber of the evaporator of a mixing device, providing loosening of the drying mass and cleaning the walls of the evaporator;

2) low product dehydration performance.

Known devices for removing moisture in a vacuum (Russian patents No. 2327092, 2338977, 2338979), the main solutions of which are aimed at preventing emissions of the dehydrated product into the condensate by installing a spray catcher; to eliminate film boiling of the product - by lowering the temperature near the top cover of the evaporator chamber or by installing a reflux condenser on the top cover of the evaporator chamber. All devices have the same disadvantages as the device (patent No. 2316701).

A known method of dehydration and drying of materials in a vacuum and a device for its implementation (Russian patent No. 2334923 dated 09/29/2008), which includes loading the starting material into a vacuum process chamber onto process heat exchangers with internal tubular channels, pumping the chamber to a pressure below atmospheric, mixing and moving the source, supplying the coolant to the process heat exchangers from the steam source and unloading the dehydrated finished product. In the process of mixing and moving the source material in a vacuum, the internal tubular channels of the process heat exchangers are pumped to a pressure in them, which provides condensation of the coolant at a temperature exceeding the temperature of saturated vapors in the vacuum process chamber by 2 to 15 ° C. A device for dehydration and drying of materials in a vacuum, containing a vacuum process chamber, in which are located technological heat exchangers with internal tubular channels for a coolant, a system for loading and unloading the processed material, a heating system for the starting material, condensate collecting tanks, an outlet heat exchanger and a preheating unit material, contains a receiver, a sealed cavity which is connected to the inner tubular channels of technological heat exchangers and vacuum m pump.

The disadvantages of the known method and device are:

1) the need to have a source of thermal energy in the form of steam;

2) there is no way to dehydrate materials that form durable cakes and dungs when dried;

3) the method does not provide for any disinfection of the dried raw materials;

4) there is no correction of the chemical composition of dry matter for the main elements of N, P, K;

5) the method does not include the addition of humates and fermentation of raw materials.

A device for low-temperature dehydration of materials in a vacuum (Russian patent No. 2300718 from 06/10/2007), containing a vacuum process chamber with process heat exchangers for heating the source material, nodes for loading the source material and unloading the dry product, a vacuum pump for pumping the vacuum process chamber, an inlet heat exchanger connected to a hot water source, an outlet heat exchanger connected to a process chamber, in addition, a condensate collection unit connected to an inlet eploobmennikom, and a heat pump.

The disadvantages of the known device are:

1) the material to be dehydrated is placed on the flat surfaces of the technological heat exchangers and without mixing it loses moisture until it completely dries, which will entail adhesion to the surface of the heat exchangers and the formation of cakes;

2) the dehydrated material is not subjected to any disinfection.

The advantage of the known device is a well-designed system for heating the feedstock and heat recovery from condensate with a heat pump.

The technical objectives of the claimed invention are:

1) One of the objectives of the claimed invention is the task of creating a cavitation method for the production of quick and prolonged humates by the formation of sparingly soluble phosphohumates, sulfohumates, nitrohumates or the use of chelating agents, which are ammonium salts or hydroxy acid salts, in particular, such as gluconic, glucoheptonic and glutamine acid. The obtained humates must, in addition, possess sorption, ion exchange, and complex-forming properties, make maximum use of the ability of the resulting components in the synergistic unity of the naturally hydrated and hydrolyzed humino-mineral complexes. Glucohumate complexes, for example, obtained by the cavitation method, should be fertilizers with controlled release of the active substance. For example, the cavitation preparation and use of urea glucohumate should have the following orgonomic advantages:

- a marked increase in the stability of urea nitrogen in the soil, which, depending on the ratio of it and the humic substances present in the preparation, should reach 3-4 months;

- complete elimination of risks caused by phytotoxicity of urea;

- Slow, continuous and protected release of urea nitrogen without leaching problems;

- a significant reduced release of ammonia in the soil after application of the drug;

- reduction (up to 50% or more) of the amount of fertilizer fertilizing based on the supply of crops with nitrogen, due to the complete absence of losses due to leaching or adverse factors.

2) Another objective of the invention is the creation of a fertilizer component of such a structure and composition, as well as a method for producing it in such cavitation modes and in such cavitation installations that would allow to produce organomineral suspension on an industrial scale by cavitation destruction of not only lignocellulosic raw materials (straw, wood sawdust, flax bonfire, husk, manure), but also the use of highly toxic agricultural waste as an organic component of fertilizers, such as fresh No manure and fresh bird droppings that have undergone cavitation chemical or biological fermentation, as well as intensive impregnation of the organic component with an aqueous solution containing nitrogen, potassium and a set of trace elements.

3) Another objective of the invention is the provision of cavitation inhibition of all putrefactive bacteria and microbes, pathogens, worm eggs, and also seeds of weed plants that have not lost their germination during their stay in plant materials, manure or in water.

4) Another objective of the invention is the development of an industrial method of dehydration of a liquid organomineral suspension by the vacuum method, which provides a decrease in humidity to the limits necessary for granulation.

5) Another objective of the invention is the development of a production line for the cavitation production of quick and prolonged humates, a production line for the cavitation preparation of lignocellulosic organomineral component of the fertilizer, a fermentation line for highly toxic agricultural waste from pork manure and poultry manure, preparation of a homogeneous disinfected and seedless suspension, to ensure vacuum dehydration of the resulting suspension to the required moisture, gran granulation, drying of granules and obtaining granular humic organic fertilizers of fast or prolonged action.

The technical result achieved by the implementation of this invention is to obtain complex humic organic fertilizers, the composition of which is organic, humic and mineral (a set of N, P, K, macro and trace elements) components with reliable fermentation of pig manure and bird droppings, guaranteed disinfection of the whole suspensions before vacuum dehydration and granulation. Recipes for the presence of certain components have been developed and can be prepared taking into account the state of the soil, the presence of humic and humic components in them, the presence of macro- and microelements, as well as pesticides and toxic chemicals.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that the method of producing organic fertilizers includes mixing coal-grade caustobioliths with mineral fertilizers, alkalis, a lignocellulosic component and highly toxic agricultural waste, disinfection, dehydration and transfer to granulation. Preliminarily, humates of fast action are obtained by cavitational dispersion of caustobiolites in an aqueous solution of alkalis until the humates are completely released and a temperature of 75-90 ° C is reached, or humates of prolonged action by cavitation dispersion of caustobiolites in an aqueous solution of acid to reach a temperature of 60 ° C. Then alkali is added and dispersed to a temperature of 75-90 ° C and obtaining humates with controlled release of the active substance. A lignocellulosic component of fast action is obtained by cavitational fermentation dispersion of raw materials in an aqueous solution with the addition of starter culture from thermophilic bacteria with the participation of chemical and catalytic fermentation or a lignocellulosic component of prolonged action by cavitational dispersion of raw materials in an aqueous solution of mineral fertilizers and microelements with addition of pork manure temperature 75-90 ° С. Highly toxic agricultural waste - pig manure and poultry manure, which make up the organic part of fertilizers, are processed into a fast-acting component by cavitation dispersion of raw materials in an aqueous solution of thermophilic bacteria with chemical and catalytic effects and a prolonged-action component by cavitation dispersion of raw materials in an aqueous solution of mineral fertilizers and trace elements to a temperature set of 75-90 ° C. The inhibition of all bacteria, microbes, pathogens, eggs, worms, seeds of plants that have not lost their germination, is carried out by cavitation dispersion and mechanical, thermal, electrical and chemical effects on bacteria. Dehydration of an organomineral suspension is carried out by spraying a suspension heated to 75-90 ° C in vacuum with the organization of explosive boiling, fine atomization and rapid dehydration.

The technological line for implementing the method of producing organic fertilizers contains hoppers, conveyors, choppers, metering hoppers, mixers, cavitation dispersants, containers. It contains a line for the production of quick and prolonged humates, a line for the preparation of lignocellulosic raw materials, a line for the preparation of pig manure and poultry manure, a line for the fermentation of lignocellulosic raw materials, pig manure and poultry manure, and a line for the preparation of organomineral suspension. The production line for quick and prolonged action humates contains a receiving device with a grate, a conveyor for feeding caustobiolites, a hopper for a crusher, a crusher, a conveyor for feeding crushed caustobiolites, a hopper for dispensing crushed caustobiolites, a water dispenser, an alkali dispenser, an acid dispenser, a mixer, a cavitation dispersant, a storage tank and dispensing of quick-acting humates, a container for storing and dispensing prolonged-action humates, a pump for dispensing humates, a hopper-dispenser for adding to liquid humates mineral x fertilizers, hopper-metering device for introducing microelements into liquid humates. The lignocellulosic raw material preparation line contains a receiving hopper, a lignocellulosic raw material supply conveyor, metering hoppers, a chopper hopper, a lignocellulosic raw material chopper, a chopped raw material feed conveyor to a fermentation line or to an organic-mineral mixture preparation line, chopped lignocellulosic raw material metering hoppers. The line for the preparation of pig manure and poultry manure contains a receiving hopper, a screw conveyor, a chopper hopper, a chopper, a screw conveyor for shredding manure and manure, hoppers for dispensing shredded manure and manure, a line for preparing organomineral suspensions, and a fermentation line. The fermentation line of lignocellulosic raw materials, pig manure and poultry manure contains a hopper-dispenser for crushed manure and litter, a water dispenser, a container for growing thermophilic bacteria, a tank for fermentation of lignocellulosic raw materials, a tank for fermentation of pig manure and poultry manure, cavitation dispersant-fermenter ligators manure and droppings, manure and droppings bunker-dispenser, an organic-mineral slurry preparation line that contains batchers-dispensers of crushed lignocellulosic raw materials, water dispenser, humate dispenser, fertilizer dispenser N, P, K, chopped pig manure and poultry manure hopper, mixer, cavitation dispersant, unit for vacuum dewatering of organomineral suspension, conveyor for dispensing the dehydrated suspension to the granulation line, condenser, condensate collector, Vacuum pump.

The technical result is achieved by:

a) - that in the cavitation method for producing quick-acting humates, including the cavitation treatment of coal caustobioliths with an alkali solution, the formation of humates salts is carried out according to the invention, for which a mixture of some representative caustobiolites (peat, brown coal, brown oxidized coal, etc.) is passed d.) with an aqueous solution of alkali through a cavitation dispersant. Dispersion is carried out before raising the temperature of the mixture to 75-90 ° C and "thickening" of the suspension. The resulting product has high sorption, ion exchange, complexing, chelating, flocculating, coagulating and biological activity;

- that in the cavitation method for the preparation of prolonged-action humates, including the oxidation of organic materials with acids (nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, acetic, ipoconic, etc.), which according to the invention is carried out by passing a mixture of some representative caustobioliths with an aqueous solution of acids or mixtures of acids through a cavitation dispersant to a temperature of 60-70 ° C, and then alkali (KOH, NaOH, ammonia water) is added to the resulting suspension. Then the suspension is continued to pass through the cavitation dispersant until the temperature reaches 75-90 ° C and the gel “thickens” and reaches its pH = 7.0-7.2 and other components, for example urea, are added. (Gluco, phospho, sulfo, etc.) sparingly soluble humate complexes obtained in accordance with the above method are fertilizers with controlled release of the active substance, which are useful for increasing the fertility of arable soils, as well as for cleaning arable soils contaminated with chemical substances and / or toxic metal ions.

In particular, their application leads to agronomic and environmental benefits, which can be summarized as follows:

1) a noticeable increase in the stability of urea nitrogen in the soil, which, depending on the ratio of it and those present in the preparation, for example, glucomin substances, can reach 4 months;

2) slow, continuous and protected release of urea nitrogen without leaching problems;

3) a significantly reduced release of ammonia in the soil after application of the drug;

4) a decrease (up to 50% or more) of the amount of fertilizer fertilizing based on the supply of crops with nitrogen due to the complete absence of losses due to leaching and / or adverse soil conditions.

In addition, the composition of humates of fast and prolonged action may additionally include other nutritional macro- and microelements, the advantages of which are expressed in the following:

1) high levels of activity when cleaning soils contaminated with chemicals and heavy metal ions;

2) a significant increase in the fertility of depleted soils;

3) the release of all nutrient elements of the fertilizer into the soil with an increase in the ability of the soil to cation exchange;

4) a noticeable decrease (up to 70%) in the application of mineral fertilizers to the soil;

5) high levels of antimicrobial activity due to the presence of acids in the fertilizer;

6) the exclusion of the introduction of nitrates into the soil by traditional methods of plant nutrition.

b) - that in the cavitation method for producing the organomineral component of fertilizer, including cavitation processing of lignocellulosic raw materials from forest vegetation or agricultural plants of wood and non-wood nature, agricultural wastes, including highly toxic pig manure and bird droppings, which are carried out by cavitation grinding and intensive impregnation an aqueous solution containing a set of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers, as well as the necessary trace elements. Cavitation dispersion and destruction are similar to the processes of dispersion of caustobiolites. The energy of shock waves from collapsed cavitation bubbles destroys the cell structures and cell walls of lignocellulosic raw materials (sawdust, wood chips, bark, straw, flax bonfire, sunflower husk, manure, etc. As a result of repeated exposure to shock waves, the plant material is pulled, crushed and crushed. intensively impregnated with a solution of mineral fertilizers.

- that for the production of fast organic fertilizers, it is necessary to carry out cavitation fermentation with the participation of thermophilic bacteria of persistent plant materials (flax bonfire, straw, sunflower husk), as well as highly toxic agricultural waste - pig manure and bird droppings. Cavitation fermentation is a complex physicochemical process in which lignocellulosic raw materials are not only crushed, pulled, heated, but also, under the influence of high temperatures in an acidic medium, part of the cellulose is converted into starch, which, together with cellulose, is processed by thermophilic bacteria into substances easily digestible plants, but also soil bacteria (saprophytes and heterophytes). Fermentation, added to accelerate cavitation fermentation, can contain not only thermophilic bacteria, but also enzymes zymase, cosimase and others, which cause the breakdown of cellulose, starch, glucose molecules to elemental substances, such as hexose.

c) - that in the process of obtaining organomineral fertilizer all the known properties of hydrodynamic cavitation are used and conditions are created for the formation of cavitation bubbles and their subsequent collapse.

To achieve the goal of cavitation inhibition of all putrefactive bacteria and microbes, pathogens, worm eggs, and also seeds of weeds that have not lost their germination, it is required:

a) The division of the zone of cavitation treatment of fertilizer components into three zones:

- zones of reduced pressure;

- areas of high pressure;

- discharge zones.

b) The creation of a large number of bubbles in the cavitation-treated medium, providing mechanical, thermal, electrical and chemical effects on bacteria, eggs and plant seeds.

d) - that in the process of dehydration of a liquid organic-mineral suspension by the vacuum method, a decrease in humidity to the limits necessary for granulation is provided, including the creation of a vacuum of 10-1 Pa, heating of the suspension, removal and condensation of moisture, for this, in the process of cavitation dispersion, the suspension must be heated at atmospheric pressure to a temperature exceeding the boiling point in the steady state mode of removal of free moisture by spraying a heated suspension in a container with reduced pressure HAND.

e) - that the drawings have been developed, a universal technological line for cavitation production of any complex organic-mineral fertilizers of quick and prolonged action.

Figure 1 shows the line for the production of humates of fast and prolonged action, which consists of the following equipment:

1) a dump truck for the transport of coal caustobioliths;

2) a receiving device with a grating;

3) conveyor feed caustobioliths;

4) crusher hopper;

5) crusher;

6) conveyor for feeding crushed caustobiolites;

7) hopper dispenser of crushed caustobioliths;

8) water dispenser;

9) alkali dispenser;

10) acid dispenser (nitric, phosphoric, acetic, gluconic, etc.);

11) a mixer;

12) cavitation dispersant;

13) a container for storing and issuing quick-acting humates;

14) a container for storing and issuing prolonged-action humates;

15) a pump for the delivery of quick or prolonged-action humates to the production line or to the liquid fertilizer packaging line;

16) bunker-dispenser for adding mineral fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus, potash) to liquid humates;

17) hopper-metering device for introducing microelements into liquid humates.

Figure 2 shows the line of preparation of lignocellulosic raw materials, including

18) a dump truck for the transportation of lignocellulosic raw materials (straw, sawdust, flax bonfire, husks, manure);

19) receiving hopper;

20) a conveyor for feeding lignocellulosic raw materials;

21) metering hoppers;

22) chopper hopper;

23) a lignocellulosic feed mill;

24) a conveyor for supplying crushed raw materials to a fermentation line or to an organic-mineral mixture preparation line;

25) dosing hoppers of ground lignocellulosic raw materials.

Figure 3 shows the line for the preparation of pig manure and bird droppings, which consists of the following equipment:

32) dump truck;

33) a receiving bin for pig manure and bird droppings;

34) screw conveyor;

35) the bunker of the manure shredder and litter;

36) a shredder of manure and litter;

37) screw conveyor for feeding crushed manure and litter;

29) a hopper-dispenser of crushed manure and litter of the line for the preparation of organomineral suspension;

38) bunker-dosing manure and litter fermentation lines.

Figure 4 shows the line of fermentation of lignocellulosic raw materials, pig manure and bird droppings, where

25) dosing hoppers of ground lignocellulosic raw materials;

38) hopper dispenser for crushed manure and litter;

26) water dispenser;

42) a container for growing thermophilic bacteria;

43) a container for the fermentation of lignocellulosic raw materials;

44) a capacity for the fermentation of pig manure and bird droppings;

45) cavitation dispersant-fermenter of manure and litter;

46) cavitation dispersant-fermenter of lignocellulosic raw materials;

29) a bunker-dispenser of manure and litter for the preparation of organic-mineral suspension.

Figure 5 shows the line for the preparation of organomineral suspension, which consists of the following equipment:

25) dosing hoppers of ground lignocellulosic raw materials;

26) water dispenser;

27) humate dispenser;

28) dispensers of mineral fertilizers N, P, K;

29) bunker-batcher of crushed pig manure and bird droppings;

30) a mixer;

31) cavitation dispersant;

47) installation for vacuum dehydration of organomineral suspension;

48) conveyor for the delivery of dehydrated organic-mineral suspension to the line of granulation, drying, dust removal, cooling and packaging of fertilizers;

39) capacitor;

40) condensate collector;

41) vacuum pump.

Figure 6 shows the production line for implementing the method of producing organic fertilizers from various technological raw materials, including all the lines listed above.

The claimed method for producing organic fertilizers is as follows. Some representative of caustobioliths, pre-dried to a moisture content of 25-30%, most of which has high natural humidity, which makes them difficult to process, are delivered by a dump truck to the line for the preparation of humates of quick and prolonged action. After feeding into the crusher and grinding to a size of 10 mm, a representative of caustobioliths (peat, brown coal, etc.) is conveyed by a conveyor to the metering hopper, and then to the mixer.

a) To obtain quick-acting humates, water is poured into the mixer, into which caustobiolites and alkali (NaOH or KOH) are poured. The resulting mixture from the mixer is sent to the cavitation dispersant, and then returned to the mixer. In the process of cavitation exposure, the mixture is intensively crushed, heated, humic acids react with alkalis with the formation of salts of humates. Cavitation treatment of the resulting suspension is carried out until the humates are completely released and the suspension “thickens”, which occurs at a temperature of 75-90 ° C.

If necessary, mineral fertilizers and trace elements can be added to the suspension. Then, the prepared suspension is pumped into a container for storage and delivery of quick-acting humates. The resulting fertilizer can be used both independently and as a component of organomineral fertilizer.

The use of liquid humic complex fertilizer for pre-sowing treatment of seeds or vegetative plants has a positive effect on the yield of all agricultural, fruit, vegetable, and ornamental crops, increases their resistance to adverse environmental factors: drought, frost, disease and pests, due to the best assimilation of soil nutrients, inactivates the effects of heavy metals and radionuclides.

b) To obtain prolonged-action humates, water is poured into the mixer, into which any of the caustobiolites and acid (mineral or organic) are added, bringing the pH of the mixture to 2.5. The resulting mixture is sent to a cavitation dispersant, and then back to the mixer. Cavitation treatment is carried out until the suspension set at a temperature of 60 ° C. Then, potassium or sodium hydroxide is added to the suspension, the pH is adjusted to 10-11, and the cavitation treatment of the suspension is continued until it reaches a temperature of 75-90 ° C, the suspension “thickens” and the alkali completely reacts with acids. After the completion of the reaction, additional mineral fertilizers and microelements can be added to the suspension. Received sulfo, phospho, gluco or other humates obtained in a known manner, are in solid form, are fertilizers with controlled release of the active substance, which are useful for increasing the fertility of arable soils and plants. If at the last stage urea is added to the suspension, then it is possible to obtain (sulfo, phospho, gluco, and other urea humates) that will not have urea deficiencies (low soil resistance, no more than 20 days, high toxicity after application).

Humate complexes obtained by the claimed method work in the soil throughout the growing season of plant growth - more than 4 months, providing them with nutrients.

More promising is the mixing of humates of fast and prolonged action, which more quickly and abundantly give out nutrients in the first periods of plant vegetation and are slower during ripening.

In addition, the composition of humates quick and prolonged action may additionally include other nutritional macro - and micronutrients.

Then, the prepared suspension is pumped into a container for storage and delivery of prolonged-action humates.

The lignocellulosic component of an organomineral fertilizer is prepared in the following order.

Lignocellulosic raw materials, including waste from forest vegetation, agricultural plants of wood or non-wood nature, agricultural waste (sawdust, bark, straw, husk, chaff, etc.) are transported by car into the receiving hopper, then fed through the metering hoppers to the chopper, and then the conveyor shredded mass is fed into the hopper-batchers of shredded raw materials.

The crushed lignocellulosic raw materials from the metering hoppers are sent to a mixer, in which water is poured, mineral fertilizers, humates and other components are filled. The mixed mass is sent to the cavitation dispersant, and then returned to the mixer. In the process of cavitation dispersion, destruction of the brush structures is carried out. As a result of cavitation exposure, the plant material is split along the fibers, crushed, intensively impregnated with a solution of mineral fertilizers, and intensively heated; when the suspension reaches a temperature of 75-90 ° C, it is sent to a vacuum dehydration unit before granulation.

The lignocellulosic component of fertilizers is prepared for fertilizers of fast and prolonged action.

a) Preparation of lignocellulosic raw materials for long-acting fertilizers and its cavitation treatment is carried out according to the technology described above.

b) Preparation of lignocellulosic raw materials for fast-acting fertilizers consists in conducting chemical anaerobic or catalytic fermentation.

- In chemical fermentation, mineral acids are added to ensure cellulose hydrolysis, which ensures the production of starch, sugar and mechkin from cellulose. At the end of the chemical fermentation process, the suspension is neutralized with sodium or potassium hydroxide.

- In the catalytic fermentation of lignocellulosic raw materials, catalysts developed by the G.K. Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS are used.

A catalyst is a substance that changes the speed of a chemical reaction, but remains unchanged after the chemical reaction ends. For more efficient operation of the catalyst, which usually consists of metals or their oxides, they are fixed in the form of a plate in the places of suspension movement or on the active working bodies of the equipment (agitator blades) to prevent sticking of the active surface of the catalysts, for example Cu _x Mg _1-x Cr ₂ O _{4 / y} × Al ₂ O ₃ , Pt _y Al ₂ O ₃ , Cu (ZSM ₃ + TiO ₂ + Al ₂ O ₃ ) × Al ₂ O ₃ -SiO ₂ and others.

- Anaerobic fermentation with the participation of thermophilic plants, which is used to decompose stubborn plant materials (flax bonfire, straw, sunflower husk). During fermentation with the participation of thermophilic bacteria, water is poured into the fermentation tank, lignocellulosic raw materials and ferment from thermophilic bacteria are poured. Then the mixture is sent to a cavitation apparatus with a soft cavitation mode, and from it again to a tank, etc. Cavitation-enzymatic treatment of the mixture is carried out until it reaches a temperature of 80 ° C, after which the suspension is left in a container for cooling to 40 ° C. During this time, about 40% of cellulose is converted into other substances that are easily absorbed by soil bacteria and plants. Similarly, fermentation of pig manure and bird droppings is carried out.

Pig manure or poultry droppings delivered by road to the receiving hopper and then fed to the chopper with a screw conveyor are sent either to the hopper of the organic fertilizer preparation line or to the manure and manure dispensing hopper, from which they are sent to the pig and manure fermentation tank . If necessary, water and yeast containing thermophilic bacteria are added to manure or litter. Then the mixture is sent to the cavitation dispersant and back to the tank, etc. Cavitation treatment is carried out until the suspension set at a temperature of 80 ° C.

Fermentation of lignocellulosic raw materials, pig manure and poultry manure, in fact, are chemical reactions, in this case, the enzymes - substances of biological origin act as catalysts. All enzymes belong to the class of protein compounds and, therefore, have spiral structures. Often present only in negligible amounts, they contribute to the rapid chemical transformations of huge quantities of various substances, moreover, under very mild conditions (at low temperature, pressure, etc.).

The preparation of organic fertilizers, where pig manure or bird droppings are used as the organic component, can also have a quick and prolonged release of nutrients into the soil. For the preparation of fertilizers with a prolonged action, manure or litter after grinding is sent to the hopper-dispenser of the crushed manure and the litter of the organic-mineral fertilizer preparation line, then they are sent to the mixer, and then after the organic-mineral suspension is prepared in a vacuum dehydration unit and then to granulation, etc.

To prepare organic fertilizers from pig manure and poultry droppings, quick-acting manure and litter after grinding are sent to the fermentation line, where they will undergo cavitation-enzymatic effects, and then sent to the organic fertilizer preparation line and then according to the technological scheme.

Bird droppings - organic fertilizer with a high content of nutrients. Chicken droppings, for example, as fertilizer surpasses any manure. There is much more nitrogen and phosphorus in chicken manure than in cattle and pig manure. Their number largely depends on the diet and method of keeping birds. Due to the physiological characteristics of digestion in birds, the rate of advancement of food masses through the digestive tract is much faster than in other animal species. Since the food masses move along the digestive tract very quickly, the nutrients that are in them are not absorbed efficiently and most of them remain in the bird droppings.

The ruminant digestive tract is a versatile and highly effective tool for extracting nutrients from feed and their subsequent absorption by the body. At its core, the pancreas and the stomach of ruminants - abomasum - are a mini-factory for processing and preparing for the absorption of animal feed.

Fresh pork manure and bird droppings have many unfavorable properties: they have a strong fetid odor; contains a large number of seeds of weeds, eggs and larvae of helminths and flies, many microorganisms, among which pathogens of dangerous diseases are not uncommon.

Table 1 Chemical composition of manure No. p / p Name Sheep Cattle Pork Horse one 2 3 four 5 6 one pH 7.9 8.1-7.9 7.9 7.9 2 total nitrogen,% 0.8 0.54-0.6 0.84 0.59 3 phosphorus (P ₂ O ₅ )% 0.47 0.3 0.58 0.26 four potassium (K ₂ O)% 0.88 0.6 0.62 0.59

table 2 The chemical composition of chicken manure,% No. p / p The method of keeping birds Raw fresh litter Dry litter mass humidity nitrogen phosphorus potassium Humidity nitrogen phosphorus potassium one 2 3 four 5 6 7 8 9 10 one Walking laying hens 60.80 1.65 1,0 0.62 12.01 4.36 3.67 1.8 2 Cell content of laying hens 65.70 1,5 0.87 0.58 10.8 5.43 4,54 2.2 3 Cellular content of chickens during fattening 73.51 1.72 0.92 0.6 12.7 5.5 4.86 2.5 four Broiler Cellular Content 68.9 1.76 0.69 0.4 10.10 5.25 4.43 1.9

Table 3 The chemical composition of bird droppings No. p / p Components from pigeons from chickens from ducks from geese one 2 3 four 5 6 one Water 52 56 57 82 2 Nitrogen (N) 1.2-2.4 0.7-2.5 0.8 0.6 3 phosphorus (P ₂ O ₅ ) 1.7-2.2 1.5-2.0 1,5 0.5 four Potassium (K ₂ O) 1.0-2.2 0.8-1.0 0.4 1,1

Fresh pork manure and bird droppings contain a large amount of ammonia nitrogen, so they have a strong fetid odor. Immediately after isolating, for example, chicken manure, uric and hippuric acids, which are part of the excrement, undergo hydrolytic decomposition under the influence of urobacteria with the formation, ultimately, of ammonium carbonate, which decomposes into ammonia and carbon dioxide. Therefore, the faster the removed litter goes to processing and the cavitation disinfection of all bacteria and pathogenic microflora contained in it is performed, the more nitrogen will remain in the litter. The same can be said of pig manure.

The invention solves the problem of disinfecting all components of organic fertilizers by creating three cavitation treatment zones in cavitation dispersants:

- zones of reduced pressure;

- areas of high pressure;

- discharge zones,

ensuring the creation in the mixture or suspension of cavitation bubbles and their collapse, which have a mechanical, thermal, electrical and chemical effect on bacteria.

New in the claimed technology for the disinfection of components of organic fertilizers is that cavitation bubbles, in the processed mixture or suspension, are created by lowering the pressure below the pressure of saturated vapors at a given temperature.

It is known that cavitation is the phenomenon of vaporization and air release due to a decrease in pressure in the liquid. The reason for its occurrence is the boiling of a liquid at normal temperature and low pressure. The appearance of cavitation is also facilitated by air dissolved in water, which is released when pressure decreases (I. Pirsol. Cavitation, p. 9).

As noted above, in the life of a cavitation bubble, two phases are distinguished - expansion and collapse, which together form a complete thermodynamic cycle.

In the zone of reduced pressure, the hydrostatic pressure decreases to such an extent that the forces acting on the molecules of the mixture or suspension become greater than the forces of molecular bonds. As a result of a sharp change in hydrostatic equilibrium, the liquid, as it were, bursts, creating numerous tiny bubbles. Cavitation occurs the sooner the more the fluid is “contaminated” with solid particles or other foreign bodies (for example, bacteria, eggs, helminths, etc.), the higher its temperature or the more gases dissolved in it. Cavitation “boiling” of a mixture or suspension is due to the fact that a thin layer of air is adsorbed on the surface of these particles, the particles of which, when they enter the zone of reduced pressure, serve as foci that contribute to the occurrence of cavitation.

Bacterial flora in the processed mixture or suspension also serves as centers for the formation of cavitation bubbles. When a mixture or suspension enters the zone of reduced pressure, it boils, and in bacteria, eggs and helminths, which are in the center or near the formed cavitation bubble, under the influence of the pressure difference inside them and the surrounding space, the shell completely or partially breaks down.

The second phase of the life of a cavitation bubble - collapse (condensation) occurs in the zone of high pressure, where it moves together with the processed fluid. The condensation process of the cavitation bubble occurs almost instantly. Particles of the mixture or suspension surrounding the bubble move to its center with great speed.

As a result, the kinetic energy of the approaching particles causes local hydraulic micropumps at the moment of bubble closure, accompanied by a local increase in pressure to 10 ⁴ kg / cm ² and a local temperature increase to 1000-1500 ° C. Under conditions of flow of hydrodynamic cavitation at high speeds of the working bodies inside cavitators of 28-33 m / sec, most of the cavitation bubbles are deformed and have an elliptical or conical shape.

When such bubbles collapse, high-energy cumulative streams appear that destroy everything that comes in their way. The collapse of a single cavitation bubble does not give the expected effect, but there are many cavitation bubbles and “collapses” many thousands of them per second, therefore, together they can have a significant destructive or disinfecting effect without high-temperature heating of the treated mixture or suspension.

Thus, in addition to the mechanical effect, cavitation has a bacterial flora and microsterilization effect under ultrahigh-temperature conditions in the region where the cavitation bubble disappears.

The walls of cavitation bubbles and droplets of liquid inside it are charged with unlike electricity. When the bubbles are compressed, their sizes sharply decrease, and the charges are located on the surfaces of the bubbles of very small sizes. Between the walls of cavitation bubbles and droplets inside them, electric discharges resembling microscopic lightning slip through. These high-voltage electric discharges also have a detrimental effect on bacteria, which turned out to be the source of the appearance of these bubbles.

High temperatures and pressures arising at the points of disappearance of cavitation bubbles, as well as microlights of statistical electricity contribute to the decomposition of water through the reactions:

Hydroxyl groups (OH) ⁺ and (OH) ^- are emitted on the shells of cavitation bubbles; upon condensation of the latter, hydrogen peroxide is formed by the reactions:

(OH) ⁺ (OH) ^- → H ₂ O ₂

2 (OH) ^- → H ₂ O ₂ + 2-

The formation of hydrogen peroxide, free radicals also has a detrimental effect on the bacterial flora of a mixture or suspension.

One of the important tasks of the process of obtaining organomineral fertilizers is to remove moisture from the organomineral suspension, while preserving all macro- and microelements introduced into the fertilizer. The organomineral suspension arriving for dehydration with a humidity of 50-75% has a temperature of 75-90 ° C, which exceeds the pressure temperature of saturated water vapor at a pressure inside the vacuum dehydration unit of 0.1-0.2 kg / cm ² . As you know, with a decrease in pressure, the boiling point of liquids decreases. Due to this, it is possible to dehydrate the product at a much lower temperature than at normal pressure.

In chemical processes, vacuum distillation is usually carried out at a residual pressure of 10-15 mm Hg. This stretching is achieved with water-jet pumps. With a decrease in pressure to 10-15 mm Hg the boiling point of most liquids drops by about 100 ° C. (B.N. Stepanenko. The course of organic chemistry. - Moscow, 1976, p. 16).

In addition to lowering the pressure below the pressure of saturated vapors at a given temperature, a significant acceleration of the dehydration process of the product is achieved by increasing the evaporation surface in apparatuses operating on the principle of spraying liquid mixtures.

In spray dryers, sprayed droplets of suspension washed from all sides with hot air lose moisture for one or several seconds and precipitate in the form of powder particles at the bottom of the chamber.

New in the claimed method of dehydration of the organomineral suspension is that the spraying of the heated organomineral suspension occurs in a chamber from which air and water vapor are constantly pumped to a residual pressure of 0.1-0.2 kg / cm ² . When an organomineral suspension enters a chamber with a low residual pressure, explosive boiling of a liquid in an organomineral suspension occurs, which sprays droplets on smaller particles, further increasing the surface of water evaporation and, consequently, the rate of water evaporation. Fertilizer particles settling to the bottom of the chamber of the vacuum dewatering unit continue to give off moisture and after a few seconds their moisture content is 12-15%.

From the bottom of the vacuum dehydration unit, the dehydrated fertilizer is sent to the granulation line by a screw conveyor.

The technological line for implementing the method of obtaining organic fertilizers works as follows.

Coal caustobioliths delivered by car 1 are discharged to a receiving device 2, and then conveyor 3 are fed into the crusher hopper 4, crushed to sizes <10 mm, the caustobiolites, leaving the crusher 5, are conveyed by conveyor 6 into the hopper 7 of crushed coal or peat, from hopper 7 caustobiolites are sent to the mixer 11, where they can be supplied simultaneously or in a certain order: water from the dispenser 8, alkali from the dispenser 9, acids from the dispenser 10, nitrogen, phosphoric, potassium fertilizers from the dispenser 16, microelements from the dispenser 17.

To obtain quick-acting humates, one of the caustobiolites, water and alkali are fed into the mixer 11, and then the mixture is repeatedly passed through a cavitation dispersant 12 and returned to the mixer 11. After the suspension has set the temperature at 75-90 ° С, the suspension is “thickened” and full the output of humates, the suspension is sent to a container for storage and delivery of quick-acting humates 13. If necessary, humates can be pumped 15 to the line for preparing organic fertilizers to the humate dispenser 27 or to packaging.

To obtain prolonged-action humates, mixer 11 is poured into water, one of the caustobiolites from doser 7 is poured, and acid is dispensed from doser 10. Then, the cavitation dispersant 12 processes the mixture until it reaches a temperature of 60 ° C. Then, alkali from the dispenser 9 is added to the suspension and dispersion is continued until the suspension reaches a temperature of 75-90 ° C, neutralization of the acid, release of humates, and “thickening” of the suspension. After completion of the reactions, mineral fertilizers from the metering unit 16 and microelements from the metering unit 17 can be added to the suspension. The obtained humates of prolonged action are pumped by dispersant 12 into the container for storage and delivery of humates of prolonged action 14. From the tank 14, humates are fed either to the metering unit 27 or to the packaging line .

To prepare the lignocellulosic component of organomineral fertilizers, the raw materials delivered by the vehicle 18 are discharged into the receiving hopper 19, and then loaded onto the metering hoppers 21 by a conveyor 20. From the hoppers 21, the raw materials are sent to the chopper 22 hopper, and then to the lignocellulosic raw material chopper 23. After leaving the chopper 23, the raw materials are conveyor 24 is transferred to the metering hoppers of the crushed raw materials 25 or the metering hopper 25 of the fermentation line.

From the metering hoppers 25, the lignocellulosic feed is sent to the mixer 30, which receives water from the metering unit 26, humates from the metering unit 27, mineral fertilizers from the metering unit 28, pig manure or bird droppings from the metering hopper 29. From the mixer 30, the mixture is sent to a cavitation dispersant 31, and then back to the mixer 30. After the suspension is set at a temperature of 75-90 ° C, it is pumped by a cavitation dispersant 31 to a vacuum dewatering unit 47, in which it is sprayed at the top. With a vacuum pump 41, air and water vapor are constantly pumped out of the dewatering unit 47. Water vapor and air from the installation 47 initially enter the condenser 39, where the water vapor condenses and flows into the condensate tank 40. The dehydrated fertilizers from the dewatering unit are conveyor 48 fed to the granulation line .

Fermentation of lignocellulosic raw materials is carried out as follows: crushed, refractory raw materials (flax bonfire, sunflower husk or straw) from the hopper 25 are sent to a container for fermentation of lignocellulosic raw materials 43, into which water is poured from the dispenser 26, and from the tank for growing thermophilic bacteria 42 leaven is added. Cavitation dispersant-fermenter 46, the mixture is pumped from the tank for fermentation 43 and returns. After fermentation is complete, the suspension is fed to one of the metering hoppers 25, and then to the mixer 30.

Fast-acting fertilizers are prepared from lignocellulosic raw materials that have passed fermentation, and long-acting fertilizers are prepared from lignocellulosic raw materials that have not passed fermentation.

The preparation of a component of organic fertilizers from highly toxic waste from agricultural production of pig manure and bird droppings is carried out as follows. Porcine manure or bird droppings delivered by car 32 fall into the receiving hopper 33, from which they are fed by a screw conveyor 34 to the chopper hopper 35. From the chopper hopper 35, the manure or droppings are sent to the chopper 36, at the exit of which the chopped manure and manure are conveyed by a screw conveyor 37 the mass is sent either to the hopper-dispenser 29, or to the hopper-dispenser 38 of the fermentation line. To carry out the fermentation of manure or litter, they are sent from the hopper 38 to the tank for fermenting pig manure and bird droppings 44. Water from the batcher 26, as well as leaven from the tank for growing thermophilic bacteria 42, can be sent to the tank for fermenting manure or litter 44.

The cavitation dispersant-fermenter 45, the mixture is pumped from the tank 44, and, having passed cavitation activation, is returned to the tank and so on until the completion of the fermentation process of pig manure or bird droppings.

The resulting organic fertilizers are environmentally friendly and safe fertilizers. The humic component of fertilizers neutralizes the residues of herbicides and pesticides in the soil, as well as industrial pollution.

Fertilizers can be prepared according to a wide range of recipes, for any type of soil, taking into account the soil reserves N, P, K.

Fertilizers can be used in open and protected ground, in all climatic zones, for all types of crops, gardens and flower beds.

The inventive production line is universal and is able to provide the preparation of liquid and granular fertilizers from a wide range of agricultural waste, including those infected with various infections, both quick and prolonged.

Information sources

1) Patent of Russia No. 2333049 dated 09/10/2008.

2) Patent of Russia No. 2268868 dated January 27, 2006.

3) Russian Patent No. 2108998 of 04/20/1998

4) Patent of Russia No. 2282607 of 08/27/2006

5) Patent of Russia No. 2345976 dated 09/20/2008

6) Russian Patent No. 2350587 dated 03/27/2007

7) Russian Patent No. 2351577 dated 04/10/2009.

8) Russian Patent No. 2296731 dated 04/10/2007

9) Patent of Russia No. 2317670 dated February 27, 2008.

10) Patent of Russia No. 2108997 dated 04/20/1998

11) Patent of Russia No. 2021988 dated 10.30.1994.

12) Russian Patent No. 2189714 of 09/27/2002

13) Patent of Russia No. 2247099 dated 02.27.2005.

14) Russian Patent No. 2232827 dated 09/10/2008.

15) Patent of Russia №2248112 of 03.20.2005

16) Patent of Russia No. 2199199 dated 27.02.2003

17) Patent of Russia No. 2199848 dated 03/10/2003.

18) Patent of Russia No. 2197805 dated February 10, 2003.

19) Russian Patent No. 2296731 dated 04/10/2007

20) Russian Patent No. 2316701 of 02/10/2008.

21) Patent of Russia No. 2334923 dated September 29, 2008.

22) Russian Patent No. 2300718 of 06/10/2007

23) Technology reference. - M.: State Energy Publishing House, Moscow, Leningrad - 1957, pp. 56-57, 209-214, 218.

24) I.A. Zubovich. Inorganic chemistry. - Moscow: "Higher School" - 1989, pp. 186-188, 214-217.

25) B.N. Stepanenko. The Course of Organic Chemistry, Part I, Moscow: Higher School - 1976, pp. 14-17, 295-304, 322-331, 334-356, 382-388.

26) N.A. Tyukavkina, Yu.I. Baukov. “Biological chemistry”, Moscow, “Medicine” - 1985, pp. 314-318, 384-390, 438-442.

27) A.N. Planovsky, V.M. Ramm, S.Z. Kachan. "Processes and Apparatuses of Chemical Technology" M .: Chemistry, - 1968, pp. 28-42, 49 - 85, 111-115, 116-120, 423-440, 468-484, 772-778.

28) Altai Federal Research and Production Center, Scientific Research Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics at TSU, Russian Academy of Rocket and Artillery Sciences “Problematic issues of the methodology for the utilization of mixed solid rocket fuels, waste and residues of liquid rocket fuels in elements of rocket and space technology” Biysk - 2000 ., pp. 5-11, 13-25, 28-34, 150-152.

29) T.M. Bashta. Engineering hydraulics. - M.: Mechanical Engineering - 1971, pp. 44-49, 118, 349, 375, 509-512.

30) R.R. Chugaev. Hydraulics. - M .: Energy, Leningrad branch - 1971, pp. 14-17, 28-33, 64-74, 85-88.

31) I. Pirsol. Cavitation. Translation from English Yu.F. Zhuravleva. M .: World - 1975, pp. 9-20, 22-25, 36-50, 69-89.

32) I.Sh. Fedotkin, A.F. Nelegin. The use of cavitation in technological processes. - Kiev: Vishcha School, 1984, pp. 12-13.

Claims (2)

1. A method of producing organic fertilizers, including the mixing of coal series caustobioliths with mineral fertilizers, alkalis, a lignocellulosic component and highly toxic agricultural waste, disinfection, dehydration and transfer to granulation, characterized in that quick humates are first obtained by cavitation dispersion in caustobiol in water alkalis to the complete release of humates and reaching a temperature of 75-90 ° C, or prolonged humates actions by cavitation dispersion of caustobiolites in an aqueous acid solution until a temperature of 60 ° C is reached, then alkali is added and dispersed to a temperature of 75-90 ° C and obtaining humates with controlled release of the active substance, a lignocellulosic component of fast action is obtained by cavitation fermentation dispersion of raw materials in an aqueous solution with the addition of starter culture from thermophilic bacteria with the participation of chemical and catalytic fermentation, or the lignocellulosic component prolonged action by cavitational dispersion of raw materials in an aqueous solution of mineral fertilizers and trace elements with the addition of pig manure or poultry manure to a temperature of 75-90 ° C, highly toxic agricultural waste - pig manure and poultry manure, which make up the organic part of fertilizers, are processed into a fast-acting component by cavitational dispersion of raw materials in an aqueous solution of thermophilic bacteria with chemical and catalytic effects and component prolonger The desired action by cavitation dispersion of raw materials in an aqueous solution of mineral fertilizers and trace elements to a temperature of 75-90 ° C, the inhibition of all bacteria, microbes, pathogens, eggs, worms, seeds of plants that have not lost their germination, is carried out by cavitation dispersion and exposure to bacteria mechanical, thermal, electrical and chemical effects, dehydration of an organomineral suspension is carried out by spraying a suspension heated to 75-90 ° C in a vacuum with the organization of an explosive boiling, atomization and rapid dehydration. 2. A processing line for implementing a method for producing organic fertilizers, containing hoppers, conveyors, shredders, metering hoppers, mixers, cavitation dispersants, containers, characterized in that it contains a line for the production of quick and prolonged humates, a line for the preparation of lignocellulosic raw materials, a preparation line pig manure and poultry manure, a line for lignocellulosic raw materials fermentation, pig manure and poultry manure, an organomineral suspension preparation line, the line the production of quick and prolonged humates contains a receiving device with a grate, a conveyor for feeding caustobiolites, a hopper for a crusher, a grinder, a conveyor for feeding crushed caustobiolites, a hopper for dispensing shredded caustobiolites, a water dispenser, an alkali dispenser, an acid dispenser, a mixer, a cavitation dispersant, a storage tank and the issuance of quick-acting humates, a container for storing and dispensing prolonged-action humates, a pump for dispensing humates, a hopper-dispenser for adding mineral fertilizers to liquid humates a lignocellulosic raw material preparation line, a lignocellulosic raw material preparation line contains a receiving hopper, a lignocellulosic raw material conveyor, dosing hoppers, a chopper hopper, a lignocellulosic raw material chopper, a conveyor for feeding crushed raw material to the fermentation line or to the organomine preparation line , hoppers-batchers of crushed lignocellulosic raw materials, a line for the preparation of pig manure and poultry manure contains a receiving hopper, a screw conveyor, a chopper hopper, chopper, screw conveyor for feeding crushed manure and litter, hopper dispensers for crushed manure and litter, a line for preparing organomineral slurry and a line for fermentation, a line for fermenting lignocellulosic raw materials, pig manure and bird droppings, a hopper for dispensing crushed manure and litter, a water dispenser, a water dispenser, a container for water cultivation of thermophilic bacteria, a container for fermentation of lignocellulosic raw materials, a container for fermentation of pig manure and poultry manure, cavitation dispersant-lignocell fermenters raw material, manure and litter, a manure and litter bunker, an organic-mineral slurry preparation line that contains chopped lignocellulosic feed hoppers, a water dispenser, humate dispenser, fertilizer dispenser N, P, K, chopped pig manure bunker and bird droppings, mixer, cavitation dispersant, a unit for vacuum dehydration of an organomineral suspension, a conveyor for dispensing a dehydrated suspension to a granulation line, a condenser, a condensate collector, a vacuum pump.

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