RU2413347C1 - Rotary commutator - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: electricity.

SUBSTANCE: rotary commutator includes circular stator with interrupting conducting arc sections (sectors) and conducting rotor arranged along axis of stator symmetry. At the same time rotor is made in the form of right n+1 or n-1 - arm star, therefore full cycle of switching is carried out serially for the time of incomplete rotation of rotor, and only for the time of its rotation by angle 2π/(n+1) or 2π/(n-1) accordingly. Method consists in n+1 or n-1 - multiple reduction of frequency of rotor rotation compared to traditional circuit of single-arm rotor and structural self-balance of rotor, which helps to reduce vibrations, wear, electric and mechanical heat release of elements of commutator and dynamic loads at bearing units, and also n+1 or n-1 - multiple increase of time of closed condition of contacts in process of discrete switching.

EFFECT: improved functional-operational properties of rotary commutator, shown in increased efficiency and reliability.

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Description

The invention relates to electromechanical and electronic devices, providing, by turning on, off and switching electrical circuits, the selection of the desired output circuit (s) and connection of the input circuit (s) to it. The switch is an integral part of more complex devices for transmitting information in telecommunications, telemechanics, telemetry systems, energy, microwave and pulsed technology, for example, for combined generation of a pulse system, radio direction finding (CADF) or intermittent current collection and can be used in switching systems, telemetry and weapons, for example, to control the launch of a multiple launch rocket system, as well as in ignition systems of internal combustion engines (ICE).

. Вращаясь, коммутатор по очереди непрерывно подключает к антенне цепь каждого датчика и таким образом передает сигналы. Эти сигналы передаются в течение n-й части периода вращения ротора.The rotating switch in telemetry systems with time division of channels / K.W. Gatland is widely known. The development of guided missiles. M., 1956 /, consisting of a fixed ring stator and a rotor beam, rotated by a DC motor with a supply voltage of 6.3 V. Switching is carried out by a contact device in the form of a rotating conductive beam of a nickel-silver alloy. One - the central fixed end of the beam is connected to the transmitting antenna, and the other - slides along the ring with n continuously following conductive sectors of equal length, connected to n sensors, converting physical quantities into electrical oscillations and included in the telemetric signal compression system. It is obvious that the conducting sectors in this case have an angular length

. Rotating, the switch in turn continuously connects the circuit of each sensor to the antenna and thus transmits signals. These signals are transmitted during the nth part of the rotor rotation period.

Discrete switching is possible when the conducting sectors of the ring have an angular length less than that indicated. Then the circuits are switched not continuously, but with some time gaps. Discrete switching is carried out, for example, in the ignition distributor of internal combustion engines / V.E. Utt. Electric equipment of cars. M., 2009; R.Demidovich. The ignition system of cars. Minsk, 1998 /.

In any case, the switching frequency is fn, where f is the rotor speed, n is the number of conductive stator sectors. A signal is taken from each sensor with a frequency f. Switching the sensor circuits, taking into account the limited rotational speed of the rotor of the mechanical commutator, allows telemetry of quantities that change with a low frequency, i.e. the maximum frequency of the telemetered value is limited by the rotor speed of the switch. Therefore, they use switches with very high rotational speeds: 120, 80, and 40 rpm / K.W. Gatland. The development of guided missiles. M., 1956 /.

Therefore, the disadvantage of such a switch selected for the prototype is the high rotational speed of its rotor - tens of revolutions per second - due to the need for adequate transmission of time-variable signals. Such a high rotor speed of such an accurate and critical device, such as a switch, leads to a number of reasons that sharply reduce its functional and operational qualities. We list only a few of them.

1. Increased mechanical wear of sliding contacts, requiring special means for lubricating oil with a special composition and for collecting metal dust, as well as bearing assemblies.

2. High level of mechanical vibrations and heat dissipation.

3. Problems of rotor unbalance due to initially structurally non-self-balanced single-beam circuit.

4. The short time of the closed state of each circuit during discrete switching due to the high speed of rotation of the rotor.

5. A constant current load on a single conducting beam of the rotor, leading to the release of Joule heat and the departure of the temperature characteristics of the switch.

Such problems, as a rule, lead to the gradual abandonment of the use of rotary switches in favor of electronic switching systems that do not have rotating parts, for example, multiplexers and decoders on integrated circuits / E.P. Ugryumov. Digital circuitry. SPb, 2007 /. At the same time, mechanical switches, inexpensive in production and operation, are distinguished by simplicity, reliability and, most importantly, resistance to external electromagnetic, radiation and other possible harmful influences and interferences.

The objective of the invention is the multiple reduction of the rotor speed of the rotor of the switch due to the fact that the full cycle of sequential switching is performed during the time of not full revolution of the rotor, but only during its small rotation. This fixes the issues listed above. A concomitant effect is to increase the functionality and reliability of a rotating switch.

, а ротор выполнен в виде правильной n+1 или n-1-лучевой проводящей звезды. Проводящие секторы при этом имеют угловую длину

в первом случае и

- во втором.The problem is solved in that in the switch, including: a stator-ring with n conductive sectors and a rotating rotor, the conductive sectors are made in the form of equally spaced interrupted segments of length less than

and the rotor is made in the form of a regular n + 1 or n-1-ray conducting star. Conductive sectors in this case have an angular length

in the first case and

- in the second.

The essence of the foregoing is illustrated by the drawings, in which Fig. 1 shows a diagram of a rotating switch, Fig. 2 shows the sequence of distribution of the signal across the sectors of the stator (marked with Roman numerals) and the operation diagram for direct and reverse switching (direct switching is shown on the right side of Fig. 2, while the reverse is on the left), FIG. 3 is a time scan of continuous and discrete switching, and FIG. 4 is the rotation frequency of the five-beam and three-beam forward and reverse switching rotors as a function of the equivalent rotational speed itsionnogo single beam of the rotor, i.e. rotational speed of a single-beam rotor, adequate multipath relative to the switching frequency.

The rotating switch (Fig. 1) contains a fixed part - a stator-ring 1, on the circumference of which there are n equally spaced conductive sectors-contacts 2 with leads to the corresponding switched circuits (not shown in the drawing), and the rotating part - rotor 3, located inside the stator-ring 1 along its axis of symmetry, made in the form of a regular n + 1 or n-1-ray conducting star. The rays of the rotor 3 continuously slide around the circumference of the stator 1, periodically falling on its conductive sectors 2, and the center of the rotor-star 4 is equipped with a constant sliding contact.

Through the center 4 of the rotor-star 3 is a constant contact. When the rotor-star 3 rotates, its rays sequentially contact the conducting sectors 2 of the stator-ring 1 of the switch, switching the corresponding chains: in the direction coinciding with the direction of rotation of the rotor 3, in the case of n + 1 (direct or incidental switching) or in the opposite direction (reverse, or oncoming, switching) in the case of n-1.

Figure 2 illustrates the switching diagram for a 4-pin stator-ring by means of a 5-beam star rotor (straight, right) and a 3-beam star rotor (reverse, left).

The principle of operation and analysis of direct and reverse switching on the conducting sectors of the stator-ring by a rotating rotor-star.

(при прямой коммутации) или на угол

(при обратной). При повороте ротора на угол

(при прямой коммутации) или на угол

(при обратной) соседний луч ротора начинает контактировать с соседним проводящим сектором статора - по направлению вращения ротора или против вращения ротора. При повороте ротора 3 на угол 2π/(n+1)=nδ или на угол 2π/(n-1)=nδ коммутатор полностью последовательно переключит все цепи в прямом или обратном направлении. Следовательно, требуемая частота вращения n+1 - лучевого или n-1 - лучевого ротора снижается в n+1 или n-1 раз соответственно по сравнению с традиционным коммутатором, снабженным однолучевым ротором.For the analysis of direct and reverse switching on the conductive sectors of the stator-ring is figure 2. Figure 2 shows the switching diagram for a 4-pin stator-ring through a 5-beam star rotor (straight, right) and a 3-beam star rotor (reverse, left). Let at the initial moment of time one of the n + 1 (right) or n-1 (left) rays of the rotor 3 coincides with the beginning of one of the n conductive sectors 2 of the stator 1 (Fig.2). The current signal from the central contact 4 of the rotor 3 along this beam begins to be transmitted to the corresponding conductive sector 2 of the stator 1. This switching will continue until the rotor rotates through an angle

(with direct switching) or angle

(with reverse). When the rotor rotates through an angle

(with direct switching) or angle

(at the opposite), the adjacent rotor beam begins to contact the adjacent conductive sector of the stator - in the direction of rotation of the rotor or against the rotation of the rotor. When the rotor 3 is rotated by an angle 2π / (n + 1) = nδ or by an angle 2π / (n-1) = nδ, the switch completely sequentially switches all the chains in the forward or reverse direction. Therefore, the required rotational speed of the n + 1 - beam or n-1 - beam rotor is reduced n + 1 or n-1 times, respectively, compared with a traditional switch equipped with a single-beam rotor.

A temporary scan of continuous switching is depicted in figa.

(при прямой коммутации) или

(при обратной), то коммутация будет осуществляться не непрерывно, а дискретно (фиг.3б). Именно такая коммутация осуществляется в устройстве модернизированного распределителя зажигания двигателя внутреннего сгорания /Свияженинов Е.Д. Распределитель зажигания двигателя внутреннего сгорания. Патент РФ на изобретение №2362242. Приоритет 21.05.2008/.If the conductive sectors occupy shorter angular lengths than, respectively,

(with direct switching) or

(with the reverse), then the switching will be carried out not continuously, but discretely (Fig.3b). It is this kind of switching that is carried out in the device of the upgraded distributor of ignition of an internal combustion engine / E. Sviyazheninov Distributor of ignition of an internal combustion engine. RF patent for the invention No. 2362242. Priority May 21, 2008 /.

Thus, the multipath rotor performs the function of not only a multiplexer, i.e. signal packer of different sensors, but also a multiplier, i.e. multiplier switching frequency n + 1 or n-1 times, and the rotor speed should be reduced by the same amount.

For the proposed multipath switch, we define the concept of equivalent rotor speed f. This is the rotor speed of the traditional single-beam switch, providing the same switching frequency as the multi-beam. Then the rotation frequencies of n + 1 or n-1 - beam rotor are related to the equivalent frequency f by the relations:

f _{n + 1} = f / (n + 1),

f _n-1 = f / (n-1).

The switching frequency for any of the considered switches is equal to fn, where f is the equivalent rotor speed, n is the number of conductive segments of the stator.

An example of calculating the speed of a multipath rotor for direct and reverse switching.

As an example, consider the forward and reverse switching scheme for a rotating switch with a 4-sector stator. Then, in the cases under consideration, a 5-beam and 3-beam rotor should be used, respectively. The required rotational speed of such a rotor must be exactly 5 times and 3 times lower than the rotational speed of a single-beam rotor of a traditional switch. Figure 4 shows the required rotational speeds of the five-beam f ₅ and three-beam f ₃ rotors as a function of the equivalent speed of the single-beam rotor of the switch f. The effect of multiplication of the switching frequency is clearly visible, which manifests itself in a fivefold and threefold decrease in the required rotor speeds of the switch rotor.

, где f - эквивалентная частота вращения ротора коммутатора, n - число секторов кольца. В первом случае проводящие секторы статора занимают всю его окружность, а во втором - лишь равноотстоящие отрезки угловой дины

или

для прямой или обратной коммутации соответственно.With continuous switching, the time of the closed state of contacts in both a single-beam traditional switch and in a multipath, obviously, is the same

, where f is the equivalent rotor speed of the commutator, n is the number of sectors of the ring. In the first case, the conducting sectors of the stator occupy its entire circumference, and in the second case, only equally spaced segments of the angular dyne

or

for direct or reverse switching, respectively.

Discrete switching

Let the angular length γ of each of n equidistant conducting sectors of the stator satisfy the condition:

. Для n+1-лучевого ротора скорость его вращения для обеспечения той же частоты коммутации уменьшается в n+1 раз и время замкнутого состояния контактов во столько же раз увеличивается и составляет

. Для n-1-лучевого ротора скорость вращения уменьшается в n-1 раз и время замкнутого состояния контактов увеличивается до

. Таким образом, применение n+1 или n-1-лучевого ротора соответственно в n+1 или n-1 раз увеличивает время замкнутого состояния лучей ротора с n проводящими секторами статора по сравнению с однолучевым ротором, что упрощает процесс дискретной коммутации и повышает его надежность и функциональность.and is determined by the functional purpose of the switch, as, for example, in the synchronous ignition distributor of the internal combustion engine / B.E. Utt. Electric equipment of cars. M., 2009 /. Let us compare the time of the closed state of contacts for three versions of the switches: traditional single-beam, as well as multi-beam forward and reverse switching, with two identical parameters: the switching frequency fn and the length of the conducting sector γ, where f is the equivalent rotor speed. Switching will be carried out only when the rotor rays pass through these conducting sectors of a fixed length γ and, taking into account (1), the switching will always be discrete except in the limiting case γ = δ, when the direct switching of the n + 1-ray rotor becomes continuous. For a single-beam rotor, the closed time of the contacts is

. For an n + 1-beam rotor, its rotation speed to ensure the same switching frequency decreases n + 1 times and the time of the closed state of contacts increases by the same amount and amounts to

. For an n-1-beam rotor, the rotation speed decreases n-1 times and the contact closed time increases to

. Thus, the use of an n + 1 or n-1-beam rotor n + 1 or n-1 times increases the closed time of the rotor beams with n conductive stator sectors compared to a single-beam rotor, which simplifies the process of discrete switching and increases its reliability and functionality.

So, for a 4-sector stator-ring, the increase in the time of the closed state of contacts increases by 5 and 3 times, respectively, for direct and reverse discrete switching.

Findings. Technical result

1. The use of an n + 1 or n-1-beam rotor of a rotating commutator, where n is the number of conducting sectors of the stator, reduces the rotor speed by n + 1 or n-1 times, respectively, compared with the speed of a single-beam rotor at the same frequency commutation. In the first case, the switching sequence is forward, and in the second, in the opposite direction relative to the direction of rotation of the rotor.

2. A multiple reduction in the rotor speed of the switch rotor is essential to eliminate mechanical wear of the sliding contacts, heat generation, vibration, and dynamic loads on the bearings.

3. The rotor in the form of a regular multi-beam star is self-balanced, unlike a single-beam star, which constructively provides balancing of the rotor.

4. The low rotational speed of the n + 1 or n-1-beam rotor of the switch increases the closed time of the beams of the rotor with n conducting sectors of the stator during discrete switching, respectively, n + 1 or n-1 times and, therefore, increases the connection time of each circuit , which increases the functionality, simplicity and reliability of the switching process.

5. With one complete switching cycle (a single sequential switching of all circuits) of an n + 1 or n-1-beam rotor, the current load is perceived not by one, but by many rays. Consequently, the Joule heat and temperature loss of the electrical characteristics of the multi-beam rotor will be n + 1 or n-1 times less than single-beam.

References

1. C.W. Gatland. The development of guided missiles. M., 1956 (prototype).

2. V.E. Yutt. Electric equipment of cars. M., 2009.

3. R. Demidovich. The ignition system of cars. Minsk, 1998.

4. E.P. Ugryumov. Digital circuitry. SPb., 2007.

5. Sviyazheninov E. D. Distributor of ignition of an internal combustion engine. RF patent for the invention No. 2362242. Priority May 21, 2008. Publ. BI №20 07/20/2009. Kl. H01R 39/60 (2006.01), F02P 7/02 (2006.01), F02P 5/02 (2006.01).

Claims (1)

A rotating switch comprising a ring stator with n conductive sectors and a conductive rotor located along the axis of symmetry of the stator, characterized in that the rotor is made in the form of a regular n + 1 or n-1-ray star, and the conductive sectors of the stator occupy equally spaced angular segments lengths not exceeding

or

accordingly, in this case, a complete switching cycle is carried out sequentially during the time the rotor rotates through an angle of 2π / (n + 1) or 2π / (n-1) to implement direct or reverse switching, respectively, continuous at lengths of segments equal to the above values and discrete switching - with less.

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