RU2410500C2 - Device to accumulate precipitation and accumulation of fresh underground waters - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to local methods of water supply to small groups of population or cattle at the distance from centralised water sources by means of absorption and accumulation of precipitation. Device to accumulate precipitation and fresh underground waters consists of three horizontal layers. The first layer, horizon of absorption, is also arranged in the form of three-layer structure. The upper layer of which with thickness of 20 cm is filled from pebbles or crushed stone with diameter of 5-10 cm, the middle layer with thickness of 20 cm - from pebbles or crushed stone with diameter of 3-5 cm, and lower layer with thickness of 10 cm - from medium coarse grain sand. The second layer for water accumulation consists of nonsaline sandy-loam or loamy soil on confining layer, where drainage system is arranged with inclination towards water outlet.

EFFECT: invention makes it possible to increase accumulation of precipitation water for subsequent use for domestic purposes.

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Description

The invention relates to methods of water supply mainly for agricultural needs in arid zones. In arid low-water areas, in the presence of atmospheric precipitation, the population has the opportunity to receive fresh water in areas where there is no vegetation, no surface runoff, where the day surface is able to quickly let rain water into the underlying horizons. In most cases, such conditions are met by massifs of overgrown sand dunes and stone gravel placers. Under these conditions, part of the atmospheric precipitation in the form of a gravitational vertical runoff migrates downward through the aeration zone and accumulates above the water-resistant layer, forming a freshwater horizon. The accumulated fresh water is used for household needs with the help of wells, boreholes, karizy, if hydrogeological conditions allow.

Most successfully passes precipitation into the underlying horizons of stone pebbles or gravel. Filtration of pebbles ensures the entry of sediments of any intensity, and with a pebble layer thickness of more than 0.3 m, the underlying horizons are protected from drying out. The most important property of pebbles is that they do not overgrow vegetation for a long period (more than 100 years).

Studies have established that a pebble layer 3-5 cm in size and an embankment thickness of 20 cm in the summer during five days loses 1.13 mm of moisture by evaporation. On the sixth day, the value of evaporation and sorption (condensation) of atmospheric air vapor at a daily rhythm of temperature of surface horizons is equalized, which indicates the cessation of evaporation of previously precipitated water from water reserves. These indicators allow us to draw the following conclusion: if the single precipitation does not exceed 1.13 mm, they entirely go to evaporation, if the precipitation exceeds 1.13 mm - some of them (1.13 mm) go to evaporation, and all that exceeds this value is immersed in the underlying horizons and accumulated on the water storage in the form of fresh groundwater.

At the hydrological complex of the All-Russian Research Institute of Agroforestry (Volgograd), the surface of lysimeters (6.3 m ² ) having a volume of 20.5 m ³ (see N.F. Kulik et al., 1996), in 2005, 20 cm layer of pebbles with a size of 3-5 cm (figure 1). Weekly measurements of water flowing from the lysimeters showed that during the year 68-83% of precipitation (202-254 mm) is filtered into groundwater. For 3 years, vegetation did not appear on the pebbled surface. Studies have shown that the surface of the soil covered with stone pebbles or gravel provides the accumulation of precipitation in the soil and contributes to the formation of fresh groundwater.

F.I. Zibold (1904) gives a description of stone piles in the Crimea, having a thickness of up to 5 m and a volume of 1200-2900 m ³ . He suggested that they condensed atmospheric moisture, which was used by residents of Theodosius. However, his excavations showed that the described heaps did not have drainage pipes. A.A. Rode (1978) provides a description of other similar stone heaps, which also had to condense atmospheric moisture. A. Volkov (1968) proposes to pile up stone heaps where atmospheric moisture will condense and irrigate nearby trees. V.I. Alekseev and M.Yu. Berezin (electronic resource) suggest creating stone embankments on the coast of the seas to condense atmospheric air vapor due to daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations. The disadvantage of the described stone heaps is their large mass and small surface, capable of receiving and accumulating precipitation. A.A. Rode (1978) substantiated the impossibility in natural conditions of condensation of atmospheric moisture in volumes that allow capturing it for household needs.

No analogs of the device of pebble or gravelly soil cover for the accumulation of atmospheric precipitation and their subsequent selection for household needs using drainage were not found. The proposed device allows for the accumulation of water precipitation for subsequent use for economic purposes. The specified result is achieved in the following way. In the right place, the need for water is calculated. For example, in a zone of 250 mm of rainfall for a shepherd livestock brigade or personnel of a gas pumping station, 1,500 m ^{3 of} water is required per year. With an efficiency of 60% precipitation collection, this water can be collected on an area of 1 ha. The optimal configuration of this area is a circle. On the selected area creates a three-layer object, the design of which is selected depending on local conditions (figure 2, 3, 4). The first horizontal layer is the receiving surface (absorption horizon), the second layer is the accumulation horizon, and the third layer is the waterproof horizon. The receiving surface is also three-layer. The first layer (1) 20 cm thick consists of gravel (gravel) 5-10 cm in size. Its main purpose is to protect the receiving surface from vegetation overgrowing. The second layer (2), also 20 cm thick, is sprinkled with pebbles or gravel 3-5 mm in size. Its purpose is to protect precipitation from evaporation. This layer actively passes moisture down and protects it from evaporation. The third layer (3) with a thickness of 10 cm is sprinkled with medium-coarse sand. It ensures the rupture of capillary currents of moisture from the lower moisture-intensive horizons and serves to temporarily absorb intense precipitation. The total thickness of the absorption horizon is 50 cm.

The second layer is the water storage horizon. It is represented by sandy loam or loamy soil (4), which has a field (least) moisture capacity of 18-22%. Its thickness is 150 cm. These indicators are optimal in order to absorb annual precipitation ≤350 mm and dump them evenly for household needs. If the horizon of water accumulation is poured with sandy soil, it will have rapid water loss, clay soils have a small useful water capacity.

The third layer is a seal (6). It is most advisable to use clay for this. The seal has a bias towards the catchment. Drainage pipes (5) are arranged on it or a pebble layer 10 cm thick is poured.

The catchment structure can be implemented in various ways. Option one (figure 2): On the surface of the plot (7), a clay stop with a water outlet is poured. Water-accumulating soil in the form of a truncated cone is poured onto the waterproof layer. The soil is covered by a three-layer absorption horizon. Such a structure can be built on takyr, where the surface is practically waterproof. The second option (figure 3): In the area where the water-resistant layer, including the level of saline groundwater 2-4 m (9), a drainage network with a water collector is arranged at a depth of their occurrence (see RF patent No. 2288329). A three-layer absorption horizon is poured onto the surface of the site. A fresh lens (8) is used, which is formed due to the seepage of precipitation. The third option (figure 4): A stone or metal waterproof wall 1.5 m high is built around the perimeter of the water storage area (10). Inside the plot, a waterproof bed and drain with a water outlet are arranged. The space enclosed by the wall is filled with sandy loam or loamy soil, which is covered by a three-layer absorption horizon. For all options, several conditions must be met. The water-accumulating soil should be moist and have minimal salinity (<0.1%), and there should be no moving sands around the structure. Saline soils take a long time to flush, dry soils also require a year for natural moisture, and moving sands can quickly fill a pebble.

Information sources

1. Alekseev. V.V., Berezin M.Yu. - M.: Moscow State University, geographer, faculty [Electronic resource]. Access mode http // www.intersolar.m / bulletin / 3 / alekseev, shtm.

2. Volkov I. Real science fiction / Science and Life, 1968, No. 11. - S.66-67.

3. Siebold F.I. The role of underground dew in the water supply of Feodosia / Soil Science, 1904, No. 4.

Claims (1)

A device for the accumulation of atmospheric precipitation and the accumulation of fresh groundwater, including a pebble or gravel coating with a receiving surface in the form of a three-layer structure: the top layer is 20 cm thick from pebbles or gravel with a diameter of 5-10 cm, the middle layer is 20 cm thick from pebbles or gravel with a diameter of 3 -5 cm, and the lower layer 10 cm thick of medium-coarse sand, located on the water accumulation horizon, represented by non-saline loamy sand or loamy soil, lying on a water stop on which a drainage system is arranged MA with a bias towards the outlet.

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