RU2405143C1 - Method of taking water samples from bank of big rivers - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: chemistry.

SUBSTANCE: several large sources of pollutants of river water are selected on the map of a city or some other populated place. Monitoring sites are marked before, in the middle and after each source. The first monitoring site is installed beyond the boundary of the city or some other populated place and the last monitoring site is beyond the boundary of that city or some other populated place. From the first monitoring site, growing distance to the next monitoring sites lying on the boundary on large sources of pollutants along the river bank is measured, as well as before and after the city or some other populated place, and after analysing the river water samples for concentration of pollutants and evaluation of conformity of the measurement results with the maximum allowable concentration, measurement results are evaluated along the river bank depending on the growing distance from the first monitoring site to the next monitoring site and taking river water samples.

EFFECT: broader functionalities of measuring pollution of large rivers with waste water and higher accuracy of associating these measurement results to river bank area.

8 cl, 7 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the engineering ecology of a river network and can be used in hydrological and epidemiological studies of a river on the coastal territory of a city or other settlement, environmental monitoring of river water pollution, as well as in substantiating environmental protection measures for coastal territories of large rivers within cities.

A known method of measuring river pollution by sampling water (see, for example, the book: Molokov MV, Shifrin VN Purification of surface runoff from urban areas and industrial sites. M., Stroyizdat, 1977. - 104 s), including measuring the concentration of pollutants in various river sections and compiling a table of measurement data. In this case, the quality of river water is evaluated in relation to the maximum permissible concentration of a polluting substance (MPC).

The disadvantage of this method is that the results of measurements of river pollution are not compared with the river itself, that is, with the location of settlements and other pollution sources located on the river.

There is also a method of measuring river pollution by wastewater by sampling water according to patent No. 2269775, in which observation targets are selected on the river, water samples are taken, their conservation and preparation for analysis, then the analysis and evaluation of measurement results are performed, while the observation targets are taken across rivers to one or a group of wastewater sources, in the middle of each source and after one or a group of wastewater sources, and all three sites are located within the city or other settlement.

The disadvantage is that the measurement results do not correspond to the natural course of the watercourse, and thus each river watercourse does not get a reliable picture of pollution in the city. At the same time, the distances between separate observation and water sampling ranges are not taken into account, which does not allow studying the dynamics of river water pollution along the river.

The technical result is the expansion of the functionality of measuring pollution of a large river by wastewater and improving the accuracy of linking the results of these measurements of the coastal territory.

This technical result is achieved by the fact that the method of sampling water from the coastal watercourse of a large river, including selecting observation points on the river, taking water samples, preserving and preparing them for analysis, then analyzing and evaluating the measurement results, while observing sections are taken across the river to one or a group of wastewater sources, in the middle of each source and after one or a group of wastewater sources, and all three sections are located within the city or other settlement, characterized in that on the shore near a large river, many large sources of pollution of river water are selected within the city or another settlement, observation targets are planned for each of them before, in the middle and after the pollution source, while the first observation target is set to the city limits or another settlement, and the last the observation range is determined outside the line of the same city or another settlement, then from the first observation range the increasing distance to the next along the large coastal watercourse is measured rivers of observation lines located within the boundaries of major pollution sources, as well as before and after a city or other settlement, and after analyzing river water samples for concentration of pollutants and assessing compliance of measurement results with maximum permissible concentrations, evaluate the results of measurements in dynamics along the coastal watercourse large river, depending on the increasing distance from the first section to the subsequent sections of observations and sampling of river water.

On the large-scale map, the first and last observation lines are marked, and then, at the locations of large pollution sources in the form of urban objects, other observation lines are selected, then reconnaissance of the coastal territory of the river and bypass the water protection zone along the river and mark perpendiculars to all observation lines on the ground, moreover, sampling of river water is performed at the intersection of these perpendiculars with the dynamic axis of the coastal watercourse of a large river.

To increase the accuracy of studying the dynamics of pollution of a large river between the sections, permanent monitoring and river sampling sections are laid with fixing of geodesic marks and benchmarks on the territory of the coastal territory of the city or other settlement.

The number of observation lines between the first and last observation and sampling river basins of a large river varies depending on the need to take into account the dynamics of the emergence of new consumers of river water and new sources of wastewater and other pollution from permanent or temporary anthropogenic objects.

To improve the accuracy of assessing the ecological state of the coastal watercourse of a large river between cities or other settlements, at least one more observation and sampling target of river water in front of the next city or settlement is supplemented with the last section beyond the studied section of the river.

To increase the accuracy of estimating the dynamics of river pollution by wastewater, measurements at all observation sites are carried out simultaneously.

Depending on the mode of operation of the pollution sources and the season of the year, river water samples are taken from all or only part of the set of recorded observations.

The essence of the technical solution lies in the fact that the observation lines are aligned with the dynamic axis of the coastal watercourse, and river water samples are taken at the intersection of these lines.

The essence of the technical solution also lies in the fact that three observation sites are installed relative to each major source of pollution in the city, spread out over a large extent along a large river (up to 100 km or more), and at least one additional target is installed before and after the city line observation and sampling of river water.

The essence of the technical solution also lies in the fact that when located next to and downstream of another city, in addition to the last line of sight beyond the city line, at least one observation line is selected in front of the line of the next city or other settlement.

A positive effect is achieved by the fact that the complex winding line of the coastal watercourse is combined with the lines of observation and sampling of river water perpendicular to some conventionally straightened line of the same watercourse. This effect will increase many times with the installation of permanent targets using geodetic marks and benchmarks, the dynamics of pollution and the contribution of each of the major pollution sources in a large city will be understandable and clear while taking water samples and measuring the concentration of pollutants according to the current time taken for sampling river water alignment.

The novelty of the technical solution lies in the fact that the dynamics of river water flow on the coastal watercourse of a large river is compared with the dynamics of river water sampling depending on the increasing distance from the first section to the last, as well as with the annual dynamics of the dynamics of the behavior of pollution sources and the coastal watercourse itself.

The proposed technical solution has significant features, novelty and a significant positive effect. We have not found any materials discrediting the novelty of the technical solution.

Figure 1 shows a map diagram of observation lines for sampling river water in the coastal zone on the left side of the Volga River before, in the city and after the city of Volzhsk, Mari El Republic: 1 - above the city of Volzhsk; 2 - above GOS; 3 - the place of discharge of the CRP; 4 - below GOS; 5 - the center of Volzhsk; 6 - above VGDZ; 7 - VGDZ; 8 - below VGDZ; 9 - above the ICBC; 10 - ICBC; 11 - below the ICBC; 12 - below the city of Volzhsk; figure 2 shows a graph of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) and a graph of the empirical dependence of the hydrogen index on the length of the watercourse in 1988; figure 3 shows a graph of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) and a graph of the empirical dependence of the hydrogen index on the length of the watercourse in 2008; figure 4 is the same as in figure 2, for ammonia nitrogen; figure 5 is the same as in figure 3, for ammonia nitrogen; figure 6 is the same as in figure 2, according to BOD ₅ ; in Fig.7 - the same as in Fig.3, according to BOD ₅ .

A method of sampling water from a coastal watercourse of a large river, for example, when measuring pollution of a river with sewage, includes the following steps.

On a large river, the choice of observation targets is determined by the length of the city and the presence of many large sources of pollution in it. Therefore, constant observations are desirable for comparing the dynamics of river pollution over many years.

On the banks of a large river, many large sources of pollution of river water are chosen within the city or other settlement. Relative to each of them, observation targets are planned before, in the middle, and after the source of pollution. In this case, the first observation target is set to the line of the city or other settlement, and the last observation target is determined beyond the line of the same city or other settlement. Then, from the first observation site, the increasing distance is measured to the observation lines located along the coastal watercourse of a large river located in the line along major pollution sources, as well as before and after a city or other settlement.

After analyzing river water samples at the concentration of pollutants and assessing the compliance of the measurement results with the maximum allowable concentrations, the results of measurements in dynamics along the coastal watercourse of a large river are evaluated depending on the increasing distance from the first section to the subsequent observation sections and river water sampling.

On the large-scale map, the first and last observation lines are marked, and then, at the locations of large pollution sources in the form of urban objects, other observation lines are selected, then reconnaissance of the coastal territory of the river and bypass the water protection zone along the river and mark perpendiculars to all observation lines on the ground, moreover, sampling of river water is performed at the intersection of these perpendiculars with the dynamic axis of the coastal watercourse of a large river.

To increase the accuracy of studying the dynamics of pollution of a large river between the sections, permanent monitoring and river sampling sections are laid with fixing of geodesic marks and benchmarks on the territory of the coastal territory of the city or other settlement.

The number of observation lines between the first and last observation and sampling river basins of a large river varies depending on the need to take into account the dynamics of the emergence of new consumers of river water and new sources of wastewater and other pollution from permanent or temporary anthropogenic objects.

To improve the accuracy of assessing the ecological state of the coastal watercourse of a large river between cities or other settlements, at least one more observation and sampling target of river water in front of the next city or settlement is supplemented with the last section beyond the studied section of the river.

To increase the accuracy of estimating the dynamics of river pollution by wastewater, measurements at all observation sites are carried out simultaneously.

Depending on the mode of operation of the pollution sources and the season of the year, river water samples are taken from all or only part of the set of recorded observations.

The method of sampling water from the coastal watercourse of a large river to measure river pollution by wastewater is implemented, for example, using the results of measurements of the concentration of river water pollution in the past in the city as follows.

The map shows all the major sources of pollution of the city along the river. And then also at the locations of settlements select observation points. After that, the territory of the source of the river and the water protection strip along the river are reconnoitered and places with sources of river water pollution are noted.

Then, on the river, many observation targets are selected and laid in kind, starting from the first alignment to the city limits. On a large river, the choice of observation targets is determined by the length of the city and the presence of many large sources of pollution in it. Therefore, constant observations are desirable for comparing the dynamics of river pollution over many years.

Relative to each of the pollution sources, observation targets are planned before, in the middle and after the pollution source. In this case, the first observation target is set to the city limits, and the last observation target is determined outside the city limits. Then, from the first observation site, the growing distance is measured to the observation lines located along the coastal watercourse of a large river located in the line along major pollution sources, as well as before and after the city. These measurements are performed only once in kind.

After analyzing river water samples at the concentration of pollutants and assessing the compliance of the measurement results with the maximum allowable concentrations, the results of measurements in dynamics along the coastal watercourse of a large river are evaluated depending on the increasing distance from the first section to the subsequent observation sections and river water sampling.

The number of observation lines between the first and last observation and sampling river basins of a large river varies depending on the need to take into account the dynamics of the emergence of new consumers of river water and new sources of wastewater and other pollution from permanent or temporary anthropogenic objects.

Example. For the object of study, a section of the Volga River was selected from the city of Volzhsk to the city of Zelenodolsk, which includes a number of enterprises dumping into the river. Volga wastewater (figure 1).

Measurements were carried out, starting from a mark above Volzhsk and ending with the beginning of Zelenodolsk. The following sections were sampled for river water:

1) above the city of Volzhsk;

2) above GOS (city treatment facilities);

3) the place of discharge of the CRM;

4) below GOS;

5) the center of Volzhsk;

6) above VGDZ (Volzhsky Hydrolysis-Yeast Plant JSC);

7) the place of discharge of VGDZ;

8) below the VGDZ;

9) higher than the pulp and paper mill (JSC "Mari Pulp and Paper Mill");

10) place of discharge of the pulp and paper mill;

11) below the ICBC;

12) below the city of Volzhsk.

Water sampling. Sampling from the Volga River in the city of Volzhsk is carried out by employees of the Center for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision consisting of two people, one of whom directly takes a sample, the other - for improvised assistance. Employees move on a vehicle of the Center for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance, taking water samples in the prescribed sequence along the river.

According to the observational log provided for statistical modeling, the first sampling was performed on January 12, 1988, the last sampling of river water was June 13, 2008. The time period was 20 years, which made it possible to identify biotechnical patterns of the dynamics of river pollution in each observation site , including the period of socio-economic crisis.

Before starting water sampling, the necessary equipment should be prepared: bottles made of transparent, colorless, chemically resistant glass (or bottles and other vessels made of polyethylene) with ground glass or rubber stoppers. River water samples containing large impurities, especially mixed samples, are taken in cans or cans with wide necks. The dishes used for river water samples should be thoroughly washed beforehand.

For washing glass and polyethylene bottles, concentrated hydrochloric acid or chromium mixture is used. Complete degreasing is achieved by steaming the inverted dishes with water vapor. The remains of the reagent used for washing should be completely removed by thorough washing with a bottle of ordinary drinking water, extracted in Volzhsk from artesian wells. Then the dishes are rinsed with distilled water.

Before taking a sample of river water, the dishes should be rinsed several times with selected water. Bottles filled with a sample of water should be labeled with the number of the observation line. The record should indicate the type and origin of water, the exact location of the sampling, the day and time of the sampling.

An averaged sample of flowing water is taken in places of the strongest current, best in the channel of the current.

It is recommended to avoid sampling stagnant river water in front of dams, in backwaters, in bends, etc. A sample is taken below the surface of the water, best in the upper third of the total depth (approximately 20-80 cm below the surface).

Analysis of water samples. Samples of river water are delivered to the sanitary-hygienic laboratory no later than two hours after sampling, where they conduct physical and chemical analyzes of the properties of water. The results of the analysis are entered in the table of the log of primary data.

The quality of water and natural sources is determined by the presence of substances of inorganic and organic origin in it and is characterized by various physical and chemical indicators.

The greatest turbidity and color of water was observed in the spring (flood) period, during this period there is also the highest content of suspended solids in water. This is due to the presence in the spring-summer period of a large number of undissolved and colloidal substances of inorganic and organic origin. Surface runoff also flows into the river. To identify the causes of river water pollution for the technical needs of the city, chlorides, ammonium nitrogen, nitrites, nitrates, sulfates, and total iron are determined.

Organoleptic properties of water are of no small importance: smell and taste, color, turbidity, hardness.

The city wastewater treatment plant (GOS), Volzhsky Hydrolysis and Yeast Plant JSC (VGDZ) and Mariysk Pulp and Paper Mill JSC (ICBC) were the reference points for the territorial orientation of the observation targets for river water sampling, since they are the main ones sources of pollution of the Volga river water.

The technique of laying the observation target. Omitting the perpendiculars from the intended sources of pollution along the laboratory technician’s line of passage to the river bank (dashed lines in FIG. 1), the observation targets are determined by taking river water samples. In kind, it is desirable to lay geodetic marks, poles and other landmarks. Further, on the map, the distances L (m) between the individual lines of the observation lines are determined. In this case, distance measurements are performed along the coastal watercourse, conventionally shown in Fig. 1 by a longitudinal line.

With each sampling of river water, it is advisable to get to the line of the dynamic axis of the coastal watercourse by boat.

To determine the distance between points of the terrain from the map, you need to measure the distance between these points in centimeters on it and multiply the resulting number by scale. In this case, the scale maps, as a rule, are not known, but at the same time we know, for example, the exact distance between points 5 and 7 on the terrain, equal to 482 m. In a similar way, the distances between perpendiculars from the shore to the coastal waterway line are determined in kind.

Next, we determine the growing distance from the first observation section, which is taken as a zero value, to subsequent sections by summing the distances between the observation sections.

The received data was entered into the table.

Table Distance of sampling sites from the starting point No. of sight River water sampling site from a coastal watercourse Distance from the first sighting range L, m one above Volzhsk 0 2 higher GOS 1030 3 GOS 1380 four lower GOS 2280 5 Volzhsk center 3380 6 above VGDZ 4620 7 VGDZ 4960 8 below VGDZ 5310 9 higher ICBC 5590 10 ICBC 5930 eleven lower ICBC 6350 12 below Volzhsk 9104 13 beginning of Zelenodolsk 13240

In the table, we add the distance from the initial observation range below the city of Volzhsk, located on the territory of the Republic of Mari El, to the beginning of the territory of the city of Zelenodolsk, Republic of Tatarstan. Thus, we determined the length of the investigated section of the left bank of the Volga River at 13.24 km.

Dynamics of concentrations along the Volga River watercourse. The quality of river water during the observation period (1988-2008) throughout the watercourse is maintained mainly at the level of “moderately polluted” (class 3) to the level of “polluted” (class 4).

An analysis of the results showed that the hydrogen index over the entire watercourse of the Volga River in 2008 (figure 2) compared with 1988 (figure 3) has deteriorated significantly. At the same time, pollution in front of Zelenodolsk rises significantly, exceeding the MPC.

The results of the analyzes of the Center for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision in 1988 showed that there was a tendency to increase the content of ammonia nitrogen in the river water (figure 4), but in 2008 this trend decreased (figure 5), and the content of ammonia nitrogen did not exceed the MPC. The maximum concentration in 1988 was noted below VGDZ (5310 m) and below MCBK (6350 m).

The presence of ammonia nitrogen in water indicates fresh pollution.

The main sources of ammonia ions in water bodies are livestock farms, domestic wastewater, and wastewater from food and chemical industries. The limiting indicator of harmfulness is toxicological.

The corresponding indicator of water quality (Fig.6 and Fig.7), characterizing the total content of organic substances in water, is called the biochemical oxygen consumption (BOD ₅ ). Thus, BOD ₅ is the amount of oxygen in milligrams required for the oxidation of organic substances in 1 liter of water under aerobic conditions, without access of light, at a water temperature of 20 ° C, for a certain period as a result of biochemical processes in the water.

The value of BOD ₅ in 2008 compared with 1988 increased sharply. The maximum concentration of BOD ₅ in 1988 was noted above VGDZ (4620 m), a decrease was observed below VGDZ (5310 m). A sharp increase in the concentration of BOD5 in 2008 was observed below GOS. The minimum value was noted above GOS.

For other pollutants, similar empirical patterns were obtained, but below the MPC level.

The proposed method on the example of the coastal zone of Volzhsk, the Republic of Mari El showed that taking into account the pollution of individual sections of the river allows us to evaluate the contribution of each source of pollution. Measurement of the distance from the first observation site above the settlement allows us to determine the intensity of the process of self-cleaning of the river coastal watercourse. And this becomes extremely important for the management of water resources of large and medium rivers.

Our proposed and tested methodology for assessing the contribution of pollution sources on a river site from observation sites laid down on relatively large city pollution sources along the banks of a large river takes into account the integral effect of pollutants and self-cleaning processes, complicated by unsteady mixing of water in the river. To create a quantitative model in the form of biotechnological patterns, studies are needed of both the hydrodynamics of the coastal watercourse of a large river and an inventory of all point and distributed sources of pollution.

Claims (1)

A method of sampling water from the coastal watercourse of a large river, including selecting on the shore of a large river many large sources of pollution of river water in the city or other settlement, in which observation targets are planned across each river across the river before, in the middle and after the pollution source, wherein the first observation target is set to the line of the city or other settlement, and the last observation target is determined beyond the line of the same city or other settlement, with the subsequent measurement taking the increasing distance from the first observation range to the subsequent observation lines along the coastal watercourse of a large river located within the boundaries of major pollution sources, as well as before and after a city or other settlement, taking and analyzing water samples at the concentration of pollutants with an assessment of the conformity of measurement results maximum permissible concentrations, assessment of the results of measurements in dynamics along the coastal watercourse of a large river, depending on the increasing distance from the first section cross-sections of the subsequent observations and sampling of river water.

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