RU2403398C1 - V kustchenko's steam power plant - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: engines and pumps.

SUBSTANCE: proposed steam power plant (SPP) comprises rotary vane steam engine with shaped surface closed on both sides by side members that accommodate revolving rotor. Disks with cutouts accommodating spring-loaded vane is attached on the rotor. Side surfaces accommodate inlet and outlet of working body, for example steam. Note here that the number of vanes is two times larger than that of shaped form convexities. Disk can also accommodate electric generator, second vane steam engine or have space to accommodate, for example a tube. Vane steam engines are integrated into groups wherein every other engine is turned through preset angle to previous engine. Groups of said engines have their stages connected via pipelines. Note here that every other stage has its sizes larger than previous stage. This multi-cylinder, grouped multistage steam engine (MSE) is connected to coolant bleed device, to pump, valve and working body temperature increase device connected in its turn to MSE. SPP features sizes varying from micro- to macro sixes for various operating media and power sources.

EFFECT: higher efficiency.

20 cl, 21 dwg

Description

The invention relates to a device for converting fuel energy into other types of energy: mechanical, electrical.

The steam engine of Polzunov is known, the Cherepanov steam locomotive is known, the device for heating fluid according to RF patent No. 2233409 C1, IPC 24J 3/00 is known, containing a stator having a cylindrical cavity formed by two covers, equipped with holes for supplying and discharging the heated fluid and a cylindrical cage, as well as a rotor inserted into the cylindrical cavity. The disadvantage of this device is its small scope.

Known power plant of the car according to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2109973 C1, IPC F02G 3/00, where the transmission is equipped with a reactor made in the form of a pressure vessel, inside of which there is a heat exchanger. The reactor is equipped with a nozzle for the injection of water, connected through a valve to the pump. The reactor outlet is connected by a pipeline to gas turbines, the axes of which are connected to the wheels. The disadvantages of this device are the narrow applicability and low efficiency, since the transfer of force to a low speed wheel by a high speed gas turbine without a gear reducer is not effective.

Known power steam generating unit according to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2350770 C1, IPC F02G 3/00. F24J 3/00 (prototype), where the heating module of the unit is driven by a DC motor. A separator and a power steam turbine connected to a mechanical and hydraulic connection with a crankshaft and an engine cooling system are connected to the outlet channel through a hydraulic system. An exhaust gas energy heat exchanger is connected to the outlet of the outlet channel through the hydraulic system for additional heating of the liquid. The disadvantage of this device is:

1. The device has a narrow scope.

2. The device uses only a specific type of fuel.

3. The device uses a gas turbine, which requires the use of bulky gearboxes.

Known same steam power plants (PES) have the following disadvantages:

1. The steam engine is heavy.

2. The steam engine makes reciprocating movements, rotates large flywheel masses.

3. Due to the cumbersome design of the steam engine, the number of expansion steps is small (three).

4. The control system is mechanical, ineffective, bulky, not accurate enough.

5. Boilers of open type, bulky.

6. Heat flows are open, large heat loss.

7. The emergency protection device is unreliable.

8. Installation is not autonomous. The steam unit cannot be used in everyday life, on a hike, at a factory, it cannot simultaneously produce heat, warm water, electricity, and fire wood (coal, fuel).

9. The known device is narrow in scope.

10. It cannot be used on other planets and on Earth, where there is a lot of sun.

11. Cannot be used on airships, in space, in a submarine, thermal sources of land.

12. It cannot be used in vehicles, in particular on Earth and on other planets.

The goal of increasing the efficiency of the steam power installation is achieved by the fact that the steam power installation (PES) includes a rotary vane steam engine containing a curved surface, closed on both sides with sidewalls, in which there is a rotating rotor, on which a disk with slots, in which there is a spring-loaded blade, is fixed , on the side surfaces there are openings for the inlet and outlet of the working fluid, for example steam, and the number of blades is twice as large as the number of bulge d shaped, the disk may also contain an electric generator, a second blade steam engine or space for placement, for example pipes, moreover, the blade steam engines are combined into groups where each subsequent engine of the group is rotated by a predetermined angle relative to the previous one, and the groups of these engines the steam line is connected by steps, each next stage of the engine group being larger than the previous one, this multi-cylinder, group, multi-stage steam engine (MTD) is connected to a heat extraction device (cooler), connected to a transport device (pump), connected to a valve and to a working fluid pressure increasing device, which is connected to the MPD input, and PES has sizes from micro sizes to macro, for various operating environments and various energy sources . The heater can be located on the sides of the pyramid, for example tetrahedral, under the fifth side there is a cooler, it is also equipped with reflectors attached to adjustable inclined surfaces, reflector drives are connected to the corresponding control system. Pyramids can be used as space orientation beacons. The MTD shaft is connected to the screw of an underwater or surface ship, and the cooler has a second circuit connected with overboard water, and the heater is made in the form of an atomic reactor, connected to a steam generator by its thermal circuit, which is connected to the MTD by the second working circuit, the output of which is connected to the plate cooler which can interact with sea water. The rotary vane steam engine is mounted on the pipe of the pumped product and is connected to the internal pump of the pumped product by means of intermediate gears with its internal gear rim. When installing PES on the airship, a cylinder with compressed or liquefied gas is used, and this capacity can be used to transport liquefied gas, and the MTD shaft is connected to the propeller. When using PES on high-altitude platforms, the heater is located on the upper part of the platform, attached to balloons lighter than air, and the cooler - to the lower part of the platform, which is attached to power cables that are held by a group of balloons lighter than air connected to the descent lift power cable connected electric cables connected to the Converter of energy going to the consumer. Applicable PES - to use the Earth’s heating temperature, the heater is installed at a predetermined depth in the cavity filled with the coolant, the MTD is also installed in the cavity and connected to the pump, which is connected to the heaters, the MTD is also connected to coolers using a working fluid, for example, water from the surface of the earth . Use of PES for the aquatic environment: the platform is mounted on containers lighter than air, the first heat exchanger is located above the tanks, connected to the MTD, connected to the second heat exchanger, connected to the pump, and the first, second heat exchangers can be in the air and in water, as well as in various water layers, and the platform is adjustable attached to the bottom of the reservoir. When using PES for space stations, one side of the space station is covered with heating elements, and the second - with cooling elements, and the station is oriented by the heating elements to the source of thermal radiation. The applied PES for vehicles, in particular space vehicles on the surface of the planets, is equipped with liquefied hydrogen and oxygen storage tanks connected to appropriate dispensers connected to a steam generator connected to an MTD connected to a cooler connected to an MPD water storage tank connected to control inputs elements to the storage battery, the drive is also transported connected to a water decomposer connected to hydrogen and oxygen fluidizers connected to the corresponding it stores hydrogen and oxygen that are connected to the tanks for storing hydrogen and oxygen. The PES used for heating in domestic and industrial conditions AOGV (autonomous gas water heater) is equipped with an additional pipe on which a temperature and pressure sensor is installed, and at the output there is a fan connected to the control system, connected to the pressure sensor of the main exhaust pipe, the AOGV output is connected to MTD, connected to a heat exchanger, connected to a working fluid cooler, connected to a pump, connected to AOGV, and on the exhaust pipe there is a reacting element connected to the device by switching off Ia is connected to the valve inlet fuel. AOGW uses a heat exchanger containing various working fluids, a spray of the second working fluid is connected to a pump of a different capacity, connected to a cooler connected to the output of the MTD, connected to the output of another heat exchanger, connected to the control system. The additional heat exchanger is made in the form of a tank connected to a drive connected to the atomizer, the tank has other atomizers connected to a cooler, connected to a pump, tank and the second output of the separator, the first output of which is connected to the pump, which is the input of the heat exchanger. The reacting body is made in the form of a container in which the liquid is located, the container is connected to the exhaust pipe, connected to a bellows, which is connected to the spring-loaded first rod, which holds the washer with a chain, which is connected to the lever to which the load is attached, the second rod by means of a spring connected to the first stem and connected to the bellows, which is attached to the housing, which is attached to the axis on which the lever is located, the axis contains a movable coupling, which in extreme state engages with the output valve m of heater. The heat exchanger is made in the form of a tank filled with spiral cooling rings (cylinders), the tank has plates interacting with the external environment, spiral rings have a predetermined number of revolutions, openings on their surface, the control system is connected to pumps, temperature and pressure sensors and valves. Spiral rings (cylinders) A. Kushchenko manufactured on devices containing a handle with a shaft and a slot, worn on the sleeve and mounted on a vise. A multi-stage steam engine (MTD) is connected to a hydraulic pump drive machine (GMP) and to a clutch (MS) connected to a gearbox (CAT), connected to a main hydraulic drive machine (GMP) connected to a hydraulic distributor (RG), pipelines connected to the hydraulic drive machine (GMF), connected to the drive axle, and the GMF through a valve controlled from the control system (SU) connected to the hydraulic pump drive machine (GMF), connected to a water pump (HB) connected to a water pump’s electric drive, moreover, the HB pipe is connected to the tank with water, and the other pipe is connected through a crushed steam heat exchanger, the non-return valve and the control valve controlled by the SU are connected to a steam boiler consisting, for example, of a closed tank with smoke tubes connected to a fire box and to an exhaust gas collector connected to an exhaust pipe to which a corresponding heat exchanger is connected, connected to a heat exchanger of air going to the fuel blower (TW), a fire box (firebox) is connected to a Christmas tree with a candle connected to a high-voltage coil connected to the control system, the air channel of the burner is connected to the fuel pump and to the fuel atomizer, connected to the fuel dispenser, connected to the control system and to the fuel pump, connected to the fuel tank, VT and fuel assembly connected to an electric actuator connected to the control system, and the output from the steam boiler is connected to a manually operated safety valve and from the control system, connected to a steam valve controlled by the corresponding pedal, connected to a steam dispenser controlled by the corresponding levers and, connected to the MTD, the output of which is connected to the steam turbine of the generator drive (PTH), the output pipe of which passes the crushed steam heat exchanger, I am connected to the condenser, and the GPT is connected to the energy generator connected to the control system, and the MTD has an internal energy generator connected also to the control system, connected to the electric drive of the impeller, cooling, condenser, moreover, the temperature sensor of hot steam in the boiler, the pressure sensor of hot steam in the boiler, the sensors of the upper and lower permissible water level in the boiler, the temperature sensor the rises of the crushed steam entering the condenser, the temperature sensor of the water leaving the condenser, the water level sensor in the water tank, the fuel level sensor in the fuel tank are connected to the control system, which contains a central processor connected to the screen and to the keyboard, the control system is also connected to the battery, the SU is also connected to the HB electric drive connected to the HB, all wheels of the vehicle are equipped with brake cylinders connected to the master cylinder, driven according to pedal. Instead of a liquid fuel steam boiler, a gaseous fuel steam boiler or a solid fuel boiler (coal, firewood, peat, etc.) or a steam generator of a nuclear reactor with a coolant in the primary circuit, for example, based on a bismuth-lead alloy, are installed. The fuel used in PES has the form of logs, wood cubes, pieces of coal, peat briquettes packed in paper or polyethylene, straw bundles mixed with a combustible viscous liquid, such as tar, tar, and packaged in polyethylene or paper, sawdust mixed with combustible a viscous mixture, such as resin, tar, and packaged in polyethylene or paper in the form of cylindrical or spherical objects.

The invention is illustrated in Fig.1 - Fig.21.

Figure 1. Options (a, b, c, d, e, e) of execution of a rotary vane steam engine (RLPD).

Figure 2. Variant of a group rotary steam engine with many stages of expansion (MGRLPD).

Figure 3. The operation cycle of the MGRPD.

Figure 4. General scheme of functioning of a steam power plant.

Figure 5. PES application options: a) in the field; b) at home; c) in production conditions.

6. The use of PES heated by solar energy.

7. The use of PES on the Earth, the Moon and other celestial bodies illuminated by the sun.

Fig. 8. The use of PES in submarines and surface ships.

Fig.9. The use of PES for pumping product through pipes.

Figure 10. The use of PES for airships and aircraft.

11. The use of PES on an air platform, underground platform, surface-underwater platform.

Fig. 12. The use of PES in space.

Fig.13. The use of PES with hydrogen-oxygen fuel.

Fig.14. Scheme of application of PES at home with gas fuel and additional heat extraction.

Fig.15. Heat extraction using a heat separator.

Fig.16. Schematic diagram of a heat exchanger.

Fig.17. The device for turning the gas valve during overheating or extinguished flame.

Fig. 18. The use of PES in a vehicle.

Fig.19. Options for steam generating boilers.

Fig.20. Charts.

Fig.21. Types of fuel.

On figa) shows a variant of a single-cylinder rotary vane steam engine (RLPD). Here, a rotating rotor (shaft) 1, a disk 2 is mounted on it, in which a slot 3 is made, in which a spring 4 is inserted, over which there are blades 5 that can rotate (providing sealing by means of o-rings) on both side surfaces (covers ) and along a figured surface 6) having here a narrowing 7 and an extension 8, the lateral surfaces (one or more) have openings 9, 10, which can serve for gas inlet or for its release, depending on the direction of rotation of the rotor. Here m is the number of cylinders, k is the number of blades.

On figb) shows a variant of a two-cylinder RLPD with the previously described designations. The distance between the holes 9, 10 in any complex is made in such a way that two holes cannot get into the sector between any two blades - 5. Here m = 2, k = 4.

On figv) shows a variant of a three-cylinder RLPD. Here m = 3, k = 6.

In Fig.1d) is a variant of the four-cylinder RLPD, which will be further shown in the diagrams. Here m = 4, k = 8 (i.e., k = 2m, m = 1, 2, 3, ...).

On fig.1d) is a variant of a 4-cylinder RLPD with an internal void for placing there, for example, a pipe of a pipeline 1.1, with sliding elements 2.1 and a ring gear 3.1. To increase the diameter of the pipe, m can be large, for example, greater than 12.

On fig.1e) is a variant of the RLPD nested in each other: 1.2 and 1.3.

Figure 2 shows a variant of a group RLPD, where the engines are grouped in groups of d pieces (1, ..., d) - GRLPD and the entire installation consists of N expansion stages (MGRLPD), each next stage has larger dimensions than the previous one. Here, all inlets - 9 of the first stage are connected to the inlet pipe 11 (I), and the outlets 10 are connected to the outlet pipe 12, which in turn is connected to the inlet pipe 11 (II) of the second stage, etc. to the outlet pipe 12 (N). Namely, such a set will be called a multi-stage steam engine (MTD), having a given number m.

Figure 3 shows a variant of the cycle (diagram) of the operation of the MTD. Here P is the pressure of the working fluid (steam), V is the volume of the working fluid (water vapor, ammonia vapor, isobutane vapor, freon vapor, etc.). Each of the cycles is split into cycles for each of the m-cylinders, for example, for a three-cylinder MTD shown in Fig.2. Further, each group of m-cycles (cylinders) is shifted by an angle of rotation φ, relative to the first rotor φ = 360 / d, where d is the number of engines in the stage. In this case, the full MTD cycle can be called the steam cycle V. Kushchenko The number of stages here is from one to N. The remaining pressure at the MTD outlet is necessary in order to deliver the gas itself to the condenser. If φ ≠ 0, then the number of pipelines - r is equal to m (for φ = 0, r = 1). The combination of the received energy can occur through the shaft mechanically, hydraulically (pneumatically) or electrically.

Figure 4 shows the General scheme of the MTD in the circuit of a steam power plant (PES). Here: ATC (12.1) - a device for increasing pressure, when Q1 arrives - heat from: the sun, earth, water, air, atomic energy, fire; PE (12.2) - energy converter 4; FEP (12.3) - a device for reducing the volume of the working fluid (product of work) during the transfer of heat Q2; TR (12.4) - transportation of the working fluid; KL (12.5) - valve supplying a working fluid with a small volume in the ATC. All these elements form a ROM (12.6).

On figa) shows an application of PES e field conditions. Here, a hot water tank 13, a tank cover 14, an ash pan 15, a furnace 16, a boiler 17, an MPD 18, an energy transducer in, electricity 19, a drying chamber 20 with a reclining flat retractable exhaust pipe (not shown).

On figb) shows a variant of PES for a car (kung, booths), tents, huts, dugouts, hospital of the Ministry of Emergencies. Here: ash pan 21, firebox 22, steam boiler 23, accessory box 24, energy steam converter (power generator) 25, cooler 26, fan 27, water tank 28. When using liquid (gas) fuels, the kit can be equipped with a gas burner, placed in the furnace 22. Here also a flat folding pipe is not shown.

On figv) shows a variant of PES for home or production. It includes: an ash pan 29, an air supply device 30 (for example, an electric fan 31 on a movable frame 32), adjustable air supply openings. 33, inspection hatch 33.1, burner 34, grates 34.1, boiler 35 (for example, steam pipe), pipe 36 (which can be compactly folded and removed) of boiler 35, MPD 37, box for drying firewood 38, hot water tank 39, cooler ( He is a room heater) 40, a control panel and connection sockets 41, a cooling fan 42, a box with a battery and spare accessories 43, on top of the installation is a wooden table-lounger 44, around the pipe there is a drying hanger for drying 45.

On figa) shows an application of PES to provide energy on Earth or on other planets (Moon, Mars). Here, the heater (NG) 46 is mounted on the roof of the house 47. The heater 46 is also located on all the sun-lit walls (surfaces). Cooler (OHL) 48 can also be located on shaded walls and surfaces of a house or below foundation 49.

On figb) shows a General scheme of the functioning of this PES. Here, the valve 50 is connected to a heater (NG) 46, connected to an energy converter (PE) 51, connected to an OHL cooler 48, connected to a pump (H) connected to a valve (CL) 50.

The electrical part (W) of PE 51 is connected to the control system of SU 53, connected to a storage battery (AB) 54 and to consumers (W 1,2). Q1 - incoming heat (radiation), Q2 - outgoing heat (radiation).

On figa) shows a diagram of the reception of energy from the Sun 55 by the Earth 56, Moon 57, Mars 58. Here, the pyramids play the role of energy collectors and beacons 59 located at the poles and at the equator. The pyramid, which serves only as a collector (collector) of radiation energy 60, is located in a convenient place for the consumer.

On figb) shows a variant of the location of the heaters 46 on the pyramid 61, inside which there is a PES 62 with a cooler 48 below the level of the Earth (Moon, Mars). Reflectors 64 are located on a surface inclined by an angle φ (of a natural or adjustable structure) 63, through which rays from the Sun 55 are directed to heaters 46. All sources of such energy are combined into a common system. When night falls in one place, then in another place the Sun continues to shine.

On figv), d) shows a variant of the control circuit of the reflectors. The control system (SU) 65 is connected to the actuators 66, each of which has a piston 67 and an accumulator (liquid, gas) 68, which through the pipeline enters the preloaded (spring 70) cylinder 71, which are installed in the corresponding places on the reflective surface, 4 per each reflector (a, b, c, d). The reflector has the ability to rotate about the X, Y axis.

On Fig shows a diagram of the use of PES for surface ship (a) and submarine ship (b). Here, the surface ship 72 has an MPD 73, a steam generator (SG) 74 (operating, for example, on coal, diesel fuel, atomic energy) connected to a pump 75, connected to a cooler (condenser) 76, connected to the output of the MPD 73, and by a second circuit through a pump 77 is associated with external water (H ₂ O) overboard of a surface ship 72.

On figb) shows an application of PES in an underwater ship. Here, the submarine 78, the propeller 79 with the shaft 80 is connected to the MTD 81 (or perhaps the MTD is first connected to an electric generator, then to an electric motor). MTD 81 is connected to a steam boiler (PC) 82, connected to a pump 83, connected to an OHL cooler 84, connected to the output of an MTD 81. The second circuit of PC 82 is connected to a pump 85, connected to an energy generator (GE) 86, which can atomic, coal, gas, etc. heater (t ° C = 600, steam pressure 500 atm, rotational speed 83). The second OHL circuit 84 is connected to a pump 87, connected to an external cooler 88.

Figure 9 shows an application of PES for pumping liquid or gas products in pipelines. Here, the pumped product 89, pipe 90, the circular impeller (screw) of the transfer pump 91 with a gear ring, the gears of the impeller drive 92, connected by a shaft to the gears 93, connected to the ring MTD 94 installed on the pipe 90. The boiler feeding system with a cooler is not shown here .

Figure 10 shows the installation option of the PES on the airship 95. Here, the gas fuel cylinder 96 is connected to a steam boiler (PC) 98, connected to the MTD 99 (whose shaft is connected to the screw 100), the output of which is connected to the input of the cooler (OHL) 101 the output of which is connected to the pump (H) 102, the output of which is connected to the input of the PC 98. The second OHL circuit 101 through the pump (H) 102.1 is connected to an external cooler 101.1 (or they are combined). A container for liquefied gas 95.1 is attached to the airship 95, allowing its transportation.

On figa) shows a variant of the location of the PES on an air platform, at any selected height N. Here, the platform 103 is mounted on balls lighter than air 104 (filled, for example, with helium). On platform 103, there is a heater 105 facing the sun (divided into m sections), and in the shade there is a cooler (OHL) 106 (which can also be divided into m sections). The corresponding heater 105 is connected to the corresponding steam generator 107, which is connected to the corresponding MTD 108, which is connected to the corresponding electric power generator (GE) 109, which is connected to the corresponding cooler 106, the other end of which is connected to the pump 110, connected to the corresponding heater 105. Electrical outputs the generator 109 are combined (through appropriate converters and a switch) with a cable 111 attached to the power cable 112 connected to the converter (PR) 113. Power cables 112 p connected to the lifting and lowering mechanisms 114. The holders 115 of the intermediate balls 116 are also connected to the power cables 112.

On figb) shows a variant of the arrangement of PES with underground heat intake and underground-ground cooling. Here is the underground cavity 117, in which there is a liquid (water) 118 with a high temperature, in which heat exchangers (TO) 119, 120 are placed, which are connected to the corresponding MTD 121, 122 connected to the corresponding heat exchangers located closer to or on the surface 123 , 124 connected to a pump 125 connected to heat exchangers 118, 119. The electrical outputs (W _1,2 ) are output to the consumer.

On figv) shows a variant of the location of the PES on the water-underwater platform. Here, the platform 126 is mounted on containers lighter than water 127. On the platform 126 is a heat exchanger 128 or heater 128, if it is closer to the equator, or cooler 128, if the system is used in thermal springs or at the poles. If this is a heater 128, then it is connected to the MTD 129, connected to a heat exchanger 130 located at a selected depth ℓ, the output of which is connected to a pump 131, the output of which is connected to a heater 128. The platform 126 is secured by anchoring devices 132.

On Fig shows a variant of the location of the PES in the orbital (space) station (ship), where surface 133 is a heater (facing the sun), surface 134 is a cooler.

On figa shows a variant of the scheme of PES, where the fuel and working fluid is steam (the interaction of H ₂ - hydrogen and O ₂ - oxygen), in liquid (g) or gaseous (g) state. Here, the capacity for storing liquid (gaseous) hydrogen (EH) 135, the capacity for storing liquid (gaseous) (EO) 136. Each of the tanks 135, 136 is connected to its respective dispensers (DZ) 137, 138 connected to the CMC 139 mixer. CMC 139 is connected to a heater (NG) 140 (heat exchanger) connected to a steam generator (GH) 141 (which can be performed, for example, in the form of a combustion chamber with a glow plug). PG 141 is connected to the input (Bx) of the MPD 142 (creating a rotation moment M), the output of which is connected to a cooler (condenser) (OHL) 143 connected to a water storage tank H ₂ O 144, the steam output OHL 143 through a controlled control system (SU) 145 valve 146, connected to the output "reset". SU 145, with its power inputs connected to the power generator MPD 142, and outputs W - to consumers of electricity. Other power outputs connected to the battery (AB) 146, and the control inputs and outputs to the corresponding controlled inputs and outputs DZ 137, 138; CMC 139; NG 140, OHL 143; KL 146, NAK 144.

On figb) shows a variant of the decomposition of water (with further use in PES) on H ₂ - hydrogen and O ₂ - oxygen. Here, the accumulator (NAC) 147 is connected to a water decomposer (RE) 148 (to which electric power W is supplied), which is connected to the corresponding pumps (Н) H ₂ and O ₂ (149, 150) connected to the corresponding fluidizers (СЖ) 151, 152 connected to the corresponding XPH ₂ storage facilities - hydrogen 153 and ХРO ₂ - oxygen 154, which can fill (fill) the hydrogen tanks E H ₂ 155 and oxygen tanks E O ₂ 156, which can replace the tanks 135, 136 of the corresponding PES ( dotted line).

On figa) shows a variant of the PES in the circuit with an autonomous gas water heater (AOGV). Here AOGV (boilers) are connected to the MTD in the PES system. Here AOGV 157 contains a gas burner 158, a heat exchanger 159, an exhaust pipe 160, an additional exhaust pipe 161, a heat exchanger 162 mounted on the pipe 160 and connected to a shutdown device (PR) 163 connected to a gas valve 164. The heat exchanger 159 has a safety valve 165 and through a controlled valve (CL) 166 is connected to the input of the MTD 167, the output of which is connected to a heat exchanger 168, consisting of a coil 169, plates 170 located on it, a fan with an engine 171. The coil 169 is connected to a water storage tank (NAK) 172, connected via controlled th valve (KL) 173, to a pump (H) 174 (which is connected to the MPD shaft 167) connected through KL 175 to the input of the heat exchanger 159. The control system (CS) 176 is connected to a fan 177 installed at the output of the additional pipe 161. CS 176 is also connected to a temperature sensor 178 installed at the output of the additional pipe 161. SU 176 is also connected to a pressure sensor 179 installed at the output of the pipe 160. SU 176 is connected to КЛ 175, 166, 164, to the temperature sensor 181, to the information sensor ( ID) 182 voltage, connected to a 180 W (1,2) connector, voltage generator outputs temperature set in MTD 167. SU 176 is connected to КЛ 173 and temperature sensor 183 installed at the output of MTD 167, to temperature sensor 184 installed at the output of coil 169, a temperature sensor installed on NAK 184.1, lower and upper level sensors 185, 186 installed on the NAC 172. SU 176 is connected to KL 187. SU 176 is connected to fan 171.

On figb) shows AOGV (boiler) 188 having an exhaust pipe 189, a burner for (for example) liquid fuel 190, grates for air passage 191, a heat exchanger 192. An additional exhaust pipe 193 is connected to the exhaust pipe 189, on which the heat exchanger 194 is mounted A heat exchanger 195 is also attached to the pipe 189, connected to a converter (PR) 196, connected to a valve (KL) 197 of the burner 190. KL 197 is also connected to a valve 198, which is connected to a pump (H) 199, which is connected to a fuel tank ( ET) 200 having a spring-loaded diaphragm 201. At the outlet of the pipe 1 93, a fan 202 is installed. The output of the heat exchanger 192 is connected to a temperature sensor (DT) 203 and to a pump (H) 204, connected to the atomizer 205 of the heat exchanger 206, in which the partition 207 and another atomizer 208 connected to the pump (Н) 209, connected to a choke (DR) 210 connected to the capacity of the working fluid (EPT) 211, also having a soothing diaphragm 212. EPT 211 is connected to a pump (H) 213 connected to a temperature sensor (DT) 214 connected to a heat exchanger 215, closed by a casing 216 to which a pipe 217 is attached, on which heat is attached exchanger 218. The gas output of the heat exchanger 215 is connected to the valve 219 and is the output of the "discharge". The input of the heat exchanger 215 is connected to a temperature sensor (DT) 220 connected to the output of the MTD 221, the input of which is connected to the output of the throttle (ДР) 222, connected to the output of the valve (КЛ) 223, connected to the output of the heat exchanger 206 and valve input (КЛ) 224 A fan 225 is installed at the input of the casing 216. The electric outputs of the MTD 221 are connected to an information sensor (ID) 226, which is connected to a control system (SU) 227, which is also connected to fuel level sensors 228, 229, fan 202, pump 199, and a sensor temperature 230, КЛ 198, temperature sensor 231, ДТ 203, temperature sensor 232, pump 233, pump 204, KL 198, KL 224, KL 223, DR 222, N 209, DR 210, fluid level sensor 234, 235, DT 220, liquid level sensors 236, 237, fan 225, KL 219, DT 214, temperature sensor 218, H 213.

On Fig shows a diagram of a variant of a heat exchanger with the separation of heat transfer gas (liquid). Here, the heat exchanger (TO) 239 has an “input” connected to a valve (CL) 240, which is connected to a pump (H) 241, connected to a sprayer 242, mounted in a tank 243, in which other sprayers 244 connected to a cooler are mounted ( OHL) 245, connected to the pump (H) 246, connected to the tank (TANK) 247, connected to the separator (SPR) 248, connected to the pump (I) 249, connected to the tank 243. The first output of the SPR 298 is connected to the tank (TANK) ) 250, connected to the pump (H) 251, connected to the valve (CL) 252, connected to the output of TO 239. A valve is installed on OHL 245 p 253 connected to the control system SU 254, which is also connected to a temperature sensor 255, liquid level sensors 256, 257, temperature sensor 258, N 241, N 249, N 246, liquid level sensors 259, 260, liquid level sensors 261, 262, H 251, KL 240, KL 252.

On figa) shows a variant of a heat exchanger filled with rings, fig.16b), made with the help of devices, figv). The heat exchanger (TO) 263, FIG. 16a) consists of tanks E 264 and plates 264.5 filled with spiral rings 265 located on a grid 266 located in the lower tanks 267. A pipe 268 is suitable in each of the E 264, the first of which is the “inlet” ”TO 263, the output of the last E 264 is the“ exit ”(steam residue). TO 263, connected to a temperature sensor 269, valve (CL) 270. The bottom of the corresponding capacity 267 is connected to the corresponding pump (H) 271, the output of which is connected to the valve (CL) 272, the output of which is the output of the liquid (water) TO 263. Connector (REM) 273 is connected to a control system (SU) 274, connected to liquid level sensors 275, 276, to Н 271, КЛ 272, temperature sensor 269, КЛ 270.

On figb) shows a variant of a spiral ring (cylinder) having a given diameter D, height h, the distance between the surfaces δ, on the surface of which there is a hole with a diameter d. These rings can be called spiral cooling rings V. Kushchenko.

On figv) shows a variant of the device for the manufacture of rings. Here, the shaft with the handle 287 is located in the sleeve 288. The shaft has a slot 289 for inserting blanks (strips of metal) of the ring (cylinder). The sleeve 288 is mounted in a vice 290.

On figa, b, c, d, e, e depicts a safety device for turning the tap for gas heating devices when the combustion process stops and when overheating. The device consists of a housing 291, in which the shaft 292 is attached by means of thickenings 293. A lever 294 is attached to the shaft 292, at the end of which the load 295 and the connecting chain (thread, cable) 296 are fastened, ending with a washer 297, which is worn on the first rod 298. The housing 291 has fasteners 299 with which the housing 291 is attached to (for example) a wall. On the shaft 292 there is a movable coupling 300, which engages with the handle 301 of the gas valve 302, which stands on the gas pipe 303, through which the gas 304 flows. From the housing 291 comes a pipe 305 connected to the container 306, with a plug 307, a fastening 308 pressed to the pipe 309 of the gas outlet 310 from the AOGO 311. The load 295 by means of the thrust 312 is pivotally attached to the hole 313 of the lever 294, into the extreme opening of which the connecting chain 296 is fixed, through the hole 314, which is attached to the washer 297, which lies on the washer 315. The rod 298 is movable in the sleeve 316, has a limiter Noe ring 317 or restrictive rods 318, when in the respective guide tubes. At the end of the rods (3 pieces) 318 there are adjusting screws 319. The rod 298 holds a spring 321 with its plate 320. The second rod 322 has three pushers 323 included in the guides 324. The pushers 323 have adjusting screws 325 that extend into holes 326 and abut against the washer 315. The rod 322 with ledges 327 holds the bellows 328, to which the tube 305 is attached. The bellows 328 is mounted on the movable frame 329 by means of bolts 330. Between the rod 320 and the rod 322 there is a second spring 331. According to the second variant (d - FIG. 17), the third rod 332 has at the ends of the pushers 333 adjusting Inty 334 is movable in the guide 335. The third rod 332 holds the second bellows 336, mountable on a movable frame 337. Such attachment can be as long as the device control parameters. In the container 306 is a liquid with a predetermined thermal expansion coefficient, for example glycerin.

The use of PES for land vehicles (self-propelled) is shown in FIG. 18, which shows the front steering wheel 307, wheel mount 308, steering wheel 309, rear drive wheels 310, rear axle (with differential) 311, rear wheel brake 312, hydraulic drive machine (GMF) 313, transport fluid supply pipe 314, transport fluid output pipe 315, valve 316, valve 317, hydraulic distributor (WG) 318 connected to the main hydraulic drive machine (GMF) 319, gearbox (CAT) 320, lever switching pere cottages 321, clutch (MS) 322, clutch pedal 323, hydraulic pump drive machine (GMP) 323.1, pedal lock 323.2, multi-stage steam engine (MID) 324, internal electric machine 324.1 (with voltage outputs - W), steam dispenser (DP) 325, steam dispenser lever 326, hot steam line after dispenser 327, crushed steam pipe 328, steam valve 329, steam valve pedal 330, sharp steam pipe to steam valve 331, pressure relief valve 332, steam release lever 332.1, temperature sensor hot steam 333, steam boiler 334, kam Fuel burner 335, ignition plug 336, burner 337, boiler heat insulator 338, fuel atomizer 339, high voltage coil (KVN) - 340, regulator (metering device) for supplying fuel to burner 341, heat exchanger for air supplied to burner 342, combustion air blower ( TVD) 343, non-return valve 344, fuel pump (ТН) 345, electric drive (ЭП) 346, heat exchanger regulator 347, heat exchanger 348, exhaust pipe of exhaust gases 349, exhaust gas collector of boiler 350, smoke tubes 351, drain cock 351.1 , water in the boiler 352, steam pressure sensor 353, ur sensors hear water 354, a valve for supplying transport fluid pressure to a water supply pump 355, a hydraulic pump drive pump (ГМПН) 356, a water pump (НВ) 357, an electric control actuator НВ 357.1, a valve for supplying water to the boiler (КЛ) 358, a non-return valve (OKL ) 358.1, a heat exchanger of water and crushed steam supplied to the boiler 359, a steam turbine of an electric energy generator (PTG) 360 drive, an electric power generator (GE) 361, an electric motor for driving a condenser cooling impeller (EPK) 362-impeller 363, a condenser 364, 364.1, 364.2 - upper and lower temperature sensors in the condenser, pipe water gadget from condenser 364.3, water tank (E) 365, water bypass device 366, filter plug 367, water intake 368, control system for steam power plant (SU) 369, digital processor (VK-C) 370, rechargeable battery 371 , water level sensors 372, fuel level sensors 373, fuel tank filter plug 374, fuel tank (BKT) 375, brake pedal 376, brake master cylinder 377, brake fluid reservoir 378, brake fluid pipe 378.1, processor VK-C screen 379.1, the VK-C keyboard of the processor 379.2. Exit A to input B of the WP 318 can be used, for example, with a leading front axle. Elements 307-379 are combined into a steam vehicle (PTS-VK) 380. Instead of the steam boiler shown in FIG. 18, a steam boiler operating on gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel oil, kerosene, wood, sawdust, coal, gas, peat, and so on can be used. .d. Instead of a steam boiler, there may be a heat exchanger, for example, an atomic reactor with a bismuth-lead coolant in the primary circuit.

On figa, b shows a variant of a steam generator with smoke tubes. On figv - a variant of a steam generator with steam pipes. On figa, b, c the following designations are presented: air - 381, a hole for supplying fuel - 382, flame - 383, sukhoparnik - 384, water - 385, pipe - 386, smoke tubes - 387, boiler - 388, steam - 389, fire box - 390, heater - 391, firebox - 392, ash pan - 393, steam tubes - 394, hole for cleaning burnt fuel - 395.

On figa) shows a graph of temperature depending on the place in the PES.

On figb) shows a diagram of the distribution of energy in PES.

In Fig.21 shows the options used fuel in PES.

The device operates as follows. When a gas stream, such as steam, enters the hole 9 (Fig. 1a), pressure is applied to the plates 5a, 5b and to the shell 6. Since the plate 5a is extended more (has a larger surface), the force from the vapor pressure creates a torque and a rotor ( the shaft 1) rotates towards a more advanced plate (blade). When the blade 5a crosses the hole 10, and the blade 5b crosses the hole 9, the crushed steam from the space 8 begins to exit into the hole 50, and the sharp steam presses on the blade 5b, creating a force moment with a new blade. Similarly, the rotation is carried out by a two-cylinder engine (Fig.16). Here, sharp steam is supplied simultaneously to the openings 9, and crushed steam comes out of the openings 10. A similar procedure occurs in an engine with a large number of cylinders m = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ..., etc. With an increase in the number of cylinders, the diameter of the disk 2 can be increased so that the disk can rotate on bearings 2.1, for example, on a shaft with a large diameter or shell (pipe) 1.1. In this case, the torque is transmitted, for example, by a ring gear. Instead of a pipe 1.1, another engine or a similar system used as a pump 1.3 can be inserted (Fig. 1e). There may be several such investments. To make full use of the expansion energy of steam, engines can be assembled into groups 1 - d. Moreover, each subsequent engine is rotated relative to the previous one by an angle φ. This avoids the dead spots in the MTD position. With multiple expansion, the following process occurs. Sharp steam enters the input 11 (I) of the MTD (Fig. 2) and is distributed to all (1, ..., d) first stage engines. The engines create a torque, and crushed steam exits through channels 12 (I) (12.1 - 12.m) and enters through inputs 11 (II) to the inputs of 9 second-stage engines, etc. to the N-th stage. The combination of torques can be carried out on a single shaft or in another way, for example, electric.

Figure 3 shows a General diagram of the ongoing processes. When supplying hot steam (point a), the pressure remains constant, the volume occupied by the steam increases. At point b, the crushed steam leaves the engine of the first stage and enters the engine of the second stage already with reduced pressure (since part of the energy was given to rotate the corresponding rotor 1). Thus, in subsequent stages, the pressure drops to P min (point c), necessary for the delivery of steam to the condenser. A similar picture occurs for each of the cylinders (m), each of the d engines. Each subsequent engine (and its m cylinders) is rotated relative to the previous one by an angle φ. This is depicted in the diagram of FIG. 3 by the φ phase. If φ = 0, then one pipe is used for steam between each of the stages (1, N). If φ ≠ 0, then m pipelines can be used.

Figure 4 shows the General scheme of the operation of the proposed steam power installation (PES). Energy in the form of heat Q ₁ from various sources enters the device for increasing pressure increase (ATC) (water, ammonia, isobutane, freon, etc. can be used as a working fluid). In the energy converter (PE (MTD)), the pressure energy of the working fluid is converted into electrical energy (W). Next, the working fluid enters the device for reducing the volume of the working fluid (UOT). The working fluid gives off energy, for example, in the form of heat Q ₂ and decreases in volume. Further, the working fluid independently with the help of a transport device (TR, pump) through the CL check valve enters again into the pressure increase device (ATC), etc.

At present, an internal combustion engine connected to an electric generator is used as portable power plants (for generating electrical voltages). But in the absence of gasoline, diesel fuel, gas, etc. it is difficult to get electricity, heat, warm water in conditions torn off from the base, in a campaign, in combat, during rescue operations of the Ministry of Emergencies, in the country, in places remote from the habitat of people. However, there is usually a lot of combustible material: straw, sawdust, peat, coal, wood, dung (dried animal droppings), etc. (Fig.21), which is suitable for use in the proposed PES (Fig.5). In this case, wood fuel can be sawn, chopped, dried and stored under a canopy. From wood logs, cubes of specified sizes can be made to ensure, for example, automatic fuel supply to the boiler. Peat briquettes can be of a given size and packed in cellophane or paper. Coal can be broken down into objects of a given size. The straw burned every fall can be twisted into bundles (to reduce the volume), cut, mixed with a combustible viscous substance, such as resin, and packed in cellophane or paper so that it does not get dirty, and folded for storage. Existing large stocks of sawdust can be mixed with a resinous substance, such as resin, tar, and packaged in objects such as cylinders of a given size using cellophane or paper, so that it is convenient to store and use both with manual and automatic feeding of fuel into the boiler. Liquid fuel can be used all that burns. Gaseous as well, and that which is now being thrown out in flares (like dirty liquid fuel) can be fully used by the proposed PES.

On figa) shows the small size of the PES, which allows to receive heat, heating, cooking, electric energy in a portable portable form (in a bag). At the same time, dry alcohol tablets can be used as fuel. The closed cycle of the movement of the working fluid allows you to have only fuel and this installation.

On figb) for heating military kungs (universal hermetic body), tents, dugouts, dugouts, headquarters, hospital premises, as well as hot water, electricity, larger devices are used than in figa, but similar in scheme, using the same types of fuel (figb). In a special department, fuel (firewood) can be pre-dried for use.

Figure 5 c) already shows a large installation with a similarly applied working scheme. Coal, fuel oil, gas, etc. can also be used as fuel. The fan 31 and the adjustable air supply (oxidizer) flap 33.1 and the fuel supply valve allow you to adjust the supply of Q ₁ heat to the energy conversion zone. On the lounger 44, comfortable placement in the cold is possible. On the device 45, drying of the necessary items is possible.

On figa) shows a variant of placement on a residential or other room illuminated by the sun heating elements and a cooler 48. The General scheme of the device is a variant of the general scheme (Fig.4) and shown in Fig.6b. Q ₁ - heat is taken by the heating element NG 46. The working fluid increases its volume and enters PE (MTD) 51, which generates electricity (W). Next, the working fluid enters OHL 48 and gives off heat Q ₂ , reducing the working fluid in volume. Further, the pump (H) 52 through KL 50 reduced in volume, the working fluid feeds again in NG 46, etc. The control system (SU) 53 converts the received electricity into the form necessary for the consumer (W 1, 2), if necessary, accumulating and replenishing it from the battery (AB) 54. Solar energy according to this scheme (Fig.6b) can be used on Earth 56 and other 55 planets 57, 58 illuminated by the sun (or other stars) with the reception of energy on the pyramid 61, which is covered by NG 46. Since the sun changes its location quickly (24 hours on Earth) or slowly (2 weeks on the Moon), it is necessary adjust (maintain) the power of the light flux by means of reflectors 64 located on the main surface 63. This surface 63 can have a concave shape and consist of separate planes 63, which can have their own angle φ (Fig. 7b), the angle of inclination β and the reflectors themselves also change, providing energy concentration on the NG 46, pyramids 61. Next, the working fluid from NG 46 enters PE (MTD) 62 (51 of FIG. 4) and then to OHL 48, which is below the level of the Earth (Moon, Mars, etc.). Similar stations for receiving electric energy are combined into a network (Fig. 7 a), because if one part of the planet is in shadow, the other is illuminated. Pyramids (in particular tetrahedral) can also serve as a space beacon. The rotation frequency of each of the planets is individual, the placement of pyramids, for example at the equator and at the poles, allows the reflection of sunlight in the plane of the equator and in the direction of the axis of rotation, which can be used for orientation in outer space.

The control of the reflectors 64 (pigv, g) is as follows. SU 65 delivers the necessary signal (according to an internal algorithm that reflects the movement of the star) to the actuator 66, which extends or retracts the piston 67. In this case, the working fluid (or other carrier) moves the cylinders 71, which are installed, for example, at the 4 corners of the reflectors, providing rotation of the reflectors around the axes (x) or / and (y). Instead of cylinders 71, electric wires with retractable worm gears moving reflectors 64 can also be used.

The proposed PES can also be used on surface and submarine ships (figa, b). In the first case, the steam generator (GHG) 74 can be a coal boiler or a nuclear (atomic) reactor that heats a heat carrier, such as water, turning it into steam. Heating can occur in several circuits, for example, in the first circuit, the melt of bismuth and lead can be a coolant. The working fluid in the form of steam enters the MTD 73, which generates electricity W and rotates the screw. The use of a low-speed MTD (100 rpm) is more efficient than a steam turbine with 10,000 rpm and a bulky step-down device - a reducer. Next, the crushed steam comes from the cooler and then pumps into the steam generator 74. Outboard water (Н ₂ O) is used in the first cooling circuit, which is pumped into the ОХЛ 76 with the pump (Н) 77, taking heat from the working medium and thereby reducing its volume.

PES is similarly used in submarines, where, for the purpose of safety and noiselessness, the second cooling circuit can be closed. Here, the GE 86, for example, an atomic reactor, heats the heat carrier, for example, based on a bismuth and lead melt, and through H 85 delivers it to the steam boiler PK 86, which increases the working fluid in volume and under pressure (for example, 600 atm, 500 ° C) feeds it to the MTD 81, which rotates the screw 79 (through the shaft 80) with a frequency of, for example, 83 rpm Crumpled steam leaves MPD 81, and passes to OHL 84, and then pump (H) 83 is fed back to PC 82. The cooler uses an additional external cooler 88, through which a cooling working fluid is passed by pump (H) 87. OHL 88 external cooler plates interact with seawater.

The proposed PES can also be used for pumping gas, oil or other product through a pipeline. In this case, the MTD can be made in the form, for example, of an m-cylinder RLPD (for example, m = 4-36) of Fig. 1d. In this case, the rotation moment from the RLPD is transmitted by the ring gear 3.1 to the gears 93, and then to the gears 92 (gears 92, 93 can be combined), and then to the ring gear of the impeller (pump) 91, which pumps the product 89. The heating medium is heated here is similar to the above and is located next to or also on the pipe. Small in size, located around the pipe, low-speed, consuming the pumped product to heat the working fluid, this device can often be located along the pipeline and work in automatic mode, serving pumping as an element of gas, oil pipe, etc. system.

The proposed PES can also be used on flying vehicles, such as airships (figure 10). Here, fuel, for example compressed or liquefied gas from cylinders 96, is supplied by a pump (H) 97 (metering device, gearbox) to the burner of a steam boiler (PC) 98. The working fluid expands and enters the MPD 99 under high pressure, the shaft of which rotates the propeller 100 carrying out the movement of the airship 95. Crumpled steam from the output of the MTD 99 passes to the cooler 101, which can use an external cooler 101.1. Q ₁ is the heat of the exhaust gases released into the atmosphere and Q ₂ is the heat taken from the working fluid, it is also dissipated in the atmosphere. The proposed airship can efficiently transport liquefied gas (figure 10) by transport for liquefied gas 95.1 through the airspace, bypassing the gas pipe difficulties of our time, directly to the consumer of retail chains.

The proposed PES can be used to use solar energy at high altitudes (bypassing a thick layer of air) of 10-20 km. Balloons lighter than air filled with, for example, helium 104 hold the platform 103 at a given height. The thermal radiation of the sun is received by the heaters 105, the steam generator 107 delivers the expanded working fluid under high pressure to the MTD 108, which rotates the electric power generator (GE) 109. Next, the crushed steam enters the cooler 105 and the corresponding pump (H) 110 is again supplied to the corresponding heater 105. The platform is attached to the ground by a power cable 112, which is attached to the lifting-lowering mechanism 114. The power cable 112 is held by intermediate balls lighter than air 116, the cable through which electric current 111 flows, combines the outputs of the generator of electric power 109 and is connected to a converter (PR) 113, and then the voltage is supplied to the consumer (W 1, 2). The presence of intermediate balls allows you to raise the platform 103 as long as it allows the lifting force of the Earth's atmosphere (or another planet).

The proposed PES can be used to use the energy of heating the Earth, where a temperature increase of 1 ° C is carried out from 6 to 30 m deep (Kola well 7 km - 120 ° C, Caspian 3 km - 110 ° C) or outlets of hot springs, or vents of volcanoes (figb). Heated water transfers Q ₁ - heat to the working fluid in TO 119, 120. The MTD 121, 122 work, crushed steam from which is discharged into TO 123, 124. These heat exchangers (TO) can use air for cooling or surface water (not shown in FIG. 11b), which is further cooled or removed and new is pumped, etc. The pump 125 is connected with the MTD 121, 122. The working fluid is cooled and fed again to the MOT 119, 120. The pipeline from the pump 125 to the MOT 119, 120 is thermally insulated. Energy (W) from the generators MTD 121, 122 is supplied to the consumer. If permafrost exists at a depth of 1 km and the ice existing there does not melt from heating, then, consequently, there was a hollow filled with water and became ice (the mainland platform is curved towards the core).

The proposed PES can also be used to generate electricity from the difference in water temperature between water layers or between the temperature on the surface of the water and under water. In the equatorial region, the temperature of 20 m of the surface layer is 30 ° С, and at a depth of 1000 m it is already 1 ° С. The temperature on the surface illuminated by the sun can reach more than 70 ° C.

Consider the option of obtaining thermal Q ₁ energy from the sun and heat transfer Q _{2 to} water (Fig. 11 c). The heat exchanger (TO) 128 receives Q ₁ - heat (energy), increases the volume of the working fluid, which under pressure enters the MTD 129, which turns this energy into electric W supplied to the consumer. Crumpled steam from the MTD 129 enters the cooler 130 and then with the pump (H) 131 the working fluid is supplied to the heat exchanger (heater) 128. If the energy of various layers of the ocean water is used, then the cooler (heat exchanger) 130 is lowered to the specified depth. They get cold water from there. PES (figb) can also be used in the underwater version. In this case, it is installed at the bottom of the reservoir.

The proposed PES can also be used at orbital or other space stations (Fig. 12). One part of the surface of the station is covered with a heater 133, and the second with the elements of a cooler 134. The station is oriented accordingly to the luminary (Sun). The energy conversion scheme here is similar to that described above. Since the illuminated surface is heated to 200 ° C, and the shaded surface is cooled to minus 100 ° C, this allows you to effectively convert thermal energy into electrical energy, creating large power systems in space.

The proposed PES can be used for vehicles on Earth and on other planets, as well as in stationary installations, as shown in Fig.13. From tanks with hydrogen (ЕН) 135 and from containers with oxygen (ЕО) 136, Н ₂ and О _2, respectively, go to batchers (ДЗ) 137, 138 and then to the mixer (CMC) 139, then to the heater (НГ) 140 and further to a steam generator (PG) 141. CMC 139, NG 140, PG 141 can be implemented in one unit of a steam boiler (PC) 141-1, at the output of which sharp steam resulting from the connection (combustion) of hydrogen with oxygen is supplied under high pressure in the MTD 142, which generates electricity (W) and creates a torque (M). Crumpled steam from the MPD 142 outlet enters OHL 143 and then to the water storage tank (NAK) 144. If the circuit is open, water is discharged into the environment through KL 146. The control system (SU) 145 uses the battery (AB) 146 as the initial energy source (constantly replenishes it), controls the dispensers (DZ) 137, 138, CMC 139, NG 140, PG 147, OHL 143, NAK 144, KL 146. Received in NAC 144 water can be used for its decomposition (Fig.13b) and converted again into H ₂ - hydrogen and O ₂ - oxygen. Water (H ₂ O) from NAC 147 (144) is supplied to RE 148, which uses electrical energy, such as a base station. Next, H ₂ - hydrogen, is pumped (H) 149 to the coolant 151, where it is compressed and enters the HRN ₂ 153, where it accumulates. Similarly, O ₂ is oxygen, from РЗ 148 pump (Н) 150 is supplied to СЖ 152 and then goes to XPO ₂ 154, where it is accumulated and stored. Next, the hydrogen tank EH 155 and the oxygen tank EO 156 are loaded into a vehicle or stationary unit (figa 135a, 136) and used to obtain movement (M - moment) and electricity (W), as described above.

Currently, most houses are heated by gas boilers and AOGV (boilers of lower capacity). In this case, the second channel of energy input into the house is used - electricity. You can leave one channel or duplicate it in order to obtain electrical energy and gas combustion. At the same time, heating and supply of the necessary electricity are carried out.

On Fig shows an embodiment of the use of PES as a heater and the production of electrical energy in domestic and industrial conditions. Gas fuel through KL 164 enters the burner 158, heating the heat exchanger 159, turning the working fluid into steam, which through KL 166 enters the MPD 167 input, which generates electricity W (1, 2), to the connector 180 and rotates the pump 174. Crumpled steam from the output of the MID 167 pass through the coil 169 of the heat exchanger 168, which through the plate 170 is blown by the air of the fan 171 and gives Q ₁ - heat to heat the room. Condensed water enters the reservoir (NAC) 172. If necessary, the remainder of the vapor can be discharged through KL 1.87. Water from NAK 172 through KL 173 pump (N) 174 through KL 175 is again fed into AOGV 157 (heat exchanger 159). The combustion products enter the exhaust pipe 160 and are released into the atmosphere. Heat loss is at least 12% (Fig.20b). To use this heat, the SU 176 includes a fan 177, which creates a vacuum in the additional pipe 161, while using the pressure sensor 179, the SU 176 can determine the necessary pressure so that air from the atmosphere is not drawn into the pipe 160. The pipe 161 in this case serves as a heat exchanger and can be made of a given length. Using a sensor 178, the SU 176 determines the temperature of the combustion products at the outlet of the pipe 161, and, as in FIG. AOGV 157 the pipe is heated to a temperature of 200 ° C. The heat receiver 162 installed on it by expanding the working fluid holds the shutdown device (PR) 163 in the cocked state. As soon as the fire goes out in the burner 158 (gas supply is cut off) or the heat exchanger 159 is used with the heat transfer medium, the surface of the pipe 160 is quickly cooled (the exhaust pipe is usually made of iron) and PR 163 through KL 164 closes the gas supply to the burner 158. SU 176, using ID 182, controls the output voltage in the connector 180, the water level in the NAC 172 controls the speed of the fan 171, controls the temperature at the exits of the heat exchanger 159 through the temperature sensor 181, controls the water supply to AOGW 157 by KL valves 173, 175.

On figb depicts a variant of the application of PES in domestic and industrial conditions on liquid fuel, using a heat exchanger 206. Fuel from the ET 200 is fed into the burner 190 by the pump 199. The flow rate is regulated by KL 198. The feed is shut off by PR 196 through KL 197 at the signal from heat exchanger 195. The working fluid from the heat exchanger 192 is pumped (H) 204 to the atomizer 205. The working fluid in this case is in the liquid phase with a predetermined temperature (300-1000 °). Next, the working fluid interacts with another working fluid emerging from the atomizer 208, and gives it energy. Next, the first working fluid is pumped (H) 233 again to the heat exchanger 192, where it is heated, etc. The working fluid 2 from the heat exchanger 205 through KL 223, DR 222 enters the input of the MTD 221, generates electricity W (1, 2) (the voltage of which measures ID 226 and delivers to SU 227). Next, the crushed steam enters the heat exchanger 215, where the working fluid 2 condenses and is pumped (Н) 213 to the EPT 211 and then through the DR 210 and Н 209 it is again supplied to the heat exchanger 206, etc. A fan 225, under the control of SU 227, blows air around the heat exchanger 215 and heats the necessary rooms through the heat exchanger 218 (Q ₄ ). Heat exchanger 194 removes the heat of the combustion products Q ₃ . The waste heat of the combustion products Q _{2 is} minimized by the heat exchanger 194, under the control of SU 227. The heat Q ₁ of the combustion products is minimized by the fact that the combustion products exit through the additional pipe 193. Q ₅ is the heat for heating the room, and the SU 227 is also regulated by temperature sensors 238 The remaining blocks function similarly to the already described device figa.

On Fig shows a variant of the heat exchanger (cooler) TO 239. The first working fluid in vapor form enters the input TO 239 through KL 240, N 241 to the spray 242 capacity 243. Here, the working fluid is in the closest contact with the second working fluid, then both working fluids are mixed in the form of a liquid phase, the level of which is determined by a sensor 256, 257, and a pump (H) 249 is fed to the input of the SPR 248 separator, where the product is separated by the weight of these liquids. From the first output, the working fluid first enters the tank 250 and then with the pump (H) 251 through KL 252 - to the output of TO 239. From the output of the second SPR 248, the working fluid of the second passes to the input of the TANK 247 and then with the pump (H) 246 to the cooler ( OHL) 245 and then again to the atomizer 244. The fan 253, under the control of the SU 254, selects Q - the heat of the second working fluid through the air flow. SU 254 also determines the temperature of the second working fluid after leaving OHL 245 (sensor 255) and to OHL 245 (sensor 258). The level in the tank 247 (sensors 259, 260), the level in the tank 250 (sensors 261, 262) also controls the pumps (H) 241, H 249, H 246, H 251 and KL valves 240, 252.

On Fig shows a variant of the heat exchanger TO 263 containing rings. Here the steam enters TO 263, interacts with spiral rings (cylinders) 265, which are in contact with each other and with plates 264.1, which are blown, for example with air, or washed with water. The steam condenses on the rings 265 and enters the tank 267, from where it is withdrawn from the TO 263 through the KL 272, and the SU 274 determines the liquid level in the tanks 267 and includes the corresponding N 271 and KL 272, KL 270, etc. REM 273 is used to connect the control system 274 to the control system of a higher level. Spiral rings 265 are made as follows. The material is cut into strips and holes of a given diameter and quantity are made in them. These strips are inserted into the slot 289. When the handle 287 is rotated, the strips abut against the vise stop 290. A spiral cylinder (ring) 265 is obtained.

On Fig depicts a safety device that operates as follows. When AOGW 311 does not work, pipe 309 (pipe 305) has room temperature. The bellows 328 is compressed, the stem 298 is lowered, the chain 296 with the washer 297 do not hold the lever 294. The lever 294 can be lowered down. The crane 302 is closed. If the lever 2.94 is raised, then the valve 302 is open and the gas 304 passes through the pipe 303. The load 295 can be disconnected from the lever 294. When the lever 294 is raised, the gas 304 enters AOGV 311, which must be started. After the start of AOGV 311, the pipe 309 is heated to a temperature of 130-200 degrees. The fluid in the container 306 heats up and expands, the bellows 328 presses on the second stem 322, by means of the spring 331 drives the first stem 298, which extends above the level of the second washer 315. The chain 296 is put on the stem 298 by a ring 297 on the rod 298. The load 295 is attached to the lever by the rod 312 294 (through hole 313). The first stem 298 moves to the limiter of the ring 317. By means of the ring 317, the height of the output of the stem 298 can be adjusted. If the pipe 305 warms up more than the desired (for example, 250 degrees) bellows 328 expands further and the second rod 322 presses on the second plate 315, which, lifting, resets washer 297 from stem 298. In the absence of flame in AOGV 311, temperature at pipe 309 drops, bellows 328 is compressed, stem 298 is lowered, and washer 297 with chain 296 releases lever 294. Under pressure from load 295, lever 294 drops down and closes valve 302. When regulation of other parameters apply a second bellows 336, which moves the third rod and resets the ring 297.

PTS-380 (Fig. 18) works as follows. Using the keys 379.2, the operator turns on the VK-C processor 370. The VK-Ts processor 370, using the SU 369, using the energy of AB 371, checks the water level in E 365 using sensors 372, the presence of water in the boiler 334 using sensors 354, checks for fuel in BKT 375 using sensors 373. If there is insufficient water or fuel, makes a message on the screen 379.1 If there is a lack of water in the boiler 334, it turns on the electric drive EP 356.3, opens KL 358 and pumps water from E 365 through HB 357, heat exchanger 359, OKL 358.1, KL 358, boiler 334 to the level of the upper sensor 354. Next, SU 369 delivers impa interruptions to KVN 340, which delivers high-voltage pulses to the candle 336. SU 369 through the electric drive 346 starts the theater 343. The air from the air intake (through the filter, not shown in Fig. 1) enters the burner 337. The electric motor 346 drives the VT 345 which takes fuel from the BKT 375 (if the dispenser 341 is closed, the fuel through the check valve 344 returns to the BKT 375). The fuel passes the dispenser 341 (controlled from the SU 369) and enters the atomizer 339. Then it is mixed in the specified SU 369 proportion with air and enters the burner 337, where it is ignited by the candle 336. The flame torch occupies the entire fire box (furnace) 335. Combustion products by Smoke tubes 351 pass into the exhaust gas collector 350 and then exit to the pipe 349, transferring part of the heat through heat exchangers 348 and 342. The valve 347 controls the SU 369. The water in the boiler 334 is converted into steam, the temperature of which is measured by the sensor 333, and the pressure by the sensor 353 This information is through SU 369 enters the VC-C 370. If more than the maximum vapor pressure in the boiler 334 safety valve 332 is activated, which resets the excessive pressure. Using a crane 351.1, water is drained from the boiler 334. Using a crane 332.1, steam is discharged from the boiler 334. When the set pressure (for example, from 15 to 150 atm) and steam temperature (for example, 230-470 ° C) are reached, VK-C processor 370 through the screen 379.1 reports the readiness to carry out transport functions. When the clutch pedal 323 is pressed, the MS 322 is triggered, which gently separates the CAT 320 and the MTD shaft 324. When the pedal 330 is pressed, the PC 329 is triggered, which delivers sharp steam to the DP 325. Using the lever 326, the parameters of the DP 325 are set. Next, the steam enters the MTD 324, where the expansion and transformation of the potential energy of the steam into the work on the rotation of the MPD 3.24 shaft occurs, as described previously (GMPN 323.1 turns on and supplies the pressure of the transport fluid through the valve 355 controlled by SU 369 to GMPN 356, which drives HB 357 into rotation). If the valve 355 is closed, then the GPMN 356 is standing. MTD 324 may have an internal electric machine, the voltage W is supplied to SU 369, from where it is output W for users. With the pedal 323 depressed and locked, the lock 323.2, the drive to the wheels 310 is disabled and the PTS 380 can only generate energy (W) for consumers. At the same time, the crushed steam passes through the PTG 360 (drives the GE 361, which generates energy for internal use of the PTS 380 and also supplies it to the SU 369. Then, the crushed steam passes through the heat exchanger 359 and enters the condenser 364, where it is cooled by air flows (VP), created by the impeller 363 rotated by EPA 364. Depending on the temperature indicated by sensors 364.1, 364.2, SU 369 gives EPK 364 a command (signal) for fast or slow rotation of the impeller 363. The steam in condenser 364 is converted into water and enters E 365 through pipeline 364.3 If the water in the boiler is 334 floors It flows below the lower sensor 354, SU 369 (VK-Ts 370) gives a signal from its output, which opens the valve 355, permits the operation of the GMF 323. The transport fluid through the pipeline enters the GMF 356, which drives HB 357, which pumps water from E 365 through the water intake 368, passes water through the heat exchanger 369, heating it and cooling further the crushed steam going to the condenser 364, passes OKP 358.1, valve 358 open SU 369 and enters the boiler 334, to the level of the upper sensor 354, after which SU 369 disables the GMPN 323-1, closes the valves 355, 358. When you turn on the speed STI (for example, forward or backward, increased or decreased, etc.) and the MS 322 is turned on (pedal 323 is released), the GMP 319 starts operating, which drives the GMP 313, which rotates the differential shaft of the drive axle 311, which drives wheels 310. Title moves forward or backward. The speed is regulated by PC 329, DP 325 (regulates the portion of steam in each cycle) and gearbox 320. The direction is controlled by the steering wheel 309 and, for example, the steering wheels 307 of the front axle 308. Braking is performed by GMP 313, GMP 319, KPP 320, MPD 324 (at a given pair of PC 329, DP 325) or brakes (for example, shoe or disc), pedal 376, cylinder 377, brake 312. Capacity E 365 can be separately heated at an ambient temperature of less than 0 ° C or non-freezing fluid can be used as a working medium . When you press the corresponding key of the keyboard 379.2 VK-C 370 through the SU 369 stops the EP 346. Fuel is not supplied, air is not supplied, there is no spark of ignition. With the help of a crane 332 steam descends from the boiler 334.

On figa, b, shows a variant of a steam boiler. Here, fuel, such as firewood, coal, etc., is supplied to the fire box and then the combustion products pass through the smoke tubes and enter the exhaust pipe. Water interacts with smoke tubes and turns into steam, which is taken from the sukhoparnik.

On Fig in a variant of a steam boiler with steam tubes, where water passes through the tubes, interacts with the combustion products and turns into steam.

On figa shows a variant of the distribution of temperatures among the elements of the proposed PES, and on figb - diagram of the distribution of energy.

Compared with the prototype, the proposed PES provides the following advantages:

1. The proposed PES can be used for field operations, in domestic and industrial conditions, on submarines and surface ships, on vehicles with various energy sources: solar, thermal, nuclear, thermal, etc., for pumping products through pipelines for land, air and space vehicles.

2. It can serve as a source of energy at space stations on other planets, and pyramids can serve as elements of space navigation equipment.

3. The proposed PES can use widely used types of fuel: straw, sawdust, peat, firewood, coal, oil, gas, nuclear fuel, solar energy, earth's heat.

4. The proposed PES in domestic and industrial conditions makes it more expedient to remove heat from the exhaust pipes, increasing fuel efficiency.

5. The safety device is not tied to any gas heating design. It is mounted separately, next to the gas inlet tap, which is necessarily present on each heater (including the gas column).

6. Heating of the exhaust pipe (150 degrees) is a reliable information sign of the presence of the combustion process. Rapid cooling to room temperature (30 degrees) in three minutes is a reliable sign of the absence of burning.

7. The working body is a spring-loaded bellows, which is triggered in the event of a breakdown of the sensor itself.

8. Selecting the size of the load or spring force, the sensitivity of the device is easily adjusted and there is a guarantee that the crane will be completely closed in emergency situations.

9. The device is easy to manufacture, the installation process, does not require the permission of gas and other services, does not make any design changes, non-volatile.

10. For vehicles, the proposed PES allows for the most efficient functioning, especially in conditions of inaccessible for delivery of combustible materials traditionally used at present.

Claims (20)

1. The steam power plant (PES) includes a rotary vane steam engine containing a curved surface, closed on both sides by sidewalls, in which there is a rotating rotor, on which a disk with slots, in which a spring-loaded blade is located, has inlet openings on the side surfaces and the release of the working fluid, for example steam, and the number of blades is two times greater than the number of convexities of a shaped shape, an electric generator can also be located in the disk, the second blade th steam engine, or space for accommodating, for example, a pipe, and the lobed steam engines are combined into groups where each subsequent engine of the group is rotated by a predetermined angle with respect to the previous one, and the groups of these engines are connected by steps with a steam line, each next stage of the engine group larger than the previous one, this multi-cylinder, group, multi-stage steam engine (MPD) is connected to a heat extraction device (cooler), connected to a transport device (pump), connected It is connected to the valve and to the device for increasing the pressure of the working fluid, which is connected to the inlet of the MTD, and the PES has sizes from micro sizes to macro sizes for various operating environments and various energy sources. 2. The steam power plant according to claim 1, characterized in that the heater can be located on the sides of the pyramid, for example tetrahedral, under the fifth side there is a cooler, also equipped with reflectors attached to adjustable inclined surfaces, the reflector drives are connected to the corresponding control system. 3. The steam power plant according to claim 2, characterized in that the pyramids can be used as space orientation beacons. 4. The steam power plant according to claim 1, characterized in that the MPD shaft is connected to the propeller of an underwater or surface ship, and the cooler has a second circuit connected with outboard water, and the heater is made in the form of an atomic reactor, connected to a steam generator by its thermal circuit, which is connected to the MTD by the second working circuit, the output of which is connected to a cooler, the plates of which can interact with sea water. 5. The steam power plant according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotary vane steam engine is mounted on the pipe of the pumped product and is connected to the internal pump of the pumped product by means of intermediate gears with its internal gear rim. 6. The steam power plant according to claim 1, characterized in that when installing the PES on the airship, a cylinder with compressed or liquefied gas is used, which can be used to transport liquefied gas, and the MTD shaft is connected to the propeller. 7. The steam power plant according to claim 1, characterized in that when using PES on high-altitude platforms, the heater is located on the upper part of the platform, attached to balloons lighter than air, and the cooler to the bottom of the platform, which is attached to power cables that are held by a group balloons are lighter than air, connected to the descent-lift device, electric cables connected to the energy converter going to the consumer are connected to the power cable. 8. The steam power plant according to claim 1, characterized in that the PES is used to use the Earth’s heating temperature, the heater is installed at a predetermined depth in the cavity filled with coolant, the MTD is also installed in the cavity and connected to a pump that is connected to the heaters, the MTD is also associated with coolers using a working fluid, such as water, from the surface of the Earth. 9. The steam power plant according to claim 1, characterized in that when using PES for an aqueous medium, the platform is mounted on tanks lighter than air, the first heat exchanger is located above the tanks, connected to the MTD, connected to the second heat exchanger, connected to the pump, the first, second heat exchangers can be located in air and in water, as well as in different layers of water, and the platform is adjustable mounted to the bottom of the reservoir. 10. The steam power plant according to claim 1, characterized in that when using PES for space stations, one side of the space station is covered with heating elements and the other with cooling elements, the station being oriented by the heating elements to the source of thermal radiation. 11. The steam power plant according to claim 1, characterized in that the PES used for vehicles, in particular space vehicles on the surface of the planets, is equipped with storage tanks for liquefied hydrogen and oxygen connected to appropriate dispensers connected to a steam generator connected to the MTD, connected to the cooler, connected to the MTD water storage device, connected to the control inputs of the elements and to the battery, the drive is also transported connected to the water decomposer connected to hydrogen and oxygen liquefiers connected to the corresponding hydrogen and oxygen storages connected to hydrogen and oxygen storage tanks. 12. The steam power plant according to claim 1, characterized in that the PES used for heating in domestic and industrial conditions AOGV (gas water heater) is equipped with an additional pipe on which a temperature and pressure sensor is installed, and at the outlet a fan connected to the system control connected to the pressure sensor of the main exhaust pipe, the output of the AOGV is connected to the MTD, connected to the heat exchanger, connected to the cooler of the working fluid, connected to the pump, connected to the AOGV, moreover, on the exhaust pipe There is a reactive element connected to the shutdown device, which is connected to the inlet fuel valve. 13. The steam power plant according to claim 12, characterized in that the AOGW uses a heat exchanger containing various working fluids, a spray of the second working fluid is connected to a pump of a different capacity, connected to a cooler connected to the output of the MTD, connected to the output of another heat exchanger, connected to the control system connected to the output of the MTD connected to the output of another heat exchanger connected to the control system; connected to the output of the MTD, connected to the output of another heat exchanger, connected to the control system. 14. The steam power plant according to claim 12, characterized in that the additional heat exchanger is made in the form of a tank connected to a drive connected to a sprayer, the tank has other sprayers connected to a cooler, connected to a pump, tank and the second output of the separator, the first output which is connected to the pump, which is the input of the heat exchanger. 15. The steam power plant according to claim 12, characterized in that the reacting body is made in the form of a container in which the liquid is located, the tank is connected to an exhaust pipe, connected to a bellows that is connected to a spring-loaded first rod that holds the washer with a chain, which is connected to the lever to which the load is attached, the second rod is connected via a spring to the first rod and connected to the bellows, which is attached to the housing in which the axis on which the lever is mounted, the axis contains a movable coupling, which in extreme condition engages with the heater outlet valve. 16. The steam power plant according to item 12, wherein the heat exchanger is made in the form of a tank filled with spiral cooling rings (cylinders), the tank has plates interacting with the external environment, and the spiral rings are made in the form, for example, of metal strips rolled up into the cylinder for a given number of revolutions on their hole surface, the control system is connected to pumps, temperature and pressure sensors and valves. 17. The steam power plant according to claim 16, characterized in that the spiral cooling rings (cylinders) are made on devices containing a handle with a shaft and a slot, worn on a sleeve and mounted on a vice. 18. The steam power plant according to claim 1, characterized in that the multi-stage steam engine (MPD) is connected to a hydraulic pump drive machine (GMP) and to a clutch (MS) connected to a gearbox (CAT) connected to the main hydraulic a drive machine (GMP) connected to a hydraulic distributor (RG), pipelines connected to a hydraulic drive machine (GMP) connected to a drive axle, and a GMP through a valve controlled from a control system (SU) connected to a hydraulic machine not a pump drive (GMP), connected to a water pump (HB), connected to a water pump electric drive, with a HB pipe connected to a water tank, and a check valve connected to another steam pump through a crushed steam heat exchanger connected to a steam boiler consisting of for example, from a closed tank with smoke tubes connected to a fire box and to a collection of exhaust gases connected to an exhaust pipe to which a corresponding heat exchanger is connected, connected to a heat exchanger of air going to a fuel blower (TWD), a fire box (firebox) is connected to a burner having a candle connected to a high voltage coil connected to the control unit, the air channel of the burner is connected to the control unit and to the fuel atomizer, connected to the fuel dispenser, connected to the control unit and to the fuel to the pump, connected to the fuel tank, VT and high-pressure fuel pump, connected to the electric drive, connected to the control system, and the output from the steam boiler is connected to the safety valve, manually controlled and from the control system, connected to the steam valve controlled by the corresponding pedal connected to a steam dispenser controlled by appropriate levers connected to the MTD, the output of which is connected to a steam turbine of the generator drive (PTH), the output pipe of which passes the crushed steam heat exchanger and is connected to a condenser, and the PTH is connected to an energy generator connected to the SU, The MTD has an internal energy generator, also connected to the control system, connected to the electric drive of the impeller, cooling, condenser, moreover, the temperature sensor of hot steam in the boiler, the pressure sensor of hot steam in the boiler, d sensors of the upper and lower permissible water levels in the boiler, the temperature sensor of the crushed steam entering the condenser, the temperature sensor coming out of the water condenser, the water level sensor in the water tank, the fuel level sensor in the fuel tank are connected to the control system, which contains a central processor connected to the screen and to the keyboard, the control system is also connected to the battery, the SU is also connected to the HB electric drive connected to MB, all the wheels of the vehicle are equipped with brake cylinders Connected to the master cylinder, actuable corresponding pedal. 19. The steam power plant according to claim 1, characterized in that instead of the steam boiler for liquid fuel, a steam boiler for gaseous fuel or a boiler for solid fuel (coal, firewood, peat, etc.) or a steam generator of a nuclear reactor with coolant in the primary circuit, for example, based on a bismuth-lead alloy. 20. The steam power plant according to claim 1, characterized in that the fuel used in the PES has the form of logs, wood cubes, lumps of coal, peat briquettes, packed in paper or polyethylene, straw bundles mixed with a combustible viscous liquid, such as tar, tar , and packaged in polyethylene or paper, sawdust mixed with a combustible viscous mixture, such as resin, tar, and packaged in polyethylene or paper in the form of cylindrical or spherical objects, are used.

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