RU2396303C2 - Method for production of liquid fuel from solid fossil fuels and mechanothermochemical reactor for its realisation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: technological processes.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to method for production of liquid phase and gaseous products from solid fossil fuels (SFF) such as coal, slates, bogheads, sapropelites, peat and other organic substances to produce liquid and gaseous fuel of half-functional application as raw materials for production of vehicle and other types of fuel. Invention also relates to devices for production of liquid phase and gaseous products due to creation of hydrogenation processes, impact-shift processes and conversion of mechanical energy into thermal one in reactor body. Method for manufacturing of liquid phase and/or gaseous fuel from solid fossil fuels includes supply of ground initial material into receiving device of auger under pressure without air access to spring-loaded pusher, which provides for continuous supply of material in process of auger rotation by a solid flow into cylinder cavity, where preliminary thermal destruction of material is carried out at moisture of up to 40% of its organic mass and permissible temperature of up to 260°C, which occurs as material enters into friction interaction with side surface of activators installed on supply sode of helical thread of auger, and surface of cylinder, besides released gas-vapour fraction, containing hydrogen, under pressure hydrogenates heated material, converting it into extruded plate product, which is supplied into reactor zone through holes of input draw plate, at the same time its temperature increases as a result of pressure and friction, after exit from draw plate plate product is additionally saturated with supplied donor agent - hydrogen-containing gas, and is exposed to complex impact - shift action, when under action of hydrogen-containing gases and temperature, additional hydrogenation and carbonisation of plastic product is carried out with intense release of heat, which is controlled by jacket and agent from internal shaft cavity to avoid overheating, as a result of which plastic product changes into liquid phase substance, which is supplied through output draw plate and condenser for fractioning to produce liquid phase and/or gaseous fuel. Besides, invention relates to mechanothermochemical reactor for realisation of described method, and also to methods for cooling of extruded mixture in described method.

EFFECT: method and device make it possible to produce liquid phase and gaseous fuel from solid fossil fuels and organic substance.

4 cl, 15 dwg

Description

The invention relates to a method for producing liquid-phase and gaseous products from solid fuels of semi-functional use as raw materials for the manufacture of motor and other types of fuel.

The invention also relates to apparatus for the production of liquid-phase and gaseous products due to the creation of hydrogenolysis processes, shock-shear processes and the conversion of mechanical energy into heat in the reactor vessel.

A known method of producing a degraded product (patent RU No. 2120380, IPC 29C 47/52, dated 20.10.98), comprising the destruction of high molecular weight compounds in the melt in the disk nozzle by mechanical and thermal effects on high molecular weight compounds.

The disadvantages of the method are:

- The complexity of controlling the process of destruction under conditions of shear deformations in an expanding conical channel;

- The destruction process is carried out only in the slotted channel, which creates conditions for the instability of the destruction process due to differences in resistance during the movement of the melt, especially at the exit to the conical gap;

- The difficulty of controlling the temperature of the degradable macromolecular compound.

Known worm-disk extruder, patent RU No. 2120380, IPC 29C 47/52, from 10.20.98, containing a feeding cylinder, placed therein and connected to the drive with a screw thread and a drive in series with the drive, and the disk is made in the form of a conical nozzle facing the top of the cone to the area of the outlet of the supply cylinder, and is located in the housing with a working gap relative to it and has a ratio of the cross section of the working gap at the top and base of the cone of the conical nozzle 1:10 or more.

The disadvantage of this design is:

- The high cleanliness of the surfaces of the movable and fixed parts of the conical nozzle is not effective enough to create shear deformations, and hence the insufficient efficiency of destruction of the IUD (high molecular weight compound), this is especially noticeable at high temperatures affecting the melt.

As a prototype, a method for producing a degraded product was selected (patent RU No. 2159179, IPC ВСС 47/52, dated November 20, 2000, Bull. No. 32), including the destruction of high-molecular compounds in the melt in a disk nozzle by mechanical and thermal effects on the IUD, their preliminary destruction in a screw extruder, and the destruction of high molecular weight compounds in a disk nozzle is performed at a melt temperature equal to or lower than at the exit of the screw extruder.

The disadvantages of the method are:

- The destruction process is energy-intensive, which creates the conditions for additional costs for controlling the temperature regime in the zones of material advancement.

- Complete destruction of the IUD is carried out in the channels of the disk nozzles without mixing the material, which does not allow to produce a homogeneous high-quality material.

The closest in technical essence to the claimed technical solution is a worm-disk extruder (patent RU No. 2159179, IPC В29С 47/52, dated November 20, 2000 Bull. No. 32), containing a feeding cylinder placed in it and connected to a rotation drive a screw with a threaded thread and a sequentially located disk nozzle, the nozzle shaft being hollow and the nozzle body having a cooling jacket, the feed cylinder being equipped with bursting bolts and the worm with a torpedo.

The disadvantages of the described design are:

- The feeding cylinder is made with high accuracy of purity, which does not contribute to the creation of the effect of shear deformations of the substance and reduces productivity;

- Screw cutting is smooth with a high surface finish, which reduces the speed of advancement of the material in the channels of the screw cutting;

- The screw of the screw cut is made with a gap for placing the burst bolts in the feed cylinder, there is a danger of sticking of the material on the burst bolts, which will reduce the cross-section of the passage of the semi-molten material;

- The recyclable material may remain in the channels of the disk nozzle, which, when cooled, clogs the interdisk channels and does not allow the device to resume operation without special measures.

The objective of the invention is to develop a method and device that allows to obtain liquid-phase and gas-phase fuel semi-functional use of solid fossil fuels and organic matter.

The proposed method for the production of liquid-phase and gas fuels includes the destruction of the organic matter (TG) in the ground state due to complex shock-shear, mechanical stresses in the reactor vessel, the conversion of mechanical energy into heat, while the intrinsic and donor hydrogen-containing gases are hydrogenated into the structure of the substance, there is an additional effect in the form of partial pressure on the multimer of the substance, as a result of which an intense breaking of the chain of molecules occurs Xia process for thermochemical conversion of the multimer structure of the new substance in the substance, wherein the process is permissible cooling of the product is performed in the capacitor device without access of oxidant.

Distinctive features of the proposed method is that at the first stage the crushed TGI (solid fossil fuels) enters the loading casing with the side loading windows through the supply pipe under pressure, and at the bottom of the casing contains a spring-loaded ejector that provides volumetric capture by channels of the screw of the crushed material in a circle without air voids and feeds it into the cylindrical section of the riser, where the fixed activators on the feeding wall of the screw thread are partially loosened and actively o mix the crushed TGI with gases that arise as a result of the friction of the crushed TGI on the surface of the activators, and simultaneously with mixing and friction, the TGI begins to heat up due to the creation by the activators in the cutting channel of a complex wave-like advance and helical turbulence, which contributes to the creation of turbulences behind each activator as a result of this, collapse and intensive evolution of temperature and gas is carried out, with each step of screw cutting, the temperature and quantity of the gas-vapor fraction are increased ivaetsya, wherein the hydrogen-containing gas "dissolved" in the structure of the organic mass TGI.

At the second stage, the partially degraded material in the riser enters the conical part of the shaft channels, where it is compressed and pressed through the conical openings of the die into the reactor vessel, and the material acquires a plastic state. Through the openings of the reactor vessel, the plastic material is saturated with a donor agent (hydrogen-containing gas catalyst), then it is captured by screw thread with activators, which, under the action of activators and centrifugal forces, eject the organic mass of material from the wall of the shaft core onto the wall of the elastic sleeve into the formed elastic gaps between the screw thread and an elastic sleeve, where complex shock-shear mechanical influences arise, and there is a transition of mechanical energy into heat, then water rhodium-containing gases are hydrogenated to the heated structure of the substance and create an additional effect in the form of partial pressure on the structure of the OM multimer (organic substance), as a result of which the molecular chain is intensively broken and the process of (pyrolysis) of the thermochemical transformation of the OM molecule chain into the structure of a new liquid-phase substance begins, except Moreover, the thermal energy released during the breaking of the bonds of the chain of molecules also increases the temperature of the liquid-phase OM, which contributes to the intensification of the process of rotation.

At the third stage, the instantaneous heat removal from the liquid-phase OM occurs through the design elements of the cooler (condenser), where the supplied substance from the reactor vessel is cooled under conditions of superposition of complex screw turbulent motion and simultaneous mixing with the supplied cold agent, the movement of the substance between the cooler channels and the cooled shaft neck acquires the required temperature, and the temperature can be regulated to the value of the evaporation temperature of the substance or the temperature necessary to ensuring the viscosity of the substance in the fourth stage of the process.

Thus, TGI advancement through screw cutting channels through a riser body, a reactor vessel, and a cooling vessel changes its structure from solid to liquid-phase and merges into a cylindrical fractionation tank (fractionator) of organic matter, where the depth of destruction processes of liquid-phase substance processing to semi-functional application is reached with subsequent distillation into distillants of liquid fuel.

The device achieves the goal by the fact that the mechanothermochemical reactor contains a loading case, successively made pressure head cylindrical body (riser), a collapsible die, a reactor body, a removable die, a cooling case (condenser), a fractionation tank (fractionator) placed in them and connected to a rotation drive a screw-threaded shaft, the screw-thread on the supply side containing activators, and the shaft core is made in the form of a double-sided cone with a hollow cylinder between them. Moreover, the cone facing the smaller size to the boot housing is three or more times longer than the cone facing its smaller size to the neck of the hollow shaft, and the length of the cylindrical part can be made from two diameters of the screw or more. In the capacitor, the hole contains longitudinal samples (grooves), which together with the elongated neck of the shaft form channels (ducts), the cylindrical shaft of the screw being made in the form of a hollow elongated neck containing sliding partitions with the possibility of their longitudinal movement along the entire length of the cavity. The fractionator is equipped with a double-sided conical heat exchanger, a wire droplet eliminator, and the upper hatch is made with a gas hole and a separation valve, and from the gas hole side the heat exchanger cone is made with a transition to a flat bottom of the bath (condensate collector), which in the center contains a hollow sleeve, overflow tube and drain condensate pipe. The return cone of the heat exchanger is made mirrored to the upper cone. Below the conical heat exchanger, the fractionator contains a cap bath with a cap valve and an overflow tube, the cap valve being forced to move relative to the disk, and the overflow tube is made above the drain pipe. The lower cavity of the fractionator contains an evaporator, and the hatch has a drain hole with a separation valve.

Distinctive features of the claimed device is that the boot housing is made of a larger diameter screw shaft, while forming side windows, and the bottom of the housing is equipped with an air pipe and a spring-loaded ejector. The screw cutting of the shaft in the pressure part of the riser is equipped with activators perpendicularly directed from the core to the cylinder wall, the shaft core being made in the form of a two-sided cone with a cylinder between them, and on the fractionator side the elongated neck is hollow with the possibility of holding at least two sliding partitions with the possibility of them moving and changing the volume of each cavity in order to address core cooling. The reactor sequentially connected to the riser body contains a collapsible inlet die with conical openings of greater throughput than the outlet die, the nozzles from the reactor vessel are adjacent to the first die, and the inner cavity of the reactor contains an elastic ferrule (sleeve) with the possibility of interaction with screw cutting of the screw, the front one and the rear die form a cavity (compartment) of the reactor. The hollow condenser (cooling case) contains a central hole with longitudinal through samples, which are aligned with the holes of the outlet die, and the sliding inserts are made in the form of a comb with the possibility of cooling the liquid fraction and regulating the pressure against the hollow neck.

The sequentially connected fractionator case with removable hemispherical caps at the cylinder ends contains a spiral evaporator, a round cap bath with a movable cap valve and an overflow tube, a two-cone condenser with a through sleeve in the center and an overflow tube, a wire evaporator, in addition, formed by the upper cone and contains a lateral drain pipe.

To achieve a technical result in a method for manufacturing liquid-phase or gas-phase fuel of semi-functional use, pre-crushed organic matter is piped into the loading case with a spring-loaded ejector, captured by turns of screw thread and fed into the cylindrical cavity of the riser, where the organic substance is loosened using activators on the feeding side of the screw thread while forming vacuum voids into which the gaseous emitted during friction tends the first composition. As it moves forward, the organic substance undergoes complex mechanical influences, in which heat, gas and steam are released, the gas-vapor composition begins to penetrate into the heated structure of the organic substance.

The penetration activity of the gas-vapor composition, the allocation of temperature, and the creation of a partial pressure in the OM depends on the shaft rotation speed, the number of activators on the feed side of the screw thread, the geometric shape of the shaft and activators, and the composition of the organic matter. Under the influence of the shaft rotation of 100 rpm and above, partially heated by humidity of 40% of its organic mass and partially saturated with steam-gas composition of humidity 40% of its organic mass enters the conical part of the shaft, where at a temperature of up to 260 ° C it acquires a semi-plastic state and is pressed hydrogen-containing gas, water vapor, catalysts, chemical solutions can be injected into the hole of the die, behind the wall of the die through the openings of the reactor vessel, which help to improve the quality of the substance and the technological Skogen process. The organic matter together with the supplied agent is captured from the die wall by screw thread and activators, and is subject to complex mechanical stress, which consists, at the same time, of centripetal acceleration, centrifugal force, which significantly increase both the flow velocity and the friction force of the activators, where between the wall an elastic sleeve and the edge of the helical blade, a gap is formed in which the organic matter lends itself to flow under pressure and mixed shock-shear air Corollary. In this case, intense heat generation takes place, which is controlled by the outer jacket and agent from the inner cavity of the reactor in order to avoid overheating, which contributes to the active penetration of hydrogen-containing gases into the structure of the molecular substance and the transformation of the substance into a liquid-phase state, which is fed into the pressure part of the cylinder by the helical blades cooling (condenser), where through the holes of the die heated to 480 ° C, the liquid-phase substance is pumped into the channels between the condenser body and the cooler the expected neck of the shaft. At the same time, the channels of the condenser together with the sinuses create the possibility of complex turbo-screw-screw movement of the liquid-phase substance, actively cooling it, and the cooled agent supplied through the holes additionally enhances the cooling rate. The sliding liners operating in the closed grooves of the housing interact with the cooled neck of the shaft, pass the liquid phase fraction of the substance into their channels, while the liners hold the shaft in the center of rotation. The cooled liquid-phase substance is discharged into the cavity of the fractionator, where it can be supplied through the drain hole for further processing or by means of an evaporator to heat up to the desired boiling point of the fraction, which turns from a liquid state into a gaseous fraction. The gaseous fraction flows through the openings of the adjustable cap valve, partially condenses onto the wall of a part of the cone and flows back through the overflow pipe into a container. Another part of the volatile gas fraction passes through a cone sleeve onto a mesh droplet eliminator (condenser), condenses onto the surface of the cone on the other hand, and is discharged into a cap bath through an overflow pipe or is discharged into the finished product tank through a side pipe into a direct-acting finished product tank.

The hole in the hemispherical hatch with a separation valve passes the excess vapor-gas fraction through itself, prevents the creation of high pressure and deformation of the fractionator, the collector (bypass) pipes of the upper and lower parts of the fractionator allow redirecting products to ring (re) processing, which makes it possible to continuously support the device in working condition.

A device for producing products provides the opportunity not to cool liquid-phase products in a condenser vessel, while liquid-phase products from the reactor vessel under pressure flow through the channels between the shaft neck and the condenser case with the temperature obtained in the reactor or lower, merge into the lower fractionator tank and through the drain openings with a separation valve in the lower hatch is sent for further processing, and the gas-vapor fraction with an open cap in the lower disk and through the sleeves conical coil falls on the mesh eliminator which condenses in the upper part of the fractionator and through the side pipe enters the container finished products polyfunctional application.

Figure 1 shows a General view of a mechanothermochemical reactor; figure 2 shows a section aa of figure 1; figure 3 shows a section bB of figure 1; figure 4 shows a section bb In figure 1; figure 5 shows a section GG of figure 1; figure 6 shows a section DD DD of figure 1; Fig.7 shows a section EE of Fig.1; in Fig.8 shows a top view of FJ of Fig.2; figure 9 shows a General view of the position of AND figure 2; figure 10 shows a section 3-3 of figure 9; figure 11 shows a variant of the activator of figure 9; in Fig.12 shows a variant of the activator of Fig.9; on Fig showing a variant of the activator of Fig.9; on Fig showing a variant of the activator of Fig.9; on Fig shows a General view of the screw device of figure 1

The mechanothermochemical reactor consists of a block that is consistently made up of a loading case with a spring-loaded ejector, a pressure head cylindrical body (riser) with a heat-exchange jacket, a reactor body is attached to it, which inside contains a sleeve of elastic material, a collapsible die (mesh), and end-to-end to it at least 2 holes were made with nozzles for supplying a donor agent, and a hole with a throttle valve was made in the middle part of the reactor, the outer surface of the reactor contains heat mennuyu shirt.

A condenser (cooling case) is attached to the reactor vessel, which contains a removable die in the pressure part of the cylinder, the vessel is made with through longitudinal samples, which in turn contain sinuses (recesses) with through holes, longitudinal closed grooves are made between the longitudinal through samples, in which sliding liners are placed, and the liners are arranged to interact with the elongated neck of the shaft and the pinch bolts, on the outside, the housing contains a heat transfer jacket.

Longitudinal samples of the cooling casing together with an elongated neck of the shaft form flow channels from the reactor casing to the fractionator. The fractionator is sequentially connected to the cooling case and contains in the upper part a heat exchanger in the form of a removable 2-sided truncated cone with an overflow tube and a drain pipe, on which a wire condenser (drop catcher) is located, a cap bath with an overflow tube is located below the heat exchanger, and the cap valve is made with the ability to control the height of movement, the upper hemispherical cover of the fractionator contains a gas hole with a separation valve. On the other hand, the fractionator contains a spiral evaporator (heater), a hemispherical hatch has a drain hole with a separation valve located in a cylindrical block and connected to the rotation drive by a screw thread, which is made with a smaller truncated cone to the feeder (riser). In the area of the reactor vessel, the body of the screw cutting shaft is made of a larger diameter than in the riser case; at the outlet of the reactor vessel, the screw shaft is made with a truncated cone, facing a smaller neck to the elongated shaft, and the shaft from the side opposite to the fractionator wall and to the collapsible location the die is hollow and contains at least two cylindrical baffles in the form of a piston through which pipes pass. Partitions are made with the possibility of forced movement along the length of the cavity without rotation around its own axis. The external geometry of the screw is made of the same size along the entire length of the shaft with a gap in the installation area of the collapsible die, and the feed plane of the screw cut along the entire length contains activators, at least two at one step of the screw, of one or different geometric shapes, which are set depending on the material being processed , the screw pitch in the pressure part of the shaft is twice as large as the screw pitch made in the reactor zone. The elongated neck of the shaft is made with the possibility of sealing on the opposite wall of the fractionator and free access through the pipes of the cooling (warming) agent.

In the patent and technical literature there is no information about the totality of the distinguishing features noted for the indicated purpose, both of a method for producing a liquid-phase product from solid fossil fuels and of a device for its implementation.

By the totality of the distinguishing features of the claimed technical solutions, neither a method for producing liquid phase products, nor a mechanothermochemical reactor exist without each other.

In addition, the implementation of the method of producing a liquid-phase and gas-phase product from TGI under conditions of four-stage destructuring while ensuring the phased conversion of TGI into liquid-phase and gas-phase products with a controlled production process and temperature conditions is possible only in the claimed mechanothermochemical reactor.

The mechanothermochemical continuous reactor is easy to maintain and reliable in operation, economical in the use of electricity, and does not harm the environment.

Figure 1 shows a longitudinal section of a mechanothermochemical reactor. The device comprises a sequentially made housing of the loading pipe 1 with a cavity of the crankcase 2 and a spring-loaded ejector 3 with a spring 4 located therein, the upper platform of the ejector 3 being made with a selection according to the diameter of the screw thread 5 of the shaft 6.

In the riser cavity 7, the screw thread 5 on the supply plane 8 contains activators 9, and the screw shaft 6 in the compression zone is made in the form of a truncated cone 10, on the core of which the inter-screw cavity is made with a variable volume of 3: 1 or more from a smaller diameter to a larger one. A neck 11 is formed in the rupture zone of the screw cut 5, where a die 12 with conical holes 13 is placed, which is fixed in a sequentially made cylindrical body 14. At the beginning of the reactor body 14, openings 15, 16, 17, 18 with reinforced nozzles 19, 20, 21 are made 22 and an elastic sleeve 23, moreover, in the area of the housing 14, the shaft 6 is made of two-way screw thread 24, on the supply wall of which there are alternating activators 25 and 26, and at the end of the reactor housing 14, the shaft 6 is made with a reverse cone 27, while the core of the shaft 6 is made hollow and It is divided by movable hydraulic proof partitions 28, 29 into two cavities 30, 31, and the partitions 28, 29 are equipped with agent exchange pipes 32, 33 in the cavity 30 and agent exchange pipes 34, 35 in the cavity 31. The successive design of the capacitor 36 contains a fixed die 37 s conical holes 38, and the case of the capacitor 36 is made with a through hole 39, which, in turn, is made (in the form of chamomile) with half-ring samples 40, and the tops of the samples 40 are made with grooves 41, where the grooves 41 contain holes 42 with fixed nozzles 43. Between the semi-ring samples, longitudinal grooves 44 are made, in which longitudinal inserts 45 with transverse grooves 46 are installed, the inserts 45 are connected to the adjusting screws 47. In the center of the through hole 39 of the capacitor 36 there is an elongated neck 48 of the hollow shaft 6. The end of the hollow neck 48 is installed in a sealed device of the housing 49 located on the opposite side of the fractionator 50. The fractionator 50 consists of a lower hemispherical cover 51 with an opening 52, which forms a container 53 with an evaporator 54 and the upper hemispherical yshki 55 with an aperture 56. The upper part of the fractionator is located above the neck 48 and the cap contains a bath 57 with a cap movable valve 58, the overflow pipe 59 and the lateral branch pipe 60.

Above the cap bath 57, a cooling (heating) condenser 61 is made, which consists of the lower and upper truncated cone 62, 63, the outer and inner cylinders 64, 65, the inner drain cylinder 65 being made above the installed overflow pipe 66, the overflow pipe 66 is made above the side pipe 67. Above the capacitor 61, there is a wire droplet eliminator 68 through which the regulator 69 of the cap valve 58 passes. The upper opening 56 of the hemispherical cap 55 contains a separation valve 70 that is attached to a pipe 71 with a pipe 72 of the body 7, and a throttle valve 73 of the body 14, a lower hole 52 of the cover 51, a separation valve 74, a pipe 75 with a pipe 76 of the body 7. The body 7 contains a water jacket 77, the body 14 contains a water jacket 78, the body 36 contains water shirt 79.

Preparation of the device for operation is carried out in the following order.

Depending on the processed material (coal, shale, godheads, sapropelites, peat) and the required final product, the depth of destruction of the thermogas is established and the required temperature in the device sections is carried out using external heat sources to a temperature as close as possible to the temperature of the destruction of the substance in each individual section devices.

The norms for supplying additional agents to the reactor block and the condenser block are established.

The required number of revolutions of the screw cutting shaft is set.

The processed material is fed into the prepared device and at this time the external heat source is turned off, replaced with a cooling source in individual sections.

The device, Fig. 1, works as follows: crushed material (for example, coal), under pressure enters the loading pipe 1, fills the plane of the crankcase 2 with a spring-loaded ejector 3, which compresses the material from the cavity of the pallet 2 by means of a spring 4, thereby creating a complete filling the opposite side of the inter-turn volume of the screw 5. Screw cutting 5 of the shaft (core) 6 under the action of a rotation drive (not shown) captures the material without access of air and transports it to the cavity of the riser 7, where on the supply plane 8 and with the help of located activators 9, screw threads 5, Fig. 2, the material lends itself to a mechanical friction process, Fig. 9, while in the cavity between the coils 5 there is a primary evolution of a gas-vapor agent, Fig. 9, which consists of steam, gas and hydrogen. The partially heated material together with the released gases enters the zone of the truncated cone 10, where the gas-vapor agent is compressed and begins to penetrate under pressure the structure of the heated material, which becomes partially destructive (semi-plastic). Semi-plastic material by screw thread 5 is pressed into the conical holes 13 of the die 12, while due to shear mechanical processes (pressure and friction), the temperature rises and the ability of hydrogen-containing gases to penetrate the structure of the material increases, while the plasticity of the material increases. Behind the wall of the die 12, the semi-plastic material through the holes 15, 16, 17, 18 in the reactor vessel 14, FIG. 3 through the nozzles 19, 20, 21, 22 are exposed to external agents, FIG. 5 (hydrogen, additives, catalysts), which contribute the transformation of the material into a liquid-phase organic substance.

The liquid-phase substance (LH) is captured by a screw thread 24, activators 25, Fig. 11, -26, Fig. 12, and due to the complex mechanical effect, the material is instantly ejected from the center to the elastic sleeve 23, which is compressed by the action of the substance and forms a fractionation gap . Due to the centrifugal forces of the screw thread 24, the liquid-phase substance enters the formed gap and is subject to frictional-shear action, while there is intense heat generation, which is regulated by the agent from the cavity 30 of the core (shaft) 6 and the water jacket 78 of the housing 14. The destructive liquid-phase substance is pumped by a screw by cutting 24 into the cavity of the inverse cone 27, the capacitor 36, where through the conical holes 38, the die 37, the live wire enters the channels 40 with the sinuses 41 of the capacitor housing 36, and the shaft journal 48, where through the holes 43 Pus condenser 36 is supplied with a stabilizing agent, Fig.7, which, together with a water jacket 78 and a cooling agent of the neck cavity 31 accelerates the cooling process of the live substance while the substance enters the channels 46 of the liners 45, Fig.7 *, which are located in the grooves 44 of the housing 36, reduce the friction force, and the clamping force of the liners 45 to the hollow neck 48 is regulated by screws 47. The cooled liquid fraction is discharged into the cavity 53 of the fractionator 50, where it is drained through the hole 54 in the bottom cover 53 for further processing.

Option 1: with the help of a heater 54, the liquid-phase fraction of the substance is exposed to temperature exposure to the lower boiling point of the substance, where the light fraction is vaporized through an adjustable cap valve 58. The vapor-gas fraction of the substance partially condenses to the lower truncated cone 62 of the refrigerator 61, the condensate formed flows onto the plane of the cap bath 57 and through the side pipe 60 is discharged into a container (not shown) for use, or when the pipe 60 is closed, it is drained through an overflow pipe 59 into a container 53 of the fractionator 50 for re-evaporation at a higher temperature.

Option 2: the light gas fraction through the sleeve 65 of the refrigerator 61 enters the mesh drip trap 68, where it condenses and drains to the bottom of the truncated cone 63, the refrigerator 61 and direct condensate is obtained through the side pipe 67. With the side pipe 67 closed, the condensate is discharged through the overflow pipe 66 to the plane 57 of the cap bath, mixes with the condensate of the cap bath 57 and is discharged through the side pipe 60 into a container (not shown) for further use or through the overflow pipe 59 for re-evaporation. In this case, the upper hemispherical cover 55 contains an opening 56 with a dividing valve 70, through which unused agents 19, 20, 21, 22 are discharged into the collector 71 and the hole 72, the compression zones of the riser 7. In operating mode, the emergency pressure is released from the reactor cavity into the collector 71 14 through the pipe and the emergency valve 73, which is installed in the middle of the reactor 14.

If it is necessary to maintain the device in working condition without accessing the source material (coal) from the bottom cover 51 of the fractionator 50 through the hole 52 with a separation valve 74, liquid-phase material enters the manifold 75, which is pumped through the hole 76 of the riser compression zone 7 and circulates around the device at a temperature adjustable water jacket 77.

For preventive purposes, the case of the crankcase 3 of the loading pipe 2 is made with a removable cover and a fitting for supplying air, which can be used as an additional spring-loaded agent.

Claims (4)

1. Mechanothermochemical reactor containing a loading casing, sequentially made pressure cylindrical casing with a heat exchange jacket, inlet die, reactor casing, exhaust die, cooling case (condenser), fractionation tank (fractionator) placed in them and connected to a rotation drive with a screw shaft cutting in the zone of the pressure vessel and the reactor vessel, while the screw cutting of the shaft is performed with a gap in the installation area of the inlet die, and the screw pitch in the pressure part of the cylinder is made in two times the pitch of the screw made in the reactor zone, and the screw thread on the supply side contains activators that are mounted on the feed wall of the screw thread and are directed perpendicularly from the wall of the shaft core to the cylinder surface, the shaft core is made in the form of a two-sided cone with a hollow cylinder between them moreover, the cone directed by the apex to the drive ending in the installation area of the input die is at least three or more times longer than the opposite cone ending in the section installation of the output die, in addition, in the condenser zone and the fractionator zone, the cylindrical shaft of the screw is made in the form of an elongated neck, and the shaft from the side of the opposite fractionator wall and to the location of the input die is hollow with the possibility of forming at least two cavities of variable volume using two movable partitions, which are equipped with a seal and tubes of exchange of a cooling agent, the boot housing is made of a larger diameter than the shaft screw, and the bottom of the housing is equipped with a spring-loaded ejection the body, the body of the cylindrical reactor vessel with the outer heat transfer jacket contains an inlet die with conical openings directed at the pressure cone of the shaft, at least two openings with nozzles for supplying the donor agent are made after the die, the inner surface of the reactor vessel contains an elastic sleeve with the possibility of interaction with a screw by cutting the shaft, at the exit from the rector, an outlet die with conical holes is installed, the vertices of which are directed to the reactor, where the first and second die are about a reactor cavity is formed, wherein the area of the inlet die openings is larger than the area of the outlet die openings, a cooling case with an outer heat exchange jacket is connected to the reactor vessel, containing a central hole in which an elongated hollow shaft journal passes, with longitudinal through semicircular samples that are aligned with the holes of the exhaust die , longitudinal samples of the cooling casing together with the elongated neck of the shaft form flow channels from the reactor casing to the fractionator. 2. A method of manufacturing liquid-phase and / or gas-phase fuels from solid fossil fuels, comprising supplying the crushed starting material to the auger receiving device under pressure without air access to a spring-loaded ejector, which ensures continuous flow of material into the cylinder cavity during rotation of the auger, in which preliminary thermal degradation of the material at a moisture content of up to 40% of its organic mass and an allowable temperature of up to 260 ° C, which occurs upon entry of the material in frictional interaction with the lateral surface of the activators mounted on the feeding side of the screw cutting of the screw and the surface of the cylinder, while the evolving gas-vapor fraction containing hydrogen pressurizes the heated material under pressure, turning it into an extrudable plastic product, which is fed into the zone through the openings of the inlet die the reactor, while due to pressure and friction its temperature rises, after exiting the die, the plastic product is saturated with an additional donor agent ohm is a hydrogen-containing gas, and is subjected to a complex shear shock, under which, under the influence of hydrogen-containing gases and temperature, additional hydrogenation and carbonization of the plastic product occurs with intense heat generation, which is controlled by the jacket and agent from the inner cavity of the shaft to avoid overheating, resulting in plastic the product turns into a liquid-phase substance, which is fed through a condenser to the fractionation to obtain a liquid-phase and / or gas phase fuel. 3. The method of cooling the extrudable mixture in the reactor according to claim 2, characterized in that, in addition to the outer cooling jacket, an internal cavity of the sectional address cooling core acts to an allowable temperature of the reaction mixture close to the core wall, which moves under the action of rotation of the shaft and activators to the surface of the elastic cylinder, additionally stirs the mixture by itself and removes heat from the elastic surface, ensuring uniformity of cooling the mixture along the entire length of the reactor. 4. The method of cooling the extrudable mixture in the reactor zone according to claim 2, characterized in that, in addition to the external cooling jacket and the internal cavity of local cooling, the extrudable mixture heated by friction and pressure in the cavity at the outlet of the reactor to 480 ° C, and after exiting the outlet of the outlet die in the semicircular flow channels of the condenser, it gives in to a complex screw turbulent movement and at the same time mixes with the supplied external agent along the entire length of one or more flow channels, and along the When the neck of the shaft is moved, the mixture moves into the cavity of the liners, where, according to the helical scheme, it enters the slotted channels of the liners offset from one another, where it is cooled to an acceptable and / or required temperature.

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