RU2392542C1 - Method for processing of domestic wastes and device for its realisation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: technological processes.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of chemical and thermal processing, namely to methods and devices for pyrolysis and gasification of solid products. Method for processing of domestic wastes (DW) consists in the fact that DW are loaded from hopper into reactor, pyrolysis and gasification of DW are carried out in melt of salts, in filtration reservoir products of gasification are passed through melt of salts. In this method carbon dioxide is introduced into hopper with DW, DW dose supplied into reactor is polarised in electrostatic field, water steam polarised in electrostatic field is injected into reactor, DW are ignited due to discharge current between electrodes in high potential field, polarised water steam is introduced into filtration reservoir. Installation for realisation of this method comprises device of DW loading with hopper, reactor, filtration reservoir, electrodes. It includes reservoir with previously prepared melt of salts, device of DW loading comprises auger conveyor, rotary valve, auger pusher, in pipelines that connect auger pusher with reactor, manifold of water steam with reactor and filtration reservoir there are devices for generation of electrostatic field.

EFFECT: increased efficiency and ecological compatibility of pyrolysis and gasification process 2 dependent and 1 independent claim of invention formula.

3 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of chemical-thermal treatment, and in particular to methods and devices for pyrolysis and gasification of solid products.

A known method of processing household waste [1], which consists in loading the waste into the reactor, drying it, and then heating the household waste and pyrolysis in a combustible gas medium. The installation contains a vertical reactor in the form of two shafts connected by a neck, a combustion chamber, a device for loading household waste.

The closest in technical essence is the method of processing household waste [2], which consists in the fact that crushed household waste is loaded from the bunker into the reactor, pyrolysis and gasification of household waste in the molten salt are carried out, gasification products are passed through the molten salt into the filtration tank. Installation for processing household waste in accordance with this method contains a device for loading household waste with a hopper, a reactor with heaters, a filtering tank with molten salts and heaters, an AC power source, electrodes.

The disadvantage of this method of processing household waste is the incomplete combustion of combustible components of household waste and the contamination of the exhaust gases with dioxins due to the presence of atmospheric oxygen in household waste.

The technical result of the invention is to increase the efficiency of the pyrolysis and gasification process and increase its environmental friendliness.

This technical result is achieved in the method of processing household waste, which consists in the fact that crushed household waste is loaded into the reactor from the bunker, pyrolysis and gasification of household waste in the molten salt are performed, gasification products are passed through the molten salt in the filtration tank, so that carbon dioxide is started up with household waste; before loading into the reactor, a dose of household waste is generated, which has passed the polarization process by means of an electrostatic field, before the pyrolysis and gasification operation the reactor is filled with molten salts by moving it from the tank with the previously created molten salts, the molten salts are kept in the reactor for the time required to warm the molten salts to temperature, the molten salts are removed from the reactor, then a dose of household waste is loaded into the reactor and injected into the reactor superheated water vapor, previously passed through the process of polarization by means of an electrostatic field, in a mixture of a dose of household waste formed as a result of dissolution of the remains of the molten salt In the water vapor, the electrolyte ignites household waste by means of a discharge current between the electrodes between which a high-voltage potential is formed, the molten salt is transferred from the tank with the previously created molten salt into the reactor, and superheated water vapor previously polarized by the electrostatic field is introduced into the filtration tank.

This technical result is achieved in the installation for processing household waste, containing a device for loading household waste with a hopper, a reactor with heaters, a filtering tank with molten salts and heaters, an AC power source, electrodes, because a tank with a previously created molten salt is introduced into it equipped with heaters, a screw conveyor, a lock gate, a screw pusher are introduced into the household waste loading device, the screw conveyor output being connected to the gateway entrance of the shutter, the gate lock output is connected to the hopper inlet, the screw pusher is located at the hopper outlet, the hopper tray is connected by the first pipe to the carbon dioxide tank; the reactor is connected by a second pipeline with a screw pusher, the third pipe - with a superheated water vapor line, the fourth and fifth pipelines - with a tank with a pre-created molten salt, the filtration tank is connected by a sixth pipeline with a superheated water vapor line, the seventh pipeline - with a pre-molten tank salts, the eighth pipeline - with the reactor, in the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh pipelines, respectively, the first, second The third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh valves, in eighth conduit check valve; at each of the second, third and sixth pipelines, a device for creating an electrostatic field is made; the electrodes are made flat in shape, the first and second electrodes are installed in the reactor, the third and fourth electrodes are installed in the filtration tank; A high-voltage DC power supply was introduced into the household waste recycling plant, the first and second electrodes are designed to connect to a high-voltage DC power supply and switch to an AC power source, the third and fourth electrodes are connected to an AC power source.

In the particular case of the installation for processing household waste, the device for creating an electrostatic field is made as part of a pipeline of dielectric material, for example ebonite, on which an annular winding connected to a DC power source is located.

By launching carbon dioxide into household waste, air is displaced from the household waste, resulting in a reduction in the amount of smoky processed products, which increases the environmental friendliness of the method of processing household waste.

When household waste and superheated water vapor are introduced into the reactor that have been polarized in an electrostatic field and in the presence of a high-voltage discharge between the electrodes, more complete atomization of the household waste occurs in the reactor, which, during pyrolysis and gasification, leads to a more complete conversion of household waste into synthesis gas. As a result, the efficiency of the process of processing household waste and its environmental friendliness are increased.

In a similar way, the efficiency and environmental friendliness of the process of processing household waste is increased when superheated water vapor polarized in an electrostatic field is launched into the filtration tank due to the atomization of unfinished products of pyrolysis and gasification.

Figure 1 presents a General view of the installation for processing household waste, figure 2 is a view of a device for creating an electrostatic field.

Installation for processing household waste (Fig. 1) contains a device 1 for loading household waste with a screw conveyor 2, a hopper 3, a lock gate 4, a screw pusher 5, a reactor 6 with heaters 7 and electrodes 8, 9, containing heaters 10 with a capacity of 11 s pre-created molten salt, filter capacity 12 with heaters 13 and electrodes 14, 15.

The electrodes 8, 9, 14, 15 are made flat with the greatest distribution of their surfaces in the volumes of the reactor 6 and the filtration tank 12.

To monitor the processes in the reactor 6, a viewing window made of glass can be made in it.

In the device 1 for loading household waste, the inlet of the screw conveyor 2 is connected to the capacity 16 with household waste, the output of the screw conveyor 2 is connected to the inlet of the lock gate 4, the output of which is connected to the inlet of the hopper 3. The carbon dioxide tank 17 is connected by the first pipe 18 to the pallet 19 of the hopper 3. The outlet of the hopper 3 is connected to the screw pusher 5. The screw conveyor 2 and the screw pusher 5 are driven by electric motors.

The reactor 6 is connected by a second pipe 20 with a screw pusher 5, a third pipe 21 - with a superheated water vapor line 22, a fourth 23 and a fifth 24 pipes - with a capacity of 11 with a previously created salt melt.

The filtration tank 12 is connected by the sixth pipeline 25 to the superheated steam line 22, the seventh pipeline 26 - with a tank 11 with a pre-created salt melt, the eighth pipeline 27 - with the reactor 6.

In the first 18, second 20, third 21, fourth 23, fifth 24, sixth 25 and seventh 26 pipelines, dampers 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 are installed, respectively. In the eighth pipeline 27, a check valve 35 is installed.

The ninth pipeline 36 with a shutter 37 for the release of synthesis gas and the tenth pipe 38 with a shutter 39 for draining the spent molten salts are connected to the filtration tank 12. An eleventh pipe 40 is connected to a container 11 with a previously created molten salt 40 and a shutter 41 for discharging the spent molten salt. The hatch 42 in the tank 11 with a pre-created molten salt is designed to load salts, such as NaCl and KCl.

In the second pipeline 20, a device 43 for creating an electrostatic field is made, in the third pipeline 21, a device 44 for creating an electrostatic field, in the sixth pipeline 25, a device 45 for creating an electrostatic field.

Heaters 7, 10, 13, electrodes 14.15 are powered from an alternating current network of 220 V 50 Hz.

The electrodes 8, 9 through a switch are connected either to a high-voltage DC power supply with a voltage of, for example, 1000 V, or when switching, to an alternating current network of 220 V 50 Hz.

The device 43 for creating an electrostatic field (figure 2) is made as part 46 of the pipeline 20, on which there is a coil 47 with an annular winding 48, the conclusions "a" and "b" of which are connected to a DC power source with a voltage of, for example, 27 V.

As the material of part 46 of the pipe 20, a dielectric such as ebonite can be used.

Similarly with the device 43 made device 44, 45 to create an electrostatic field.

Installation for the processing of household waste (figure 1) in accordance with the method of waste treatment works as follows. Salts of NaCl, KCl are poured into the container 11 through the hatch 42 and, by means of heaters 10, they are brought to melt at a temperature of 800-900 ° C. Opening the shutter 34 in the seventh pipe 26, part of the molten salt is transferred to the filtration tank 12, maintaining its temperature in the above ranges using heaters 13.

Pre-crushed to fractions no larger than 20 mm in size using a household waste preparation unit from tank 16, household waste is fed through a screw conveyor 2 into a lock gate 4, through which household waste is transferred to a hopper 3. After filling the hopper 3 with household waste, the screw conveyor 2 and airlock 4 stop. Open the shutter 28 in the first pipe 18, from the tank 17 serves carbon dioxide in the tray 29 of the hopper 3, which, filling the voids in household waste, displaces the air from the hopper 3.

Next, the screw pusher 5 is turned on, which works for a time sufficient to create a cork from household waste in the space up to the shutter 29. A cork from household waste prevents the exit of processed products from the reactor 6.

The next step is to open the valve 31 in the fourth pipe 23 and the molten salt is drained into the reactor 6, the molten salt is kept in the reactor 6 for the time required to heat the reactor 6 to the temperature of the molten salt, using the inclusion of heaters 7. Close the shutter 31, open the shutter 32 in the fifth pipe 24, the molten salt is poured into the tank 11, the shutter 32 is closed.

Then the shutter 29 is opened, the dose of household waste is transferred to the reactor 6. Since household waste consists mainly of materials related to non-polar dielectrics, and the water contained in household waste refers to polar dielectrics, when household waste passes through the device 43 to create an electrostatic of the field in which due to the flow of current through the winding 48 of the direct current generated from the power supply, polarization of charges made from ebonite of the pipe 20 occurs, all dielectrics in household waste x polarized at their ends and concentrated polarized charges.

The shutter 29 is closed, the shutter 30 is opened in the third pipe 21. The superheated water vapor from the line 22 passes through the device 44 to create an electrostatic field and, like a dielectric, is electrified and enters the reactor 6, where it dissolves the remaining salt melt with the formation of an electrolyte. The damper 30 is closed.

Since a constant voltage of 1000 V is applied to the electrodes 8, 9, and electrified materials are suspended between them in suspension with an electrolyte, the current flows between the electrodes 8, 9 and the process of anoxic ignition of household waste occurs, as a result of which the temperature in reactor 6 reaches such high values at which water molecules decompose into hydrogen and oxygen atoms, carbon is released during the combustion of household waste, and reactions of the interaction of carbon with oxygen and hydrogen occur. Open the shutter 31 in the fourth pipeline 23 and from the tank 11 with the pre-created salt melt through nozzle blocks in the upper part of the reactor 6, pour the salt melt into the reactor 6, and shutter 31 is closed, the electrodes 8, 9 are disconnected from the high-voltage direct current power supply and connected to the AC network, open the shutter 30 in the third pipe 21 and let the electrified superheated water vapor into the reactor 6.

As a result, in the reactor 6 in the molten salt there is a process of pyrolysis and gasification of unburned residues of household waste. The resulting gases through the non-return valve 35 and the eighth pipe 27 are sent to the filtration tank 12, into which, by opening the shutter 38 of the pipe 25, superheated water vapor is passed through the polarization process when passing through the device 45 to create an electrostatic field. Passing through a molten salt in the presence of atomic hydrogen and atomic oxygen resulting from the decomposition of polarized water molecules in a high-temperature medium, the gas is purified from dioxins and is supplied to the consumer in the form of pure synthesis gas through an open damper 37 in pipeline 36.

The electrodes 8, 9, when they are supplied with voltage from an alternating current network 220 V at a frequency of 50 Hz, serve to heat the molten salt in the reactor 6 by passing current through the molten salt between electrode 8 and electrode 9.

Similarly, for heating the molten salt in the filtration tank 12, electrodes 14, 15 are used.

Through the viewing window in the reactor 6, you can monitor the process of chemical-thermal processing of household waste and on this basis to control it. The molten salt contaminated with slag can be drained from the tank 11 through the pipe 40 and from the filter tank 12 through the pipe 38.

Since the process of processing household waste is supplemented with operations of displacing air from household waste and replacing it with carbon dioxide, burning household waste in a high-temperature medium created between electrodes 8, 9, pyrolysis and gasification in a solution of salts with an atmosphere of atomized hydrogen and atomized oxygen, and filtration in a molten salt with the environment of atomized hydrogen and atomized oxygen, the efficiency of the process of processing household waste increases as a result of a more complete treatment, increasing Xia environmental waste processing technology due to the absence of dioxins in the output gaseous products.

Information sources

1. Patent of Ukraine No. 25813 A, MKI F23G 5/027. Method for thermal processing of solid organic waste and installation for its implementation. 1999 year

2. Patent of Ukraine No. 57984 C2, MKI F23G 5/027. Installation for pyrolysis of waste. 2003 year

Claims (3)

1. A method of processing household waste, which consists in the fact that crushed household waste is loaded into the reactor from the bunker, pyrolysis and gasification of household waste in a salt melt are carried out, gasification products are passed through a salt melt in the filtration tank, characterized in that in the waste bunker carbon dioxide is launched, before loading into the reactor, a dose of household waste is formed, which has passed the polarization process by means of an electrostatic field, before the pyrolysis and gasification operation, the reactor is first filled with melt with moving the salts from the tank with the previously created salt melt, the molten salts are kept in the reactor for the time required to warm the reactor to the molten salt temperature, the molten salts are removed from the reactor, then a dose of household waste is loaded into the reactor, and superheated water is injected into the reactor steam that has previously gone through the process of polarization by means of an electrostatic field, in a mixture of a dose of household waste generated by dissolving the remnants of molten salts in water vapor The roasting is used to ignite household waste by means of a discharge current between the electrodes between which a high voltage potential is formed, the molten salt is transferred from the tank with the previously created molten salt into the reactor, and superheated water vapor previously polarized by the electrostatic field is introduced into the filtration tank. 2. Installation for processing household waste in accordance with the method according to claim 1, containing a device for loading household waste with a hopper, a reactor with heaters, a filtration tank with molten salts and heaters, electrodes, characterized in that a container with a previously created melt is introduced into it salts, equipped with heaters, a screw conveyor, a lock gate, a screw pusher are introduced into the household waste loading device, and the exit of the screw conveyor is connected to the entrance of the lock gate, the output of the lock creates connected to the inlet of the hopper, a screw plunger is located at the outlet of the hopper, the hopper tray is connected to the first conduit with the container with carbon dioxide; the reactor is connected by a second pipe with a screw pusher, a third pipe with a superheated steam line, a fourth and fifth pipe with a tank with a pre-created molten salt, a filtration tank is connected by a sixth pipe with a superheated water vapor line, a seventh pipe with a tank with a pre-created molten salt, eighth a pipeline with a reactor, in the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh pipelines, respectively, the first, second, tr tya, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh valves, in eighth conduit check valve; at each of the second, third and sixth pipelines, a device for creating an electrostatic field is made; the electrodes are made flat in shape, the first and second electrodes are installed in the reactor, the third and fourth electrodes are installed in the filtration tank; a high-voltage direct current power supply was introduced into the household waste treatment plant, the first and second electrodes are designed to connect to a high-voltage direct current power supply and switch to an alternating current power source, the third and fourth electrodes are connected to an alternating current power source. 3. Installation for the processing of household waste according to claim 2, characterized in that the device for creating an electrostatic field is made as part of a pipeline made of a dielectric material, such as ebonite, on which is located an annular winding connected to a DC power source.

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