RU2390491C2 - Method and installation for production of light water - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: technological processes.

SUBSTANCE: invention may be used in food industry, cosmetics, perfumery, medicine, agriculture and housing and communal services, industry. Installation consists of separate reservoir 1 for storage of initial water, pump 2 for supply for initial water in filtering element 3, product reservoir 7 and controller of flow 6 in the form of laminar resistance. Prior to delivery to installation, water is exposed to preliminary cleaning from mechanical admixtures, softening, deironing, removal of organics. In body of filtering element 3 water flow V with concentration of ¹H₂ ¹⁶O, equal to C, is passed along axis of membrane 4. Under action of pressure from 0.1 to 30 bar part of water with volume V₁ passes through membrane 4 and in the form of light highly clean water ¹H₂ ¹⁶O with concentration C₁ is sent to product reservoir 7. The second flow of water with volume V₂ moves along membrane 4, flushing and regenerating it, then arrives to drain 5 in the form of treated water, passing via controller of flow ratio 6. At the same time V=V₁+V₂ and C₁>C. Produced volume of light water V₁ makes from 0.05 to 0.8 from common volume V of initial water that arrived for filtration. Content C₁ of light molecules ¹H₂ ¹⁶O in produced light water makes at least 99.734% of overall amount of H₂O, concentration of ¹⁷O in produced light water makes not more than 372 ppm, and concenttration of ¹⁸O in produced light water makes not more than 1960 ppm.

EFFECT: invention makes it possible to produce light highly clean water without application of additional reagents and dissolvents, to minimize phase transitions, to increase energy savings with observation of ecological norms.

60 cl, 10 tbl, 2 dwg, 8 ex

Description

The invention relates to a method and apparatus for purifying water from impurities in the form of water molecules containing heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for producing light, high purity water with a higher content of light molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O .

The quality and purity of water used in various fields of industry make a significant contribution to the quality of the final product and affect the technological characteristics of the production process. The quality and environmental friendliness of food and drinks, including drinking water, determine the quality of life and human health. In this regard, the problem of water purification for its use in various industries is very acute.

Water, from the point of view of chemistry, is a substance consisting of H ₂ O molecules. In nature, completely pure water does not exist. Natural water always in one way or another contains mechanical, chemical and biological impurities. By various cleaning methods, the amount of these impurities in water can be reduced to very low levels. However, in this case, impurities in the form of water molecules containing heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen can amount to up to 2.97 g / kg by weight in natural water (calculations are given below).

Water is an integral component of all biological systems. Its functions are extremely diverse and are not limited to the role of the environment in which biochemical processes and diffusion of metabolites occur. Water takes a direct part in chemical and biochemical reactions, actively participates in the structure formation and stabilization of biopolymers and supramolecular systems, provides conformational mobility of biopolymers, participates in osmoregulation and transport of substances ["Food Chemistry". Ed. Nechaeva A.P. St. Petersburg, due to "GIORD", 2003]. The presence in water of an excessive amount of heavy isotopes negatively affects living organisms [Kushner D.J., Baker F., Dunstall T.G. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol 1999, Feb. 77 (2): 79-88].

Scientific developments and many technological processes in industry also require the use of water with a very high degree of purity, including the uniformity of its isotopic composition.

In this regard, it is urgent to develop methods for producing water with a lower content of heavy isotopes and at the same time being highly pure water, i.e. water with a minimum amount of impurities.

It is well known that the water molecule H ₂ O consists of two chemical elements - hydrogen H and oxygen O. In turn, each element is a combination of several isotopes [Glinka. "General chemistry". From "Chemistry", 1975].

Further in the text:

the concept of "hydrogen" (letter designation: H) means a chemical element as a set of all possible hydrogen isotopes;

the concept of “oxygen” (letter designation: O) means a chemical element as a set of all possible oxygen isotopes;

the concept of "water" means any real water, including natural or industrial-produced water, which is a mixture of H ₂ O and a large number of different substances, in the form of mechanical impurities, dissolved gases, salts, biological impurities, etc., subject to or not to be removed depending on the further use of water;

the letter designation H ₂ O means the totality of all possible isotopic varieties of water molecules formed by isotopes of chemical elements - hydrogen H and oxygen O.

Hydrogen in nature is represented by stable non-radioactive isotopes:

- protium (letter designation ¹ N);

- deuterium (letter designation ² N, historical designation D, hereinafter referred to as letter designations D or equivalent ² N).

Oxygen, in turn, is represented by three stable non-radioactive isotopes:

- oxygen-16 (letter designation ¹⁶ O);

- oxygen-17 (letter designation ¹⁷ O);

- oxygen-18 (letter designation ¹⁸ O).

This invention relates only to the above stable, non-radioactive isotopes, since the presence in the water used for human needs, radioactive elements is unacceptable.

Stable hydrogen isotopes with stable oxygen isotopes form 9 isotopic varieties of water molecules, namely: ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ¹⁶ O, D ¹⁷ O, D ¹⁸ O. In quantitative terms, the bulk of the water of natural sources is represented by ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O molecules, consisting of light isotopes ¹ H and ¹⁶ O. The number of water molecules containing heavy isotopes D, ¹⁷ O, ¹⁸ О, depends on the concentration of these isotopes, which in natural water fluctuates within the limits fixed in the basic standards of the isotope composition of the hydrosphere S MOW and SLAP

The volume of water reserves in various reservoirs of the Earth's hydrosphere is approximately 1834 million m ³ . Of these, the share of the oceans is 1370 million m ³ , river and lake waters - 0.231 million m ³ , glacial waters - 24 million m ³ , etc. [Andreev B.M., Zelvensky Y.D., Katalnikov S.G. "Heavy hydrogen isotopes in nuclear technology." Moscow, Publishing House, 2000].

Since the bulk of the water on Earth is concentrated in the oceans and ocean water is very stable in isotopic composition, the quantitative content of heavy isotopes ² H and ¹⁸ O is accepted as the international standard SMOW (standard for mid-ocean water).

For the SMOW standard, the ratio of deuterium to protium in water is D / ¹ H = 155.76 × 10 ^-6 , and the ratio of oxygen isotopes is ¹⁸ O / ¹⁶ O = 2005.20 × 10 ^-6 [Ferronsky V.I. Polyakov V.A. "Hydrosphere Isotopy". From the "Science", 1983].

The concentration of D, ¹⁷ O, ¹⁸ O isotopes in water can be expressed either in fractions or in atomic percent (at.% Or ‰), or in ppm units (part per million - part per million) [Andreev BM, Zelvensky Y.D., Katalnikov S.G. "Heavy hydrogen isotopes in nuclear technology." Moscow, Publishing House, 2000; Somlyai G. “Let's Defeat Cancer!” Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 2001]. The sum of the concentrations of protium and deuterium, as well as the sum of the concentrations of three oxygen isotopes, is 100 at.% Or one million (in ppm units).

According to the international standard SMOW, the absolute content of deuterium and oxygen-18 in ocean water is:

D _SMOW / ¹ H _SMOW = (155.76 ± 0.05) × 10 ^-6 or 155.76 ppm

¹⁸ O _SMOW / ¹⁶ O _SMOW = (2005.20 ± 0.45) × 10 ^-6 or 2005 ppm [Ferronsky V.I., Polyakov V.A. "Hydrosphere Isotopy". From the "Science", 1983].

It is these values in the SMOW standard that are taken as a reference point.

There relative units expressing deuterium and oxygen-18 water molecules equated to zero and referred to as the deuterium δD = 0 _^0/00 (or 155,76 ppm), oxygen-18, δ ¹⁸ O = 0 _^0/00 ( or 2005.2 ppm).

The samples of water samples with a content of isotope varieties of molecular H ₂ O, differing from SMOW, values δD and δ ¹⁸ O are expressed by _^0/00 as relative deviation from the zero value to a large (+ sign) or less (with the sign -) side.

To calculate the units δD and δ ¹⁸ O, the following formula is used [Creig N. "Standard for reporting concentration of deuterium and oxygen-18 in natural water". Science, 1961, vol.133, p.1833-1834]:

As a result of mathematical transformations and substitutions of the values of the above values, we obtain the following formula for converting the concentration from the relative values of δD and δ ¹⁸ O into ppm units:

(D) ppm = 155.46 (δD / 1000 + 1)

( ¹⁸ O) ppm = 2005.2 (δ ¹⁸ O / 1000 + 1),

where: (D) ppm and ( ¹⁸ O) ppm are the contents of D and ¹⁸ O, respectively, expressed in ppm.

The lowest concentrations of deuterium and oxygen-18 found in natural water are described by the international standard SLAP (Light Antarctic Precipitation Standard). The concentration of deuterium by SLAP is

D / H = ¹ 89 × 10 ^-6 (89 ppm or δD = -428 _^0/00). Oxygen-18 concentration by SLAP is ¹⁸ O / ¹⁶ O = 1894 × 10 ^-6 (1894 ppm or δ ¹⁸ O = -55.5 _^0/00) [VI Ferronsky, Polyakov VA "Hydrosphere Isotopy". From the "Science", 1983].

The change in the concentration of oxygen-17 in natural waters due to its physicochemical properties is rather rigidly connected with the change in the concentration of oxygen-18. According to various authors, the concentration ratio of ¹⁸ O / ¹⁷ O is in the range from 4.9 to 5.5 [Shatenshtein A.I., Varshavsky Y.M. et al. "Isotopic analysis of water." Moscow. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences, 1954, p. 15; ACOS Bulletin, No. 21, October 1979, p.14].

Thus, the concentration of oxygen-17 in natural waters by SMOW is 372 ppm (0.0372 at.%), And by SLAP it decreases to 368 ppm (0.0368 at.%) [Andreev BM, Zelvensky Ya.D. ., Katalnikov S.G. "Heavy hydrogen isotopes in nuclear technology." Moscow, Publishing House, 2000; Ferronsky V.I., Polyakov V.A. "Hydrosphere Isotopy". From the "Science", 1983; Shatenshtein A.I., Warsaw Y.M. et al. "Isotopic analysis of water." Moscow. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences, 1954, p. 15; ACOS Bulletin, No. 21, October 1979, p.14].

The above standard values of the concentration of heavy isotopes make it possible to calculate the percentage and, ultimately, the weight quantity of isotopic varieties of H ₂ O molecules in water from natural sources within the framework of the SMOW and SLAP standards.

Intensive isotopic exchange of hydrogen atoms (protium and deuterium) occurs in water between H ₂ O molecules. In this case, a thermodynamic equilibrium is established between isotopic varieties of water molecules containing deuterium. As a result of this process, the largest proportion of water molecules containing deuterium in quantitative terms is ¹ HD ¹⁶ O. In waters that are close to natural in isotopic composition, the quantitative fraction of molecules is D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O is small and totals less than 0.0009 g / kg. Subsequently, in some simplified calculations, the fraction of these molecules can be added to the fraction of ¹ HD ¹⁶ O.

As a result of the redistribution of deuterium atoms between water molecules, the value of ¹ HD ¹⁶ O / ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O doubles in comparison with the value of D / ¹ H.

So, for SMOW with a concentration ratio of D / ¹ H = 155.76 × 10 ^{-6, the} ratio of ¹ HD ¹⁶ O / ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O doubles and amounts to 311.52 × 10 ^-6 .

Thus, in natural waters, 1,000,000 H ₂ O molecules contain on average 997,284 molecules of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, 311 molecules of ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, 390 molecules of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, and about 2005 molecules of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O. Mass fraction and the corresponding weight amount of isotopic varieties of H ₂ O molecules in natural water that meets the SMOW standard is shown in Table 1. Similar indicators for natural water that meets the SLAP standard are shown in Table 2.

When calculating the molecular masses of isotopic varieties of water molecules, the following values of atomic masses in international carbon units were used:

mass of ¹ N is equal to 1.007825035

mass D is 2.014101779

mass of ¹⁶ O is equal to 15,99491463

mass ¹⁷ O is equal to 16,9991312

the mass of ¹⁸ O is equal to 17,9991603 [Kulikov I.S. "Isotopes and properties of elements." Directory. Moscow. "Metallurgy", 1990].

As can be seen from the tables, the content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in natural water is in the range from 997.0325 g / kg (which is 99.729%) to 997.3179 g / kg (which is 99.755%). The above calculations are completely consistent with the data of other authors, according to which the concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in natural water is in the range from 99.731% to 99.757% [Rothman et al., J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radial Transfer, 1998, 60, 665. Rothman et al., J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 2003, 82, p. 9; R. van Trigt, Laser Spectrometry for Stable Isotope Analysis of Water Biomedical and Paleoclimatological Applications, 2002, Groningen: University Library Groningen, p. fifty].

In total, in natural water, the weight concentration of molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O can make up to 2.97 g / kg, which is a significant value comparable to the content of other characteristic components in natural water. For example, the total salinity in drinking water can be up to 1 g / kg, and in mineral water up to 5 g / kg and higher. The transition from conventional atomic units to weight indicators of the number of isotopic varieties of H ₂ O molecules makes it possible to visually assess the purity and uniformity of water by its isotopic composition.

The presence of impurities in the form of heavy water molecules, decreasing the proportion of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, worsens the quality of water, since the active active principle is precisely water with a molecular composition of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, i.e. actually "water by definition" in the chemical, physical and biological senses. Those. water efficiency as a universal solvent, catalyst, carrier, etc. both in biosystems and in technological processes, can be significantly increased due to an increase in its composition of the share of ¹ N ₂ ¹⁶ O.

The ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O molecule is the lightest of the totality of isotopic varieties of water molecules. Therefore, water with an increased proportion of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O is characterized by a lower molecular weight, has a lower density. Such water in the claimed invention is terminologically defined as light water.

The prior art presents methods for producing light water based on isotope separation processes: rectification, electrolysis, centrifugation, a method including the steps of cooling water and subsequent thawing of frozen water [RU 2295493; RU 2182562; RU 2031085; RU 2091335; RU 2091336]. Nevertheless, due to the current increase in demand for light water, the development of new methods for its production remains relevant. In addition, it is assumed that in the near future the basis of world energy will be controlled thermonuclear fusion, and deuterium and radioactive heavy hydrogen tritium will be components of thermonuclear fuel. Consequently, the probability of their accumulation in the environment will increase.

Membrane isotope separation methods are also provided in the prior art. However, to date, these technologies have been used only for substances in a gaseous state (VA Shaposhnik, “Membrane methods for the separation of mixtures of substances”).

The objective of the present invention is the implementation of a fundamentally new approach in the production of light water, i.e. water with a higher content of light molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, which has no analogues in the prior art.

The problem is solved by developing a method for producing light water, which is high purity water with a high content of light molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, providing for the purification of the source water through a filter element of the membrane type, while the content of light molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in the resulting light water makes up at least 99.734% of the total amount of H ₂ O.

The proposed method relates to physical methods for the separation of isotopes based directly on the mass difference of isotopic molecules, atoms and ions, including in the hydrated state. This allows you to remove molecules from the water containing heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen, including their radioactive species, in particular tritium.

A quantitative characteristic of the separation effect is the isotope separation coefficient, which is the ratio of the relative concentrations of the target product, in this case it is a ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O molecule in rich and poor fractions:

α = x (1-y) / [(1-x) y],

where x, y are the molecular fractions of the target product in the rich and poor fractions;

x / (1-x); y / (1-y) - the relative concentration of the target product in the rich and poor fractions.

The separation coefficient of molecules in this method depends on the characteristics of the membrane (material, configuration, pore size and geometry, etc.) and the process technology (pressure, temperature, additional effects, for example magnetic), which, in turn, are determined by the desired quantitative characteristics of the resulting light water.

A distinctive feature of the proposed membrane method is also that both the poor and rich fractions are water, while there are no phase transitions during separation on the membrane.

Moreover, the proposed method allows in a single technological process, i.e. at the same time, to carry out the process of isotopic separation and purification of water from all foreign impurities, including mechanical, chemical, biological pollution.

The content of light molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in the resulting light water may be at least 997.08 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O.

The concentration of D in the resulting light water can be no more than 138 ppm.

The concentration of ¹⁷ O in the resulting light water can be no more than 372 ppm.

The concentration of ¹⁸ O in the resulting light water can be no more than 1960 ppm.

ΔD value obtained in the light water can be in the range of ⁰ -994 / -114 ⁰ to _00/00.

The value of δ ¹⁸ O in the light water can be obtained in the range of ⁰ -500 / -22 to _{00 ^0/00}

The total salinity in the resulting light water can be no more than 20 μg / L.

Light water may be water selected from the group of distilled water, laboratory quality water, deionized water, ultrapure water, ultrapure water, ultrapure water, water of reagent quality.

Light water may be water selected from the group: water for drinking purposes, including for the production of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks; water for food purposes, including food production; water for cosmetic purposes and procedures, including for the production of cosmetic products; water for perfumes and hygiene purposes and procedures, including for the production of perfumes and hygiene products; water for medical purposes and procedures, including for the production of medicines and balneology; water for technical purposes, including for agriculture, crop production, livestock; water for technological processes, including in industry, housing and communal services.

Non-exclusive examples of water for cosmetic purposes and procedures can be: water for washing, water for baths, water for compresses, in all cases, both in its original form and with various additives.

Non-exclusive examples of water for perfumery and hygiene purposes and procedures can be: water for washing, water for baths, water for compresses, in all cases - both in its original form and with various additives.

Advantageously, light water for medical purposes and procedures may be bath water, pharmaceutical water, sterile water, pyrogen-free water, water for injection.

The separation method on the membrane of the filter element is selected from the group: dialysis, osmosis, diffusion, interdiffusion, facilitated diffusion, electrodialysis, Donnan dialysis, baromembrane method, pervaporation method, or a combination thereof.

The baromembrane method is selected from the group: microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, or a combination thereof.

The filter element is selected from the group: flat filter element, volumetric filter element, or a combination thereof

The volumetric filter element is selected from the group: capsule filter element, cartridge type filter element, or a combination thereof.

The membrane configuration of the filter element is selected from the group: flat membrane, bulk membrane, roll membrane, tubular membrane, hollow fiber membrane

The membrane of the filter element is selected from the group: single-layer membrane, two-layer membrane, multilayer membrane, asymmetric membrane, isotropic membrane.

The filter element is selected from the group: filter element with a single layer membrane, filter element with a two-layer membrane, filter element with a multilayer membrane, filter element with an asymmetric membrane, filter element with an isotropic membrane, or a combination thereof.

The intermembrane space in the filter element may be filled with granular ion exchangers.

The membrane material of the filter element can be selected from the group: natural materials, modified natural materials, synthetic materials, or a combination thereof.

Modified natural materials can be selected from the group: cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose hydrate, cellophane, ammonia copper cellophane, cuprofan, a mixture of cellulose triacetate with cellulose acetate.

Synthetic materials can be selected from the group: nylon, polyimides, polyamides, polysulfones, fluoroplastics, polymers of fluorinated olefins.

The membrane of the filter element can be selected from the group: cation exchange membrane, anion exchange membrane, microfiltration membrane, ultrafiltration membrane, nanofiltration membrane, reverse osmosis membrane.

The pore size in the membrane of the filter element can be selected in the range from 0.0001 μm to 0.5 μm

The pore geometry in the membrane of a filter element can be selected from the group: linear pores, pores of complex configuration, through pores, discontinuous pores, perpendicular pores, inclined pores, track pores, ordered pores, chaotic pores, mixed pores, or a combination thereof.

The membrane of the filter element may be a track membrane.

The filtration process can occur at a pressure of from 0.1 bar to 30 bar.

Filtration can be performed by the method of flow separation, in which the total flow of water V with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C is directed along the membrane, while part of the water V _{1 is} filtered through the membrane in the form of light water with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C ₁ , a the rest of the water V ₂ , washing and regenerating the membrane, enters the drain through the flow ratio regulator in the form of waste water, with V = V ₁ + V ₂ and C ₁ > С.

The resulting volume of light water V ₁ can be from 0.05 to 0.8 of the total volume V of the source water received for filtration.

The source water entering the filtration can be subjected to an additional treatment selected from the group: mechanical treatment, treatment with magnetic fields, treatment with electric fields, radiation treatment, heat treatment, chemical treatment.

Chemical treatment of the source water may include adding components to the source water that improve the process of purifying the source water on the membrane. Non-exclusive examples of chemical agents for such processing can be various coagulants, flocculants, adsorbents, brighteners, defoamers, substances that loosen the precipitate formed on the filter element, etc. The purpose of their addition is to facilitate filtering as a technological process (reducing the membrane resistance due to the formation of dense sediment layer), prolonging the service of the filter element (exclusion of gross mechanical and some chemical impurities from the source water), etc.

The membrane of the filter element during the process can be subjected to additional effects selected from the group: mechanical exposure, exposure to magnetic fields, exposure to electric fields, exposure to radiation, thermal exposure, chemical exposure. All this also helps to facilitate filtering, in terms of technology. Electrical, thermal, magnetic treatment, exposure to radiation also prevent the formation of a dense precipitate on the membrane, prevent its bacterial growth. Chemical treatment serves the same purpose. It can be carried out by various regenerating solutions known in the art.

The membrane method for producing light water may include a cascade of the same type of filter elements, starting with two.

The membrane method for producing light water may include a cascade of heterogeneous filter elements, starting with two.

A cascade can be selected from a number of: parallel cascade, sequential cascade, or a combination thereof.

The problem is also solved by developing a facility for producing light high-purity water with a high content of light molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, the main node of which is a filter element of the membrane type, while the content of light molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in the resulting light water is not less than 99.734% of the total amount of H ₂ O.

Moreover, the proposed installation makes it quite simple to solve the problem of multiplying a single act of isotopic separation by creating a multi-stage system.

Moreover, the proposed installation allows in a single technological process, i.e. at the same time, to carry out the process of isotopic separation and purification of water from all foreign impurities, including mechanical, chemical, biological pollution.

The content of light molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in the resulting light water may be at least 997.08 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O.

The concentration of D in the resulting light water can be no more than 138 ppm.

The concentration of ¹⁷ O in the resulting light water can be no more than 372 ppm.

The concentration of ¹⁸ O in the resulting light water can be no more than 1960 ppm.

ΔD value obtained in the light water can be in the range of ⁰ -994 / -114 ⁰ to _00/00.

The value of δ ¹⁸ O in the light water can be obtained in the range of ⁰ -500 / -22 to _{00 ^0/00.}

The total salinity in the resulting light water can be no more than 20 μg / L.

Light water may be water selected from the group of distilled water, laboratory quality water, deionized water, ultrapure water, ultrapure water, ultrapure water, water of reagent quality.

Light water may be water selected from the group: water for drinking purposes, including for the production of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks; water for food purposes, including food production; water for cosmetic purposes and procedures, including for the production of cosmetic products; water for perfumes and hygiene purposes and procedures, including for the production of perfumes and hygiene products; water for medical purposes and procedures, including for the production of medicines and balneology; water for technical purposes, including for agriculture, crop production, livestock; water for technological processes, including in industry, housing and communal services.

Non-exclusive examples of water for cosmetic purposes and procedures can be: water for washing, water for baths, water for compresses, in all cases, both in its original form and with various additives.

Non-exclusive examples of water for perfumery and hygiene purposes and procedures can be: water for washing, water for baths, water for compresses, in all cases - both in its original form and with various additives.

Advantageously, light water for medical purposes may be bath water, pharmaceutical water, sterile water, pyrogen-free water, water for injection.

The separation method on the membrane of the filter element is selected from the group: dialysis, osmosis, diffusion, interdiffusion, facilitated diffusion, electrodialysis, Donnan dialysis, baromembrane method, pervaporation method, or a combination thereof.

The baromembrane method is selected from the group: microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, or a combination thereof.

The filter element is selected from the group: flat filter element, three-dimensional filter element, or a combination thereof.

The volumetric filter element is selected from the group: capsule filter element, cartridge type filter element, or a combination thereof.

The membrane configuration of the filter element is selected from the group: flat membrane, bulk membrane, roll membrane, tubular membrane, hollow fiber membrane.

The membrane of the filter element is selected from the group: single-layer membrane, two-layer membrane, multilayer membrane, asymmetric membrane, isotropic membrane.

The filter element is selected from the group: filter element with a single layer membrane, filter element with a two-layer membrane, filter element with a multilayer membrane, filter element with an asymmetric membrane, filter element with an isotropic membrane, or a combination thereof.

The intermembrane space in the filter element may be filled with granular ion exchangers.

The membrane material of the filter element can be selected from the group: natural materials, modified natural materials, synthetic materials, or a combination thereof.

Modified natural materials can be selected from the group: cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose hydrate, cellophane, ammonia copper cellophane, cuprofan, a mixture of cellulose triacetate with cellulose acetate.

Synthetic materials can be selected from the group: nylon, polyimides, polyamides, polysulfones, fluoroplastics, polymers of fluorinated olefins.

The membrane of the filter element can be selected from the group: cation exchange membrane, anion exchange membrane, microfiltration membrane, ultrafiltration membrane, nanofiltration membrane, reverse osmosis membrane.

The pore size in the membrane of the filter element can be selected in the range from 0.0001 μm to 0.5 μm.

The pore geometry in the membrane of a filter element can be selected from the group: linear pores, pores of complex configuration, through pores, discontinuous pores, perpendicular pores, inclined pores, track pores, ordered pores, chaotic pores, mixed pores, or a combination thereof.

The membrane of the filter element may be a track membrane.

The filtration process can occur at a pressure of from 0.1 bar to 30 bar.

Filtration can be performed by the method of flow separation, in which the total flow of water V with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C is directed along the membrane, while part of the water V _{1 is} filtered through the membrane in the form of light water with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C ₁ , a the rest of the water V ₂ , washing and regenerating the membrane, enters the drain through the flow ratio regulator in the form of waste water, with V = V ₁ + V ₂ and C ₁ > С.

The resulting volume of light water V ₁ can be from 0.05 to 0.8 of the total volume V of the source water received for filtration.

The process of filtering the source water through the membrane in order to obtain light high-purity water with a higher content of light molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O is illustrated in FIG. 1, where the installation is schematically shown, where C is the concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in the source water, V is the volume of the feed water that is filtered, C _{1 is the} concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in the light water obtained, C ₁ > C, V _{1 is the} volume light water, V _{2 the} volume of waste water passing through the regulator of the ratio of flows. The arrows show the flow directions.

The source water entering the filtration can be subjected to an additional treatment selected from the group: mechanical treatment, treatment with magnetic fields, treatment with electric fields, radiation treatment, heat treatment, chemical treatment. All types of additional processing are used for preliminary removal of unwanted impurities, which allows to extend the life of the membrane element.

Chemical treatment of the source water may include adding components to the source water that improve the process of purifying the source water on the membrane. Non-exclusive examples of chemical agents for such processing can be various coagulants, flocculants, adsorbents, brighteners, antifoam agents, substances that loosen the precipitate formed on the filter element, etc. The purpose of their addition is also to facilitate filtering as a technological process (reducing membrane resistance due to formation of a dense layer of sediment), prolongation of the service of the filter element (exclusion of gross mechanical and some chemical impurities from the source water), etc.

The membrane of the filter element during the process can be subjected to additional effects selected from the group: mechanical exposure, exposure to magnetic fields, exposure to electric fields, exposure to radiation, thermal exposure, chemical exposure. All this also helps to facilitate filtering, in terms of technology. Electrical, thermal, magnetic treatment, exposure to radiation also prevent the formation of a dense precipitate on the membrane, prevent its bacterial growth. Chemical treatment serves the same purpose. It can be carried out by various regenerating solutions known in the art.

All types of additional water treatment or the membrane of the filter element described in the dependent paragraphs pursue independent technical results well known in the art. In the framework of this application, the applicant does not claim them. They are provided only to indicate the possibility of use in conjunction with the claimed method.

The membrane method for producing light water may include a cascade of the same type of filter elements, starting with two.

The membrane method for producing light water may include a cascade of heterogeneous filter elements, starting with two.

A cascade can be selected from a number of: parallel cascade, sequential cascade, or a combination thereof.

The cascade dividing steps are equipped with the necessary regulatory bodies: flow and pressure regulators, critical washers, laminar resistances, which allow the cascading conditions to be achieved to achieve the maximum dividing ability of the steps

By varying the technological parameters of the membrane separation process, it is possible to obtain a given degree of water enrichment with its lightest component ¹ Н ₂ ¹⁶ О, the degree of enrichment depends on the specific purpose of using light high-purity water.

The technical result of the present invention is the creation of a new effective method and installation for the production of light high-purity water. The method and installation proposed in the patent make it possible to obtain light high-purity water without the use of additional reagents and solvents, minimize phase transitions, increase energy conservation, conduct processes at relatively low temperatures, resulting in reduced costs and environmental standards. In this case, the production of light water and purification from impurities occurs simultaneously in a single technological process. Therefore, the source water for the production of light high-purity water with a high content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O can be natural, natural water, including with impurities and varying degrees of pollution, tap water, water of any degree of purification (distilled, deionized, etc. )

The production process of light high-purity water with a higher content of light molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O using the method and apparatus of the invention is shown in the examples. The examples are given only to illustrate the effectiveness and capabilities of this invention, in no way limiting the scope of its application.

Example 1. The production process of light high-purity water with a high content of light molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O using the method and installation of the invention (Fig. 1).

Before entering the installation, water with a total salt content of 400 mg / l is subjected to preliminary treatment. To do this, it passes through a filter system, as a result of which it is completely freed from mechanical impurities, in it the content of foreign impurities is reduced to a possible minimum, including softening, iron removal, removal of organic matter.

After that, the source water (Fig. 1) with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C = 99.730% enters a separate tank [1], from which the pump [2] delivers water with a volume of V = 1000 l / h at a pressure of 15 bar into the housing of the filter element [3]. Water entering the filter element housing [3] moves along the axis of the roll-type membrane [4]. Under pressure, part of the water moving through the pores of the membrane passes through it and moves along the system of channels of the membrane to the exit in the form of light high-purity water with a volume of V ₁ = 300 l / h with a concentration of ¹ N ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C ₁ = 99.742%, with a total salt content of not more than 15 μg / l for storage in the product tank [7]. The second stream with a volume of V ₂ = 700 l / h moves along the membrane, washing and regenerating its surface, and enters the drain [5] in the form of waste water, passing through the flow ratio regulator [6].

Table 3 ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O,% ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, g / kg D ppm ¹⁷ O, ppm ¹⁸ O, ppm δD, _^0/00 δ ¹⁸ O, _^0/00 Source water 99,730 997.03 155 390 2005 0 0 Light water 99,742 997.17 130 368 1950 -165 -27

The housing of the filter element [3] is made of stainless steel. The membrane [4] is made of a specially modified mixture of cellulose triacetate with a pore size of 0.0001 μm, ordered pores have a complex configuration.

The flow ratio controller [6] is an adjustable laminar resistance and maintains the flow ratio in such a way that V ₁ is 0.3 of the total volume V of the source water received for filtration.

The process occurs at a temperature of 15-30 ° C.

Example 2. The production process of light high-purity water with a high content of light molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O using the method and installation of the invention, in a sequential cascade of two stages with the same filter elements (Fig. 2).

The process and device for the production of light high-purity water with a high content of light molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O at the first stage of the cascade are similar to those described in example 1.

The light high-purity water obtained at the first stage of the cascade with a concentration of ¹ N ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C ₁ = 99.742%, with a total salt content of 15 μg / l, is pumped directly (or through the storage tank [7]) using a pump [8] with volume V ₁ = 300 l / h to the filter block of the second stage of the cascade. Getting into the casing of the filter element [9] of the second stage of the cascade, water moves along the axis of the roll-type membrane. Under pressure, part of the water moving through the pores of the membrane passes through it and moves along the system of channels of the membrane to the exit in the form of light high-purity water with a volume of V ₃ = 90 l / h with a concentration of H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C ₃ = 99.747%, the total salinity is not more than 5 μg / l for storage in the product tank [11]. The second stream with a volume of V ₄ = 210 l / h moves along the membrane, washing and regenerating its surface, and enters the drain [12] in the form of waste water of the second stage of the cascade, passing through the flow ratio regulator [13].

Table 4 ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O,% ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, g / kg D ppm ¹⁷ O, ppm ¹⁸ O, ppm δD, _^0/00 δ ¹⁸ O, _^0/00 Source water 99,730 997.03 155 390 2005 0 0 Light water 99,742 997.17 130 368 1950 -165 -27 first stage Second stage light water 99,747 997.22 117 364 1930 -249 -37

The flow ratio regulator [13] is an adjustable laminar resistance and maintains the flow ratio in such a way that V ₃ is 0.3 of the volume V _{1 of the} initial light water of the first stage of the cascade, which entered the filtration in the second stage.

As a result of applying a sequential cascade of two stages with the same filter elements, the concentration of [ ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O] in the finished product increases: C ₃ > C ₁ > C.

Example 3

The source water with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, equal to C = 99.730%, and with a total salinity of 400 mg / l, is subjected to preliminary treatment as described in example 1.

The cleaning process according to the invention also proceeds similarly to that described in example 1. The only difference is that the filter element housing [3] is made of plastic suitable for use in the food industry, and the membrane [4] is made of a specially modified polyamide composite (for example, such brands as Filmtec and Aspring) with a pore size of 0.0001 microns, ordered pores have a complex configuration.

The experimental results are summarized in table 5.

Table 5. ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O,% ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, g / kg D ppm ¹⁷ Oh ppm ¹⁸ O, ppm δD, _^0/00 δ ¹⁸ O, _^0/00 Source water 99,730 997.03 155 390 2005 0 0 Light water 99,745 997.20 120 368 1940 -230 -33

Example 4

The source water with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, equal to C = 99.730%, and with a total salinity of 400 mg / l, is subjected to preliminary treatment as described in example 1.

The purification process according to the invention proceeds similarly to that described in Supplementary Example 1. The difference is that the installed laminar resistance maintains the flow ratio in such a way that V ₁ is 0.1 of the total volume V of the source water received for filtration.

The results of the experiment are summarized in table 6.

Table 6 ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O,% ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, g / kg D ppm ¹⁷ O, ppm ¹⁸ O, ppm δD, _^0/00 δ ¹⁸ O, _^0/00 Source water 99,730 997.03 155 390 2005 0 0 Light water 99,747 997.22 117 364 1930 -249 -37

Example 5

The source water with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, equal to C = 99.730%, and with a total salinity of 400 mg / l, is subjected to preliminary treatment as described in example 1.

The purification process according to the invention proceeds similarly to that described in Supplementary Example 1. The difference is that the installed laminar resistance maintains the flow ratio in such a way that V ₁ is 0.5 of the total volume V of the source water received for filtration.

The experimental results are summarized in table 7.

Table 7 ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O,% ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, g / kg D ppm ¹⁷ O, ppm ¹⁸ O, ppm δD, _^0/00 δ ¹⁸ O, _^0/00 Source water 99,730 997.03 155 390 2005 0 0 Light water 99,735 997.10 148 378 1974 -fifty -16

Example 6

The source water with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, equal to C = 99.730%, and with a total salinity of 400 mg / l, is subjected to preliminary treatment as described in example 1.

The cleaning process according to the invention proceeds similarly to that described in Supplementary Example 1. The difference is that the pressure generated by the pump supplying water for filtration is 7 bar, the total volume V supplied to the filtration is 500 l / h, the volume of high-purity water obtained as a result, it is 150 l / h, respectively.

The experimental results are shown in table 8.

Table 8 ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O,% ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, g / kg D ppm ¹⁷ O, ppm ¹⁸ O, ppm δD, _^0/00 δ ¹⁸ O, _^0/00 Source water 99,730 997.03 155 390 2005 0 0 Light water 99,740 997.14 138 370 1960 -177 -23

Example 7

The source water with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, equal to C = 99.730%, and with a total salinity of 400 mg / l, is subjected to preliminary treatment as described in example 1.

The membrane cleaning process is carried out on a flat-chamber apparatus, the separation element of which consists of two flat (sheet) membranes, between which there is a porous drainage material. The device contains 10 such elements. Elements are placed at a distance of 5 mm from one another, as a result of which membrane channels are formed between them, through which the shared mixture circulates. The resulting concentrate is discharged from the apparatus, and the permeate is discharged through the drainage material into the collector. To turbulize the flow by transverse mixing and to prevent contact of the permeable elements, a mesh separator is used. The operating pressure of the apparatus is 40 bar. Other process parameters are similar to those shown in example 1 (total volume supplied to the filtration, 1000 l / h, flow ratio 0.3, membrane material — a specially modified mixture of cellulose triacetate with a pore size of 0.0001 μm).

The experimental results are shown in table 9.

Table 9 ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O,% ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, g / kg D ppm ¹⁷ O, ppm ¹⁸ O, ppm δD, _^0/00 δ ¹⁸ O, _^0/00 Source water 99,730 997.03 155 390 2005 0 0 Light water 99,745 997.2 120 368 1940 -230 -33

Example 8

The source water with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, equal to C = 99.730%, and with a total salinity of 400 mg / l, is subjected to preliminary treatment as described in example 1.

The purification process according to the invention proceeds similarly to that described in Supplementary Example 1. The difference is that the established laminar resistance maintains the flow ratio in such a way that V ₁ is 0.05 of the total volume V of the feed water received for filtration and the pore size of the membrane is 0 5 microns.

The results of the experiment are summarized in table 10.

Table 10 ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O,% ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, g / kg D ppm ¹⁷ O, ppm ¹⁸ O, ppm δD, _^0/00 δ ¹⁸ O, _^0/00 Source water 99,730 997.03 155 390 2005 0 0 Light water 99,734 997.14 138 372 1960 -114 -23

Claims (60)

1. A method of producing light water, which is high purity water with a high content of light molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, characterized in that the source water is purified through a filter element of the membrane type, filtration in the filter membrane element is performed by the flow separation method, in which the total flow water V with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C is directed along the membrane, while part of the water V _{1 is} filtered through the membrane in the form of light water with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C ₁ , and the remaining part of the water V ₂ , washing and regenerating the membrane, it flows to the drain through the flow ratio regulator in the form of waste water, with V = V ₁ + V ₂ and C ₁ > C, the resulting volume of light water V ₁ is from 0.05 to 0.8 of the total volume V initial water introduced to filtration, and the content C ₁ of light molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in the light water is obtained at least 99.734% of H ₂ O, ¹⁷ O concentration in the resulting light water is not more than 372 million ^-1 and the concentration of ¹⁸ O in the light water is prepared not more than 1960 million ^-1. 2. The method of producing light water according to claim 1, characterized in that the content of light molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in the resulting light water is not less than 997.08 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O. 3. A method of producing light water according to claim 1, characterized in that the concentration of D obtained in the light water is not more than 138 million ^-1. 4. The method of producing light water according to claim 1, characterized in that the δD value in the obtained light water is in the range from -994 to -114 ‰. 5. The method of producing light water according to claim 1, characterized in that the value of δ ¹⁸ O in the obtained light water is in the range from -500 to - 22 ‰. 6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the total salinity in the resulting light water is not more than 20 μg / L. 7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the light water is water selected from the group: ultrapure water, ultrapure water, ultrapure water, water of reagent quality. 8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the light water is water selected from the group: water for drinking purposes, including for the production of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks; water for food purposes, including food production; water for cosmetic purposes and procedures, including for the production of cosmetic products; water for perfumes and hygiene purposes and procedures, including for the production of perfumes and hygiene products; water for medical purposes and procedures, including for the production of medicines and balneology; water for technical purposes, including for agriculture, crop production, livestock; water for technological processes, including in industry, housing and communal services. 9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the light water for medical purposes is water selected from the group: bath water, pharmaceutical water, water for injection. 10. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the separation method on the membrane of the filter element is selected from the group: dialysis, osmosis, diffusion, interdiffusion, facilitated diffusion, electrodialysis, baromembrane method, pervaporation method, or a combination thereof. 11. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that the baromembrane method is selected from the group: microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, or a combination thereof. 12. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the filter element is selected from the group: flat filter element, volumetric filter element, or a combination thereof, 13. The method according to p. 12, characterized in that the volumetric filter element is selected from the group: capsule filter element, cartridge type filter element or a combination thereof. 14. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the membrane configuration of the filter element is selected from the group: flat membrane, bulk membrane, roll membrane, tubular membrane, hollow fiber membrane. 15. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the membrane of the filter element is selected from the group: single-layer membrane, two-layer membrane, multi-layer membrane, asymmetric membrane, isotropic membrane. 16. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the filter element is selected from the group: a filter element with a single layer membrane, a filter element with a two-layer membrane, a filter element with a multilayer membrane, a filter element with an asymmetric membrane, a filter element with an isotropic membrane, or a combination thereof . 17. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the intermembrane space in the filter element is filled with granular ion exchangers. 18. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the membrane material of the filter element is selected from the group: cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose hydrate, cellophane, copper-ammonia cellophane, a mixture of cellulose triacetate with cellulose acetate. 19. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the membrane material of the filter element is selected from the group: nylon, polyimides, polyamides, polysulfones, fluoroplastics, polymers of fluorine-derived olefins. 20. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the filter element membrane is selected from the group: cation exchange membrane, anion exchange membrane, microfiltration membrane, ultrafiltration membrane, nanofiltration membrane, reverse osmosis membrane. 21. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the pore size in the membrane of the filter element is selected in the range from 0.0001 to 0.5 μm. 22. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the pore geometry in the membrane of the filter element is selected from the group: linear pores, pores of complex configuration, through pores, perpendicular pores, inclined pores, track pores, ordered pores, random pores, mixed pores or their combination. 23. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the membrane of the filter element is a track membrane. 24. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the filtering process occurs at a pressure of from 0.1 to 30 bar. 25. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the source water entering the filtration is subjected to an additional treatment selected from the group: mechanical treatment, treatment with magnetic fields, treatment with electric fields, radiation processing, heat treatment, chemical treatment. 26. The method according A.25, characterized in that the chemical treatment of the source water includes adding to the source water components that improve the process of purification of the source water on the membrane. 27. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the membrane of the filter element during the process undergoes additional exposure selected from the group: mechanical action, exposure to magnetic fields, exposure to electric fields, radiation, thermal exposure, chemical exposure. 28. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that it includes a cascade of the same type of filter elements, starting with two. 29. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that it includes a cascade of heterogeneous filter elements, starting with two. 30. The method according to any one of paragraphs 28 and 29, characterized in that the cascade is selected from the series: parallel cascade, sequential cascade, or a combination thereof. 31. Installation for producing light high-purity water with a high content of light molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, characterized in that it consists of: a separate container for storing the source water; a pump supplying feed water to the filter element; filter element; installed after the filter element of the product container and flow regulator in the form of a laminar resistance, which ensures the separation of flows in the filter element so that the total flow of water V with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C is directed along the membrane, while part of the water V _{1 is} filtered through the membrane in the form of light water with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C ₁ , and the remaining part of water V ₂ , washing and regenerating the membrane, enters the drain through the flow ratio regulator in the form of waste water, with V = V ₁ + V ₂ and C ₁ > C, the obtained volume of light water V ₁ is from 0.05 to 0.8 of the total volume V of the initial water received for filtration, while the content of C ₁ light molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O obtained in this installation light water is at least 99.734% of H ₂ O, ¹⁷ O concentration in the resulting light water is not more than 372 million ^-1, and the concentration resulting in ¹⁸ O light water is more than 1960 million ^-1. 32. Installation for producing light water according to p. 31, characterized in that the content of light molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in the resulting light water is not less than 997.08 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O. 33. An apparatus for manufacturing a light water according to claim 31, characterized in that the concentration of D obtained in the light water is not more than 138 million ^-1. 34. Installation for producing light water according to p, characterized in that the value of δD in the resulting light water is in the range from -994 to -114 ‰. 35. Installation for producing light water according to p, characterized in that the value of δ ¹⁸ O in the resulting light water is in the range from -500 to -22 ‰. 36. Installation according to p. 31, characterized in that the total salt content in the resulting light water is not more than 20 μg / L. 37. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the light water is water selected from the group: ultrapure water, ultrapure water, ultrapure water, water of reagent quality. 38. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the light water is selected from the group: water for drinking purposes, including for the production of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks; water for food purposes, including food production; water for cosmetic purposes and procedures, including for the production of cosmetic products; water for perfumes and hygiene purposes and procedures, including for the production of perfumes and hygiene products; water for medical purposes and procedures, including for the production of medicines and balneology; water for technical purposes, including for agriculture, crop production, livestock; water for technological processes, including in industry, housing and communal services. 39. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the light water for medical purposes is water selected from the group: bath water, pharmaceutical water, sterile water, water for injection. 40. Installation according to p. 31, characterized in that the separation method on the membrane of the filter element is selected from the group: dialysis, osmosis, diffusion, interdiffusion, facilitated diffusion, electrodialysis, baromembrane method, pervaporation method, or a combination thereof. 41. The apparatus of claim 40, wherein the baromembrane method is selected from the group: microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, or a combination thereof. 42. Installation according to p. 31, characterized in that the filter element is selected from the group: flat filter element, three-dimensional filter element, or a combination thereof 43. The apparatus of claim 42, wherein the volumetric filter element is selected from the group: capsule filter element, cartridge type filter element, or a combination thereof. 44. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the membrane configuration of the filter element is selected from the group: a flat membrane, a bulk membrane, a hollow fiber membrane. 45. The installation according to p. 31, characterized in that the membrane of the filter element is selected from the group: single-layer membrane, two-layer membrane, multilayer membrane, asymmetric membrane, isotropic membrane. 46. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the filter element is selected from the group: filter element with a single layer membrane, filter element with a two-layer membrane, filter element with a multilayer membrane, filter element with an asymmetric membrane, filter element with an isotropic membrane, or a combination thereof . 47. Installation according to p. 31, characterized in that the intermembrane space in the filter element is filled with granular ion exchangers. 48. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the membrane material of the filter element is selected from the group: cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose hydrate, cellophane, copper ammonia cellophane, a mixture of cellulose triacetate with cellulose acetate. 49. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the membrane material of the filter element is selected from the group: nylon, polyimides, polyamides, polysulfones, fluoroplastics, polymers of fluorine-derived olefins. 50. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the filter element membrane is selected from the group: cation exchange membrane, anion exchange membrane, microfiltration membrane, ultrafiltration membrane, nanofiltration membrane, reverse osmosis membrane. 51. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the pore size in the membrane of the filter element is selected in the range from 0.0001 to 0.5 microns. 52. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the pore geometry in the membrane of the filter element is selected from the group: linear pores, pores of complex configuration, through pores, perpendicular pores, inclined pores, track pores, ordered pores, random pores, mixed pores or their combination. 53. Installation according to p. 31, characterized in that the membrane of the filter element is a track membrane. 54. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the filtration process occurs at a pressure of from 0.1 to 30 bar. 55. The installation according to p. 31, characterized in that the source water entering the filtration is subjected to additional treatment selected from the group: mechanical treatment, treatment with magnetic fields, treatment with electric fields, radiation processing, heat treatment, chemical treatment. 56. The installation according to item 55, wherein the chemical treatment of the source water includes the addition of components to the source water that improve the process of purification of the source water on the membrane. 57. Installation according to p. 31, characterized in that the membrane of the filter element during the process undergoes additional exposure selected from the group: mechanical impact, exposure to magnetic fields, exposure to electric fields, radiation, thermal exposure, chemical exposure. 58. Installation according to p. 31, characterized in that it includes a cascade of the same filter elements, starting with two. 59. Installation according to p. 31, characterized in that it includes a cascade of heterogeneous filter elements, starting with two. 60. Installation according to any one of paragraphs.58-59, characterized in that the cascade is selected from the series: parallel cascade, serial cascade, or a combination thereof.

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