RU2389978C2 - Method of obtaining information features for electronic apparatus for measuring gas flow and device for realising said method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: physics.

SUBSTANCE: method of obtaining information features for electronic apparatus for measuring quantitative values of gas consumed based on using physical, mechanical, aerodynamic and structural properties of a probing sample of material (turbine) known a priori, where the said sample is put into a vertical cylindrical measuring pipe with a coaxially arranged cone inside, and with a variable volume graduated with electronic markers, and with electrical capacitor plates on its outer surface connected to an electronic circuit which, in their functional combination when the analysed stream of gas with variable quantitative, physical and chemical properties passes through them, provide formation of several groups of unitary electric pulse signals, quantitative values in which and quantitative ratios of which characterise the dynamics of vertical movement and rotational speed of the probing sample of the material (turbine) in the analysed gas medium, size of the cross sectional area of the passage opening, volume of the measuring cylinder occupied by the gas at the given flow rate and temperature which, for electronic apparatus for measuring gas flow, is a set of information features for calculating the value of pressure lost at the given flow rate, value of the changed mass of the turbine, level of lost or acquired sensitivity of the measurement apparatus, the value of the changed sensitivity threshold and quantitative value of the consumed gas reduced to standard conditions used in fiscal measurement for mutual settlements.

EFFECT: design of a universal method of obtaining information features for measuring volume and quantitative values of consumed gas and design of cheap, high-precision, simple, reliable, safe to use and service electronic apparatus for measuring gas flow based on the said method.

5 cl, 10 dwg

Description

The invention relates to measuring equipment and is intended for use in the creation of electronic means of measuring volumetric or quantitative values of gas, taking into account changes in pressure, density and temperature. Electronic measuring instruments created on the basis of the proposed method allow measurements to be made in a wide range of changing characteristics of its state of aggregation, taking into account the changing (over time) technical characteristics of the structural elements of the measuring device.

The proposed method provides a simple, inexpensive and uniform approach to the methodology and procedure for measuring gas flows at various volumes of flow and conditions of its state, while ensuring high accuracy and reliability of measurement. This eliminates the need for constant monitoring of the impact on the final measurement results of various side factors inherent in existing means of measuring gas flows, and the calculation of various correction factors in order to adjust the final result.

The proposed method for measuring the volumetric or quantitative (molar) values of the consumed gas is universal and can be used to create electronic means for measuring household, communal, industrial, industrial and main volumes of the consumed gas and is effective in measuring both stationary and non-stationary modes of gas flow ( pulsating and variable).

Created by the proposed method, electronic means of measuring the flow of consumed gas, built on the basis of the achievements of modern computer technology (SVT), convert the electrical signals obtained by the implementation of the proposed method of measurement into absolute values of the volume of gas consumed, taking into account its density, temperature expansion coefficient and changing pressure, reduced to standard conditions adopted in commercial accounting for mutual settlements - pressure July 101.325 kPa and a temperature of 20 ° C. Such electronic measuring instruments allow using the built-in software tools to monitor in time both the dynamics of changes in the state of aggregation of the measured gas flow and the dynamics of the changing characteristics of the structural elements of the measuring tool itself. In addition, the measuring instruments developed by the proposed method have a long-term maintenance-free working life and provide the electronic means of the meter with the necessary features for automatic instant and constant verification and certification of the measuring instrument at the place of operation without stopping and dismantling, during operation.

The world market requires an increase in the volume of supplied energy resources, which, in turn, requires an increase in the throughput of trunk and industrial gas pipelines, and their inexpensive and reliable accounting in all sectors of the economy of any state. However, the world gas industry still cannot solve the problem of creating a universal, simple and inexpensive way to measure gas flows and develop electronic measuring instruments on its basis, which would allow specialists to develop unified methods for accounting for gas volumes and obtaining a conflict-free balance based on them volumes of released and received gas.

Currently, the gas industry uses various indirect measurement methods to measure gas flow. To ensure the measurement of gas flows in such ways, technical means of measurement (devices, complexes and systems) are used, which with a large number of difficult to change and correlated indicators characterizing the state of the gas (temperature, pressure, density, viscosity, flow rate from the narrowing hole, isothermal and adiabatic gas expansion, turbulence, flow resistance and other side factors), significantly affect the accuracy and reliability of the measurement tions. To ensure control and determine the degree of influence of these factors, such measurement methods require, in turn, a large number of additional technical means to ensure these measurements, the use of which in each particular case is caused by an additional pile of technical, technological and methodological conditions that significantly increase the cost of measurements and do not guarantee required accuracy and reliability of measurement. In case of disagreement on the results of gas flow measurement GOST 8.563.2-97 p. 7.5; clause 8.4.2 [6] and PR50.2.019-96 clause 8.2 and clause 9.1.1 [15] recommends that interested parties resort to conciliation procedures, which ultimately affects the final consumer by the economic burden and, above all, on a consumer using small amounts of gas. The latter circumstance follows from the fact that in practice, with all existing methods of indirectly measuring extremely small gas flows, used both on main gas pipelines and when measuring utility and domestic consumption volumes, the reliability of the measurement results is negligible.

Currently used means of measuring the volumes of transported gas on gas pipelines, developed on the basis of the properties of narrowing diaphragms, ISA nozzles, Venturi pipes and nozzles (variable pressure differential method [5]), and turbine industrial pipelines (tachometric measurement method [15] ) and rotary (volumetric measurement method) meters do not allow satisfying the requirements of the economy to increase the throughput of gas pipelines while increasing accuracy and reliability and measurement and a decrease in the cost of these measurements due to contradictions - the incompatibility of the set of requirements with the potential capabilities of the used measuring instruments, and together with the changing properties of the gas flow moving in the pipeline under high pressure, and in contradiction with the natural laws of nature.

For example, an increase in the measurement accuracy by the method of variable pressure differential requires a decrease in the cross-sectional area of the narrowing hole, which automatically increases the gas pressure in the pipeline and reduces its transportation speed. In addition, with large gas pressures arising in the pressure drop measurement zone on the constriction devices, there is a real threat of a gas transition to another phase of its state, which is unacceptable for a reliable measurement procedure. An increase in the size of the cross-sectional area of the passage opening installed in the diaphragm line in order to increase its throughput reduces the difference in pressure drop before and after the diaphragm, which leads to a decrease in the accuracy and reliability of the measurement.

Thus, it is impossible to ensure the measurement of gas flows on the basis of satisfying the above economic and technical requirements with the help of the measuring instruments currently used in the gas industry, since upon meeting the conditions of the requirements, the measured gas medium changes its state of aggregation, which is not acceptable for the reliable measurement procedure . It is precisely because of the satisfaction of the requirements for ensuring a stable state of the measured gas flow that the range of applicability of the above methods is limited. In other words, the measurement of gas flows through the use of indirect methods of measurement can be considered effective, in terms of quality, reliability and cost of this measurement, only where the measurement conditions are a priori known, stable, and changes are predictable.

Measurement of gas flow by the method of variable differential pressure using narrowing devices, with its apparent apparent simplicity and clarity, is actually one of the most complex, expensive and imperfect methods of flow measurement. Calculation of the quantity of the gaseous medium passed through the constriction device is very imperfect and cumbersome, despite framing this measurement method in the framework of a large number of RD and GOSTs developed and accepted for execution.

The basis for measuring gas flows moving through circular pipelines using the method of variable pressure differential is the accumulated knowledge obtained from the experience of previous generations of specialists (stereotypical empirical knowledge), which were introduced into the relevant GOSTs and RDs. However, it is necessary to take into account the fact that in real conditions the measured gas medium located in the pipeline under the influence of many difficult to predict factors can significantly change its state and affect the measurement results. For example, in large-diameter trunk pipelines with a length of several thousand kilometers, the medium being measured is under high pressure (up to 75 MPa), which can make up more than 300 tons of medium to be measured in a pipeline section of only 1 km long. Naturally, such a moving medium at high speed, the mass of the measured medium in the pipeline is subject to the influence of the centrifugal and Coriolis forces acting on this mass, created by the rotating property of the Earth. Due to the fact that large-diameter trunk pipelines are laid over a complex terrain and at different angles of rotation relative to the Earth’s meridian line, gas in such areas is influenced by these factors (for example, the Baire law or the compressive properties of a gas, or the inertial properties of a moving large mass of gas) and many other factors changes its state, which, coupled with the design features of the pipeline, the relief features of the area, the internal resistances of the walls of the pipeline, bends, m stnymi resistances and other factors, as well as in case of installation of the pressure sensors, densitometer, and temperature sensors, even without considering the above-described characteristics results in measurements on different parts of the pipeline to ambiguous results.

In a generalized form, the main disadvantages of measuring fluid and gaseous media by the method of variable pressure drop include the fact that the basis of this measurement method is not based on the fundamental laws of nature, which are well studied by world science and presented in the educational and scientific literature in the form of equations, formulas, formulations, laws, constants and other generally accepted conclusions and are recommended by the world scientific community for practical use and application, and based on an analysis of indirect, art characteristics created by the influence of a large number of factors, the values of which, in turn, are difficult to measure or difficult to calculate, and the final calculation of the measurement results is carried out according to the equations formulated on the basis of the generalized knowledge of previous generations of experts, obtained experimentally, with a large number of complex correction coefficients.

So, for example, from the field of science (see section 9.3. [1], §2 of section 12 [3]) it is known that to determine the state of many gaseous substances it is enough to know the values of parameters such as temperature - T, pressure - P, volume - V and the molar amount of gas is n. The relationship between these parameters is expressed by the equation of state of an ideal gas (hereinafter referred to as ASIG), obtained on the basis of the molecular-kinetic theory of gases, and which relates four different parameters of the state of aggregation of gas

where R is the coefficient of the molar gas constant, which has a more common name - the universal gas constant. Its numerical value is determined by the choice of units of measure for the remaining variables. For example:

No. p / p Units of measurement of the constituent elements of the ideal gas equation of state The numerical value of the universal gas constant R one. liter × atm / (K × mol) 0.08206 2. Cal / (K × mol) 1,987 3. J / (K × mol) (SI system) 8,314

Although the equation of state of an ideal gas helps to understand the most important properties of gases, the behavior of real gases differs significantly from ideal gases. The measure of these differences can be judged after the transformation of equation {1} to the form

From this representation of the equation it can be seen that for one mole of an ideal gas (n = 1) the value of PV / RT should be equal to unity. Fig. 9.14 of section 9.3. [1] shows a plot of the PV / RT ratio versus pressure for some gases at 300 ° K. An analysis of this graph shows that the properties of real gases at high pressures differ significantly from ideal ones. It should be emphasized that at moderate pressure values (in the range from 1 to 10 atm), the deviations of the properties of real gases from ideal gases are not so large, and in this connection, in practice, the equation of state of an ideal gas can be used with satisfactory accuracy.

For a more accurate description of the relationship between the indicators of real gases in science, many different equations of state have been proposed. However, these equations have a more complex form compared with the equation of state of an ideal gas. In practice, they use the most common equation of state for real gases proposed by van der Waals

This equation differs from USIG {1} by the presence of two correction terms that correct the volume and pressure. The term nb in the expression (V-nb) corrects for the final volume of gas molecules, while the van der Waals constant b for each type of gas has its own special value, which is expressed in units of l / mol. It is a measure of the true volume occupied by gas molecules. It should be noted that with an increase in the mass of molecules or with a combination of their structures, the value of b increases. The correction made to the pressure takes into account the presence of intermolecular attractive forces. In this correction term is introduced and a constant having individual values for each gas, as well as the factor (n / V) ^2. This ratio has a mol / L dimension and in the correction term of the equation is squared, because at high pressures the number of molecular compounds formed during the collision is proportional to the square of the number of molecules per unit volume. With increasing molecular weight and complexity of the molecular structures, the value of a increases.

The above description of equation {3} is completely taken from [1] (section 9.8) in order to show that far from complete range of problems that developers of gas flow measuring instruments must consider.

One of the most problematic issues in measuring the quantitative quantities of the consumed gas is the property of the gas to compress and expand, while changing its other indicators in temperature and pressure.

Currently, the definition of the physical properties of natural gas, including its density and component composition, in the gas industry of the Russian Federation and the CIS countries is regulated by the following NTD:

GOST 30319.0-96 [5], GOST 30319.1-96 [6], GOST 30319.2-96 [7], GOST 30319.3-96 [8]. So, clause 3.1 of GOST 30319.3-96 [8] for calculating the physical properties of natural gas, the equation of state of the equation of state {4} is proposed

where c _k1 are the coefficients of the equation of state;

p _n = p _m / p _nk is the reduced density;

T _n = T / T _nk is the reduced temperature;

p _m — molar density, kmol / m ³ ;

p _nk and T _nk are the pseudocritical parameters of natural gas.

At first glance, the given CSS for calculating the physical properties of natural gas does not seem very complicated when it is used in practice, it turns into a laborious scientific research work.

It should be noted the following:

1) The proposed CSS {4} is designed for use in the application of obtaining informative features based on the use of narrowing devices in accordance with GOST 8.563.1-97 [5], GOST 8.563.2-97 [6], and is also recommended for use in flow measurements gas by turbine and rotary meters;

2) According to clause 3.2 [10], the initial data for calculating the gas properties according to the equation of state are pressure, temperature, and component composition of natural gas, expressed in molar or volume fractions of the components;

3) The application limits of the proposed CSS are limited in pressure to 12 MPa, in temperature from 240 K (-33 ° C) to 480 K (+ 207 ° C).

For clarity, the presence of big problems in determining and calculating the quantitative values of the consumed gas is given below in a “collapsed” form established by GOST equations that are used under various conditions for obtaining certain informative signs using narrowing devices.

So, to determine the mass value of the gas flow rate when measuring its values using narrowing devices GOST 8.563.2-97 [6] (see section 5 (5.4-5.9)) recommends using the following equations.

When directly determining the density of the medium under operating conditions

In the indirect determination of gas density under operating conditions through density under standard conditions

And taking into account standard values for temperature (T _c = 293.15 K (20 ° C) and pressure (p _c = 1, 0332 kgf / cm ² (101325 Pa)

In the above equations, the symbols of the parameters are disclosed in Table 1 of GOST 8.563.2-97, and the scale factors given in the equations are given in Tables A4-A.6 of GOST 8.563.2-97 [6] and occupy several pages of values.

In economic terms, the following two circumstances should be attributed to the main disadvantages of measuring transported or consumed gas by the method of variable pressure drop:

the first is a significant part of the energy costs aimed at ensuring gas transportation in the line, is spent on overcoming the resistance to gas flow measuring constriction devices, coupled with the resistance of the walls of the pipeline and local resistance created by the bends of the pipelines, including bends that repeat the natural terrain. In GOSTs, this indicator is characterized by the value - lost pressure;

the second is the unreasonably high cost of cumbersome supporting technological procedures for measuring and monitoring these measurements.

The value of the lost pressure when measuring the volumes of gas transported through the pipeline using narrowing devices according to GOST 8.563.1-97, items 10.1.9, 10.2.6 [5] can reach up to 25%. In other words, this means that in the limit almost a quarter of the energy spent on transporting gas is spent on overcoming the resistance of the measuring diaphragm, and this despite the fact that the dynamic range of the measured gas volume of the diaphragm used is negligible. To pump gas in the main pipelines at gas distribution stations, turbojet engines with a capacity of up to 50 MW / h are installed, operating on gas fuel removed from the main or on supplied electricity.

The question of the relationship between the magnitude of the lost pressure and energy costs aimed at carrying out the work of this measuring tool, or more precisely, overcoming the resistance created by this measuring tool, requires additional explanation.

Due to the fact that the economic costs of transporting gas through gas pipelines constitute a significant part of the total cost of gas supplied to the consumer, and which is provided by the supplier by creating high pressure at the point of shipment, the amount of pressure lost as a result of gas measurement and sampling by the consumer makes up a significant part of its value.

It follows from the foregoing that the smaller the value of the lost pressure on the measuring instruments, the cheaper the cost of gas. For this reason, according to the authors of the present invention, the value of the value of the lost pressure on any measuring instruments should be standardized by the technical documentation and reflected in the technical specifications for these measuring instruments and controlled both during production and during the operation of this measuring instrument.

At present, this most important and determining economic indicator of the cost of gas is not monitored or taken into account in any sector of the economy, and the measuring instruments for this indicator are not checked, which causes consumers to have unreasonable complaints about the cost of gas supplied. For example, conflicts between business entities on the cost of gas supplied to Belarus, Ukraine and Georgia.

The analysis of scientific and technical documentation on this indicator of the most common methods and means of measurement used in the Russian Federation, reveals the reasons why this indicator is not included in the category of strictly regulated and verified parameters.

So, for example, from the analysis of [5], [11] and [12] the following conclusions follow.

In the general case, without being tied to the types of narrowing devices used, GOST 8.563.1-97 (clauses 8.4, 9.8 and 10.1.9) [5] defines under the concept of lost pressure the difference of static pressures measured under certain conditions before narrowing device and narrowing device. The specified GOST provides an equation by which this indicator is calculated at the stage of installation of the constricting device, but it does not regulate the procedure for checking and monitoring this indicator under operating conditions.

GOSTs require the creation of the maximum possible pressure on the constriction devices, which ensures a large difference in the values of the pressure values before and after the constriction device, which, in turn, ultimately provides acceptable measurement accuracy of the volumetric gas flow rate and the corresponding pressure loss.

GOST 28724-90 “High-speed gas meters” [11] does not give any definition of the concept of lost pressure and recommends that this indicator be disclosed in a technical specification for a specific product. However, at the same time, PR 50.2.019-96 [15] “Methodology for making measurements using turbine and rotary meters” does not mention anything about this indicator. Nothing is mentioned at all in the “Operation manual” for “Turbine gas flow meters TZ type” produced by GAZTURBavtomatika LLC. The LGFI.407221.026 OM operating manual for gas meters of the SG16MT type [21] produced by the Arzamas Instrument-Making Plant, Clause 1.2.4 regulates the limit value of the lost pressure on all types of produced meters (1200 Pa), and it is proposed to verify this indicator using the graph according to which the gas flow rate is expressed in some%, and it is not possible to use other recommended indicators for determination due to a heap of conditions for determining some unknown variables cheny on the conditions of the definition of other variables.

GOST R 50818-95 (Clause 3) [12] defines the concept of lost pressure as the pressure difference at the inlet and outlet of the meters and sets the maximum allowable values for different versions of the meters. However, at the same time, GOST does not regulate the verification of this most important technical indicator, which ultimately directly determines the costs of transporting gas by the supplier.

According to well-known data on the cost of gas supplied to the European market, the cost of its transportation ranges from 30 to 50% of its total cost. For this reason, the number of metering points for transported gas on gas pipelines is limited, and the technical services involved in servicing metering stations on gas pipelines, in the process of seasonal fluctuations in the volumes of transported gas, are forced to manually change these diaphragms in order to ensure the required accuracy and reliability of measurements. The choice of the required size of the installed aperture is based on the logical assumptions of the staff. At the same time, the technical characteristics of the newly installed diaphragm should provide such a pressure difference at which pressure sensors, temperature sensors, densitometers and other equipment previously installed on this measuring complex that provide the necessary conditions for the measurement procedure should ensure acceptable measurement accuracy, eliminating the need for re-certification of the measuring complex or measuring system as a whole.

Any minor changes or deviations in the design of such a measuring complex or measuring system, minor changes in operating conditions or the measurement process lead to unacceptable distortion of the measurement results. For this reason, business entities involved in gas production, transportation, processing and use are forced to introduce organizational, production, technological procedures for metering gas consumption, as well as requirements for accounting for and accounting for an acceptable balance in terms of gas received and supplied. structural elements of measuring devices, complexes or systems, all technological procedures for installation, installation, operation, actions of operators, procedure workers to tighten bolts and nuts in detail should be regulated by the relevant GOSTs and RDs, and as a result, the same GOSTs and RDs recommend that interested parties resort to conciliation procedures in case of disagreements that occur hourly in practice.

Recent practice on the use of modern CBT for processing the obtained measurement results on trunk and industrial gas pipelines creates the illusion of improving measurement results. In fact, there was some automation of routine technological operations that carry out the procedures for collecting data from sensors and devices and their automatic input for accounting and calculation in a computer system. The use of CBT to achieve the goal in this version of their use is certainly necessary and useful, however, most of the operations with which some technological problems were solved are related to the automation of procedures: bring, bring, write, inform, call, multiply, divide, add, subtract. In the procedure for obtaining reliable and inexpensive informative features, which is the primary principle in this problem, nothing has changed. On the contrary, these problems with the demand of the market to increase the volume of gas supplied have only fallen out and worsened. In this regard, relations on controversial issues about the volumetric amounts of gas released and produced (conflict balance) between business entities have become aggravated. An example of this is the conflict between economic entities of the Russian Federation and Ukraine in the fall of 2005.

Measuring the amount of gas consumed, determining its physical properties by the method of variable differential pressure, as well as using turbine and rotary meters in the Russian Federation and the CIS countries, is regulated by interstate standards, which include the following GOSTs: GOST 8.563.1-97 [5], GOST 8.563. 2-97 [6], GOST 30319.0-96 [7], GOST 30319.1-96 [8], GOST 30319.2-96 [9], GOST 30319.3-96 [10], GOST 28724-90 [11], GOST R 50818 -95 [12], PR 50.2.019-96 [15].

An analysis of these GOSTs shows that existing methods of measuring gas flow rates cannot be considered universal, because the potential capabilities of measuring systems built on narrowing devices, turbine and rotary counters are oriented, tuned and certified for a specific measured medium with very narrow ranges of characteristics of its state of aggregation (density, temperature, pressure), and ultimately a narrow range of volumetric or quantitative gas flow rate values.

In addition, an analysis of the requirements of the above GOSTs shows that the existing means of measuring various volumes of gas have different requirements for the permissible relative measurement error, for the sensitivity threshold, for the amount of pressure lost by the measuring tool for performing the measurement procedure.

The tachometric method for measuring the volumes of transported gas (turbine meters) is designed to measure gas flows in the pressure range up to 1.2 MPa and volumes from 16 to 4000 m ³ / h. At the same time, due to design features, such measuring devices have a high inertia and, in addition, at high pressures of the measured gas flow, they are subject to rapid wear and even destruction of the working bodies, which limits their application range, since unacceptably large errors are introduced for large volumes of the measured gas flows.

The mass threshold of a rotating turbine (gravitational properties of matter) has a significant effect on the sensitivity threshold of a technical measuring instrument, on the accuracy and reliability of gas volumetric measurements using turbine meters. This property of matter, in this version of its use, ultimately manifests itself in resistance to the flow of the measured medium passing through the turbine. The characteristics of this resistance for various volumes of gas passing through the turbine are not linear. With an increase in the volume of gas passing through the turbine, the speed of its rotation increases, and therefore, the negative inertial properties of massive turbines appear more contrastingly. Especially this property negatively affects the measurement of pulsating regimes of gas flow. Such regimes of gas use have recently been increasingly used in boiler houses, where gas is fed in small portions in a mixture with air in a pulse mode into the boiler furnace into the heat exchanger zone and where heat transfer is carried out in the microexplosion phase, which has high penetrating power, to heat the heat carrier. The turbine meters used to account for gas in such systems are not capable of providing an objective and reliable account of the consumed gas. The set of negative properties of turbine meters in the normative and technical documentation for these types of meters is taken into account by one common indicator for a number of different versions of meters, which is unacceptable in the current conditions of a market economy and with a constant increase in demand and cost of gas for the end consumer.

The negative properties of turbine meters are taken into account and reflected in the requirements section of the metrological characteristics presented to these types of high-speed meters GOST 28724-90 p.1.3.1, table.2 [11].

In this section of the GOST, the limits of permissible relative error for various options for the design of meters are normalized by the following values.

In the measurement range of volumetric values of the consumed gas from Q _min <Q <0.2Q _max, GOST establishes the limit value of the permissible relative error of +/- 3%, and in the range from 0.2Q _max <Q <Q _max - +/- 2%, that in absolute volumetric values for various types of meters performance is the following values.

According to the “Operation manual LGFI.407221.026 RE” [21] for gas meters of the SG16MT type produced by the Arzamas instrument-making plant, according to technical specifications TU 4213-001-07513518-02, the gas meter of the SG16MT-100-40-S version has the following relative indicators measurement errors:

for Q _min (10 m ³ / h) a measurement error of up to 300 l is allowed, and for 0.2Qmax (20 m ³ / h) - 600 l, for Q _max (100 m ³ / h) - 2000 l.

For the gas meter of execution SG16TM-4000-40-C, these indicators of the value of the permissible relative measurement error in absolute values have the following values:

for Q _min (400 m ³ / h) - 12000 l, and for 0.2Q _max (300 m ³ / h) - 24000 l, for Q _max (4000 m ³ / h) - 80 000 l (80 m ³ ).

An analysis of the above examples leads to a clear injustice towards consumers of small volumes of gas, which contradicts the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of consumer rights.

A sharp increase in demand in the global gas market and its constantly rising cost requires developers of gas flow measuring instruments to take into account the technical characteristics of the measuring instrument, such as sensitivity and sensitivity threshold, in the final measurement results.

The sensitivity threshold is the most important technical characteristic of any measuring instrument, since it characterizes not only the limiting lower limit of the dynamic range of the measurement, but can also significantly affect the overall estimation of the error in measuring the amount of released medium, which is especially important to take into account when measuring non-stationary (pulsating) flow conditions. For example, in some measurement methods, with an increase in the volume of the medium passing through the measuring medium, the sensitivity to changing flow flows can increase significantly, and in some, it can decrease significantly, which ultimately unfairly affects the estimation of the value of the volume value flue gas.

For example, for rotameters with a conical measuring tube and membrane gas meters, the sensitivity decreases with increasing volumetric flow rate of the measured medium. In the first case, due to an increase in the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the passageway of the rotameter to the cross-sectional area of the measuring ball (float, turbine), in the second case, due to an increase in the resistance created by the rubbing parts of the structure. Moreover, in the case of using membrane counters, the resistance to the measured flow increases both with increasing flow temperature and with its decrease. In settlements where the gas main is laid above the earth’s surface, the gas temperature in the seasons of the winter to summer transitions per day can vary in the range from + 90 ° С to minus 15 ° С. In the rural areas of the Russian Federation, where the state program for village gasification is currently underway and where membrane-type meters are mainly installed, the utility rooms are the installation site for these meters. The temperature regime in such rooms in winter is not very different from the outside, and in summer it is much higher. Under such operating conditions of the meters, after a short time, the resistance to the measured flow (pressure loss) increases significantly, and therefore, the sensitivity to the magnitude of the changing flow decreases. The creak with the rattle of moving parts of the membrane counter construction is not a rare reason for worried subscribers to contact regional gas services.

GOST 28724-90 [11] p. 1.9 of the reliability requirements determines the average service life of tachometer counters from 6 to 12 years, however, the verification interval for the type SG16MT meters according to clause 6.1 of the instruction manual [21] is 5 years, and for TZ type counters according to clause 3.2. GTA operating instructions S 2.833 053 OM [22] - 8 years.

The requirements of clause 5.5 of GOST R50818-95 [12] set the full service life of membrane-type counters to -10 years, and the intertesting interval to 8 years.

And this despite the fact that the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of consumer rights establishes that all means of measurement, which determine the amount of payment for products sold and services rendered, must be monitored in specialized certified laboratories at least twice a year.

In all measuring instruments operating for a long time in harsh or extreme operating conditions, the sensitivity changes. For this reason, NTDs on these devices must establish strict requirements for the conditions and terms of their use, operation and storage.

In this regard, the authors of the present invention believe that the characteristics of the measuring instrument - the threshold of sensitivity and sensitivity as well as the lost pressure should be fixed in GOSTs and reflected in the technical specifications for specific measuring instruments, and the method of checking them should be carried out automatically by electronic means regularly, in place operation and in the process.

Due to the fact that the existing scientific and technical documentation on methods and means of measuring gas flows does not specify the definitions of the threshold of sensitivity and sensitivity of a measuring instrument, the authors of the present invention believe that, based on logic and common sense, the concept of a threshold of sensitivity of a measuring instrument should be understood as its stable operation the maximum minimum values of the measured parameter, at which the requirements for the quality of the results obtained in the technical specifications are provided, the values of which do not go beyond and the limits of permissible relative error established on this measuring instrument.

The sensitivity of the measuring instrument is a dynamic characteristic, which should be understood as the integral characteristic of the property of the measuring instrument to feel slight changes in any component of the characteristic of the medium being measured, affecting the final measurement result of the volumetric or quantitative value of the consumed gas, and which the measuring instrument should take into account when reducing the final result.

The volumetric method for measuring the amount of transported gas (rotary counters) is designed to measure gas flows in the pressure range up to 1.6 MPa and volumes up to 400 m ³ / h. This method provides high measurement accuracy due to the manufacture of nodes of a measuring device of high accuracy, which completely eliminates the use of such measuring devices in main and industrial gas pipelines, where the measured gas medium does not meet the requirements of high purity. The presence of impurities, oils, water, dust and other solid impurities in the measured gas environment for the operation of rotary meters is unacceptable. This circumstance limits the scope of this measurement method, since such technical means provide reliable operation only when measuring homogeneous, dry and impurity-free gas streams.

Like all other means of measuring the volumetric values of gas flows used in the gas industry, the operation of which is carried out by using the energy of a moving gas stream, rotary meters have indicators that are not as good as those of turbine meters for indicators such as lost pressure and sensitivity threshold . Moreover, the analysis of scientific and technical documentation on rotary counters shows that the sensitivity of rotary counters decreases with an increase in the measuring range, and the value of the lost pressure increases.

To carry out the procedure for determining the volume of gas consumed, reduced to standard conditions accepted in the commercial accounting for mutual calculations with the tachometric and volumetric methods of measurement, the same additional technical means for measuring gas parameters are used (temperature, pressure, density, viscosity, differential pressure sensors) , as when measuring the consumed volumes of gas, by the method of variable pressure drop. In addition, the measurement process requires compliance with a large number of supporting technological procedures for the measurement conditions. At the same time, the values of some parameters and coefficients are removed or calculated and entered for recalculation into the computing device by the operator manually and periodically.

Despite the fact that the dynamic range of the volumetric and tachometric methods for measuring gas is relatively large, the number of standard sizes of manufactured turbine meters in the measurement range from 10 to 4000 m ³ / h is more than two dozen. For this reason, each type of meter used has its own range of sensors and its installation and operation requirements. This circumstance, together with the cost of such measuring instruments, sometimes forces the consumer to refuse to use them.

The cost of such measuring and computing systems is comparable to the cost of the volumes of gas used by the consumer for several years.

Market conditions require the endowment of newly developed measuring instruments with a large number of the most important consumer properties. Among them are indicators on reliability, recoverability and maintainability, as well as indicators on the automation of the processes of monitoring the operability and certification of measuring instruments at the place of operation without stopping and dismantling during operation. Currently, not one of the known types and types of gas flow measuring instruments used in the Russian Federation satisfies these conditions, and this despite the fact that modern advances in the development and use of CBT allow developers to satisfy market requirements for creating the necessary measuring instruments and endowing them necessary consumer properties. In this regard, the main task for developers of such measuring instruments is to resolve the issue of obtaining the necessary informative features in the form of unitary electrical signals, the processing of which with the help of integrated software of unified microcontrollers (MK), will allow a wide circle of developers of specialized measuring instruments to achieve their goals (for example, see . [twenty]).

All of the above features that arise when measuring the amount of gas consumed should be taken into account when developing new electronic measuring instruments. However, due to the fact that in the field of specialized SVT developments, which, of course, include the development of electronic means of measuring gas flows, there was a sharp stratification of specialists in narrow areas of work (SVT designers, developers of the latest technological materials and processes, circuit designers CBT, assembler developers (internal software - PRO) CBT, developers of system PRO and finally developers of applied PRO for this CBT) and for each of these of developers it is necessary to correctly formulate and set a specific task (requirements), which is almost very difficult to do due to the fact that such development requires not only deep knowledge and understanding of the fundamental laws of nature, but also insight in their possible use and the same deep understanding of the wide circle of other natural phenomena from the field of physics, chemistry and technology. In this regard, the authors of the present invention are forced to explain some of the principles of the proposed method to refer as arguments to various sources and to explain the use of well-known laws of nature from science. This has to be done also because in different sources of scientific literature to which the authors refer, the same laws of nature are described by formulas and equations using different symbols, and also in the presentation using differential or integral calculus. All this introduces confusion and complicates the understanding of the properties of gases known from the school course of physics and chemistry.

There have been many attempts to solve the above-described range of problems in creating the necessary electronic measuring instruments. All these attempts were based on a common stereotypical initial scheme for obtaining informative features in the form of analog electrical signals with private technical solutions. In a generalized form, such a scheme for obtaining informative features, their processing and obtaining the final result is as follows. In the measuring tube, flow sensors are installed (for example, a constricting device or a turbine meter), analog temperature, pressure, density sensors and a number of additional equipment (for example, see [6]) depending on the intended purpose. Received analog signals after various actions and conversions with them using analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are digitized into numerical values, and then using the SVT with hard or programmable logic, the final result is calculated according to the equations reduced to standard conditions accepted in commercial accounting . For example, see US patent - US No. 3729995 "Temperature and pressure compensation system for flow meters." Or descriptions to copyright certificates SU 1062524 A “Method for measuring gas flow with variable parameters” and SU 1059429 A “Gas flow meter”.

Assessing in general terms the results of the results obtained, all these attempts should be classified as technical or methodological “tricks”, with which, in the best case, particular problems were solved, and nothing more. The work of such technical solutions is described in sufficient detail in the narrative of the invention according to the patent of the Russian Federation RU 2284474 C9 [13], which is the main prototype of the proposed method.

One of these attempts to solve some of the problems by constructive "tricks" was made in a private technical solution set forth in the invention according to the patent of the Russian Federation RU 2085853 C1 "Gas meter-flow meter".

The descriptive part of the present invention discloses some of the shortcomings and problems that arise when using existing turbine meters, and formulates the correct conclusions that, in order to ensure high-precision and reliable measurement of gas flows by turbine meters, a rotating turbine must be in a “floating” state without contact with supports. This conclusion in the general case is fundamentally important, since it determines the necessity of endowing the design of the turbine measuring device with two important circumstances. The first circumstance is that the direction of the moving flow of the measured medium must occur from the bottom up, and the second circumstance is that the change in the cross-sectional area of the passage opening of the measuring device must adapt adaptively with respect to the volumetric value of the measured medium passing through this hole.

However, the technical solution proposed in the invention is of a private nature, which does not allow it to be used for wide practical application for the following reasons.

To ensure stable operation of the proposed meter design, it is necessary to provide a high turbine rotation speed with a linear characteristic of the rotation speed change in proportion to the quantitative or volumetric change in the measured medium value.

In the proposed technical solution of the present invention, a jet turbine with tangential openings that provide reactive properties of a gas jet emerging from the openings requires sufficiently large planes of the guide openings, which in turn requires a relatively large wall thickness of the turbine. With a small thickness of the walls of the turbine, the probability of obtaining the necessary properties of the holes providing a tangential inclination of the outlet gas stream, and especially when measuring the gas flow under low pressure, is negligible. In addition, the rotating elements of the proposed design of the flowmeter (cone with a shaft and a turbine) have large values of rotating planes that are in contact with the planes of stationary structural elements, which at low gas flow rates and, accordingly, these costs of small gaps between these planes will lead to unstable rotation and inevitable , in such cases, the contact and runout of moving and stationary elements of this structure. According to the above circumstances, the proposed meter design requires unreasonably high accuracy of its installation at the place of operation in two planes - horizontal and vertical.

A complex gas flow pattern with a large number of structural transitions of the gas flow through various narrowing openings of the proposed meter design creates a great resistance to this flow and, accordingly, increases the pressure loss. This circumstance, in turn, reduces the threshold of sensitivity and reduces the dynamic range of measurement.

The increase in the dynamic range of the measured volumetric value of gas according to the proposed design of the meter is limited by the linear and volumetric dimensions of the moving elements of the meter (cone with shaft and turbine). An increase in the linear dimensions of these structural elements increases their volumetric values, which, in turn, in a complex nonlinear progression increases their mass. For this reason, the dynamic range of the measured gas volume according to the proposed design cannot be large.

In addition, the design features of the proposed technical solution also do not allow it to be used for a wide range of measurements, since the linear dimensions of the free height of the intermediate cavity of the counter limit the vertical movement of the turbine, and similarly, the free distance of the height of the output cavity limits the vertical movement of the cone. In this case, the turbine by its vertical movement blocks the gas access to the axisymmetric openings and the gap for the passage of gas into the outlet cavity. The increase in the free space of these cavities also entails an increase in the linear and volumetric values of the moving elements of the proposed design, which leads to an increase in their mass and a decrease in the dynamic range of measurement.

Thus, the goal set by the authors of this invention can be achieved only in a very narrow range of applications. For example, where the ratio of the kinetic energy of the gas flowing to the output of the proposed gas flow meter significantly exceeds the force of the gravitational properties of the turbine.

In the invention according to the patent of the Russian Federation RU 2284474 C9 [13], which is the prototype of the present invention, the principles of measurement are laid down, according to which the informative features of the volumetric amount of gas flow are: quantitative, temporal, frequency and amplitude characteristics of unitary electrical signals coming from the converter and resulting from exposure moving gas flow passing through the measuring tube and to the freely moving and rotating float in the form of a piston located in it, the magnitude of the displacement and whose growth depends on the rotation volumetric amount of gas passed through the bobber and its state of aggregation - temperature, pressure and density.

In the process of developing the design of the rotameter transducer according to the technical solution proposed in the invention, during the prototyping and testing of the manufactured float samples, three important practical circumstances were identified that significantly affect the quality of the transducer and, ultimately, limit its scope. Firstly, the proposed design of the float has a very low starting rotation speed due to the fact that the kinetic energy of the gas flow moving through it is transmitted through an insignificant part of the planes of its structure. In other words, the coupling of the gas flow with the structural elements of the float for the transfer of this energy of gas movement to the rotation of the float is carried out in the proposed design with a negligible part of the plane of this float - grooves on the inner surface of the bore hole of the float. Secondly, for the above reason, the increment in the speed of rotation of the float with an increase in the volume value of the gas passing through the float has a linear characteristic only in a narrow range of applications. Thirdly, the sensitivity of the float to minor changes in the gas flow (pulsating mode of gas use) is manifested only at very high speeds of rotation, which are provided by the proposed design only with an extremely large mode of gas flow through the converter. Fourth, in the proposed technical solution, it is practically impossible to single out informative features characterizing the change in the density of the gas stream, and signs for monitoring the operability of the measuring instrument at the place of operation during operation and its certification can only be used in the ultimate mode of operation.

The objective of the present invention is to develop a universal method of obtaining informative features for measuring volumetric or quantitative values of the consumed gas and creating on its basis inexpensive, high-precision, simple, reliable and safe in operation and maintenance of electronic gas flow measuring instruments operating in a wide dynamic range of measurements and extremely harsh operating conditions with constantly changing parameters of the state of aggregation of the measured gas flow (temperature, yes Lenia, density) as gas mains and energy facilities consuming industrial quantities of gas and in measuring the volume of municipal and household consumable gas.

In general terms, the task is achieved through the use of a special design of an electronic capacitive rotametric converter, the electrical signals from which are a set of functionally interconnected different groups of unitary pulse signals, the formation of which is a consequence of the influence of the measured gas flow on a freely rotating and moving in the gas flow special turbine designs with well-known physical, mechanical, aerodynamic and structural properties in conjunction with the special arrangement of the structural elements of the capacitive transducer located on the measuring tube of the rotameter and the turbine skirt. The electric signals coming from the output of the converter are a combination of groups of pulses that vary in time, in quantity, in frequency and amplitude and are functionally interconnected, the analysis of the temporal and quantitative ratios of which allows the developers of measuring instruments to use them for the final calculation of the quantitative or volume value of the consumed gas by various calculation methods.

For example, based on the use of the laws of mechanics, kinematics, hydrodynamics and aerodynamics in conjunction with the laws of physics and chemistry, which characterize, in turn, the interconnection of the parameters of the state of aggregation of the measured gas flow according to the equation of state of an ideal gas obtained on the basis of the molecular-kinetic theory of gases, and which connects four different parameters of the state of gas: temperature - T; pressure - P; volume - V and the molar amount of gas in this volume - n.

The relationship between these parameters is expressed by the equation of state of an ideal gas {1}.

The technically set goal in the proposed method for obtaining informative features for creating electronic means of measuring gas flows is achieved by combining and using in one technical solution several fundamental design features inherent in various methods of measuring gas flow well known in science and technology, in combination with electronic means forming electrical signals, quantitative, temporal, frequency and amplitude parameters of which, as already noted, they characterize the dynamics of movement and the rotation speed of a special turbine design freely moving in the gas stream, which are the result of the combined effect of the changing characteristics of the state of the gas stream on it.

The proposed method uses the structural elements and properties of a capacitive rotameter transducer (constant pressure differential method) [13], turbine meters (tachometric method) [11] and [4], narrowing devices and Venturi pipes (variable pressure differential method) [5], volumetric volumetric vessels (direct volumetric method) [4] and [15] using, for calculating the final result, the fundamental laws of nature and the properties of matter known from science, which are well studied by modern science and described by the world scientific community society are universally recognized and proposed for practical use, in conjunction with the laws of physics and chemistry, describing the properties of gases. For example, the laws of Newton and Archimedes (the law of floating bodies) using in the calculations of the dynamic properties of bodies of revolution (turbines) under the influence of the pressure of a moving gas flow considered in this case as a driving force. For example - the law of inertia, the law of equality of action and reaction (Newton’s second law) and which are generally described by the basic equation of dynamics: “Force F is equal to the product of body mass m and acceleration a, which force tells the body”

- the equation determines the moment of inertia of the body of revolution (turbine)

- equation for calculating the kinetic energy of rotating bodies

where w is the angular velocity of rotation, J is the moment of inertia of the body relative to the axis of rotation.

Given the properties of gases, which are characterized by the laws listed below.

Pascal’s law, according to which if pressure is applied to some part of the surface restricting the gas or liquid, then it is transmitted equally to any part of this surface. The Boyle Marriott Act, which characterizes the relationship between pressure and gas volume at a constant temperature. The Gay-Lussac Act, which characterizes the relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas at constant pressure. Charles's law, which characterizes the relationship between pressure and gas temperature at a constant volume, in other words, the dependence of pressure on temperature. The Dalton partial pressure law, which characterizes the ratio between the total pressure of the gas mixture and the pressure created by each individual component in the absence of other components at the same temperature and volume. Hypothesis Avogadro, according to which in equal volumes of gas at the same temperature and pressure contains an equal number of molecules. In other words, the gas state parameters that determine its physical properties are independent of the specific chemical composition of individual gas particles.

In this case, as a primary converter of the quantitative value of the consumed gas, simple, understandable and affordable for mass production electronic circuits are used, the electrical signals from which carry multidimensional informative signs of volumetric or quantitative (molar) values of the consumed gas, the processing of which is widely used and used for such goals of computer technology (microcontrollers - MK) allows you to calculate these values using software (PRO).

Figure 1 shows a diagram of a fragment of the design of an electronic capacitive rotameter transducer with structural elements "floating" and rotating in the gas stream of the turbine in the "working" position, with a view from above and below.

Figure 2 shows a diagram of a fragment of the design of an electronic capacitive rotametric Converter with structural elements of the input part of the measuring tube in the lower limit position of the turbine.

Figure 3 shows a top view of the proposed design of an electronic capacitive rotameter transducer with additional output capacitive plates (markers) and additional elements of the electronic circuit of the Converter.

Figure 4 shows diagrams of oscillograms of electrical signals coming from the converter, explaining the principle of operation and the principle of obtaining informative signs (quantitative, temporary, frequency) characterizing the quantitative value of the consumed gas and its state of aggregation. In the lower (waveforms a, b and c), average (waveforms d, e, and e) and the upper limit of the position of the turbine in the measuring tube of the transducer.

Figure 5 shows the waveform diagrams of the electrical signals received at the output of the Converter comparators, and their informative features.

Figure 6 shows graphs characterizing the behavior of the turbine with a change in the density of the measured gas flow ρ, where curves a, b and c characterize the dependence of the speed of rotation of the turbine ώ on the height of its position h in the measuring tube of the transducer for various operating values of the gas density ρ _slave , and the curves k, l and m characterize the nature of the change in the number of electrical signals generated at the output of the comparator F1 (N ₁ ).

7 is a graph explaining the principle of the formation of informative features (changes in the speed of rotation of the turbine высоты and the height of its position h) with a changing mass of the turbine and a working gas density equal to the reference.

Fig. 8 shows a detailed construction diagram of a measuring tube of an electronic capacitive converter with structural elements of the input and output capacitive plates of the converter, as well as capacitive plates of markers against the background of the lower location of the capacitive plates of the turbine (turbine not shown), in conjunction with the electronic circuit of the converter in the form of shapers of groups of electrical signals coming from the converter and markers, the quantitative values of which and the quantitative ratios of which I lyayutsya informative signs quantifying consumable gas in response to changing status values of the measured gas flow (temperature, pressure, density) and in response to changing values characterizing the physical properties of the turbine (turbine mass cross sectional area of the through hole of the turbine).

In addition, Fig. 8 shows a simplified electronic functional diagram for determining the amount of gas consumed, reduced to standard conditions accepted in commercial accounting for mutual calculations (in volumetric, molar or mass representation) based on the use of numerical values of informative features obtained by the proposed method for domestic, communal or industrial needs.

On figa shows an example of the distribution of the address space of the EPROM memory field by zones, sectors and cells and the layout of the memory cells with the same values recorded in them.

On figb depicts examples explaining the principle of determining the exact location of the position of the turbine in the measuring tube.

Figure 10 shows a functional electronic circuit for obtaining informative features for calculating the amount of gas consumed at industrial and trunk facilities.

Note. The authors further carry out the description of the invention on the assumption that the interested person is acquainted with the narrative of the principle of operation of the device according to the invention No. 2005101996 dated January 27, 2005 (Patent No. 2284474) [13], which is the main prototype of the invention.

The proposed method uses the design and principle of operation of an electronic capacitive rotametric converter according to the application for invention No. 2005101996 dated January 27, 2005 (Patent No. 2284474) [13], in which a special design of a hollow rotating and freely moving in a measuring cylindrical tube rotameter is used instead of a float turbines (FIG. 1, pos. 2), the profile of the casing of which in the section along the axis of the measuring tube, measuring cone and turbine is a profile of a venturi pipe. (Figure 1, Figure 2, 5, 6, 7).

On the outer surface of the cylindrical section of the turbine (skirt) (Fig. 1, pos. 4), electrode plates of the capacitive transducer С ₁ ^П and С ₂ ^П are applied (Fig. 1, Fig. 3, Fig. 8, pos. 17, 18), which in the process of rotation of the turbine form capacitive electrodes on the outer surface of the measuring tube of the rotameter C ₁ ^T , C ₂ ^T , C ₃ ^T (Fig. 1, Fig. 3, Fig. 8, item 12, 13, 14) capacitive coupling, by which transmits electrical signals from the input of the converter to the output. The quantitative characteristics of these signals, together with their time and frequency characteristics and the positional position of the turbine in the measuring tube, are highly informative and multidimensional signs of the volumetric amount of gas consumed, taking into account its temperature, pressure and density.

The inlet conical part of the turbine (confuser) (Fig. 1, pos. 5) and the outlet conical part of the turbine (diffuser) (Fig. 1, pos. 7) are equipped with blades 8 and 9 located along a helical line, providing a stable increase in the speed of rotation of the turbine in proportion to the amount of medium to be consumed.

In order to ensure a high sensitivity of the turbine to negligible measured gas flow through the measuring device, the turbine in the lower limit of its position is supported by a precision tapered bearing (Figure 2, item 11), which in its construction is a continuation of the measuring cone 3 and performs its function. In addition, in order to ensure the measurement of gas volumes in a wide dynamic range of its use at low gas pressures, an input sleeve is installed at the inlet of the measuring tube (Fig. 2, item 15) with openings axis 16 symmetrically located in it with tangential slope, outputs which in the lower limit of the position of the turbine provide the direction of gas flow on the blades of the inlet cone (confuser) of the turbine, giving them a torque.

In the initial position, with small volumes of gas flow until the moment when the gas flow rate by the force of its kinetic energy of motion overcomes the resistance of the force of gravitational properties of the turbine and lifts it, the turbine rotates due to the bearing on which it rests in the initial state (Figure 2, pos. .eleven). Until the turbine is separated from the bearing, the calculation of the volumetric or quantitative (molar) value of the gas is carried out by the computing device (WU) of the measuring instrument according to the characteristic of the turbine rotation speed, known temperature and gas state, reduced to the optimal operating conditions of the measurement, to which this measuring instrument is oriented and certified .

The conical shape of the turbine inlet (confuser) 5 provides the direction of gas flow from the turbine inlet along the working surfaces of the turbine blades to the narrowing conical hole of the turbine (neck) 10. This neck (Fig. 3, item 10) of the rotating turbine in conjunction with the surface of the measuring cone (Fig. 1, 2, item 3) of the transducer forms a passage annular channel, which in shape is a hollow truncated cone. The radial dimensions of this annular passage passage increase with the height of the turbine, the position of which in the measuring tube in height, in turn, depends on the amount of gas consumed currently passing through the turbine.

Thus, the change in the radial dimensions of the annular channel of the turbine, and therefore the cross-sectional area of the turbine inlet, is adaptive to the quantity of gas passing through the turbine. This adaptability is based on the properties of the well-known and well-studied science of natural laws of nature: the law of floating bodies, the law of Archimedes, the gravitational properties of matter, the inertial properties of matter with a priori known characteristics (mass, volume, density) under the influence of an upward flow of gas.

In other words, the determination of the variable properties of the investigated matter (gas) and its amount is carried out on the basis of the analysis of the behavior and reaction to these variable properties of the probe sample of another matter (turbine) with a priori known characteristics and properties and placed in the studied medium.

In this case, due to the conical shape of the annular channel of the turbine and due to the gyroscopic effect of the rapidly rotating turbine, the turbine is centered and stabilized with respect to the axis of the measuring tube. The larger the volume of gas consumption (consumption), the higher the level of the turbine in the measuring tube and its higher rotation speed, the more stable the position of the turbine to the transverse (relative to the axis of the measuring tube) displacement. With an increase in the speed of rotation of the turbine, due to its aerodynamic properties, its sensitivity to minor fluctuations in the quantitative values of the gas flow passing through it increases, which is expressed in its longitudinal (relative to the axis of the measuring tube and measuring cone) movement.

The gas passing through the conical shape of the narrowing passage annular channel of the turbine is a spiral swirling, well mixed and densified, and, therefore, uniform (laminar) in its aggregate state. This circumstance eliminates the need to equalize the gas flow to a homogeneous aggregate state before and after the measuring device or system by installing flow straighteners and a certain length of straight sections of the measuring tubes inherent in methods of measuring gas flows using narrowing orifice plates, ISA nozzles, Venturi pipes and nozzles, and turbine meters .

The conical and elongated shape of the casing of the turbine diffuser 7 provides a uniform distribution of the expanding gas flow over the blades of the diffuser 9 emerging from the neck 10, thereby providing a more complete transfer of the kinetic energy of the moving gas flow to the rotation of the turbine.

Any negligible change in the characteristics of the state of aggregation of the measured gas flow, incl. pressure, density or temperature, in relation to the characteristics of its normal state, or a change in the amount of gas consumed, responds in the proposed method with the corresponding reaction, a change in the height of the turbine in the measuring tube and a change in its rotation speed, which, in turn, is fixed by a change in the number of transferred from the capacitive the input of the rotameter to its output of electrical signals with altered quantitative, temporal and frequency characteristics. A similar reaction will occur in the event of a change in the technical characteristics of the structural elements of the measuring device created by this method. For example, lightening the weight of a turbine in the event of abrasion of the turbine blades of the turbine or weight of the turbine in the case of adhering of foreign impurities present in the gas, or changing the cross-sectional area of the turbine annular passage channel, etc.

In order to provide a control unit created by the proposed method of measuring means with informative features characterizing changes in the state of aggregation of the measured gas flow in comparison with the accepted normal state, or changes in the technical characteristics of the structural elements of the measuring device during its operation on the forming outer surface of the third zone of the measuring pipe, a certain height applied additional capacitive plates C ₃ ^T - markers (Figure 1, Figure 3 and Figure 8, item 14). The number of these markers and their relative positioning is determined by the requirements of the technical specifications for a specific measuring instrument.

From the electrical signals coming from these markers, the location of the turbine in the measuring tube is determined by the electronic circuit of the VU, and in the logical sense, these signals from the markers for the electronic circuit of the VU are address flags indicating the location of the turbine in the measuring tube at a given time. At these addresses, at the stage of its manufacture, debugging, and calibration, data on the quantitative, temporal, and frequency characteristics of electrical signals coming from the converter and inherent in the state of the medium being measured, to which this measuring instrument is oriented and configured, as well as the volume of the measuring pipes occupied by gas located under the turbine at a given flow rate. For the WU operation algorithm to determine any deviations in the operation of the means of measuring or changing the state of the gas flow from the nominal, the data entered into the database for comparison and comparison are standards.

During operation, the level of the turbine position in the measuring tube is determined by the electronic signals coming from these markers to the meter's VU, the electronic and software means of this VU are compared, and the quantitative, temporal and frequency characteristics of these signals are compared with the indicators that were entered into the measurement database devices at the stage of its manufacture and debugging. The deviation of current indicators from the reference is taken into account in the final final result.

Moreover, in the case of a change in gas pressure at the inlet of the measuring tube during its consumption, provided that this change in pressure will affect the quantitative value of gas molecules in the unit of volume (gas density), which, in turn, should change the height of the turbine position and its rotation speed, then in such a situation the control unit will carry out its work on calculating the flow rate according to the algorithm described above.

In the case of a change in the temperature values of the medium being measured adequate to these changes, the electronic circuit of the converter will generate the corresponding number of signals from the output of the comparator (former) F ₂ (Fig. 3, Fig. 8 and Fig. 10, item 20) with respect to the number of signals with the output of the comparator (former) F ₁ (Fig.3, Fig.8 and Fig.10, pos.19). (See Figure 5 of the plot b, c and d). In terms of the quantitative ratio of signals between the reference value and the operating condition determined in the operating conditions, the control unit will carry out appropriate adjustments in the algorithm for accounting the final result.

The algorithm of the proposed measurement method when changing the density of the gas in relation to the accepted for this use and which is the reference, and to which the control unit is configured, requires a preliminary explanation of some of its characteristic properties.

Gas has a number of specific properties that sharply distinguish it from other states of matter (solid or liquid). The calculation of its quantitative or volume value has to be carried out taking into account these properties.

As already noted, the most problematic property of a gas in determining its quantity or volume value is its property to expand (or contract). This property of a gas, according to the equation of state of an ideal gas, entails changes in all other components of the characteristics of this gas: temperature, pressure, density. In this case, the change in these component characteristics due to the specific properties of gases does not occur linearly, but according to very complex laws that are studied and described in the molecular-kinetic theory of gases.

For example, the change in the temperature properties of matter in the gas phase of its state, and especially when the gas is compressed or expanded, is studied by science in physics in the sections of thermodynamics and, in particular, is disclosed by the “First” and “Second Law of Thermodynamics” (see Section 12 , 13 and 14 [3]).

In practice, one of the main indicators used to characterize the state of a gas in order to determine its quantity during a flow measurement is its density.

The density of gas from the point of view of molecular kinetic theory is a characteristic of the number of molecules of the component composition of the gas in a certain volume. Based on this idea of gas, it is impossible not to notice that the gas density is an integral characteristic of the state of the gas, which in its understanding relates a combination of several of its indicators: the component composition of the gas, the number of gas molecules of each component, the molar mass of the gas components and their volume value occupied by this quantity gas molecules.

An increase or decrease in the density of a moving gas stream is a consequence of changes in other constituent characteristics of this gas: pressure, temperature, or component composition. For this reason, for mutual calculation, the volumetric measure of gas (m ³ ) was adopted for the delivered amount of gas, reduced to standard conditions for the state of this volume of gas at a temperature of t = 20 ° C (or 293K) and a pressure of P = 1 atm = 101.325 kPa.

Due to the fact that gas is transported through pipelines over long distances and in very large volumes, in order to increase the throughput of pipelines, suppliers are forced to “pack” gas into a more compact state, using its ability to compress. Compression of gas is carried out at the point of its shipment (or hydraulic fracturing) by forcing it into the pipeline with powerful turbocompressors. In this regard, to determine the amount of gas in the adopted volumetric measure (m ³ ), reduced to standard conditions, it is necessary to know the whole complex of indicators of its state characteristics: volume, temperature, pressure and component composition.

However, due to the above-described properties of a gas moving in a pipeline, all these characteristics of its state constantly change their values during its transportation. Moreover, it is necessary to take into account circumstances under which a gas can transfer to another phase of its state. In this regard, to calculate the volumetric value of the produced or released gas, the integral characteristic of the amount of gas in volumetric measure (m ³ ) is used — the gas density, which is expressed in units of mass referred to units of volume (kg / m ³ ).

For example, the density of air under normal conditions is 1.293 kg / m ³ .

In other words, the mass of 1 m ^{3 of} air is 1.296 kg.

Natural gas, when transported by pipeline, can vary its value in density over a wide range. So, for example, in the example for calculating the determination of the amount of measured medium GOST [6] of Appendix E.1 (Table E.1.3), the density of natural gas at an overpressure in the pipeline of 12 kgf / cm ² (1.2 MPa) and a temperature of + 2 ° C (275K) was 9.338 kg / m ³ .

According to the example of calculating the physical properties of natural gas according to GOST [10] Appendix B, the density of natural gas at an overpressure of 10.81 kgf / cm ² (1,081 MPa) and a temperature of 50 ° C (323K) is 7.54 kg / m ³ , and at a pressure 99.5 kgf / cm ² (9.95 MPa) and the same temperature - 78.5 kg / m ³ .

From the foregoing, it becomes clear that for measuring gas flows an important circumstance is the consideration of the component composition of the gas. At present, the component composition of gas is determined in accordance with GOST 23781-87 “Natural combustible gases. Chromatographic method for determining the composition ". The issue of automating the processes of analysis and determination of component composition is beyond the scope of the present invention.

However, the analysis of the possibilities of accounting for changes in the gas component composition by automated measuring instruments, as well as the analysis of the requirements and recommendations of GOSTs, shows that for newly developed gas flow measuring instruments it is necessary to provide for the possibility that the measuring instrument exhibits any reaction in case of changes in the components of the measured gas flow the most likely sign of which is a change in its density. This circumstance is especially significant for business entities of the chemical industry involved in gas processing to produce polymers, plastics, fertilizers and other related useful components, and in this regard, the requirements for taking into account the component composition of the gas when measuring its volumetric or quantitative value are of fundamental importance. Currently, the analysis of the component composition of the measured gas flow is carried out sporadically and separately from the measurement procedure in chemical laboratories with subsequent adjustment of the obtained results of its volume value by introducing appropriate coefficients, which is an archaism for modern market requirements.

In the proposed method, the behavior of the turbine when changing the density of the gas completely coincides with the behavior of the turbine (changing the speed of rotation and the height of its position in the measuring tube) when changing the amount of gas consumed. And this is objectively correct, because in these cases, the quantitative value of the consumed gas is recorded, and not the volumetric one, because ultimately, with an increase in the gas density, the number of molecules per unit volume of the gas increases. For this reason, the identification of signs characterizing the change in gas density by the proposed method for measuring or changing the mass of the turbine due to its wear or destruction, is the primary principle in the proposed method.

The behavior of a turbine in a gas stream with a change in its density must be considered in conjunction with the modes of gas extraction. So, if gas is used in a rigid automated dosed flow mode (let's call it conditionally dosed mode), the turbine behavior will be different from the flow mode of gas flow when the consumer or supplier does not create artificial restrictions on its flow. We will call this mode flowing.

In this case, the developers of electronic measuring instruments need to realize that in a dosed mode of gas extraction with a change in gas density, the turbine rotation speed will remain unchanged due to adaptive changes in the cross-sectional area of the turbine passage channel due to a change in the height of its position. According to the graphs of Fig.6, the movement of the turbine in a dosed mode occurs along the line ώ _a , and in the flow mode of gas extraction for any change in gas density or mass of the turbine its own speed of rotation of the turbine ώ _c or ώ _{b is established} . However, in this case, the number of generated electrical signals at the output of the comparator F ₁ and marker comparators F ₃ ¹ -F ₃ ^m in all cases of changes in gas density or turbine mass will differ from the original reference values, which is a necessary informative feature for developers of ABM VU quantitative accounting of the consumed gas.

Consider the nature of the change in the speed of rotation of the turbine (ώ) and the height of its position (h) at various values of the working gas density (ρ _slave ) according to the graphs of Fig.6 (curves a, b and c) and the number of outputs formed at the output of the comparator F ₁ signals (k, I and m curves) in flow and dosed gas sampling modes.

In this case, curve (a) characterizes the dynamics of the change in the quantitative gas flow rate (Z) depending on the height of the turbine position (h) and its rotation speed (ώ) at a working gas density equal to the reference value of the gas density (ρ _work. = Ρ _floor ) , the measurement of which this measuring instrument was oriented and tuned in the manufacturing process. Curves b and c characterize the dynamics of changes in the quantitative value of the gas flow (Z) depending on the height of the turbine (h) and its rotation speed (ώ) when the working density of the gas changes, when ρ _slave. <ρ _et. and ρ _slave. > ρ _et.

An analysis of this graph leads to the following conclusions.

1. The range of the quantitative value of the consumed gas of a particular measuring instrument for various values of ρ _{slave is} schematically determined on the graph by the part of its area bounded on the left by the ordinate line ώ _p (threshold turbine rotation speed at which the measuring instrument provides guaranteed reliable information), above the line h _pr (the maximum height of the position of the turbine in the measuring tube), and from below with curves a, b and c depending on the gas density.

2. An increase in the working density of the gas with respect to the reference value (ρ _work > ρ _fl ) leads to an increase in the speed of rotation of the turbine (ώ _s ) at a given height (h ₁ ) compared to (ώ _a ), and a decrease in the working density of the gas (ρ _slave. <ρ _floor ) leads to a decrease in the speed of rotation of the turbine (ώ _b ) at a given height (h ₁ ) (Fig.6, line h ₁ ).

3. The rotation speed that the turbine has at a height of h ₁ at ρ _slave. = ρ _et equal to

ώ _a , she can also acquire at a height of h ₂ with ρ _slave. > ρ _floor , and at a height of h ₃ with ρ _slave. <ρ _et. (Fig. 6, line (ώ _a )).

4. With an increase in gas density compared with the reference value, the sensitivity threshold of the measuring instrument increases. The turbine acquires a stable and steady speed of rotation at a lower height of its position (see t. P ₂ in the graph of Fig. 6), while the upper limit of the dynamic range of measurement increases in terms of the height of the possible movement of the position of the turbine h ₄ (see segment (+) graphics in Fig.6).

5. With a decrease in gas density compared with the reference value, the sensitivity threshold of the measuring instrument decreases. The turbine acquires a stable and steady speed of rotation at a greater height of its position (see t. P ₃ in the graph of Fig. 6), and the upper limit of the measuring range decreases in terms of the possible height of the position of the turbine h ₅ (see segment (-) graphics in Fig.6).

In the flow mode of gas flow, a change in its density (the number of gas molecules per unit volume changes) will be reflected in a change in the height of the turbine position and a corresponding change in its rotation speed.

Thus, with increasing gas density, the turbine increases its height and rotation speed. With a change in the height of the turbine position and rotation speed, the quantitative and temporal ratios of the output signals from the converter change. Due to the fact that completely different values will come to the analysis from the marker comparators F ₃ ¹ -F ₃ ^m at a given level compared to the values that are inherent in the medium to which this measuring tool is oriented and configured, then the difference between these values measuring instruments should respond with the appropriate algorithm for calculating the final measurement result.

Completely different properties of the turbine's behavior are manifested when the mass of the turbine changes as a result of its wear or the adherence of various impurities present in the gas. Consider these properties of the turbine to identify informative features in order to use them when taking into account the quantitative gas flow rate at a metered flow rate (see Fig. 7), since it is extremely difficult to graphically represent the dynamics of changes in the behavior of the turbine in the flow mode of gas use.

In the initial conditions of operation, when the mass of the turbine is equal to its reference value (m _t = m _floor ), it is located at a height of h ₁ and at this height has a rotation speed equal to ώ _floor .

With an increase in the mass of the turbine compared to its initial value (m _t > m _et ) and the same conditions of gas state, and the same quantitative flow rate, the turbine will change the height of its position, will fall in proportion to the increase in its mass by a height of h ₂ , which, in turn, should lead to a decrease in the cross-sectional area of the passage opening (Fig. 1, 3, item 10). However, due to the fact that the amount of gas consumed remains the same, and the size of the cross-sectional area of the passage opening has decreased, the necessary amount of gas to the consumer can be provided only due to its outflow rate, which, in turn, will affect the increase in the turbine rotation speed скорости ₂ .

Thus, with an increase in the mass of the turbine, the cross-sectional area of the turbine inlet hole decreases due to a decrease in the height of its position in the measuring tube, and the consumer receives the necessary amount of gas due to an increase in its flow rate, a sign of which is an increase in the speed of rotation of the turbine at a lower height of its position in comparison with the reference conditions.

However, in this case, the kinetic energy costs of the moving gas stream to perform work on their movement to ensure this flow through the turbine will increase. This circumstance, in turn, will lead to an increase in the value of the lost pressure and a decrease in the sensitivity threshold of the measuring instrument. A change in the height of the turbine position and its rotation speed will lead to a change in the quantitative values and quantitative ratios of informative features in the groups of output signals from the comparators F ₁ and F _{2 of the} converter, informative signs will appear on the difference in the number of signals received from the corresponding marker comparators (F ₃ ¹ ... F ₃ ^m ) compared to the reference values.

With a decrease in the mass of the turbine and unchanged other initial conditions, the reaction of the converter according to the proposed measurement method will be as follows.

With a decrease in the mass of the turbine in comparison with its initial value (m _t <m _et ) and the same conditions of gas state and the same quantitative flow rate, the turbine will change its height, rise in proportion to the decrease in its mass by a height h ₃ , which, in turn, should lead to an increase in the cross-sectional area of the passage opening (Fig. 1, 3, item 10). However, due to the fact that the amount of gas consumed remains the same, and the cross-sectional area of the passage opening has increased, the required amount of gas will be provided to the consumer by reducing its flow rate, which, in turn, will be reflected in a decrease in the turbine rotation speed.

The amount of pressure lost will decrease and sensitivity will increase.

According to other informative signs, similarly to the situation discussed above, with an increase in the turbine mass, the quantitative values and quantitative ratios of informative signs in the groups of the converter output signals will change, informative signs will appear by the difference in the number of signals received from the converter at the level of the corresponding markers, compared to the reference values.

Of all the above signs characterizing changes in the characteristics of the state of the gas stream during its flow into a predetermined unit of time or due to a significant event, it is necessary to highlight the characteristic of the ratio of the turbine rotation speed at a given flow rate and at a given height to the volume of gas occupied by the gas under the turbine at a given height.

In this case, the developers of measuring instruments according to the proposed method, it is necessary to pay special attention to the nature of the change of signs, which determine the temperature of the measured gas flow under the condition of a change in gas density or turbine mass. The question is that when the gas density changes or the turbine mass changes, the quantitative ratios of the output signals at the output of the comparators F ₁ and F ₂ change in comparison with the quantitative ratio under normal conditions of gas state, to which this measuring instrument is configured and certified, which, in ultimately, it can affect the accuracy of temperature measurement (see Figure 5, waveforms e, g and s at a gas density equal to the reference value (ρ _work. = ρ _floor ), in comparison with the waveforms b, c and d at ρ _{work .} <ρ _et ). For a more visual representation of the emerging problem when determining the temperature value of the measured gas flow on the oscillograms and, k and l Fig. 5 are shown on an enlarged scale by comparing by plotting the back dips of two groups of output signals coming from the converter to the inputs of the comparators F ₁ and F ₂ , with the mass of the turbine equal to the reference (m _t = m _floor ) and at (m _t > m _floor ). An analysis of the waveforms and, k and l shows that the number of pulses in the groups at the output of the comparator F ₂ at a working gas temperature of + 30 ° C, compared with the reference value of + 20 ° C, there is a quantitative difference between -ΔN ₁ and -ΔN ₂ , as well as between + ΔN ₃ and + ΔN ₄ - at a working gas temperature of + 10 ° C. From this analysis it follows that for the same temperature value of the measured gas flow, but with the mass of the turbine changed during operation or the density of the measured gas flow changed, the quantitative difference in the pulses at the outputs of the comparators F ₁ and F ₂ will slightly differ from the difference that the VU received under normal gas condition and normal turbine mass (reference values). These difference values are an important additional informative feature for the measuring instrument for the decision-making algorithm and the implementation of the procedure for adjusting the calculated measurement result. By the nature of the change in the magnitude of this difference, the control unit of the measuring device determines the degree of change in gas density, determines the degree of wear of the turbine, selects one or another algorithm for calculating the final result, or reprograms the reference data base for the changed mass of the turbine or for the changed gas density at the command of the operator. In addition, these informative features are used by the internal software of the VU to control the operability of the measuring instrument, as well as when attesting it at the place of operation during operation.

For all of the above informative features, the software of the developed measuring instrument should ensure that these changes are taken into account, evaluate the magnitude of these changes, evaluate and decide on the admissibility of these deviations and the possibility of their algorithmic accounting or the introduction of the necessary correction factors into the calculation algorithm and inform the operator about this .

When developing the operating algorithm of the control unit of the developed measuring instrument and developing the appropriate missile defense system that is appropriate for this algorithm, it is necessary to take into account several important circumstances related to ensuring the high sensitivity of the developed measuring instrument, and the accuracy and reliability of the measurement. The first circumstance is that, as noted above, due to the very high speeds of the turbine during the measurement process (even with small volumes of gas flow), the sensitivity of the turbine to minor changes in gas flow or to a slight change in the mass of the turbine is manifested by a significant change in its height in the measuring tube and a significant change in the speed of its rotation.

So, when evaluating laboratory tests of prototype capacitor converter turbines according to the proposed measurement method with a turbine mass of 5 g, a measuring tube diameter of 45 mm, a working tube height of 250 mm, the turbine rotation speed with an adjustable gas flow rate varied over the entire height of the measuring zone in the range from 60 rpm to 2200 rpm, and the number of pulses in group N ₁ from the output of the comparator F ₁ at a generator frequency of 500 kHz varied in the range (estimated) from 160,000 pcs in the lower limit of the turbo position up to 1000 pcs in the upper limit of the turbine position. When the turbine mass was changed to 7.5 g (due to the load placed in the outer bosom of the turbine), the turbine rotation speed in the upper limit of the measuring zone of the pipe (h = 250 mm) was 3600 rpm, and with a mass of 15 g, the turbine rotation speed in 3600 rpm was already provided at a height of 110 mm of the working area. And this is with a low excess working pressure of the gas. With high gas flow rates (in medium pressure pipelines) and various pipeline diameters, the turbine rotation speed should be expected in the ranges up to 50,000 rpm, and even more in main pipelines. To ensure the measurement of such a contrasting range of values (for example, the number of pulses in group N ₁ , varying in the range from 160,000 pcs to 1,000 pcs), an eighteen-digit binary counter and the same digit capacity are required for electronic processing of these quantities. From the foregoing, it becomes obvious that in order to ensure high measurement accuracy and ensure low cost of these measurements, it is necessary to reduce the bit depth of operational resources of the developed measuring instrument (counters, registers, memory elements, adders, multiplexers, ALU, etc.). Reducing excessive redundancy of the used electronic elements of the device can be achieved by reducing the bit depth of the obtained numerical values of the characteristics from the converter. In this regard, it is most advantageous to use the differential values of the measured values, coupled with the choice of the optimal frequency of the generator. For example, the values -ΔN ₁ , -ΔN ₂ , + ΔN ₃ , + ΔN ₄ or the difference between N ₁ -N ₄ , etc., since these indicators have been and remain derivative of the speed of rotation of the turbine ώ and its height position h (see Figure 5).

At the same time, the developers of the operating algorithm of the developed measuring instrument and the developers of the applied missile defense system corresponding to this algorithm must take into account the fact that the change in the mass of the turbine in one direction or another (decrease or increase) occurs after a long time. In addition, sticking to the blades of turbine meters occurs with insignificant volumetric quantities of the consumed gas, and their abrasion - with prolonged use of the turbine meters with maximum or maximum regimes of the consumed gas. The circumstances described above require the introduction of a developed software for measuring a special “watchdog” module in the missile defense system that monitors and records the events that occur during the measurement process: changes in the turbine mass, or changes in gas density, or an unacceptably large or excess gas flow rate for a particular consumer.

The developers of gas flow measuring instruments for a complete understanding of the operating principle of the proposed measurement method need to recognize two more important circumstances related to the properties of a moving gas flow and ultimately affecting the behavior of the turbine in this gas flow. The first thing is that the quantity of molecules in a unit volume of a moving gas stream and the total speed of their movement in a conventional unit of time determine the height of the turbine and its rotation speed in the measuring tube. In other words, the height of the position of the turbine in the measuring tube and its speed of rotation, taking into account the structural features of the arrangement of the working planes of the blades in the turbine, the height and angle of inclination of the generatrix, depend on the total quantity of molecules in a unit volume of a moving gas stream (on the density of the gas and its velocity) the surface of the cone, the starting cross-sectional area of the turbine through hole and its mass.

The second circumstance is associated with the first circumstance in understanding the speed of movement of a moving gas stream, which, in turn, is associated with the concept of pressure. In this regard, the concept of gas pressure must also be considered as a driving force.

In chemistry, the pressure characteristic P in USIG {1} is crucial for the state of a gas in a known closed volume, in other words, a measure of the state of a gas in a closed volume. For a moving gas stream, which in the process of its movement, due to its specificity, non-uniformly changes its values characterizing its state, the pressure characteristic P takes on another semantic physical value. In physics, pressure is associated with the concept of force as the cause of a body moving in a given direction and is defined as the force acting on a unit area (P = F / S) (see §9.2 [1]; §3 of section 4, §1 of section 5 and § 1 and §2 of section 12 [3]).

According to Newton’s second law, the force acting on the body is equal to the product of its mass m (expressed in kg) and the acceleration a caused by the action of this force: F = ma. For a turbine freely floating in the gas stream, the acceleration caused by the Earth's gravity is 9.81 m / s ² . Therefore, the force acting on the body has a dimension of kg (m / s). This dimension in the SI system is called Newton - "N"

1H = 1 kg (m / s ² ).

By expressing the surface area of the turbine, which affects the upward flow of gas in m ² , you can determine the pressure with which the turbine presses on the gas. This indicator in the general case will characterize the value of the lost pressure, which is expended by the moving gas flow to overcome the gravitational properties of the turbine

P = force / area = H / m ² = kg (m / s ² ).

In the SI system, the dimension Newton / m ² has a pressure unit called the Pascal "Pa" 1 Pa = 1 N / m ² .

In each specific case, depending on the goal, the proposed method of obtaining informative features for creating electronic means of measuring gas flows allows the calculation of the amount of gas consumed using the fundamental laws of the mechanics of moving bodies, physical and chemical properties of gases, known and recognized in world science. So, to measure the magnitude of the lost pressure in the proposed measurement method, you can use the law of floating bodies. According to this law, two forces act on a body in a liquid (gas). The mass force of the body (turbine) F _t directed vertically downward, and the gas pressure force F _g directed vertically upward. The resultant of these forces is equal to their difference and is directed toward a larger one. Therefore, a body located in a liquid (gas) can sink (sink) if F _t > F _g , float (rise) if F _t <F _g , and be in equilibrium if F _t = F _g .

The specific value of the lost pressure can be determined using the Archimedes law according to the formula F _t = haρ, where h is the height occupied by the turbine in the measuring tube, ρ is the density of the medium (gas) being measured, and is the gravitational acceleration.

The gas pressure on the turbine is F _g = Qρa (where Q is the volume of the floating body (turbine), ρ is the density of the medium (gas) being measured, and is the gravitational acceleration).

Consider the operation of a capacitive rotameter transducer in the proposed method for obtaining informative features for creating electronic means of measuring gas flows.

In the initial position, when there is no consumption (flow) of gas, the turbine is in the extreme lower position of the measuring tube of the capacitive transducer, resting its lower part of the blades on a tapered bearing 11 (Figure 2).

Under the action of the ascending flow of the measured medium, the turbine with small volumes of gas flow is first unwound on the bearing, and then at significant costs it is torn off from its initial lower position, forming a passage annular channel 10 between the cone and the inner side surface of the turbine (for passing the measured medium), geometrically representing a hollow truncated cone (Figure 1, position 10). The dimensions of this passage channel (“wall thickness” of the hollow truncated cone) depend on the height of the position of the turbine in the measuring tube.

Due to this conical configuration of the passage channel, the gas flow is balanced to a homogeneous (laminar) state and the turbine is stabilized with respect to its axis of rotation. The greater the volume of gas consumption (consumption), the higher the level of the position of the turbine in the measuring tube and the higher its rotation speed.

With an increase in the amount of gas consumption (flow), the height of the turbine position increases and its rotation speed increases, while the linear characteristic of the increase (or decrease) in the amount of gas consumed will correspond to the linear characteristic of the change in the speed of rotation of the turbine and the volumetric value of the graduated cylinder located under the turbine, and this the linear characteristics of the change in the quantity of consumption and the speed of rotation of the turbine will correspond (as already noted) to the nonlinear characteristics of the level I the height of the position of the turbine in the measuring tube and the cross-sectional area of the passage channel.

Due to the rotation of the turbine, cyclic mutual intersection of the capacitive plates located on the turbine skirt and the outer surface of the measuring tube is carried out. At the beginning of the rotation cycle, capacitive couplings are formed due to the intersection of the plates C ₁ ^P (pos. 17) with C ₁ ^T (pos. 12, capacitor C ₁ ^PT , see Figure 3) and capacitive coupling C ₂ ^P (pos. 18) with C ₂ ^T (pos. 13, capacitor C ₂ ^PT , see FIG. 3), and then simultaneously crossing the C ₂ ^P lining of the C ₃ ^T plates (pos. 14) with C ₁ ^T. Thus, due to these mutual intersections of the plates on the turbine skirt and on the outer surface of the measuring tube, capacitive couplings (capacitors) are formed, through which probing calibrated signals are transmitted from the generator G through the capacitive couplings formed due to the rotation of the turbine to the inputs of the comparators F ₁ , F ₂ and F ₃ ¹ ... F ₃ ^m (see, for example, in Fig. 9b the intersection of the plates C ₁ ^T with C ₂ ^P and C ₂ ^P with C ₃₅ ^T and C ₃₆ ^T ). For these capacitive couplings at the end of each cycle of rotation of the turbine, the last connection is formed due to the lining C ₁ ^P (pos.17) with C ₂ ^T (pos.13, capacitor C ₁₂ ^PT ) and C ₂ ^P with C ₁ ^T. Moreover, the duration of the mutual intersection of these plates depends on the speed of rotation of the turbine and the path length that the plates pass during the intersection by the plate C ₁ ^{P of the} zone C ₁ ^T and the plate C ₂ ^{P of the} zone of joint and simultaneous intersection of the plates of the markers C ₃ ^T and C ₁ ^T ( see Figure 3 and Figure 8).

During the rotation of the turbine, the sounding calibrated electrical signals from the output of the generator G due to the capacitive connections described above from the input of the capacitive plate C ₁ ^{T are} transmitted to the output of the plate C ₂ ^T.

Due to these capacitive couplings, the first large group of pulses N ₁ arrives at the comparators F1 and F2 from the plate C ₂ ^T , and after a time interval t _{2 the} second small group of pulses N ₄ , formed due to capacitive couplings C ₁ ^P with C ₁ ^T ( capacitor C ₁ ^PT ) and C ₂ ^P with C ₂ ^T (capacitor C ₂ ^PT ) (Figure 4 waveform a).

Behind the group of pulses N ₁ at a time interval t ₁ due to the formed capacitive connections while simultaneously crossing the lining C ₂ ^{P of the} markers C ₃ ^T and the lining C ₁ ^T to the signal inputs of the group of comparators F ₃ (Fig. 8, item 21) with one or two marker plates ₃ ^T C (depending on the relative position of the turbine liner C ₂ to ⁿ C ₃ plates of tokens ^T) corresponding to the comparators ₃ F arrive pulse group n ₂ or n ₂ and n ₃ (waveform 4 a, b and c at). All selective inputs of the group of comparators F ₃ receive one common threshold voltage generated by a voltage divider from two series-connected constant resistors R ₄ (pos. 28) and R5 (pos. 27). At the same time, the level of selective voltage is set to such a value that at the output of the group of comparators F ₃ a sufficient number of pulses is generated for analysis in the entire measurement range for which this measuring tool is certified. In addition, if it is necessary to provide a higher accuracy for determining the position of the turbine for height for measuring gas flow, and especially in the case when the lining of the turbine skirt C ₂ ^P simultaneously intersects two adjacent marker plates (for example, C ₃₅ ^T and C ₃₆ ^T or C ₃₇ ^T and C ₃₈ ^T in Fig. 9b), the threshold voltage should be such that, by the difference of the signals generated at the output of the comparators F ₃ ¹ ... F ₃ ^m (N ₂ -N ₃ ) or by their ratio, more exact position of the turbine in the measuring tube.

Thus, the signals coming from the converter for each cycle of the turbine revolution will be three groups of pulses different in number, and the number of pulses in the groups will change as the amount of gas consumed increases as follows.

The number of pulses in group N ₁ will decrease inversely with the increase in the speed of rotation of the turbine and the decrease in the length of the path that the plates pass when the plate C ₁ ^P crosses the zone C ₁ ^T , and the number of pulses in group N ₄ will decrease only by increasing the speed of rotation turbines (Fig. 4 oscillogram g).

The number of pulses in groups N ₂ and N ₃ coming from the marker strips C ₃₁ ^T ... C _3m ^T to the corresponding formers F ₃ (pos. 21 of Fig. 3 and Fig. 8) will change with a change in the gas flow rate and the corresponding change turbine rotation speed (see diagrams in FIG. 4). In this case, as already noted, for the normal state of the gas (reference value) and the normal mass of the turbine (reference value), to which this measuring instrument is oriented, configured and certified, the number of pulses in groups N ₂ and N ₃ will decrease with increasing position height turbines are inversely proportional to the increase in its rotation speed. In this case, the number of pulses coming from the outputs of the signal conditioners of the markers F ₃ ¹ ... F ₃ ^m (Fig. 3, pos. 21) must correspond to its reference value and remain constant. For example (conditionally), under the conditions specified above, the state of the gas and the mass of the turbine in the lower limit of the position of the turbine (at extremely low flow rates), the number of pulses in group N ₂ received for analysis in the control unit from the output F ₃ ¹ should be 5000 pcs, and in the upper limit of the position of the turbine (at the maximum flow rate) is only 500 pcs. In the case of a change in gas density, the nature of the change in the number of pulses from these formers will change according to the above description of the graph in FIG. 6.

For example (conditionally), with an increase in the density of the measured gas flow in the lower limit of the turbine position, the number of pulses in group N ₂ coming to analysis from the output of F ₃ ¹ will change from 5,000 to 5,500, and in the upper limit from 500 to 550 PC.

It should be noted that to assess the magnitude of the change in the state of the gas by density or to assess the change in the mass of the turbine it is absolutely not necessary to analyze the changes in the quantitative values of the pulses in groups N ₂ and N ₃ , because The main purpose of these signals for the VU, as already noted, is to perform the functions of “flags” indicating the height of the turbine in the measuring tube at a given moment in time, which determines the volume of the measuring cylinder occupied by the gas under the turbine at the level of a particular “flag”. Using these flags, the electronic circuit determines the starting addresses of the zones of the memory field with the memory cells of the database, where the reference values of the values of the turbine rotation speed ώ at a given height h or the values of N ₁ or N ₁ , or other signs that were recorded for the reference values by gas density and mass of the turbine at the stage of manufacture of the measuring instrument, in order to extract these values from the database for comparison and comparison with the current values obtained in the measurement process, for analysis and decision making. To determine the quantitative values of changes in a given quantity, it is most advisable to use the number of pulses coming from the comparator F ₁ , due to the fact that this description has repeatedly emphasized that the quantitative value and the quantitative change in pulses in group N _{1 are} more contrasting compared to the number of pulses in group N ₂ . For example, under normal conditions of gas flow conditions, the measured number of pulses in group N ₁ in the lower limit of the turbine position will be 160,000 pcs compared to the number of 5,000 pcs in group N ₂ , and in the upper limit of the turbine position under the same initial conditions, 1000 and 500 pcs respectively. In this database, the values of permissible deviations from the indicators of the reference values (+ ΔN ₃ or + ΔN ₄ , or -ΔN ₁ , or -ΔN ₂ ) can be stored (see Figure 5 oscillograms k and l).

In the upper limit of the position of the turbine in the measuring tube, the geometric dimensions of the plates C ₁ ^t , C ₂ ^t and C ₁ ^{p are the} same, and at this level the number of pulses in groups N ₁ and N ₄ coming from the converter to the comparators F1 and F2 will be the same, what is an information sign about an unacceptably large or emergency volume of gas flow (Figure 4 oscillogram e). In addition, this sign of equality of the number of pulses in groups N ₁ and N ₄ in the upper limit of the position of the turbine and their number, in comparison with the number after a long lifetime of the device, can serve as an informative sign of the state of the measuring instrument and its conformity with the technical specifications at its next certification .

As already noted, a change in the speed of rotation of the turbine at a given level of height of its position in the measuring tube during the long life of the device (for example, due to a change in its mass) will lead to a change in the number of pulses in the groups.

This feature allows you to automate the routine routine inspection of the device and its certification without dismantling at the place of operation.

Moreover, with each next cycle of mutual intersection of the plates of capacitors on the outer surface of the pipe and turbine at the moments of the beginning and end of the intersection, when the capacitive values of the formed capacities

From ₁ ^pt , C ₂ ^pt , C ₁₂ ^pt and C ₁₂ ^tp, they will initially gradually increase, and then, when the turbine plates exit from these zones, they will gradually decrease, the amplitude characteristics of the transmitted signals from the generator will also increase sequentially, and upon exit, decrease sequentially (Figure 5 oscillograms b, e, and).

Due to the fixed operation threshold established at the input of the comparator F1, the ratio of resistors (resistances) R1 (Fig. 3, pos. 22) and R2 (Fig. 3, pos. 23) is used for amplitude selection of signals coming from the converter. For this reason, signals will be generated at the output F1, the amplitude values of which at the input of the shaper had standard values (Figure 5 is an oscillogram d and h).

In turn, due to the constant resistors R3 installed (Fig. 3, pos. 24) and a variable resistor R _t ⁰ (Fig. 3, pos. 25) at the input of the comparator F2 a variable response threshold, the specific values of which depend on the temperature measured environment, the output F2 will generate signals whose amplitudes at the input have (including) and substandard values. For this reason, the number of pulses at the output of the comparator F2 is either equal or longer (+ ΔN + ΔN ₃ or ₄₎ or smaller (-ΔN -ΔN ₁ or ₂₎ in comparison with the number of pulses received from the F1 (waveform 5 s, f, k and l).

The quantitative difference in the pulses with a sign formed at the output of the comparator F2 is more or less compared to the number of pulses at the output F1 is an information sign of the volumetric temperature coefficient of gas expansion and, taking into account the changing speed of the turbine, can be used to adjust the final measurement result.

The quantitative difference in the pulse groups formed at the output F1 (N ₁ -N ₄ ) or the magnitude of their ratio (N ₁ / N ₄ ), as well as the magnitude of the ratio T _per / t ₂ , is an informative sign of the level of the height of the position of the turbine in the measuring tube. This height will correspond to the moment of equilibrium between the gas flow lifting force (expended pressure) Ф _Г acting on the turbine and the pressure of the turbine weight Ф _Т , and therefore, the value of the height level of the turbine position in the measuring tube will correspond to the pressure drop in the line as a result of this flow .

As already noted, in accordance with the law of floating bodies, two forces act on a body in a liquid (gas). The force of the body weight (turbine) Ф _Т directed vertically downward and the gas pressure force Ф _Г directed vertically upward. The resultant of these forces is equal to their difference and is directed toward a larger one. Therefore, a body located in a liquid (gas) can sink (sink) if Ф _{Т is} more than Ф _Г , to float (rise), if Ф _{Т is} less than Ф _Г , and be in equilibrium if Ф _Т is equal to Ф _Г.

In view of the foregoing, it becomes apparent that a linear change in the quantity of the consumed (measured) medium will correspond to a linear change in the characteristics of the turbine rotation speed and the corresponding change in the temporal relationships taken from the pulse group transducer, which greatly simplifies the process of converting the turbine rotation speed or time ratios of groups of probe pulses into a measured volume or a measured quantity.

Moreover, knowing the height of the position of the turbine in the measuring tube, its mass and volume, it is possible to determine with high accuracy the level of pressure drop in the line as a result of this flow rate, and in extreme cases, with extremely large volumes of consumption, when the gradient of the increment of the level of the position of the turbine stops ( e.g., due to unacceptably low line pressure or unacceptably high level of consumption), the pulse number difference indicators in groups (N ₁ -N ₄₎ or their ratio can be level characteristic yes the gas pressure in the pipeline at the point of consumption.

On Fig shows one of the many possible options for building a simplified electronic functional diagram for determining the amount of gas consumed, reduced to standard conditions accepted in commercial accounting for mutual calculations (in volumetric, molar or mass representation) based on the use of numerical values obtained by the proposed method informative features with changing values of the measured gas flow (pressure, density, temperature) or deviation of the turbine mass from the reference values. The proposed scheme includes an intermediate register, a flag position indicator (flag register) - RGF (Fig. 8, item 28), which is a group of RS triggers, in an amount equal to the number of comparators F ₃ (item 21), the first counter pulses of group N ₁ - CT1 (pos. 29), a second counter of the number of pulses of group N ₄ - CT2 (pos. 30), a register of addresses of memory cells for an EPROM - RGA (pos. 31), a programmable data storage device of EPROM (pos. .32), adder Σ (pos. 33), accumulator register of the final result of the measured Flow rate RGAK (poz.34), the control unit CU (poz.35) and the timer T (poz.36) data bus measurement results "output A" and data bus sign flags "output B" register.

The proposed functional electronic circuit (Fig. 8) can be used in the development of electronic means of measuring the quantitative values of the consumed gas both for low pressure levels of gas flows (domestic and communal gas meters), and for some average pressure levels of gas flows (industrial and industrial means measurements).

The basis of the principle of constructing the proposed electronic circuit is based on the following initial postulates.

1. As already noted, at low and moderate values of the pressure of gas flows (in the range from 1 to 10 atm) the deviations of the properties of real gases from ideal are not so great, and in this regard, in practice, when calculating the quantitative values of the consumed gas, it is possible to use with satisfactory accuracy equation of state of an ideal gas.

2. The capabilities of the electronic industry for the production of electronic memory elements of super-large volumes, high speed and flexible architecture for organizing the memory field of a long-term, non-volatile memory device due to the flexible organization of access to the necessary memory cells through the special organization of its address space, allow to write all possible current options into such memory quantitative or volumetric (or mass) values of the consumed gas per unit belt or due to a significant event. For example, for one or several revolutions of a turbine.

In this case, the current values of the amount of gas or volume values are deliberately calculated and recorded in the corresponding memory cells, taking into account possible options for changing the gas density, gas temperature and mass of the turbine. Such an organization of determining the quantitative or volumetric quantities of the consumed gas allows not to carry out a large number of calculations to determine the current value of the gas flow, and the computational procedures are replaced by summing the current values of the gas flow taken from memory cells into which they are a priori calculated during the manufacturing of the measuring instrument . The addresses of the memory cells with the necessary values are determined by the combination of values of the level of the turbine in the measuring tube, the speed of rotation of the turbine at this height and the temperature of the measured gas flow, taking into account the mass of the turbine and the geometric dimensions of the measuring tube, cone and turbine.

The architecture for constructing such an electronic circuit for determining the amount of gas consumed is based on logic, the semantic meaning of which is that, according to the values of the numerical characteristics of the behavior of the turbine in the measuring tube of the gas being consumed (the height of the turbine position is h, its rotation speed is ώ, the gas temperature and the deviations of these characteristics from the reference values, expressed by determining the difference between the reference values from the operating values), the address of a specific memory cell with recorded in it is determined a priori calculated value of gas flow rate per conventional unit of time.

Verbally, in a simplified form, a description of the operation of this principle of determining the amount of gas consumed can be stated as follows. In the memory field of the EPROM (ROM, or ROM, or mask ROM - with the proven technology of manufacturing serial gas meters), according to a certain distribution scheme of the address space of the memory field, all possible combinations of the amount of gas consumed per unit time are recorded, which were previously calculated and tested. For example, for household gas meters, the application conditions of which are known and stable, and the characteristics of the state of the consumed gas (in temperature, pressure, component composition and density) change in a priori known and insignificant ranges. The address of the required memory cell, in which the corresponding flow rate is recorded in the selected unit of time or a certain significant event characterizing the quantitative change of the consumed gas, for example, during one or several revolutions of a rotating turbine, is determined by the combination of the values of the turbine position level in the measuring tube h (RGF value) and pulse number value in the group ₁ N obtained from the output F of the comparator _1, which is derived from the turbine rotational speed (the value of CT1) and the value amounts pulses in a group derived from the output of generator ₂ F (value CT2), which is the derivative of the changing of the measured gas flow temperature. The formation of the physical address of the required memory cell, which stores the quantitative or volumetric or mass value of the amount of gas consumed for a specified unit of time or for a specified number of revolutions of a turbine can be organized as follows. The entire address space of the memory field of the long-term storage device (EEPROM) is divided into zones. The number of such zones is determined by the sum of the number of plates of markers C ₃ ^T _{(1 ... m)} (Fig. 8, item 14) located on the outer surface of the third zone of the measuring tube of the capacitive transducer, and the number of intersections by the plate C ₂ ^P located on the turbine skirt, with marker strips.

The number of such intersections along the entire height of the measuring tube will be equal to

P = m + (m-1), where m is the total number of marker plates on the measuring tube.

In turn, each zone is divided into sectors, the number of which is determined by the permissible number of pulses of group N _{1 of the} CT1 counter, which is a derivative of the turbine rotation speed, and the turbine rotation speed, in turn, is a derivative of the amount of gas consumed, its density and mass turbines. The number of memory sectors in each zone is determined by a combination of permissible limits of varying values for the density of the measured gas flow and the permissible value of the changing mass of the turbine.

In turn, each sector is divided into segments, the number of which is determined by the temperature range of the measured gas flow. For example, when the temperature range of the gas stream is from 0 ° to 30 ° C with a 1 degree discrete, the number of such segments in each sector will be 30. The corresponding buses of the segments of the address space of the EPROM memory field are excited from the information buses of the CT2 counter, the values of which are derivatives of the changing temperature of the measured gas stream. Each segment, in turn, has a certain number of memory cells that provide storage of the required number of values, taking into account possible deviations in the density of the measured gas flow and in the mass of the turbine.

Ultimately, the specific current value of the amount of gas consumed in a conditioned unit of time or a conditioned significant event is determined by a combination of excited address buses of the zone, sector, segment, and specific cells of the EPROM memory field. The value thus determined from the output of the EPROM (pos. 32) via information data buses is fed to one of the inputs of the adder Σ (pos. 33), where it is summed with the previous data accumulated in the RGAK battery (pos. 34).

At the same time, information on the total value of the consumed amount (volume or mass value reduced to standard conditions accepted in commercial accounting) of gas is constantly present on the output bus of the results “Output A” of the RGAK, and on the information bus of the signs “Output B” there is current information about the level of the position of the turbine in the measuring tube at a given point in time, which can be used to automatically monitor the operability of the measuring instrument, or to control the extremely dangerous level gas consumption, or in an automated system Limited (metered) of the gas consumption rate, etc.

When allocating the address space of the EPROM memory field between zones, it is necessary to pay special attention to the fact that when organizing sectors and segments in the zones of the memory field and filling them with calculated data, the same values will be found in sectors and segments of adjacent zones, which is a consequence of the deviation of the measured values from reference either by the density of the measured gas flow or by the mass of the turbine due to its wear or adherence of gas impurities to it (see the description of the graphs of Fig.6 and Fig.7). This circumstance for some developments of gas flow measuring instruments according to the proposed method may turn out to be economically advantageous, since it allows you to organize the associative principle of addressing the necessary cells in the memory field, which ultimately significantly reduces the total memory size.

On figa 1) shows a fragment of the distribution scheme of the address space of the EPROM memory field by zones, sectors and segments. On figa 2) shows the memory cells located at the boundaries of adjacent zones in which the values recorded in them values intersect.

The authors of the present invention believe that the above description of the proposed method for obtaining informative features and a general description of the principle of operation of the proposed electronic functional scheme for using these features to calculate gas flow (Fig. 8) are exhaustive for any specialist developer of this profile. For this reason, the authors consider the description of the operation of the control device (pos. 35) and the timer (pos. 36) to be superfluous, which generate the “Reset” and “Record” control signals, since they do not affect the essence of the invention, and their implementation for specialists, Having understood the essence of the invention, it will be trivial.

Despite the fact that the proposed functional scheme for determining the amount of gas consumed by the proposed method solves a very wide range of problems that arise when creating inexpensive and high-precision means of measuring gas flows with a large set of most important consumer properties, it must be recognized that for measuring gas flows at high pressures, such a scheme for implementing the proposed method for obtaining informative features will no longer be sufficient due to a sharp change in the conditions for obtaining informati GOVERNMENTAL symptoms due to significant changes in the state of gas streams. At medium and high pressures, the speed of rotation of the turbine changes significantly. For example, if at low pressures of the measured gas flow the rotation speed of a turbine weighing up to 7.5 g and a maximum flow rate was more than 4000 rpm, then at medium gas pressures the rotation speed of a larger mass turbine reached almost 16000 rpm. In this regard, to determine the informative features of gas flows under high pressure, it is necessary to carry out more accurate measurements of the quantitative characteristics obtained. So, for example, it is necessary to more accurately determine the level of the position of the turbine in the measuring tube, the volume of the measuring cylinder (measuring tube) occupied by gas under the turbine, its rotation speed and the temperature of the gas stream. These circumstances, in turn, require a large number of computational procedures (comparison, comparison, calculation), and therefore, the use of an integrated element base SVT of higher speed, which, in turn, significantly increases the cost of the developed measuring instrument.

Figure 10 shows one of the many options for constructing a functional electronic circuit for obtaining numerical values of informative features when changing the values of the measured gas flow in industrial and main gas pipelines under operating conditions (pressure, density, temperature) or deviation of the turbine mass from the reference value when determining the amount of consumed gas using a computing device (WU). For example, on the basis of any MK [20] (VU not shown). The proposed scheme includes an intermediate flat register-RGF (Figure 10, pos. 28), which is a group of RS triggers in an amount equal to the number of comparators F ₃ (pos. 21), the first counter of the number of pulses in group N ₁ coming from comparator F ₁ - CT1 (pos. 29), the second counter of the number of pulses in the group of pulses coming from the output of the shaper F ₂ - CT2 (pos. 30), the register of the address generator of the cells of the RGAD data memory field (pos. 31), a reprogrammable memory device EPROM data (pos. 32), UU control device (pos. 35), Aymeri T (poz.36), logic OR (poz.37), the pulse number counter Group N ₂ and N _3, F coming from the comparators ₃ - CT3 (poz.38) multiplexer counter - FT4 (poz.39) , the multiplexer - MS (pos. 41), the register of operation codes for ALU - RGK (pos. 42), the arithmetic logic device ALU (pos. 43), the output bus for the results of the calculation of informative features - “Output A” (pos. 40) , the output bus of logical signs of the comparison results (more ->; less - <, equals =) “Output B” (item 44).

When developing the working algorithm of the proposed electronic circuit for obtaining informative features for calculating the amount of gas consumed per unit of time or a significant event due to the use of a control unit or MC, several important circumstances were taken into account, which ultimately significantly affect the accuracy and reliability of the measurement results.

At high speeds of rotation of the turbine due to the gyroscopic effect, the position of the turbine in the measuring tube is very stable and in this regard, its radial displacement with respect to the axis of rotation is vanishingly small. This circumstance makes it possible to produce forming surfaces of the outer parts of the turbine with extremely small tolerances, which, in turn, minimizes gas diffusion between the turbine and the inner walls of the measuring tube. At the same time, the sensitivity of the turbine to insignificant increments of the variable amount of gas consumed, to insignificant changes in the density or viscosity of the gas, as well as to the changing mass of the turbine at high speeds of its rotation due to the aerodynamic properties of the working blades of the turbine is extremely high, which is manifested by the corresponding longitudinal displacement turbines in the measuring tube and the corresponding change in the speed of its rotation.

The circumstances stipulated above require that the electronic means of measuring gas flows created by the proposed method take into account, when analyzing, the quantitative characteristics of the signals received from the proposed electronic converter and characterizing the height of the turbine, its speed of rotation, the temperature of the measured gas stream, and also take into account when analyzing the calculated values characterizing changes in the mass of the turbine, the density of the gas or its temperature, their increments are negligible. This circumstance requires providing a more thorough calculation of the number of signals received from the converter, and their consideration in calculating the final result.

The proposed electronic circuit for obtaining informative features according to a rigid algorithm works. In this case, the first group of electrical signals N ₁ (Fig. 5, waveform a) from the comparator F ₁ (Fig. 10, pos. 19) enters the counting input of the CT1 quantity counter (pos. 29) and simultaneously to the second timer input T (pos. .36) in order to determine the occurrence of the time interval during which the processing of the signals received from the converter is carried out with the subsequent transmission of these data and calculated values via the information buses “Output A” (pos. 45) and “Output B” (pos. 46) to input WU. This time interval occurs in the time of passage capacitive electrode turbine ₁ C ⁿ of the third zone of the measuring tube (4 waveforms a, d and e).

It is necessary to recall that the number of pulses in this group N ₁ is a derivative of the level of the height of the turbine in the measuring tube, its rotation speed at this height, the linear width of the capacitive plate C ₁ ^{t of the} first zone of the measuring pipe, correlated to a gas temperature of 20 ° C. The group of electrical signals (Fig. 5 waveform c) from the comparator F _{2 is} fed to the counting input of the CT2 quantity counter (pos. 30). The number of pulses in this group is derived from the same conditions as in the group of signals from the comparator F ₁ , but correlated to the working temperature of the gas stream.

Groups of electrical signals N ₂ and N ₃ (Figure 4 oscillograms b, c, e and e) from the comparators F ₃ ¹ ... F ₃ ¹ (pos. 21) are received on the flat register RGФ (pos. 28) and through the OR circuit ( pos.37) to the counting input of the CT3 quantity counter (pos.38). The number of pulses in these groups is derived from the height of the position of the turbine in the measuring tube, its rotation speed and the voltage level of the threshold of the comparators operating at the selective input from the voltage divider from resistors R4 and R5. The level of this threshold voltage is determined as follows.

In the process of changing the amount of gas consumed, the turbine is altered in height. In the process of moving the turbine in height, its capacitive plate C ₂ ^P alternately moves along the capacitive plates of the markers C ₃ ^T , creating capacitive connections with them. Through these connections, the signals from the generator G are transmitted to the corresponding inputs of the comparators F ₃ ¹ -F ₃ ^m (pos. 21). At the same time, the position of the C ₂ ^P cover relative to the marker pads happens when two adjacent marker pads intersect with the C ₂ ^P pane. The number of such intersections over the entire height of the measuring tube will be equal to P = m + (m-1), where m is the total number of marker plates on the measuring tube. So, in FIG. 8 and FIG. 10, the total number of marker strips C ₃ ^T is shown to be 13, and the number of intersections, and therefore the total number of zones of the EPROM memory field shown in FIG. 8 and FIG. 10, will be 25. The accuracy of determining the position of the turbine according to the proposed technical solution is 1/2 of the height of the marker cover. So, if we allow the minimum height of the marker lining, equal to 10 mm, then the accuracy of determining the position of the turbine in the measuring tube according to the proposed scheme is 5 mm. For household, utility and some industrial gas meters with an elongated shallow cone (Figure 2, item 3), such an accuracy in determining the height can be quite sufficient. For industrial and trunk means of measuring gas flows with a short cone, such an accuracy in determining the height of the turbine position is not acceptable. For this reason, to ensure high accuracy in determining the height of the position of the turbine in the proposed scheme (Figure 10), quantitative values of pulses in the group N ₂ and N ₃ are additionally used, which due to the high and stable characteristics of the rapidly rotating turbine have high-precision and stable performance. So, from the above example of the nature of the change in the quantitative characteristics coming from signal markers for a measuring pipe with a height of 250 mm and a turbine rotation speed of 2200 rpm, the number of pulses over the entire height of the measuring zone varied from 5000 pulses in the lower limit position of a stably rotating turbine to 500 pulses in the upper limit of a rotating turbine. For every millimeter of the changing height of the position of the turbine, there are 18 pulses (5000-500): 250 mm = 18 pulses / mm. The discrete change in the level of the position of the turbine is 55.55 microns.

For low and medium gas pressures, this is extremely high accuracy. In this regard, in order to minimize the operational resources of the proposed circuit, the selected level of the comparator response threshold selects high-grade signals from substandard signals that occur at the boundaries of the transition of the capacitive turbine plates relative to the marker plates. The threshold voltage level on the comparators F ₃ ¹ ... F ₃ ^m is chosen so that the comparators provide the formation of signals at the level of intersection of the marker pads with the C ₂ ^P lining at least 1/3 of the total area of the marker lining. On Figb shows a comparison of the oscillograms of the diagrams of the signals obtained from the plates of adjacent markers at different areas of intersection of their plate C ₂ ^P located on the turbine skirt.

With this selection of signals, the number of pulses in groups N ₂ and N ₃ and their ratio become dependent on the exact location of the C ₂ ^P plate between adjacent marker plates and are separated in time relative to each other, which, in turn, allows the developer to determine the exact location of the turbine on the boundaries of adjacent marker pads by the ratio of the number of pulses in these groups. However, in FIG. 10, to accurately determine the location of the turbine between the markers, the cumulative number of pulses of these groups superimposed by the logical OR function (key 37 of FIG. 10) is used. Such a solution significantly simplifies the scheme from excessive piling up with technical resources, and some uncertainty arising in this case in determining the exact position of the turbine between adjacent markers is compensated by the excitation of two neighboring RS triggers of the flat register RGO.

Thus, the signs of the exact location of the turbine in the measuring tube are the excited (set to the state of the logical unit RS triggers) corresponding bits of the flat register RGO and the value on the information buses of the CT3 counter, reflecting the number of pulses in the group

N ₂ and N ₃ (see the oscillograms in Fig.9b).

According to these signs, in the address space of the EPROM memory field (pos. 32), the corresponding memory cells are excited where the data necessary for the calculation are recorded. Including:

1. The exact location of the turbine in the measuring tube, expressed in millimeters. For example, the entire range of movement of the turbine (h) in the measuring tube is from 0.50 to 500.00 mm.

2. The exact value of the volume of the graduated cylinder (measuring tube) occupied by gas under the turbine at a given flow rate.

3. The exact number of pulses in group N ₁ , which should be at a given height of the position of the turbine under normal conditions of the state of the gas flow and the mass of the turbine.

4. The exact number of pulses in the group of signals coming from the comparator F ₂ , characterizing the working temperature of the measured gas stream and which should be at the given height of the turbine position under normal conditions of the state of the gas flow and the mass of the turbine.

In this case, the address space of the ROM is allocated as follows.

The most significant bits of the EPROM memory field are excited by the values from the RGAD data address register (pos. 31), which determine the addresses of the zones of the EPROM memory field, where sectors are located whose addresses are determined by the values of the CT3 counter (pos. 38). Specific memory cells in sectors with the values of the number of pulses recorded in them at the stage of manufacturing the means of measurement in group N ₁ , which should be at the given height of the turbine position at normal values of the gas state (gas component composition, gas density), and the number of pulses, which should be in a group of signals coming from a comparator

F ₂ , characterizing the operating temperature of the measured gas flow, are excited by the lower bits of the address space of the memory field of the EEPROM from the multiplexer counter CT4 (pos. 39).

The proposed scheme works as follows. The informative signs obtained during the passage of the turbine of the first and second zones of the measuring tube during the passage of the turbine of the third zone of the measuring tube are fed to ALU one by one to compare, compare and calculate the final informative signs, according to which the control unit makes the final decision on the amount of gas consumed for a given revolution turbines, about changes in the measured gas flow or about changes in the mass of the turbine. Based on the initial (zero) value of the CT4 multiplexer counter, addresses are generated in the EPROM with the exact value of the height of the turbine in the measuring tube at a given flow rate, expressed in millimeters. This value from the output of the EEPROM is fed to the data bus input “A” ALU (pos. 43). For the same zero value of the CT4 counter, the MS multiplexer (pos. 41) from the information input "A" transmits the value "0" to the input "B" of the ALU, and from the RGK instruction register (pos. 42) to the ALU operation code bus "V" receives a command to transfer data from input "A" to output "C". From the output "C" these data are supplied to the control unit. Thus, the value of the level of the position of the turbine in the measuring tube, expressed in millimeters, calculated by the proposed circuit, was received at the WU. According to the pulse signal "+1" from the control unit UU (pos. 35), the counter CT4 increases its value by one, according to which the value of the number of pulses in group N1, which should be on this, is received from the corresponding EPROM cell at the input "A" of the ALU the height of the position of the turbine under normal conditions of gas state and which was recorded in the EPROM at the stage of manufacturing the measuring instrument, and at the input "B" of the ALU, the multiplexer MS switches the values from the counter CT1. In addition, the same signal "+1" from the register of commands to the ALU receives the operation code "COMPARE VALUES A and B". According to the results of comparison, the value of the difference between these values appears on the output “C” of the ALU, and on the corresponding logic output “more ->", "less - <" or "equal - =" (item 46) logical "1". Similarly, a comparison is made by the number of pulses characterizing the temperature of the measured gas stream.

Based on the signs transferred to the VU, the final decision is made on the quantitative (molar), or mass, or volume value of the consumed gas for the next rotation rotation of the turbine.

It should be noted several important circumstances. First, the proposed scheme for obtaining numerical values of informative features is not difficult for practical use. Second, the proposed version of the technical solution for obtaining numerical values of informative features includes all the necessary set of operational resources that are inherent in all MK used for such purposes [20], and for this reason any algorithm for calculating the amount of gas consumed by the proposed method can easily be implemented by the operational resources of modern microcontrollers using the appropriate firmware. It must be emphasized that in order to obtain numerical values of informative features for comparison and comparison, you can use all the values described in the description coming from the converter (quantitative, temporal, amplitude and their derivatives, the height of the turbine in the measuring tube, its mass, area and volume , the cross-sectional area of the through-hole, the ratio of the volume of the measuring tube to the narrowing hole of the turbine and after), while receiving the full and real character statistics of the state of the measured gas medium (temperature, density, pressure, consumed quantity or volume) reduced to standard conditions accepted in commercial accounting.

Tracking changes in the state of the structural elements of the measuring instrument in time determines the need to use the reference time as software milestones - hours, days, months, years. At the same time, such technical capabilities make it possible to give the measuring instrument additional, important consumer properties. Among these consumer properties, it is especially necessary to note the possibility of a measuring instrument to monitor the safe use of gas for each individual user by temporal, quantitative and logical signs. Such signs may include: a limit on the volume or quantity of gas used per unit time. For example, during the day (morning, evening, day, night), on weekends and holidays, according to the time of year (winter, summer, spring, autumn), weather (average daily temperature), or the duration and amount of continuous gas use. For example, prolonged gas consumption in a comfortable multi-story residential building at night or continuous continuous gas consumption in a rural residential area in the summer is a sure sign of misuse of gas. Continuous, continuous and small gas flow rates may be a sign of gas leakage. The stipulated circumstances predetermine the need to use the functions that are widely developed in MK [20] for transferring received data via standard communication lines to the corresponding services.

List of documents and technical literature

1. Brown T., Lemey G.Yu. “Chemistry is at the center of science” in 2 parts. (Tutorial). Per. from English - M .: World. 1983. Part 1 - 448 p., Ill.

2. Brown T., Lemey G.Yu. “Chemistry is at the center of science” in 2 parts. (Tutorial). Per. from English - M .: World. 1983. Part 2 - 520 s., Ill.

3. J. Oorir "Physics" in 2 volumes. (Textbook of General Physics for Universities), trans. from English - M .: Mir, 1981.T.1 - 336 p., Ill.

4. Kremlin P.P. "Flow meters and quantity counters." L .: Engineering, 1989.

5. GOST 8.563.1-97 GSI. Measurement of the flow rate and amount of liquids and gases by the method of variable differential pressure “Diaphragms, ISA 1932 nozzles and Winturi pipes installed in filled pipelines of circular cross section”. Technical conditions

6. GOST 8.563.2-97 GSI. Measurement of the flow rate and quantity of liquids and gases by the method of variable differential pressure. Measurement technique using narrowing devices.

7. GOST 30319.0-96 Natural gas. Methods for calculating physical properties. General Provisions

8. GOST 30319.1-96 Natural gas. Methods for calculating physical properties. Determination of physical properties of natural gas, its components and products of its processing.

9. GOST 30319.2-96 Natural gas. Methods for calculating physical properties. Determination of compressibility factor.

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11. GOST 28724-90 "High-speed gas meters." General technical requirements and test procedure.

12. GOST R 50818-95 "Volumetric diaphragm gas meters." General technical requirements and test methods.

13. The invention according to the patent of the Russian Federation RU 2284474 C1. Description of the invention to the patent "Capacitive rotametric Converter".

14. The invention according to the patent of the Russian Federation RU 2085853 C1. Description of the invention to the patent "gas meter-flowmeter"

15. PR 50.2.019-96 GSI “The amount of natural gas”. Measurement technique using turbine and rotary meters.

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22. RD "Operation manual GTAS2.833.053 RE".

Claims (5)

1. A method of obtaining informative features for electronic means of measuring the quantitative values of the consumed gas, which consists in the fact that based on the use of a priori known physical, mechanical, aerodynamic and structural properties of a probe sample of matter (turbine) placed in a vertically arranged cylindrical measuring tube with a coaxially mounted in it with a cone, and with a variable volume calibrated by electronic markers, and with an electric surface located on its outer surface them capacitive plates connected to an electronic circuit, which in their functional set when passing through them the studied gas flow with variable quantitative, physical and chemical properties provide the formation of several groups of unitary electrical impulse signals, the quantitative values of which and the quantitative ratios characterize the dynamics of vertical movement and the rotation speed of the probe sample of matter (turbine) in the studied gas medium, the area the cross-section of the passage opening, the volume of the measuring cylinder occupied by the gas at a given flow rate, and the temperature, which for electronic gas flow measuring instruments, is a set of information signs for calculating the level of pressure loss at a given flow rate, the level of the changed turbine mass, the level of lost or acquired sensitivity of the measuring instrument, the level of the value of the changed threshold of sensitivity and the quantitative value of the consumed gas reduced to one hundred dard conditions accepted in custody while netting. 2. A device for obtaining informative features for electronic means of measuring gas flows, containing a cylindrical dielectric measuring tube, the outer side surface of which is conditionally divided into three equal zones, and a cone, input and output capacitive plates of capacitors from the conductive film located on the surface are coaxially mounted the first and second zones of the measuring tube, respectively, a film thermistor located on the surface of the third zone of the measuring tube, electric an electronic circuit containing a generator of calibrated sounding signals, two comparators, each of which has a signal and selective input, the signal inputs of which, in connection with the output plate, receive the probing signals that have passed the conversion, and threshold voltages are applied to the selective inputs connected to voltage dividers providing the selection of the input probing signals in amplitude, and a constant voltage level formed from two across thawed resistors, and the selective input of the second comparator is supplied with an alternating voltage generated by a voltage divider from a constant resistor and an alternating thermistor located in the third zone of the measuring tube, characterized in that a tapered bearing is installed in the lower part of the cone, which is structurally a continuation of the cone and performs its functions , a three-section hollow turbine, the casing profile of which in longitudinal section along the axis of the measuring tube, cone and turbine is a pipe profile s Venturi, consisting of an inlet conical confuser, on the inner forming surface of which rotor blades are fixed axisymmetrically along the helix, of a narrowing neck and an output diffuser with working blades fixed in it along a helical line, and to the outer surface of the turbine casing along the line connecting the diffuser and the neck and along the line of the outer edge of the inlet of the confuser, a hollow cylindrical turbine skirt made of dielectric material is fixed, on the side surface of which in the first and second zones I have interconnected capacitor plates, and in the third zone of the measuring tube along the edge closest to the input capacitive plate, in addition to a checkerboard pattern, capacitive marker conductors from the conductive film are located, the outputs of which are connected to the signal inputs of the marker comparator group, and to the selective inputs of which are connected a voltage divider formed by two additional constant resistors, a threshold voltage is applied, which ensures selection by amplitude of the marker coming from the plates in and passed the conversion of the probing signals. 3. The device for obtaining informative features according to claim 2, characterized in that in order to determine the amount of gas consumed for domestic, communal or industrial purposes, expressed in volumetric, or mass, or molar, or energy-containing quantities, reduced to standard conditions adopted in for commercial accounting in mutual settlements, an electronic circuit has been introduced consisting of the flag register of markers RGФ, the inputs of which are connected to the outputs of the group of marker comparators F ₃ , two counters for the number of pulses CT1 and CT2, the inputs of which are connected to the outputs of the first F1 and second F2 comparators, respectively, the register of the address generator of the cells of the RGA data memory field, the reprogrammable data storage device EEPROM, the adder Σ, the battery register RGAK, the control device UU, the timer T, the output bus results - “Output A ”And the output bus of signs -“ Output B ”, and the outputs of the flag register of markers RGF, formed in the information bus of signs, are connected to the inputs of the upper bits of the register of the address generator of the cells of the memory field RGA data and with the output bus of signs “Output B”, and the information inputs of the middle and lower digits of the register of the address generator of the cells of the memory field of the RGA data are connected to the outputs of the counters of the number of pulses CT1 and CT2, respectively, and the outputs of the senior, middle and lower bits of the register of the generator of the address of the cells RGA data memory fields formed into groups by zones, sectors, and specific cells in them are connected to the corresponding address inputs of an EPROM data storage device, the information outputs of which are connected the information inputs B of the adder, and the information outputs C of the adder are connected to the information input of the RGAK battery register, the outputs of which are connected to the information inputs A of the adder Σ and to the output output bus "Output A", while the control buses of all registers and counters (R and L) connected to the corresponding outputs of the control device, the inputs of which are connected to the timer T and the generator G, and the first input of the timer is connected to the output of the generator and the input of the control device UU, and the second input of the timer to the output ne first comparator and with the counting input of the first counter. 4. The device for obtaining informative signs according to claim 2, characterized in that, in order to obtain high-precision informative signs at industrial and trunk facilities, an electronic circuit is introduced into it, consisting of a flag register of RGF markers, an OR logic circuit, the inputs of which are connected to the outputs groups of marker comparators F ₃ , and the output of the OR circuit with a counting input of the counter of the number of pulses coming from these markers, STZ, two counters of the number of pulses ST1 and ST2, the counting inputs of which are connected to the outputs of the first about F1 and the second F2 of the comparators, respectively, the register of the addresses of the zones of the data field of the RGAD data, the reprogrammable storage device EEPROM, the counter of the multiplexer ST4, the multiplexer MS, the register of operation codes RGK, the arithmetic logic device ALU with the output information bus results “Output A” and information -logical buses "more->", "less- <" and "equal =""OutputB", the control unit for the control unit and the timer T, and the information inputs of the register of the address generator of the zones of the data field of the RGAD data are connected to inf the output bus of the RGF flag register, and the outputs are with a group of address lines of the memory of the EPROM, exciting the corresponding zones of the address space of the EPROM, and the output information buses of the counter of the multiplexer ST4 are connected to the bus of the least significant bits of the address space of the memory field of the EPROM and the control buses 1 and 2 of the MS multiplexer , and the high-order buses of the address space of the EPROM memory field, exciting the corresponding sectors with the necessary memory cells, are connected to the output information buses the STZ counter, the data output bus "D" of the EPROM is connected to the information inputs "A" of the ALU, and the information inputs "B" of the ALU are connected to the output buses of the multiplexer MS, and its information input buses are "A", "B" and "C" are connected respectively to the logic bus "0" and the output information buses of the counters for the number of pulses CT1 and CT2, the bus of the operation code "V" ALU with the output of the register of the operation code RGK, and the input control buses of all counters and registers are connected to the control unit of the SU. 5. The device for obtaining informative features of claim 2, characterized in that, in order to ensure stable rotational properties of the turbine at low pressures and low gas flow rates, the cylindrical measuring tube and cone in the lower inlet part of the measuring tube are additionally equipped with an input guide sleeve with located in it axially symmetric conical with tangential slope openings, the outputs of which in the lower limit of the turbine position provide the direction of gas flow directly to the blades to nfuzora turbine.

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