RU2354095C1 - Method for cultivation of potatoes on irrigated lands - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method envisages fall tillage, application of organo-mineral fertilisers and ridge tillage, which is carried out together by a chisel tool with inclined supports consisting of shellboard and fertiliser hose. Potato is planted in spring. Handling of plant, irrigation and further harvest are carried out during vegetation period. A mixture of straw, mineral fertilisers and coal ash are used as organomineral fertilisers at the ratio 2.3: 1 : 3.3 respectively. Mineral potassium and phosphorus fertilisers are applied once - in autumn. Mineral nitrogenous fertilisers are applied twice - in autumn and spring during planting. In autumn ammonium saltpetre is applied as nitrogenous fertiliser at the rate of 15 kg per 1 ton of straw. The mixture is added in soil at the rate of 60 t/hectare.

EFFECT: decrease of soil density in ridges, increase of soil aeration capacity and field moisture capacity, increase in productivity and decrease of irrigation water consumption.

4 cl, 1 tbl, 2 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in the cultivation of potatoes.

A known method of cultivating potatoes on irrigated lands, which provides for the following operations in autumn: deep autumn plowing with the simultaneous application of organic fertilizers, moldless cultivation across the field with simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers, cutting ridges, spring planting of potatoes, caring for plants, watering and harvesting. Mineral potash fertilizers are applied once - in the fall. Mineral nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are applied twice - in autumn and spring when planting “under the tuber” (Tape-ridge technology for cultivating and harvesting potatoes. Recommendations, 1982, pp. 5-18).

The disadvantage of this method is that all soil preparation operations are carried out sequentially one after another, which increases the energy consumption for obtaining a potato crop and leads to soil compaction by heavy machines, especially under the horizon. In addition, during the growing season, soil compaction in ridges occurs during irrigation, which reduces the yield of potatoes.

The technical result is a reduction in energy consumption for obtaining a potato crop, a decrease in soil density in the ridges and an increase in yield.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method involving autumn tillage, applying organic fertilizers and cutting ridges, spring planting potatoes, caring for plants, watering and harvesting, according to the invention, autumn tillage, applying organic fertilizers and cutting ridges is carried out simultaneously by chisel workers body with inclined racks equipped with dumps and pipelines, as organic fertilizers use a mixture of straw, mineral fertilizers and coal ash.

Mineral potash and phosphorus fertilizers are applied once - in the fall.

Mineral nitrogen fertilizers are applied twice - in autumn and spring during planting, and in autumn nitrogen fertilizers are applied in the form of ammonium nitrate at the rate of 15 kg per 1 ton of straw.

The ratio of the components of the mixture - straw, fertilizers and coal ash - is 2.3: 1: 3.3, respectively.

The introduction of the mixture into the soil is carried out at a rate of 60 t / ha.

The method was carried out in the suburban economy of Orenburg when cultivating potatoes of 3 varieties: Romance, Karatop and Krasnopolsky.

The control used a known method (prototype). In experience, the proposed method.

Example 1 (control is a prototype).

According to the prototype, tillage provided for consecutive operations: autumn deep autumnal plowing with the simultaneous application of organic fertilizers at a rate of 40-60 t / ha, moldless cultivation across the field with the simultaneous application of mineral nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, cutting ridges, spring planting of potatoes with the application mineral nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers “under the tuber”, plant care, 4-fold watering and cleaning.

The total rate of mineral fertilizers was N ₁₈₀ P ₁₄₀ K ₂₇₀ .

Example 2 (experience is the proposed method).

According to the proposed method, autumn soil cultivation, the application of organic fertilizers and cutting of ridges was carried out at one time with a chisel working body with inclined racks equipped with dumps and pipelines. A mixture of straw, ammonium nitrate, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and coal ash was used as organic fertilizer. Ammonium nitrate was added at the rate of 15 kg per 1 ton of straw. In the spring, potatoes were planted with the application of mineral nitrogen fertilizers “under the tuber”. Carried out plant care, 3-fold watering and cleaning.

The full rate of mineral fertilizers was N ₁₃₀ P ₇₅ K ₂₀₀ .

A mixture of straw, mineral fertilizers and coal ash was added at a rate of 60 t / ha.

In the autumn, ammonium nitrate is used as nitrogen fertilizer. This is due to the fact that ammonium ions are much more actively absorbed by microorganisms, which contribute to the decomposition of straw.

The results of studies of the density of soil layers (t / m ³ ) are presented in the table

Soil layer, m The known method (prototype) The proposed method Seedlings Bloom Cleaning Seedlings Bloom Cleaning 0-0.10 1,11 1.19 1.22 0.95 0.99 1,02 0.10-0.20 1.16 1.21 1.23 0.97 0.99 1,04 0.20-0.30 1.19 1.27 1.31 0.98 1.01 1.05 0.30-0.40 1.27 1.36 1.37 1,03 1,08 1.12 0.40-0.50 1.32 1.40 1.35 1.13 1.17 1.17 0-0.30 1.16 1.21 1.25 0.97 1.00 1,04 0-0.50 1.22 1.28 1.31 1.01 1.05 1,08

The proposed method by increasing the reserves of soil moisture and reducing its evaporation reduces the number of irrigation during the growing season from 4 to 3 times and reduces the consumption of irrigation water by 20-25%.

The application of the method allows to reduce the cost of mineral fertilizers.

The yield of potatoes by variety in the experiment was on average 22-25% higher compared to the prototype.

The number of injured tubers decreased by 13-15%. The safety of potatoes during storage increased by 25-27% compared with potatoes obtained by the prototype.

The advantages of the proposed method in comparison with the prototype

are:

- decrease in soil density in ridges by 0.15-0.20 t / m ³ , as a result, soil density is within the recommended range not only in critical phases of development, but also during harvesting;

- increase in aeration ability of the soil;

- increase in the lowest soil moisture capacity by 4-5%, as a result of which there is a more economical expenditure of soil moisture;

- increase in productivity by 20-25%;

- reduction in the number of injured tubers by 13-15%;

- increase the safety of potatoes during storage by 25-27%;

- the method is applicable on heavy soils.

The introduction of straw into the soil not only reduces its density, but also contributes to the improvement of the soil structure due to the presence of pectins, sugar acids and pentosans. The dry matter of straw contains up to 25-30%.

Coal ash contains oxides of silicon, aluminum, calcium, iron, magnesium, and the proportion of silicon oxides and aluminum is more than 70% of the ash mass. The ash has a crystalline structure built of alternating silicoaluminum oxygen tetrahedra connected at the vertices by common oxygen atoms. When 4-valent silicon is replaced by 3-valent aluminum in the crystal lattice, one valence charge is lost and ions of monovalent elements, for example, sodium, are additionally introduced into the crystal lattice to restore electrostatic equilibrium.

In this regard, the method is also applicable on chernozem and chestnut soils in combination with solonetzes medium, shallow, deep, medium - and multi-sodium.

In this case, chemical soil reclamation and restoration of their fertility occur.

Claims (4)

1. A method of cultivating potatoes on irrigated lands, involving autumn tillage, applying organic fertilizers and cutting ridges, spring planting potatoes, caring for plants, watering and harvesting, characterized in that autumn tillage, applying organic fertilizers and cutting ridges are carried out simultaneously by chisel a working body with inclined racks equipped with dumps and fertilizer pipelines, a mixture of straw, mineral fertilizers and stone linen ash. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the mineral potash and phosphorus fertilizers are applied once - in the fall, and mineral nitrogen fertilizers are applied twice - in the autumn and spring during planting, and in the autumn, nitrogen fertilizers are applied in the form of ammonium nitrate at the rate of 15 kg per 1 ton of straw. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the ratio of the components of the mixture - straw, mineral fertilizers and coal ash - is 2.3: 1: 3.3, respectively. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the introduction of the mixture into the soil is carried out at a rate of 60 t / ha.