RU2346433C2 - Light mold otter trawl for high-rate trawling that features high hydrodynamic efficiency, methods of its production and application - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mechanics.

SUBSTANCE: proposed otter trawl incorporates one or two slats arranged with their front edges in compliance with the position of the front edge of one primary deflector that features a shape wherein the said deflector outer side surface has larger curvature than the inner side surface. The said deflector profile thickest part is arranged ahead of the center. The outer side surface is bulged while the inner side one is concave. The proposed otter trawl is made from synthetic material containing a polymer material mixed with elastomer. The said otter trawl synthetic part takes up whatever impacts without damages.

EFFECT: light-weight, high-strength design of otter trawl along with ease of manufacture and use.

58 cl, 5 dwg

Description

The present invention relates, in General, to the spreader boards of the trawl, and more precisely to the spacer boards of the trawl with high, and more precisely very high efficiency, easy in water and easy to manufacture. When using the trawl spacer boards according to the invention, trawling can be carried out at the highest speeds currently achievable, while it is also possible to use the main warp in maximum lengths without immersing the trawl system below the desired level of water, thereby maintaining optimal trawl opening, economic Efficiency and controllability of the processes of trawl fishing.

Modern fishing processes for trawl fishing are complicated by increased operating costs mainly due to the increasing cost of fuel, which adversely affects both fishing and transporting it to the market, which leads to an increase in the cost of fish products. The increase in operating costs, combined with the tendency of regulatory authorities to establish fixed quotas for fishing in one form or another, force the commanding personnel of vessels engaged in trawl fishing to concentrate on increasing the efficiency of their trawl systems. One way of satisfying this requirement, which is to increase the efficiency of the trawl system, is to increase the efficiency of the trawl spreader boards and, in particular, to satisfy the ever-increasing need for trawl spreader boards that are effective at shallow depths and at high speeds, since with modern sea ( ocean) trawl fishing is increasing the need for economical processes at shallow depths and at high speeds.

In addition, more and more modern trawlers must take part in various types of fishing activities to ensure the economic efficiency of their operation and, therefore, must use different trawls that meet different requirements, including opening parameters of the mouth of the trawls. For example, some types of fishing require trawls that can be highly open in the vertical direction and moderately open in the horizontal direction (trawls with a large vertical opening), which means that the trawl spreaders should provide little expansion and should therefore cause low water resistance, while other types of fishing require trawls that may not open very much in the vertical direction and open as wide as possible in the mountains in the horizontal direction (trawls with a wide bag), which means that with the help of the spreader boards of the trawl, maximum expanding forces should be created.

Unfortunately, the designs of the known trawl spreader boards are not economically optimal when fishing at shallow depths or at high speeds of trawl fishing, and it is impossible to replace them with optimal results so that they meet the operational requirements for large vertical trawls opening and wide bag trawls. One reason is that, at shallow depths, a short towing can be released under the influence of a combination of towing warriors made of heavy wire ropes, the weight of the trawl spreaders and the weights of the trawl ground, forcing the trawl system to sink below the water column required for many fishing operations in the sea (ocean). Another reason is that, because only such major towing towers of relatively short lengths of wire ropes can be released during trawl fishing operations at high speeds at shallow depths, it is not possible to provide the required horizontal distance with this set of trawl spreaders (expansion) between the towing points of the trawl to ensure optimal expansion and disclosure of the trawl, since the towing towers are too short to provide such a distance. To overcome this drawback, on some sea (ocean) trawlers, one and the same pair of trawl spreaders is adapted to perform different types of trawl fishing by changing the angle of attack of this one pair of trawl spreaders to generate greater or lesser expanding forces depending on specific conditions. This means that at lower angles of attack, the trawl spreader board provides less expansion as well as less water resistance, while at large angles of attack, the trawl spreader board provides greater expansion, but there is more water resistance. The problem is that any particular trawl spacer board has optimal hydrodynamic efficiency only at a certain angle of attack, just like any specific aerodynamic surface has optimal aerodynamic efficiency at a certain angle of attack of its chord by air flow, and therefore a change in angle attacks of a particular trawl spreader board to control the expansion of the trawl and water resistance forces inevitably mean that the trawl spreader boards and therefore the trawl uhler will work with a lower level of efficiency.

To overcome this drawback, some sea (ocean) trawlers use trawl spreaders of two different sizes and even different designs, despite the higher cost and inconvenience associated with this practice. Typically, one pair of trawl spreaders is larger than the other pair of trawl spreaders and therefore heavier in water, and is used at greater depths of trawl fishing with longer towing towers; however, with the help of the spreader boards of the trawl, it is possible to ensure proper divergence of the towing towers and the expansion of the trawl. Or, these trawl spreaders can be used with a wide-bag trawl at great depths. The second pair of spacer boards may be smaller and therefore less weight in the water, and also when using it, less water resistance may occur, and therefore, it can be used with a trawl with a large opening at moderate depths and at high speeds and at high levels of water column, although in this case, using these spreader boards it is impossible to ensure optimal expansion of the trawl with the help of a towing vessel due to the smaller size of the spreader board of the trawl.

Currently, there is no one design of a trawl spacer board that is light in water and optimally effective both at a shallow depth and at a high speed of trawl fishing, and at a greater depth of the trawl fishing, and at the same time optimally suitable for disclosing marine (ocean) trawls with a large opening in height , as well as sea (ocean) trawls with a wide bag. Thus, in this industry for a long time there is a need for the design of a trawl spacer board that would be light in water, effective when fishing at high speeds and through which it would be possible to regulate the expanding forces, while maintaining optimal hydrodynamic efficiency.

The development of the design of the trawl spacer boards went from spacer boards and V-shaped plates that had no bend at all, to modern trawl spacer boards that had a bend. Typically, designs of trawl spacer boards are created on the basis of assumptions and through samples, thus very conditionally confirming in practice the creation of such a trawl spacer board to deflect, or drive "inward", the largest volume of water possible with minimal traction. The assumption was that the design of the trawl spacer board should be such as to create the greatest possible “outward” directed force by minimizing the forced movement of a given volume of water in the “inward” direction.

US Pat. No. 4,180,935 shows a trawl spacer board formed from one main deflector having a relatively large thickness profile and a number of profile shapes similar to those found on many aerodynamic surfaces. The patent shows that in the most preferred embodiment, the profile of the main deflector is such that its outer side is convex, and the inner side is convex (approximately one third of the front of the profile) and also concave (approximately two thirds of the length of the rear of the profile). This patent also shows, in particular, that this profile of the main deflector and / or the trawl spacer board preferably does not contain only a concave inner surface (the natural curvature leading to the trailing edge was not considered as part of the inner surface). In addition, this patent says that the forms of the preferred profile of the trawl spreader board that are disclosed therein are the most suitable and that no additional structures that improve the lifting capacity are required since the main deflector has a general structure generating the lifting force of the trawl spacer board disclosed in this patent. However, the principles of US Pat. No. 4,180,935, relating to the shape of the main deflector bodies used in trawl spacer boards, were not substantially suitable, according to those skilled in the art, and would obviously not be used in industry.

Similarly shaped spacer boards are described in US Pat.

German patent 562243 (1931) describes a curved profile made of a number of sections of aerodynamic surfaces.

US Pat. No. 4,640,037 shows a trawl spacer board having an inner concave and an outer convex surface, forming a curved profile of relatively small width, and further comprising grooves in the front edge of the main deflector, which improve the lifting ability. The main body of the deflector is given a curved profile, which, despite the fact that it is very thin (for example, the thickness of one steel plate is one centimeter (1 cm)), has a greater curvature of its front part than its rear part. However, although the versions of the trawl spacer boards described in US Pat. No. 4,640,037 have not shown sufficient effectiveness to be considered preferred for marine (oceanic) fishing activities, and are essentially not used in modern marine (oceanic) trawl fishing processes fish, some embodiments of trawl spacer boards disclosed in this patent are used in bottom trawl fishing. It is important to note that, since the trawl spreaders for sea (ocean) fishing do not come in contact with the bottom of the ocean or sea, when using such trawl spreaders, there is no possibility of creating a trawl opening force under the action of shear forces from the ground, but only due to hydrodynamic lifting force, and, therefore, requires giving them the most effective hydrodynamic design. The opposite is true for trawl spreaders designed and designed specifically for bottom trawling, some of which are almost entirely dependent on shear forces when interacting with the ground to create expanding forces. Thus, the opinion of experts on the acceptability of a conventional trawl spreader for industry is a good indicator of the hydrodynamic efficiency of a trawl spreader. It is important to consider the design of the trawl spacer boards adopted and used on sea (ocean) trawlers, where shear forces from the ground are not used to divert the trawl spacer board.

However, the basic concept of a trawl spacer board having a small thickness (i.e., the thickness of one plate of a steel sheet constituting one centimeter), symmetrical bending of both the inner concave and the outer convex surfaces and at least one slat, located in front of the leading edge of the deflector (as is all shown in US Pat.

It is widely believed that the most effective design of a trawl spreader board that is light in water is the design of a trawl spreader board manufactured by NET Systems, Inc., a subsidiary of Nichimo (Japan). The main deflector profile of this trawl spreader board has a relatively large width, and the widths are similar to those used in the trawl spreader board described in US Pat. the surface of the outer side of the main deflector of the trawl spacer board, is convex and essentially opposite to the symmetrical bend defined by the curvature of the surface of the inner side of the main deflector of the trawl spacer board, where this inner Ron is concave.

It is believed that at a predetermined angle of attack of the water flow and at the most desirable trawl depths in the sea (ocean), the main deflector of the spacer plate of NET Systems can be most cost-effectively shifted “inward” (ie towards the center of the trawl, and also towards the opposite trawl spacer board) a given volume of water per unit time at a given flow rate of water in comparison with other designs of the main deflector, thereby creating a counteracting force, which in in accordance with Newton’s second law, pushes the trawl spreader board “out” (ie from the center of the trawl, as well as from the opposite trawl spreader board).

In addition, this very effective, lightweight, water-efficient design of the NET Systems trawl spacer board mentioned does not contain any lifting capacity devices located in front of the leading edge of the main deflector, but in reality only has the shape of the main deflector, which contributes to the generation of lift.

Despite frequent references to aerodynamic profiles in the aforementioned patents and, in general, in the art, when describing profiles of trawl spacer boards and / or main deflectors contained in trawl spacer boards, a very small number of related engineering solutions are found in aerodynamic designs and spacer structures trawl boards. In fact, the terms “wing” or “wing-shaped” or “wing-shaped” are widely used in the field of creating structures, manufacturing, the market for trawl spacer boards, and also, in general, in the field of trawl fishing, either one or all refer to trawl spacer boards in which the leading edge of the trawl spacer board has a “swept” configuration and / or in which the main deflector of such trawl spacer boards is curved; in which generally the bends formed by the surfaces of the outer and inner sides of the main deflector bodies are symmetrical, and also in which the bend formed by the surface of the outer side of the main deflector is substantially larger than the bend formed by the surface of the inner side of the main deflector. Most often, the term “wing-shaped” in reference to trawl spacer boards means the construction of a trawl spacer board in which the leading edge of said “wing-shaped” trawl spacer boards has the form of a wide open, horizontally oriented letter “V”, very similar to “hang glider” or “ swept wing ”, while the profile of the main deflector of the trawl spreader board (which may represent the general design of the trawl spreader board, which receives the load) has a symmetrical bend, defining as curvature over awns its inner side and its outer surface curvature from the leading edge to the trailing edge. Such trawl spreaders, known as wing-shaped trawl spacers, represent the state of the art. Industry representatives consider this form and design to be the best possible solutions for a trawl spreader board and dominant in the use of trawl fishing in the sea (ocean) in a typical industry.

However, despite the term “wing-shaped”, which is widely and commonly used by representatives of the industry producing trawl spacers, when discussing the design of a conventional trawl spacer, as mentioned above, there are few or no significant similarities between the engineering solutions between the construction of a conventional trawl spacer and a conventional Airplane wing design. One of the difficulties hindering the successful use of aerodynamic surface structures in the design of trawl spacer boards was that specialists in this field believed that modern speeds for trawl fishing of approximately three to seven knots could be applied and that they would be simulated correspond to air velocities approaching supersonic speeds, where thinner wings are used, having such shapes that are proven to be ineffective for spacers juice of trawls.

Thus, attempts to use effective aerodynamic surface structures in trawl spacer boards have not been successful. In addition, the use of the most efficient low-speed (and highly lifting) aerodynamic surface structures in trawl spacer boards contradicts the industry widespread belief that engineering solutions can be cross-applied in trawl spacer boards and aerodynamic surfaces, where such widespread representations in This technical field consists in the statement that the current speed of trawl fishing, comprising 3.0-7 , 0 knots, correspond to high air speeds, even speeds approaching supersonic speeds.

A very efficient low-speed wing profile with great lift can be viewed using software known as VisualFoil Version 4.1, developed and sold by Hanley Innovations (Dr. P. Hanley, Ocala, Florida, USA). The most efficient low-speed wing profile with high lifting ability can be found in the VisualFoil Version 4.1 software, where it is presented under the name, or code, of the NACA-338117 profile. None of those skilled in the art have suggested using this wing profile in any part of the known trawl spacer boards.

The most effective low-speed wing profile with a large lifting capacity, presented under the name, or code, profile "NACA-338117" in the software "VisualFoil Version 4.1", is incorporated into this application by reference.

Considering the need for relatively light trawl spreader boards in water, which are also very effective when used to deflect water at a predetermined angle of attack with minimal energy consumption, the most effective designs of conventional sea (ocean) trawl spreader boards are the designs of trawl spreader boards, the profiles of which have a sufficiently large thickness relative to the length of the chord, such as, for example, a spacer board of a trawl with a profile of large thickness in the known field of technology mentioned above. Due to the relatively large thickness, the trawl spreader board can have a sufficiently large volume with respect to a predetermined weight, and therefore, through such a trawl spreader board, more water can be moved with respect to a predetermined weight, and therefore the trawl spreader board can be relatively light in water .

The complexity of the known prototype design lies in the fact that the most effective of the known trawl spacer boards in this area are quite expensive to manufacture, and therefore they are not as widespread as the less expensive alternative designs. One reason for the prohibitive cost of manufacturing the most efficient conventional trawl lightweight spreader boards is that, to maximize the effectiveness of the trawl spreader boards, it is necessary to make the trawl spreader boards of a certain minimum thickness, or width, relative to their chord length, as mentioned above. For example, light trawl spreader boards in water can be twenty to thirty centimeters or more thick, as opposed to trawl spacers that are heavy in water, about one centimeter thick.

Unfortunately, the use of only metal for the manufacture of such thick trawl spreaders with sufficient strength and impact resistance, even when using a hollow metal sheath over a strong frame that can withstand traction, results in such a heavy trawl spacer that makes it look like anchor and practically does not meet most of the requirements for them from the point of view of operation of sea (ocean) fishing vessels. To produce such a thick trawl spreader board, which has sufficient durability and impact resistance and at the same time still has buoyancy, which helps maintain the trawl spreader board, as well as the rest of the trawl system at desired levels in the water column, the trawl spreader boards are made in the form of a shell made of steel or other metal provided with an internal aggregate of high density foam. Such trawl spacer boards are manufactured by NET Systems, Inc. (Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA). A high density foam filler fills a large part of the hollow space inside the metal shell over the steel frame that receives traction. High density foam is unusually expensive, and the processes used to make such trawl spacer boards are unusually expensive. The steel shell itself is made of a series of steel plates, bent and fixed by welding in the required position on the steel frame; the internal hollow space of this design is occupied by foam. In the manufacturing process, a large number of expensive high-density foams are used, more steel than alternative thinner spacer boards of the trawl, and they spend a lot of labor and machine time. This explains the high cost of such trawl spacer boards.

International patent application WO 01/84922 proposes the use of a trawl spacer board comprising a filler and an outer coating containing cast material, which can be a plastic material, such as polyamide, the filler may be closed cell foam.

Although the most effective of the known trawl spreader boards are so expensive to manufacture, nevertheless, the effectiveness of their use at shallow depths is very slightly higher than the less expensive heavy structures of the trawl spreader boards. Thus, on the vast majority of fishing vessels, less efficient trawl spreaders are purchased and used, less expensive to manufacture, since the thicknesses (widths) of the main deflectors of such trawl spreaders are quite small.

As can be seen from the above description of the state of the art, the main difficulty in creating the trawl spreader boards having the most effective known shape of the main deflector is that, due to the sufficiently large thickness of the main deflector, a large amount of steel is required to make the shell. The shell must either contain a cavity that is openly in communication with the surrounding aquatic environment to allow sea water to enter and exit to neutralize pressures (i.e., the cavity is not a hermetically sealed space, since the shell cannot withstand high pressure at depths at which fish; otherwise, it would be too heavy and expensive to manufacture); with this design, a large amount of steel is used, and the trawl spacers become too heavy for widespread use. Otherwise, if buoyancy is desired, it is necessary to use a large amount of expensive high-density foam, which fills the internal hollow spaces in the steel shell; with this design and modern manufacturing requirements, trawl spacer boards become too expensive for widespread availability.

Thus, for a long time, there was a need for industry in a light, highly effective design of the trawl spacer board, which would be strong enough to withstand harsh operating conditions and inexpensive enough to manufacture.

In response to this long-felt need for a marine (ocean) trawl fishing industry, attempts have been made to produce trawl spreader boards using alternative shell materials instead of steel or other metals filled with high-density foam, in order to obtain wider, more economical methods (thick) trawl spreader boards, lighter in water, without the high cost of materials and manufacturing associated with the use of foam to fill a hundred linen shell spacer boards trawls. For example, attempts have been made in the industry to use synthetic plates screwed to a steel frame, including preformed and pre-cut plastic plates and fiberglass plates, under the assumption that the synthetic plates will be strong enough to withstand harsh operating conditions. These synthetic materials, according to the logic, were chosen for use in the design of the trawl spacer board, since a wide range of structural versions of such synthetic materials are currently used, and for a long period of time they have been used with great success in the commercial fleet, including the manufacture of shock-absorbing structures, for example keels and hulls of ships. In these attempts, careful calculations were made of the quantity and sizes required for the manufacture of synthetic plates to ensure that they withstand real loads and stresses in operating conditions. However, despite the expectation that the trawl spacers made of synthetic materials will withstand the stresses arising under operating conditions, such trawl spacers quickly enough failed at both low and moderate temperatures and even with very mild impacts, despite the fact that the thickness and other sizes of the synthetic plates used in place of the metal plates were calculated and expected to have sufficient strength and durability to withstand tough operating conditions. The prototypes of such trawl spreaders were developed at least by Victory Fishing Gear Ltd. (Seattle, USA) and were sold under the Victory PolyTrident trademark (see, for example, Fishing News International, January 1995), but did not have commercial success. Thus, despite the use of the same materials that were widely and habitually used in shock-absorbing marine structures, such synthetic trawl spacer boards failed in operation without obvious explanations for this.

Thus, attempts to use synthetic materials in the outer shells of the trawl spacer boards or in other shock absorbing and load-bearing structures, as well as in structures subjected to tensile forces, trawl spacer boards were unsuccessful. Currently, the use of structures made of synthetic materials in the spacer boards of trawls, either for cladding, or for external shells, or as perceiving impacts or load-bearing structures, is considered unfeasible for industry.

Thus, in the manufacture of trawl spreader boards, metal plates and frames continue to be used, which constitute the main structures of the trawl spreader boards, which absorb shocks and traction forces, and, therefore, lighter trawl spreader boards with thick hulls continue to be more expensive, while being only slightly more effective than less expensive alternative devices, and therefore not accepted for use on the vast majority of fishing vessels.

Thus, it should be borne in mind that for a long period of time there was a need for the industry in an improved, more efficient trawl spacer board, which could be made from lighter than steel synthetic materials in such a way that it is light in water, significantly more effective than alternative designs of trawl spacer boards, which can be made mainly from metals, durable and cost-effective in manufacturing.

Thus, it is also obvious that the attempts to solve problems in the technical field described above, although they led to an improvement in the state of affairs in this field compared to those that took place before such attempts were made, but did not completely solve these problems, and only brought to the current state in this area with the attendant limitations described above.

None of the known solutions has proposed a trawl spacer board with very high efficiency, light in water, and also having the distinctive features and advantages of a trawl spacer board according to the invention. Thus, due to the distinguishing features of the spacer board of the trawl according to the invention, the disadvantages and limitations inherent in the analogues and prototype can be overcome.

Definitions

EXTERNAL STRUCTURES OF TRAL TERMINAL SPACES - those parts of the trawl spacer boards that either (i) communicate with the outside or the environment, or (ii) are separated from the outside or environment only by a coating that is itself not sufficiently resistant without additional support with using an additional design that perceives repeated blows that occur during normal fishing operations; examples of such coatings include paints, varnishes, facings, coatings, artificial coatings, and the like.

BEFORE THE CENTER - closer to the front edge of the profile of a particular part of the trawl spacer board than to the trailing edge of the same concrete part of the trawl spacer board of the same profile.

RECEIVES IMPACTS WITHOUT BREAKING - possesses the ability to perceive collisions and other strokes that occur during the performance of ordinary operations of trawl fishing, including these phenomena in the temperature range observed at a depth and near the surfaces of the seas and oceans in the world, without the occurrence or development of breakdowns, but with the possibility of nicks, marks, scratches, scratches, splitting or other punching or tearing of the material due to the perception of such collisions and other impacts.

COLLISIONS AND OTHER HITS WHICH ARE DURING DURING THE PERFORMANCE OF THE USUAL TRAILING OPERATIONS OF THE FISHING - such collisions and other strokes perceived by the spreader board of the trawl during the operations of the trawl fishing, which are not so strong as to cause breakage and / or formation a high quality trawl spacer board made of high quality steel and / or another metal alloy, but can be strong enough to cause breakage and / or crack in the earlier trawl spacer boards in which synthetic materials were used in their exterior structures.

PROFILE - the cross-sectional shape of the trawl spacer board or part of the trawl spacer board in a plane perpendicular to the vertical size of the trawl spacer board.

Trawl Spreader Board - any of a number of different essentially rigid structures, containing, in general, rigid deflectors (for example, not formed from material folding as a “snake”), which can be activated in the water column behind the towing vessel and which is usually attached behind leading edge to the end fixture of the main towing bar or other towing cable discharged from the towing vessel, and which is attached at the stern to another rope, which itself is ultimately attached to another tow Rui object. During the operation, the trawl spacer boards are designed to convert part of the forward energy and / or energy that is applied by the towing vessel to a horizontally directed force in order to expand, in the horizontal direction, the trawl network, the seismic observational towed deployment complex, and the paravan rope etc.

An object of the present invention is to provide a design for a trawl spacer board in which synthetic materials are used that are lighter than steel materials, but at the same time strong enough to meet the stringent requirements of the operating conditions, so as to satisfy the need felt over a long period of time in industry.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a design for a trawl spreader board by which an operator can change the amount of trawl opening force generated by a trawl spreader board while maintaining optimal hydrodynamic efficiency.

Another objective of the present invention is to provide a trawl spacer board, using which you can maximize the proportional distance along the outer surface of the trawl spacer board, along which laminar flow can be maintained regularly, thus maximizing the distance towards the trailing edge of the trawl spacer board to the point at which the laminar flow layer is separated from the outer surface of the trawl spacer board, thereby minimizing cavitation generated colo trawl doors and trawl resistance to movement of the spacer board.

Another objective of the present invention is to provide a trawl spacer board by which the same proportional outward force can be generated at lower angles of attack as with the most efficient conventional trawl spacer boards, resulting in less water resistance generated in accordance with with a predetermined outward force compared to the most effective conventional trawl spacer boards, thus significantly increasing the efficiency of races ornoy trawl boards and accessories of fishing operations.

Another objective of the present invention is to provide a trawl spreader board, by which it is possible to perform operations with significantly greater efficiency at lower angles of attack than using known trawl spreader boards, thereby enabling more economical modern high-speed trawl fishing operations to be performed with reduced water resistance low cavitation and maximum efficiency.

Another objective of the present invention is to provide a trawl spreader board by which all the objectives of the present invention described above can be achieved, while at the same time providing a significant increase in efficiency compared to using known trawl spreader structures, while the same time is less expensive and easier to manufacture, which increases its affordability and suitability for use on the entire range of modern trawlers.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based on the discovery that susceptible shocks, and especially the outer parts of the trawl spacer boards, can be successfully formed from synthetic materials, from which structures capable of withstanding shocks that occur during normal trawl fishing operations can be formed without occurring breakdowns. Common trawl fishing operations are those of trawl fishing that do not break the standard, well-made trawl spacer board of stainless steel and / or another metal alloy. In the trawl spreader boards according to the invention, synthetic materials are used that perceive impacts without breakage to form external structures and structures that absorb traction forces of modern trawl spreader boards, including the structures of modern trawl spreader boards that perceive impacts without compromising the functional characteristics and durability of the trawl spreader boards .

In one aspect, the present invention is based on the unexpected discovery that a substantially more efficient trawl spacer board can be created comprising at least one, and preferably two, lifting capacity constructions located in front of the leading edge of a single main deflector where the main deflector has a profile in which:

(i) the outer side surface of said main deflector has a greater bend than the inner side surface of said main deflector;

(ii) the thickest part of the profile of said main deflector is located in front of the center;

(iii) the outer side surface is convex, and the inner side surface is concave.

These and other distinctive features, objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and the drawings in which they are illustrated.

Brief Description of the Drawings

In FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a trawl spacer board according to the invention when viewed from the rear on the inner side surface of a trawl spacer board according to the invention;

in FIG. 2 is a view of one of the deflectors of FIG. 1, wherein the traction sensing structure included in one of the deflectors of the trawl spacer board of the invention is presented in more detail;

in FIG. 3 is a plan view of a profile of a main deflector of a trawl spacer board according to the invention;

in FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a modification of the trawl spacer board shown in FIG. one;

in FIG. 5 is a plan view of the profile of the trawl spacer board shown in FIG. 1, as well as modifications to the spacer board shown in FIG. one.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As mentioned above, it was unexpectedly found by the inventors that certain synthetic materials having a specific property characterized by their ability to withstand impacts without breakage can be used to make lightweight high-strength trawl spacer boards, as stated in this application.

The synthetic material preferably contains polyamide (nylon), combined with an elastomeric material in such a ratio that a material capable of withstanding shock without breaking is obtained. Polyamides (or nylons) are known polycondensates, for example, aliphatic dicarboxylic acids containing 4-12 carbon atoms, with aliphatic diamines containing 4-12 carbon atoms, and / or lactams containing 4-12 carbon atoms.

Examples of polyamides are polyhexamethylene adipamide (nylon 6,6), polyhexamethylene azelamide (nylon 6,9), polyhexamethylene sebacamide (nylon 6,10), polyhexamethylene lauramide (nylon 6,12), polytetramethylene adipamide (nylon 4,6), polycaprolactam and nylon 6 (nylon 12). Diamines and / or dicarboxylic acids may also be aromatic.

Polyamides can also be constructed from two or more dicarboxylic acids, and / or two or more diamines, or from two or more lactams, and at the same time they can also consist of mixtures of two or more polyamides.

Preferably, the polyamide is nylon-6, shown as Formula (I), obtained by polymerization of caprolactam.

(I)

(I)

In suitable embodiments of polyamide and an elastomeric material, a copolymer is formed, for example a block copolymer with alternating blocks of polyamide segments,

(II)

(Ii)

where Y is an alkylene group, and m is an integer greater than one and residues of elastomeric polymers, for example polyethers, hydrocarbons, polyesters, polysiloxanes, or combinations thereof. Nylon copolymers and processes for their manufacture are disclosed, for example, in US Pat. Nos. 4,617,355, 4,590,243 and WO 94/17124.

Suitable elastomeric materials include a polyolefin elastomer or plastomer, especially a polyolefin elastomer or plastomer made using a single catalyst system (for example, a homogeneously branched ethylene polymer, for example a substantially linear ethylene copolymer or a homogeneously branched linear ethylene copolymer).

Suitable polyolefins in general include, for example, polyethylene (ethylene homopolymer), ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymers, alpha-olefin homopolymers, for example polypropylene (propylene homopolymer), alpha-olefin copolymers, for example polypropylene and alpha-olefin copolymers containing at least 4 carbon atoms.

Representative polyolefins include, for example (but are not limited to this list), substantially linear ethylene polymers, homogeneously branched linear ethylene polymers, heterogeneously branched linear ethylene (including linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), ultra- or very low density polyethylene (ULDPE or VLDPE), medium density polyethylene (MDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE)), low density high pressure polyethylene (LDPE), ethylene acrylic acid copolymers (EAA), ethylene methacrylic copolymers lots (EMAA), ethylene and acrylic acid ionomers (EAA), ethylene and methacrylic acid ionomers (EMAA), ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA), ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers (EVOH), polypropylene homopolymers and copolymers, ethylene and propylene polymers, copolymers of ethylene and styrene, grafting modified polymers (e.g. polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride, e.g. LLDPE g-MAH), copolymers of ethylene and acrylate (e.g. copolymers of ethylene and ethyl acrylate (EEA), copolymers of ethylene and methyl acrylate (EMA) and ethylene and methyl acrylate (EMMA )), polybutylene (PB), a copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (for example, a copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (ECO), a triple copolymer of ethylene, acrylic acid and carbon monoxide (EAACO), a triple copolymer of ethylene, methacrylic acid and carbon monoxide (EMAACO) , a triple copolymer of ethylene, vinyl acetate and carbon monoxide (EVACO) and styrene / carbon monoxide (SCO)), chlorinated polyethylene and mixtures thereof.

There are a number of manufacturing methods for nylon block copolymers. In one conventional method, prepolymerized elastomeric polymers are used (polymers that provide elastomeric segments in nylon block copolymers) and a lactam monomer, where the elastomeric polymer is prepared to produce a lactam initiating group from which the additional lactam monomer is polymerized to form polyamide segments. The lactam initiating group may be an acylactam group known as a lactam polymerization initiator.

Examples of suitable Lewis acid catalysts include bromomagnesium lactamate, magnesium bislactamate, magnesium acetylacetonate, magnesium salts of organic carboxylic acids, for example magnesium stearate, magnesium chloride, calcium ethoxide, calcium lactamate, calcium acetylacetonate, barium lactamate, barium chloride, barium chloride, barium acetylacetonate , zinc acetylacetonate, zinc lactamate, cadmium chloride, cadmium acetylacetonate, cadmium lactam, boron acetylacetonate, aluminum trilactamate, aluminum chloride, chloraluminium dilactamate, lactyl chloride and aluminum, tin chloride II, tin II ethoxide, tin acetylacetonate II, titanium trichloride, titanium (III) acetylacetonate, titanium (III) ethoxide, vanadium (III) ethoxide, vanadium (III) acetylacetonate, vanadium (III) chloride, chromium chloride (III), chromium (III) acetylacetonate, iron (III) chloride, iron (II) acetylacetonate, ferrous acetylacetonate, cobalt (II) chloride, cobalt (II) acetylacetonate, nickel acetylacetonate, nickel chloride, chromium (III) acetate, acetylacetonate copper (II).

Magnesium bislactamates, for example caprolactamate and / or pyrrolidonate, are preferably used as Lewis acids.

In the manufacture of polyamide elastomeric copolymers, it may be appropriate to polymerize in the presence of one or more compounds typically introduced into nylon block copolymers, for example plasticizers, flame retardants, stabilizers and reinforcing materials, such as mica or glass fibers.

As shown in FIG. 1, the preferred shape of the trawl spacer board 1 according to the invention is the V-shape of the trawl spacer board 1, as is understood by those skilled in the art. In FIG. 1 shows the starboard trawl spacer board, but, as is also understood by those skilled in the art, there is a corresponding port side trawl spacer board. Each spacer board contains a main deflector 2, consisting of an upper part 3 of the deflector and a lower part 4 of the deflector. Each of the deflector parts 3 and 4 has a convex outer side 28 (see Fig. 3), a concave inner side 29, a trailing edge 30 and a front edge 31. A device is located in front of each of the deflector parts 3 and 4, by which the lifting characteristics are improved, moreover, this device contains an upper front leading slat 6 and an upper leading tail slat 7, as well as a lower front leading slat 8 and a lower leading tail slat 9. The slats can be formed, manufactured and arranged in any way, as from estno in this area.

The trawl spacer board 1 according to the invention comprises a conventional connecting arm for exerting a towing force, including a connecting link 10 for connecting the towing warp, and upper and lower connecting rings 11 and 12, respectively, for connecting the bridle of the trawl net.

The connecting link 10 for attaching the towing warp is attached to the Central plate 14, which receives traction, through which the traction is transmitted to the upper and lower connecting rings 11 and 12, respectively, for connecting the brides, which are located on the upper and lower plates 13 and 15, respectively, receiving traction forces through the load-transferring and bearing structure and tension, partially located inside the upper and lower parts 3 and 4 of the deflector, respectively (see Fig. 2), as described more fully below.

The slats 5 are preferably inserted into grooves (not shown) partially cut out in the traction plates 13, 14 and 15 so that they act as “covering parts” on the “covered parts” of each particular slat. The grooves are shaped so that in each of them is placed the profile of any particular slat in the place where it passes through any specific plate 13, 14 or 15, perceiving traction. The slats are held in position by the rest of the structure of the spacer board 1 of the trawl according to the invention, whereby the plates 13, 14 and 15 receiving the traction forces are prevented from coming out of contact with each other. In addition, the slats 5 can be welded in place, for example, by spot welding.

Between the upper part 3 of the deflector and the Central plate 14, which accepts traction, the lower end plate 61, which carries the load, is located the upper deflector, and between the upper part 3 of the deflector and the upper plate 13, which receives the traction, is the upper end plate 62, which carries the load, upper deflector. Similarly, between the lower part 4 of the deflector and the central plate 14 receiving the traction force, there is an upper end plate 64 carrying the load of the lower deflector, and between the lower part 4 of the deflector and the lower plate 15 receiving the traction force, the lower end plate 65 is located. load bearing, lower deflector. The bolts 26 end plates 61, 62, 64 and 65, bearing the load, are constantly attached to the plates 13, 14 and 15, perceiving traction, and the heads of these bolts can be welded in their position after tightening the threaded connection.

One or more groups of sinker plates 69 may be attached to the lower surface of the bottom plate 15 receiving a pulling force, and one or more sinker plates 69 may be attached either permanently or temporarily, and the group may contain a different number of plates, and they may have different sizes (the plates may differ in thickness in particular) and / or have different weights, so that it is possible to provide selective adjustment of the weight of the cargo in the lower part of the spacer board 1 of the trawl and, thus, the weight of the score hundred, helps to maintain the vertical orientation of the spacer board 1 during the trawl fishing operations during operation.

As shown in FIG. 2, the deflector according to the invention and / or the deflector according to the invention, represented, for example, by the upper part 3 of the deflector, are preferably made with hollow load-bearing internal elements 20 (eg pipes) having walls 21 and extending from the upper surface 22 of the deflector to the lower surface 23 deflectors. The flanges 17 are permanently attached to the distal ends of the hollow internal elements 20 that carry the load and contain threaded holes 18. The flanges 17 are immersed in the synthetic part of the deflector so that the outer surfaces 19 of the flanges 17 are flush (for example, are in the same plane) with the top and the lower surfaces of the deflector 22 and 23. End caps (not shown) close (otherwise open) the ends of the hollow internal load bearing elements 20 near the flanges 17, but the plugs do not protrude beyond the flanges 17 so that the hollow load bearing internal elements are isolated from the surrounding and / or external environment to prevent, thus, the ingress of sea water into the hollow internal elements 20, bearing the load, thus also to ensure increased buoyancy of the trawl spacer board, as well as the constant buoyancy of the trawl spacer board when changing Bina dive. The load bearing members 20 and proximal flanges 17 are preferably made of a strong and rigid material, such as stainless steel or a suitable metal alloy, which can be selected by a person skilled in the art.

In order to enable towing pulling forces from the connecting link 10 (for attaching the towing fan) to the upper and lower rings 11 and 12 (for attaching the brides), the flanges 17 located at the lower surface 23 of the upper part 3 of the deflector are preferably permanently attached to the lower end plate 61, bearing the load, of the upper deflector, by means of threaded bolts (not shown) that are screwed and / or screwed into the threaded holes 18. The heads of the threaded bolts (not shown) are immersed in the flanges 17 (that them that they have been shipped in large part to the outer end of the threaded hole 18) so that they do not protrude beyond the outer surface of the lower level of the end plate 61, load bearing upper deflector by welding and are fixed in this position to prevent loosening of bolts. Similarly, flanges 17 located on the upper surface 22 of the upper part 3 of the deflector are likewise attached to the upper end plate 62 carrying the load of the upper deflector.

Similarly, but in “mirror reflection” (not shown), the upper surface and the lower surface of the lower part 4 of the deflector are similarly attached by the same means to the central plate 14, which receives traction, and to the lower plate 15, which receives traction, respectively.

During operations during operation, the towing forces generated by the propulsion device of the towing vessel are transmitted through the towing towers, to

- a connecting link 10 for attaching a towing bar; then

- along the Central plate 14, perceiving traction; then

- simultaneously to the lower end plate 61, bearing the load, the upper deflector, as well as to the upper end plate 64, bearing the load, the lower deflector; then

- through the flanges 17 located at the lower surface 23 of the upper part 3 of the deflector, as well as through the flanges 17 located on the upper surface of the lower part 4 of the deflector; then

- along the hollow internal elements 20, bearing the load, for example pipes located inside both the lower and upper parts 3 and 4 of the deflector; then

- through the flanges 17 located at the upper surface 22 of the upper part 3 of the deflector, as well as through the flanges 17 located at the lower surface of the lower part 4 of the deflector; then

- simultaneously to the upper end plate 62, bearing the load, the upper part of the deflector, as well as to the lower end plate 65, bearing the load, the lower part of the deflector; then

- simultaneously to the upper plate 13, which receives traction, as well as to the lower plate 15, which receives traction, attached to the upper and lower connecting rings 11 and 12, respectively, to connect the brides, under the action of which the upper and lower breeders of the trawl are stretched to the right the board, respectively, or, for example, the upper and lower sides, respectively, of the snap-in of the V-shaped bridle are pulled; it should be borne in mind that the bolts, welding joints and / or other metal elements that connect the various components mentioned above, if used, and where they are located in this way, take part in the transfer of load and traction.

Thus, the frame 25, which receives traction and / or load bearing (see Fig. 1), is formed from a kit that includes a connecting link 10 to which a towing tow is attached; plates 13, 14 and 15, perceiving traction; end plates 61, 62, 64 and 65 carrying a load; hollow internal elements 20 carrying the load, for example pipes containing flanges 17 with bolts screwed into the threaded holes 18 and passed through and interconnecting the flanges 17 with the end plates 61, 62, 64 and 65, bearing the load, and thus with plates 13, 14 and 15, perceiving traction; connecting link 10 to which the towing tow is attached; and connecting rings 11 and 12 to which the bridges are attached.

In an alternative embodiment, the tension during towing the trawl network can be transmitted directly from the connecting link 10, to which the towing fan is connected, through the central plate 14, which receives traction, to the only ring to which the bridle is connected, located along the stern of the central plate 14, which receives tractive effort (not shown). In this embodiment, traction and other loads are still transmitted along the rest of the frame that receives traction, however, such loads come mainly from water resistance, collisions with a trawling vessel during fishing, and also from stabilizing cables, which can be attached to the upper and lower rings 11 and 12 for attaching the brides respectively.

For the manufacture of either a single integral main deflector (not shown), or the upper or lower parts 3 or 4 of the preferred deflector, the following steps are performed.

For example, for the manufacture of a solid upper part 3 of the baffle containing the load-bearing hollow internal elements 20, for example pipes with flanges 17 containing threaded holes 18, a substantially uniformly heated hot mold of a predetermined shape corresponding to the shape of the baffle is poured into in the liquid state, polyamide chemically mixed with an elastomeric material in such a weight ratio of polyamide and elastomeric material that a liquid synthetic material is formed, from which, when fully hardening, a solid structure made of synthetic material would be obtained, which would perceive impacts without breakage.

In currently preferred embodiments of the invention, copolymers of nylon and an elastomeric material are used using reactive injection molding (RIM) technology. Materials for such processes are supplied by Brüggemann Chemical KG (Heilbronn, Germany) sold under the NYRIM® brand name. In NYRIM®, the phases of nylon and elastomeric material are chemically bonded. Chemically bonded but incompatible nylon and elastomeric blocks form a semi-crystalline material. Due to this morphology, the properties of nylon-6 are complemented by the toughness and elasticity of the elastomeric blocks. NYRIM® polymers are typically recycled using RLD (reactive injection molding) technology or injection molding technology. NYRIM materials can also be processed by centrifugal molding.

When using NYRIM materials, very low viscosity fluids are treated at low pressures. The polymerization process begins after the introduction of liquids into the hot mold. Thanks to such low viscosities, it is possible to successfully form very complex parts with very low stress levels in the finished parts.

RLD technology is the preferred method for manufacturing large, complex, or thick parts. The use of technology RLD provides greater flexibility in the design of products. The applied pressures are slightly higher than atmospheric, which makes it possible to reduce the cost of molding and manufacturing processes in general. When using NYRIM materials, fiberglass reinforcement or mineral fillers can be added. The elastomeric material content in NYRIM can range from 7% (NYRIM 700) up to 40% (NYRIM 4000).

In the process mentioned, a synthetic material, poured into a hot mold and in a liquid and / or fluid state, is a nylon precursor compatible with an elastomeric material, as well as a catalyst and / or polymerization additive (s) used (used) for anionic polymerization of lactam with its conversion into nylon. Even more specifically, in order to form a solid synthetic material for the trawl spacer boards of the invention, AP-caprolactam, an elastomeric material and a catalyst are preferably poured into a hot mold. After pouring and at sufficiently high temperatures of the mixture and the hot mold, the mixture undergoes an anionic reaction to form a polymer, which is an injection polymer, and when caprolactam is used as a raw material, this injection polymer is either injection nylon or injection NYRIM. During the polymerization of raw materials, the liquids thicken, turning into a polymer, and during the anionic polymerization of lactam, converted to nylon, a solid synthetic material is obtained for the synthetic parts of the trawl spreader boards that can absorb impacts without breakage.

The raw materials for NYRIM are the following materials (all supplied by Brüggemann Chemical, as well as other suppliers who provide manufacturers with information and instructions on how to use these materials to form a solid synthetic material known as NYRIM for use in synthetic spacer parts trawl boards according to the invention):

- AP caprolactam (monomer forming nylon-6);

- catalyst C (MgBr lactamate);

- prepolymer P1-30 and / or P1-20A (elastomeric component in the resulting copolymer).

In the case of the implementation of the reaction described in the above example, the formed polymer is in a solid state, since it melts only at temperatures above 220 ° C, and temperatures during the reaction reach only 205 ° C. This means that if the reaction described in the above example is carried out, the formed polymer is in a solid state because it is formed during the reaction that occurs at a temperature below the melting point of the polymer.

Thus, it is important to create a temperature for the anionic polymerization of lactam to convert it to nylon (or another polymer material) at a temperature below the melting point of nylon, for example below 220 ° C (or below the melting point of another polymer material obtained by anionic polymerization of lactam).

The catalyzed anionic polymerization of AP-caprolactam to convert it to nylon results in a solid synthetic material with a sufficiently low level of internal stresses and, thus, suitable for significantly better shock absorption. As stated herein, it is preferred that the cured polymer nylon be mixed with the elastomeric material.

Lactams that can be used for anionic polymerization can be, for example, caprolactam, laurinolactam, and mixtures of these two compounds.

Preferably, the content of the elastomeric material in the nylon-elastomer mixture is in the range of 5-40%. In certain embodiments, the content of the elastomeric material is up to twenty percent (20%) of the weight of the mixture, resulting in a synthetic material containing about 15% or about 20% of the elastomeric material, where the preferred content is from sixteen percent (16%) to eighteen percent ( 18%), and the most preferred one is sixteen and seven tenths of a percent (16.7%), and a synthetic material with an elastomeric material content of eleven and one tenth of a percent (11.1%) is also suitable. However, for some trawl spacer boards, an elastomeric material is not required or about two percent of the elastomeric material is required for the lactam polymerization reaction to be converted to nylon to be an anionic polymerization reaction.

It is contemplated that nylon may be replaced by another polymer substance and / or another organic polymer depending on the experimental confirmation of the suitability of any particular polymer substance. In the case of the use of other precursors of polymeric substances, it would be most preferable that the polymerization be injection molding.

Inside the hot mold are placed hollow internal elements 20 that carry the load, for example pipes containing flanges 17 with threaded holes 18, and these pipes are positioned and rigidly fixed in the desired position inside the hot mold so that, after pouring the liquid synthetic material, which can be used to form nylon chemically mixed with an elastomeric material, while the synthetic material hardens around and constantly encloses and encloses hollow internal elements 20 that carry a load, for example pipes containing flanges 17 with threaded holes 18. It is assumed that the pipes can be replaced by a plate or plates in the part of the frame 25, bearing the load.

In other embodiments of the invention, a portion of the trawl spacer board can be manufactured by machining (including a part of a complex and / or curved shape) from a cured synthetic material block. Preferably, computer-controlled automated bending machine equipment is used. For example, a block of solid synthetic material can be molded, even with hollow spaces inside it, to accommodate a structure, any part of the load bearing frame 25, electronic means or other tools, or with hollow spaces to ensure buoyancy. The block can then be machined to give it the desired shape of a part of the trawl spacer board, for example the shape of one of the deflectors for use in the trawl spacer board of the invention.

Thus, the present invention has created an improved method for manufacturing a trawl spreader board using synthetic materials, the method comprising steps selected from the group consisting of

a) manufacturing part of the trawl spacer board according to a technology comprising the steps of:

i) the formation of a cavity in the mold, which is shaped in such a way that, in general, at least part of the trawl spacer board can be formed in it;

ii) insertion into the cavity of the mold, which is shaped so that, in general, at least part of the spacer board of the trawl can be molded into it, a liquid synthetic material that can solidify to form a solid synthetic material capable of absorbing impacts no breakdowns; and

iii) curing the liquid synthetic material in the cavity of the mold with the formation of a solid synthetic material to obtain at least the synthetic part of the spacer board of the trawl, which accepts impacts without breakage;

b) manufacturing a portion of the trawl spacer board according to a technology comprising the steps of:

i) the formation of a cavity in the mold, which is shaped in such a way that, in general, at least part of the trawl spacer board can be formed in it;

ii) introducing into the cavity a mold which is shaped so that it can generally form at least a portion of the trawl spacer board, a liquid synthetic material that can solidify to form a solid synthetic material containing a polymeric material mixed with elastomeric material in a certain ratio; and

iii) curing the liquid synthetic material in the cavity of the mold with the formation of a solid synthetic material containing a polymer material mixed with an elastomeric material, the ratio of the polymer and elastomeric materials from which the solid synthetic material is obtained, at least to form the synthetic part of the spacer board a trawl that perceives blows without breakage;

c) manufacturing a portion of the trawl spacer board according to a technology comprising the steps of:

i) placing at least a portion of the load-bearing frame (25) in a predetermined position in the mold cavity, which is shaped so that, in general, at least part of the spacer plate can be molded therein trawl;

ii) introducing into the cavity of the mold containing at least a part of the load-bearing carcass a liquid synthetic material that can solidify to form a solid synthetic material containing a polymer material mixed with an elastomeric material in a certain ratio; and

iii) curing the liquid synthetic material in the cavity of the mold with the formation of a solid synthetic material containing a polymer material mixed with an elastomeric material, the ratio of the polymer and elastomeric materials from which the solid synthetic material is obtained, at least to form the synthetic part of the spacer board a trawl that perceives blows without breakage;

d) manufacturing a portion of the trawl spacer board according to a technology comprising the steps of:

i) introducing into the cavity of the mold a liquid synthetic material that can solidify to form a solid synthetic material containing polymer material mixed with an elastomeric material in a certain ratio;

ii) curing the liquid synthetic material in the cavity of the mold with the formation of a solid synthetic material containing a polymer material mixed with an elastomeric material, the ratio of the polymer and elastomeric materials from which the solid synthetic material is obtained, at least to form the synthetic part of the spacer board a trawl that perceives blows without breakage;

iii) machining the solid synthetic material, at least in general, to give the desired shape at least a portion of the trawl spacer board, whereby the durability, lightness in water, the duration and ease of manufacture of the trawl spacer board are improved.

In addition, the present invention further provides an improved method for manufacturing a trawl spacer board according to the invention, wherein the aforementioned step of filling said mold liquid synthetic material into the mold cavity, which may solidify to form a solid synthetic material containing a polymer material mixed with an elastomeric material, includes an additional stage of selection as a liquid synthetic material, which can harden to form a solid synthetic material containing at least polyamide as a polymer material, and preferably Nylon-6. Other polyamides can also be used, for example, those mentioned above. Particularly preferred are mixtures of a polymeric material (preferably polyamides) and an elastomeric material that become chemically bonded as a copolymer. Such mixtures are suitable, as described above, for example, in relation to the type of polymer, elastomeric material and the ratio of polymer to elastomeric material.

In addition, the present invention further provides an improved method for manufacturing a trawl spacer board according to the invention, in which the aforementioned step of pouring into the mold cavity in which a part of the load bearing frame is placed is a liquid synthetic material that can solidify to form a solid synthetic material containing the polymer material mixed with the elastomeric material includes an additional stage of selection as a liquid synthetic material, which can be closed put to form a solid plastic material containing as a polymeric material, at least the polyamide, preferably Nylon-6. You can also use other polyamides, as described above, and mixtures from which form copolymers with elastomeric materials, as described in detail above.

In one aspect of the presently preferred embodiment, when creating the mold, the inner side of the mold corresponding to the convex outer side of the trawl spacer board is made so that this side is as smooth as possible in order to maximize the speed of the layer of water passing along it during operation. In contrast, the inside of the mold corresponding to the concave inside of the spreader board of the trawl can be roughened or otherwise irregular so as to impede movement and slow down the flow of water, thereby increasing lift. To further increase the expanding forces, at least the convex outer side of the deflector (s) of the trawl spacer board can also be coated with a very low coefficient of friction, including a low friction coefficient coating, fluoroplastic or other material.

Due to the fact that there is more than one hollow internal element 20 carrying a load, for example a pipe included in the part of the frame 25, carrying a load, enclosed within the synthetic part of the spacer board of the trawl, a deflector molded around a plurality of hollow internal elements 20 carrying a load, for example pipes , cannot rotate relative to a set of hollow internal elements 20 carrying a load, for example pipes, from which a part of the frame 25 (see Fig. 2) is formed, which receives traction and / or carries a load, g Hermetically sealed inside the synthetic part of the deflector. A large number of designs can be used as a frame that receives traction and / or carries a load, hermetically sealed inside the synthetic part of the deflector, provided that, due to the shape of the frame, which is hermetically sealed and absorbed by the traction and / or load, its rotation is prevented or movement inside and relative to the synthetic part of the deflector.

Due to the trawl spacer board shown in FIG. 1 is a V-shaped spacer board, the upper parts of the trawl spacer board, including the upper deflector 3 and the upper slats 6 and 7, lie in a plane different from the plane in which the lower deflector 4 and the lower slats 8 and 9 lie.

In FIG. 3 shows, on a scale or substantially scale, a preferred profile 27 of the main deflector of the trawl spacer board 1 of the invention, which is used in this embodiment of the trawl spacer board 1 of the invention to form profiles of the upper and lower parts 3 and 4 of the deflector, respectively. The full shape and features of the profile 27 shown in FIG. 3 are the same as those of the most efficient wing profile for low speeds, with high lifting capacity, known under the name and / or code NACA-338117 used in Hanley Innovations' VisualFoil Version 4.1 (Ocaia, pc. . Florida, USA). As noted above, none of the experts in the art suggested using this profile in any part of the known trawl spacer boards.

In the following description, the profile 27 has a convex outer side 28, a concave inner side 29, a trailing edge 30 and a leading edge 31. The trailing edge 30 is the farthest stern of any deflector according to the invention located in the trawl spacer board of the invention, and the leading edge 31 is the very front part of any deflector according to the invention located in the spacer plate of the trawl according to the invention. The thickest segment of profile 27 is approximately seventeen to eighteen percent (17-18%) of the profile chord length and is at least eleven percent (11%) of the profile chord length and is located in front of the center of the profile chord. Preferably, the thickest segment of the profile is located near a point along the chord of the profile corresponding to the distance that is in front of the center of the chord and is at least three percent (3%) of the length of the chord.

As shown in FIG. 1, a device 5 is arranged in front of the leading edge 31 of the main deflector or any deflector according to the invention, by which the lifting characteristic is improved. It is preferable to use at least one slat with any main deflector according to the invention having a profile with the distinctive properties discussed above. None of those skilled in the art have proposed using slats in combination with a deflector having a profile similar to the profile shape with the features proposed in this application as being most preferred for the profile shape of any main deflector intended for use in the trawl spacer board of the invention .

As shown in FIG. 5, the upper front slat 6 has a profile that is generally the same as the profile of the other side 28 of the upper part 3 of the deflector near an area close to the thickest segment of the profile 27 and is held at a distance from the leading edge 31 by fixing in the plates 13 14, receiving traction forces, while the leading edge 6a of the slat 6 is in line with the leading edge 31. As shown in the drawing, the leading edge 6a of the slat 6 is at the same distance from the leading edge 31 as the leading edge 6a from thick segment of the profile 27. The length of the slat 6 is such that it is located above the upper surface of the profile 27, and due to the difference in the profile of the slat 6 and the part of the profile 27 between the leading edge and the upper side of the profile 27, a groove is formed along the length of the leading edge 31. The groove area decreases from the leading edge 31 along profile 27, and through this formation, the flow of water passing through the groove is channelized, exciting the boundary layer near profile 27 and holding the separation of the boundary layer, which leads to an increase in lifting capacity, as mentioned above.

It is preferable to further enhance this lifting ability to introduce an additional upper front trailing slat 7. This slat 7 is located in the groove formed by the slat 6 and contains a leading edge 7a located in line with the leading edges 6a and 31, and also has a profile in in general, the same as the profile of the outer side 28 in the region defined as the trailing portion of the leading edge 31, but located in front of the thickest segment of the profile 27. The slat 7 is thus divided along the front her edges 31 into two parts, which improves the excitation of the boundary layer. The slat 7 is shorter than the slat 6, its length is about 50% of the length of the slat 6, and therefore it does not protrude above the upper surface of the profile 27.

In FIG. 5 also shows a modification that can be made in the spacer board of the trawl shown in FIG. l. This modification involves the introduction of a design that improves the lifting ability of the trailing edge, in the form of one or more rear slats 51 and 52 located under the profile 27, through which form the inner and outer channels 53, 54 at the trailing edge. The slat or slats 51, 52 at the trailing edge are generally flat, extend along the length of the trailing edge 32, and are attached to traction plates 13, 14. They lie generally parallel to the portion of the concave inner side 29 near the trailing edge 32 of the profile 27. The slat 51 has a length of approximately half the length of the slat 52, and their trailing edges 51a, 51b are generally aligned with the trailing edge 32 profile 27. Through these slats support the effects caused by the boundary layers of water acting on the concave inner side 29 of the profile, which also improves the functional characteristics of the profile 27.

It should be understood that each part of the deflector of the trawl spacer board is provided with a structure comprising slats located near the leading edge shown in FIG. 5, and may also be provided with a structure comprising slats located at the trailing edge, if desired. Everything that is done with one trawl spreader board is done with the other to ensure stable conditions.

Tests have shown that such a design of the trawl spacer board according to the invention is suitable for operation when the angle of attack of the trawl spacer board is 18 (eighteen) degrees, and causes a significantly reduced hydraulic resistance. Similarly, at normal angles of attack that occur when using known trawl spacer boards, such a design of the trawl spacer board also proves to be at least 15 (fifteen) percent more effective than any other known trawl spacer designs. These excellent results lead to significantly greater fishing operations and have never been achieved using known trawl spacer boards.

In addition, the slats themselves may have profiles similar to that shown in FIG. 3 and 5, and can also be made of synthetic material, which after hardening forms a structure that accepts impacts without breakage.

Variants of execution by which the expanding force can be varied

To more fully achieve the objectives of the present invention, a new useful method is proposed for varying the opening force of a trawl using the trawl spreader board according to the invention, which can be generated using the trawl spreader board while maintaining the optimal angle of attack of the trawl spreader, thus maintaining the optimal hydrodynamic efficiency of any spreader trawl boards according to the invention and at the same time changing the magnitude of the expanding forces that can be generated using the spacer board tr ala.

The spreader board 1 (see FIGS. 1 and 2) of the trawl according to the invention comprises the bottom 71 of the trawl spacer and the top 72 of the trawl spacer, regardless of whether the spacer is V-shaped or another shape and whether it contains a central plate or a similar metal element or other device that receives traction. If the trawl spacer board does not have a V-shape, then the lower and upper parts 71 and 72 (each) correspond to the lower and upper half of the particular trawl spacer board.

In an example of the presently preferred embodiment of the trawl spacer board 1 according to the invention, the lower part of the trawl spacer board 71 is defined as including all structural solutions provided and shown in this application relating to the trawl spacer board 1 of the invention, which both comprise a central plate 14, receiving traction, and also located under the Central plate 14, receiving traction, with the exception of the connecting link 10 for attaching a towing fan, a body ring 12 for attaching a bridle and sinker plates 69, and may have varying sizes and surface area. Similarly, the upper part 72 of the trawl spacer board 1 contains all the structural solutions provided and shown in this application relating to the trawl spacer board 1 according to the invention, which both contain a central plate 14 that receives traction, and are also located above the central plate 14, receiving traction, with the exception of the connecting link 10 for attaching the towing bar, the connecting ring 11 for attaching the bridle, and may also have a variable size and area rhnosti.

However, in the embodiment of the trawl spacer board 1 according to the invention, in which there is no central plate 14 that receives traction, the lower and upper parts 71 and 72, respectively, of the trawl spacer board 1 correspond to the usual shape and design of the entire trawl spacer board and can have variable sizes and area surface.

To provide the possibility of varying the magnitude of the opening force of the trawl, which can be generated using the spacer boards 1 of the trawl according to the invention, while maintaining a constant angle of attack, which is necessary to achieve optimal hydrodynamic efficiency of the spacer boards 1 of the trawl according to the invention, to the upper and lower ends of the spacer board 1 the trawl accordingly temporarily attach modified-shaped extension parts 81 (see Fig. 4) of the trawl spacer board 1, to increase the size of the spreader board 1 trawl and, therefore, to increase the magnitude of the opening force of the trawl, which can be generated by means of this spacer board 1 trawl.

More specifically, the upper extension portion 83 of the trawl spreader board is substantially identical to the upper portion 72 of the trawl spreader board, and it comprises the upper extension portion 52 of the deflector of the trawl spreader board, extending slats 86 and the lower plate 85 of the upper extension portion of the trawl spacer board, which is essentially identical in shape to the central plate 14, which receives traction, but performs the functions of both the upper plate 13, which accepts traction, and the lower end plate 61, which carries the load, of the upper deflector Torah. The lower plate 85 of the upper extension part of the trawl spacer board is attached face-to-face to the outer surface of the upper traction force receiving plate 13 by means of bolts 90. Concavities are formed in the lower surface of the lower plate 85 of the upper extension part of the trawl spacer board, in which the heads of the bolts 26 and other protrusions that may be on the outer surface of the upper plate 13, perceiving traction, to ensure stable contact face to face of the outer surface of the lower plate 85 of the upper extension part of the spacer board of the trawl with the outer surface of the upper plate 13, perceiving traction. The upper extension portion 83 of the trawl spacer board also includes an upper extension plate 93, which serves as both a load-bearing upper end plate 62, an upper deflector, and a means for holding the upper extension slats 86, such as a top plate 13 that receives traction.

Similarly, the lower extension portion 84 of the trawl spreader board is substantially identical to the bottom portion 71 of the trawl spreader board and comprises the lower extension portion 53 of the deflector of the trawl spreader board, the extension slats 88 and the upper plate 87 of the lower extension portion of the trawl spacer board, which is substantially identical in the shape of the Central plate 14, perceiving traction, but performs both the function of the lower plate 15, perceiving traction, and the upper end plate 64, bearing the load, the lower deflector. The upper plate 87 of the lower extension portion of the trawl spacer board is attached face to face to the outer surface of either the bottom plate 15 receiving the traction force or the sinker plate 69 by means of bolts 90. Concavities are formed in the outer surface of the upper plate 87 of the lower extension portion of the trawl spacer board, in which have the heads of the bolts 26 and other protrusions that may be on the outer surface of the lower plate 15, which receives traction, to ensure stable contact face to face the outer surface of the upper plate 87 of the lower extension part of the spacer board of the trawl with the outer surface of the lower plate 15, perceiving traction. The lower extension portion 84 of the trawl spacer board also includes a lower extension plate 94, which serves as both a load-bearing lower end plate 65, a lower deflector, and a means for holding extension slats 88, such as a lower plate 15, which receives traction.

Since the requirements for resistance to traction and other loads imposed on the upper and lower extension parts 83, 85 of the trawl spacer are lower in comparison with the requirements for the rest of the trawl spacer, the upper and lower extension parts 83, 85 of the trawl spreader can be made with large hollow spaces inside their synthetic structures to provide greater buoyancy, and they can be formed with fewer hollow internal elements 20, bearing the load, for example pipes, which can also be less durable and may have a smaller wall thickness, and / or they may have larger diameters to create a larger hollow space and provide greater buoyancy.

In addition, although in this example, the trawl spacer board 1 of the invention comprises a swept leading edge similar to a deltoid wing, known in the industry as a “wing-shaped” trawl spacer board, the trawl spacer board of the invention may have a leading edge that lies in only one plane and is intended to be used in such a way that the leading edge of the trawl spacer board is perpendicular or, in general, perpendicular to the flow of water. It is understood that in such a trawl spacer board, the structures of the leading edges of the upper and lower extension parts 83 and 85 of the trawl spacer board will also be directed perpendicularly or, generally, perpendicularly to the incoming water stream during fishing.

In addition, the design of the leading edges of the upper and lower extension parts 83 and 85 of the trawl spacer board may be such that during fishing they are directed perpendicularly or, generally, perpendicularly to the incoming water flow, while the remaining parts of the trawl spacer board 1 may be such as shown in FIG. 1, i.e. it can be a “wing-shaped” trawl spacer board with “swept” front edges of the lower and upper parts 71 and 72, respectively, of the trawl spacer board.

In an embodiment of the trawl spreader board of the invention with a variable lifting capacity, also known as an “extendable” trawl spreader board, it is important that the connecting link 10 for attaching the towing warp is positioned so that the balance of the trawl spacer board is maintained when adding or removing extension trays parts 83 and 85 of the trawl spacer board. To maintain the balance of the trawl spacer board 1 with respect to its connecting link 10 for attaching the towing fork, it may be necessary to move the connecting link 10 for attaching the towing wing to a different, predetermined position on the center plate 14 receiving the pulling force, and therefore on the center plate 14 , perceiving traction, can be additionally pre-arranged metal elements for installation of the connecting link 10 for connecting eniya towing warp.

And finally, it is understood that it is possible to increase the area of the trawl spacer boards of the invention by adding one or more extension parts of the trawl spacer board to some other place, and not only by attaching them to the distant parts of the trawl spacer board. For example, one or more extension parts of the trawl spacer board can be added to the central part of the trawl spacer board, for example, by dividing the center plate 14 receiving the pulling force into two or three layers, separating the layers and adding between them or the extension parts 83, 85 trawl spreader board, or only one extension of the trawl spreader board. In the case of using bottom trawl spreader boards, it is currently preferred to add one extension to the top 72 to increase the stability of bottom trawl spreader boards, which tend to tip inwards, i.e. towards the trawl. In alternatives not shown in this application, the extension parts of the trawl spacer board can be made so that they can be telescoped out of the rest of the deflector of the trawl spacer board, and this embodiment is most suitable for trawl spacer boards containing a deflector and not containing slats.

Various alternative designs of extension parts of trawl spacer boards and methods for using them to vary the opening force of the trawl spacer boards of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon familiarization with the present invention.

The application of the present invention allows the manufacture of a trawl spacer board containing a main deflector characterized by a sufficiently large width, ease in water and economic efficiency in manufacturing, these characteristics being based on an unexpected and until now unknown discovery, which, in contrast to the suitability of synthetic materials for other land and sea applications, in order to produce suitable trawl spacer boards with their main structures, perceiving impacts that use synthetic material, where such synthetic material should receive impacts without breakage. It is preferable to use nylon chemically mixed with an elastomeric material (i.e., in the form of a copolymer, for example a block copolymer or a statistical copolymer, as described in more detail above), as a preferred synthetic material for structures that absorb impacts, and especially for external structures and / or surfaces of trawl spacer boards perceiving impacts, according to the invention, as well as for any synthetic structures that accept traction and carry a load. The ratios of the amounts of nylon and elastomeric material can be experimentally controlled, and the resulting solid synthetic material should at least prevent breakdowns in at least any parts of the exterior and / or shock-absorbing structures. At present, a ratio in which the proportion of elastomeric material is 16.6% by weight (sixteen and six tenths of a percent) and the rest is nylon is preferred; a ratio in which the proportion of elastomeric material is at least from five percent to eighteen percent (5-18 wt.%), and the rest is nylon, is currently suitable. A copolymer of nylon and elastomeric material sold under the NYRIM trademark is preferred. In particular, NYRIM 1500 is currently preferred for the manufacture of trawl spacer boards of the invention. Another synthetic substance, possibly suitable for the manufacture of the synthetic parts of the trawl spacer boards of the invention, is sold under the trademark STAR-RIM. Both NYRIM and STAR-RIM are Brüggemann Chemical Co. products. Information about NYRIM material, its use, mixing, its properties, etc. provided by Brüggemann Chemical Co. and can be found on the company's websites at www.NYRIM.com. and www.rimnylon.com.

NYRIM and STAR-RIM are processed using RLD (reactive injection molding) or injection molding technology. NYRIM can also be recycled using centrifugal molding. These processes can be performed at low atmospheric pressure. The aforementioned website also states that for the preparation of a solid, finished synthetic material known as NYRIM, containing nylon and elastomeric material in the aforementioned ratio, in which it perceives impacts without breakage, they are used to form spacer boards according to the invention AP-caprolactam (a special type of caprolactam with a very low water content) and polymerization additives for the anionic polymerization of caprolactam to produce nylon-6 (for centrifugal casting). The aforementioned Internet site also states that in this way it is possible to produce parts and profiles of a simple form (rod, pipe, plate, etc.). Or, as stated in this application, it is possible to manufacture parts of a predetermined shape, in general, in the form of a part of a trawl spreader board according to the invention or a whole trawl spreader board according to the invention. As stated in this application, any of these parts can then be machined to finalize. Brüggeman Chemical supplies the following raw materials for the anionic polymerization mentioned above:

- AP-caprolactam;

- Bruggolen® C10 catalyst;

- activator Bruggolen® C20; as well as

- catalyst C1 (MgBr lactamate);

- prepolymers P1-20A, Pl-30;

- foam stabilizer;

- mold grease and

- Sooten filled masterbatch.

The above list represents one currently preferred embodiment of the preparation of a suitable synthetic material for the trawl spacer board of the invention. The person skilled in the art should understand that it is possible to successfully implement several other alternative embodiments and that they are covered by the present invention, and with these methods it is possible to obtain high-strength materials that absorb shock without breaking. As mentioned above, information about the properties of NYRIM material, how to use it, mix it, etc. for molding by pouring synthetic material into a hot mold for use in the synthetic parts of the spacer boards of the trawl according to the invention is also disclosed in these, by reference, Internet sites and / or standardized information resource indexes (URLS).

It was unexpectedly found that to more fully achieve the objectives of the present invention should use:

- a trawl spacer board comprising at least one (1) slat located in front of the leading edge of the at least one main deflector; and

- the main deflector having a curved profile, the bend of which is determined by the curvature of the outer side of the main deflector from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the main deflector, more than the bend determined by the main curvature of the inner side of the main deflector from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the main deflector, which generates a large directional outward lifting force per unit of water resistance.

More specifically, it was unexpectedly found that the trawl spacer board containing at least one, and preferably two slats, located in front of (closer to the oncoming water stream) a single main deflector, wherein said main deflector has a profile in which:

the outer side has a greater bend than the inner side;

the thickest segment of the profile is the largest near the point located in front of the center of the profile;

the thickest segment of the profile is at least 8% of the length of the chord of the main deflector, and preferably more than 11% of the length of the chord of the main deflector, a value of this parameter of 17-18% is preferred; and

the bend of its outer side is convex, and the bend of its inner side is concave, from the leading edge of the main deflector to the trailing edge of the main deflector;

such a trawl spacer board unexpectedly has the ability to generate increased outward lift at a given resistance of the medium, and it can be used at higher speeds when trawling with modern high-speed trawlers, for example, six to seven knots, while maintaining at the same time high efficiency (results that are not achieved when using known trawl spacer boards).

This result contradicts another idea of specialists in this field who claim that the water flow at modern speeds of sea (ocean) trawl fishing (3.0-7.0 knots) is close in characteristics to high-speed air flows, even approaching supersonic speeds, therefore the described properties of the curved profile of the main deflector of the trawl spacer boards according to the invention practically not only cannot be integrated into the high-speed wing, but the profile of the trawl spacer board as a whole cannot be built in n to the high speed wing.

It has been unexpectedly established, despite the use of a large number of synthetic materials for the manufacture of shock-absorbing parts, used in a wide range of industries, including the hulls of commercial marine vessels, which constantly perceive shock, that only synthetic material from which solid structures can be received to absorb shock breakdowns, practically suitable for the design, manufacture and use of trawl spacer boards.

To quickly manufacture and reduce the cost of manufacturing the trawl spacer boards according to the invention, it is preferable that the material absorbing impacts without breakage be a thermoplastic material that can be poured into a mold, for example a hot mold. In a preferred embodiment, either the entire trawl spacer board is molded in one piece or the parts of the trawl spacer board are molded and then fastened together, for example by attaching to a metal frame.

However, it is believed that in some applications, for example when using nylon mixed with an elastomeric material to produce a synthetic material from which the synthetic parts of the trawl spacer board of the invention are molded, the entire trawl spacer board can be molded in one piece. In this case, it is preferable that the metal elements 10, 11, and 12 at the points of application of the towing force are ordinary metal elements attached to a metal frame that receives traction forces and / or carries a load placed in the mold so that the thermoplastic material can be pour around and around such connecting metal elements so that it covers the metal frame and then hardens around the frame structure. The frame must be shaped so that the torques or other forces arising between the metal frame and the synthetic part of the trawl spacer board and / or the main deflector are distributed over the maximum area of the synthetic structure.

It is understood that in the molds for manufacturing a part of the trawl spacer board which is used to assemble the trawl spacer boards of the invention, for example, parts in the form of a trawl spreader deflector, there may be empty spaces and / or cracks on the surface of the part of the trawl spacer board formed in mold when hardening synthetic material. These gaps can be easily eliminated by known methods. Thus, when it is mentioned in the present description that the mold has the shape of a part of the trawl spacer board 1, it is understood that it contains forming cavities having, in general, the shape of a part of the trawl spacer board of the invention.

In an alternative embodiment, conventional metal elements for applying towing forces may be bolted to the finished main deflector or other essential part of the molded trawl spacer board, in which the traction-absorbing structure is formed of synthetic material. Locations of conventional metal elements for applying towing forces can be determined and calculated using any of a number of methods that are well known to those skilled in the art.

In another embodiment, electronic or mechanical equipment, including control equipment and a mechanized actuator for changing the orientation of the connecting link 10 for attaching the towing bar relative to the rest of the trawl spacer board 1, may be enclosed within the synthetic structure of the trawl spacer board. For example, electrical, mechanical or other equipment can be placed in the desired location inside the hot mold before filling the synthetic material, and thus it can be sealed with synthetic material and permanently located inside the synthetic structure of the trawl spacer board.

To increase buoyancy, if desired, and to reduce cost, if strength requirements are met, unfilled cavities or cavities filled with lightweight foam can be molded inside the synthetic structures of the trawl spacer board according to the invention, for example, by placing a foam block inside a hot press molds before pouring the synthetic mixture. Or a hollow container of a certain shape can be placed in a hot mold before pouring a synthetic mixture into it. In other aspects, hollow spaces can be created by centrifugal molding or by using technology using cast rods left in the product during reactive injection molding (RLD).

Thus, the present invention has the following distinctive features:

- a trawl spacer board (1) made of synthetic material containing a polymeric material mixed with an elastomeric material in such a weight ratio of the polymeric material and the elastomeric material that the hard synthetic parts of the trawl spacer board perceive impacts without breakage, thereby improving the strength, lightness in water and the durability of the trawl spacer board.

In more detail, the present invention further provides a trawl spreader board, as described above, in which these synthetic parts of the trawl spreader board, which are susceptible to impacts without breakage, comprise exterior structures of the trawl spreader board.

In even more detail, the present invention provides a trawl spacer board, as described above, in which the polymeric material used to form the synthetic parts of the trawl spacer board contains nylon.

Although the present invention has been described with reference to presently preferred embodiments, it should be understood that such a description is purely illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. Therefore, specialists in this field, after reviewing the above description, it is likely that various changes, modifications and / or alternative applications of the invention may be proposed without deviating from the essence and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the authors believe that the appended claims will be construed as encompassing all changes, modifications, and / or alternative applications that fall within the scope of the true spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims (58)

1. The spacer board (1) of the trawl made of a synthetic material containing a polymeric material mixed with an elastomeric material in a weight ratio of the polymeric material and the elastomeric material, in which the content of the elastomeric material is at least 5 wt.%. 2. The spreader board (1) of the trawl according to claim 1, in which the synthetic parts of the spreader board (1) of the trawl, perceiving impacts without breakage, contain the outer structure (2, 3, 4, 28, 29, 30, 31) of the spacer board ( 1) trawl. 3. The spacer board (1) of the trawl according to claim 1 or 2, in which the polymeric material contains polyamide. 4. The spacer board (1) of the trawl according to claim 3, in which the synthetic material has a weight ratio of polymer material and elastomeric material, in which the content of the elastomeric material does not exceed 75 wt.%. 5. The spacer board (1) of the trawl according to claim 4, in which the polyamide is selected from the group consisting of: nylon 6; nylon 9; nylon 6.6; nylon 6.9; nylon 6.10; nylon 6.12; nylon 4.6; nylon 12 and any mixture thereof. 6. The spacer board (1) of the trawl according to claim 3, in which a copolymer is formed from polyamide and an elastomeric material. 7. The spacer board (1) of the trawl according to claim 3, in which the weight ratio of polyamide and elastomeric material is such that the content of elastomeric material is 7-40 wt.%. 8. The spacer board (1) of the trawl according to claim 7, in which the weight ratio of polyamide and elastomeric material is such that the content of elastomeric material is 16-40 wt.%. 9. The spacer board (1) of the trawl according to claim 8, in which the weight ratio of polyamide and elastomeric material is such that the content of elastomeric material is 18-40 wt.%. 10. The trawl spacer board (1) according to claim 3, wherein the elastomeric material is selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, including polyethylene, ethylene and alpha olefin copolymers, alpha olefin homopolymers, for example polypropylene and alpha olefin copolymers; polyamines, including polybutadiene diamine, polybutadiene polyamines and butadiene acrylonitrile polyamines; polyether polyamines are polyoxybutylene diamine, polyoxyethylene diamine, polyoxypropylene diamine, polyoxypropylene triamine, polyoxypropylene tetramine and combinations thereof, for example, block copolymers of polyoxypropylene and polyoxyethylene with at least two amine functional groups. 11. The trawl spacer board (1) according to claim 2, in which the outer structure constituting the synthetic part of the trawl spacer board (1) contains at least one deflector having an outer part made of synthetic material, the deflector having convex outer side (28) and concave inner side (29) and contains at least a portion of the frame (25) carrying the load. 12. The spacer board (1) of the trawl according to claim 11, in which at least a part of the frame (25) carrying the load comprises hollow internal elements (20) carrying the load. 13. The trawl spacer board (1) according to claim 2, further comprising an extension part (81, 83, 84) of the trawl spacer board, by which it is possible to vary the expanding forces of the trawl spacer board (1), while maintaining the angle of attack of the spreader board trawl. 14. The trawl spacer board (1) according to claim 13, in which the extension part (81, 83, 84) of the trawl spacer board comprises an extension (52) of the deflector. 15. The trawl spacer board (1) according to claim 13, in which the extension part (81, 83, 84) of the trawl spacer board comprises at least one slat (86). 16. The spacer board (1) of the trawl containing the deflector (2) having a profile (27) containing:
a) the thickest segment, ranging from seventeen percent (17%) to eighteen percent (18%) of the profile chord length (27);
b) the thickest segment in front of the center; and
c) the concave inner side (29) and the convex outer side (28), the thickness between which becomes:
i) gradually narrower between the thickest segment of the profile (27) and the leading edge (31) of the profile (27); and
ii) gradually narrower between the thickest segment of the profile (27) and the trailing edge (30) of the profile (27). 17. The spreader board (1) of the trawl according to clause 16, further comprising a first slat (7), wherein at least a portion of the first slat is located in front of the deflector (2). 18. The spreader board (1) of the trawl according to claim 17, further comprising a second slat (6), wherein at least a portion of the second slat is located in front of the first slat (7). 19. The spacer board (1) of the trawl according to any one of paragraphs.16-18, in which the thickest segment of the profile (27) of at least one deflector (2) is located near the profile point (27), corresponding to the distance in front of the center of at least three percent (3%) of the length of the chord. 20. The spreader board (1) of the trawl according to claim 19, containing parts made of synthetic material comprising a polymeric material mixed with an elastomeric material in such a weight ratio of the polymeric material and the elastomeric material that the synthetic parts of the spreader board (1) of the trawl perceive impacts without breakdowns. 21. The spreader board (1) of the trawl according to claim 19, in which the synthetic parts of the spreader board (1) of the trawl, perceiving impacts without breakage, contain the outer structure (2, 3, 4, 28, 29, 30, 31) of the spacer board ( 1) trawl. 22. The spreader board (1) of the trawl according to any one of paragraphs.16-18, in which the deflector (2) contains at least a portion of the frame (25) bearing the load, which contains a hollow inner element (20) carrying the load. 23. The spacer board (1) of the trawl according to claim 22, in which the hollow internal element (20), bearing the load, contains a pipe. 24. The spreader board (1) of the trawl according to claim 22, in which the hollow internal element (20) carrying the load extends from the first surface of the deflector (2) to the second surface of the deflector (2). 25. The spacer board (1) of the trawl according to claim 22, in which the hollow inner element (20), bearing the load, contains a hermetically sealed end. 26. The spacer board (1) of the trawl according to claim 22, in which the hollow internal element (20) carrying the load is made of metal, the metal hollow internal element (20) carrying the load is adapted to make at least a part of the trawl spacer board (1), while another part of the trawl spacer board (1) is formed of a synthetic material comprising a polymer material mixed with an elastomeric material, where the synthetic material is cooled during the solidification of the liquid synthetic material in the mold cavity . 27. The spreader board (1) of the trawl according to claim 22, in which the hollow inner element (20), which carries the load, is attached to the Central plate (14), perceiving traction. 28. The trawl spacer board (1) according to claim 18, wherein the second slat (6) has a bend generally corresponding to a bend included in the shape of the convex outer side (28) of the deflector (2). 29. The trawl spacer board (1) according to claim 18, wherein the second slat (6) has a bend generally corresponding to a bend included in the shape of the convex outer side (28) of the deflector (2) in a region close to the thickest segment deflector (2). 30. The spreader board (1) of the trawl according to claim 18, wherein the second slat (6) has a bend generally corresponding to a bend included in the shape of the deflector (2). 31. The trailing spacer board (1) according to claim 18, wherein the second slat (6) has a leading edge (6a) and a chord length such that the trailing edge of the second slat (6) extends above the deflector profile (27) (2). 32. The trawl spacer board (1) according to any one of claims 18, 30 and 31, wherein the first slat (7) has a bend generally corresponding to the bend of the convex outer side (28) of the deflector (2) in the area behind the leading edge (31) of the deflector (2), but in front of the thickest segment of the deflector (2). 33. The spacer board (1) of the trawl according to claim 18, wherein the first slat (7) has a bend generally corresponding to the bend of the deflector (2). 34. The spreader board (1) of the trawl according to any one of claims 18, 30 and 31, in which the first slat (7) has a leading edge (7a), which is located in line with the leading edges (6a, 31), respectively, of the second slat (6) and deflector (2). 35. The spreader board (1) of the trawl according to any one of claims 18, 30 and 31, in which the first slat (7) is shorter in the direction from the leading edge (7a) to its rear edge than the second slat (6) from the leading edge ( 6a) to its trailing edge. 36. The spreader board (1) of the trawl according to any one of claims 18, 30 and 31, in which the leading edge (7a) of the first slat (7) is located in the middle between the leading edges (6a, 31), respectively, of the second slat (6) and deflector (2). 37. The spacer board (1) of the trawl according to any one of claims 18, 30 and 31, in which the deflector (2) further comprises at least one rear slat (51, 52) located near the trailing edge (30) of the profile ( 27) of the deflector (2), next to the concave inner side (29) of the profile (27). 38. The spacer board (1) of the trawl according to clause 37, in which at least one of the slats (6, 7, 51, 52) has a generally straight profile. 39. The spacer board (1) of the trawl according to claim 38, wherein the trailing edge of at least one of the rear slats (51, 52) is aligned parallel with the trailing edge (30) of the profile (27). 40. The spacer board (1) of the trawl according to clause 37, which contains two rear slats (51, 52), the trailing edges of which are aligned with the trailing edge (30) of the profile (27). 41. The spreader board (1) of the trawl according to claim 40, in which the distant rear slat (51) is two times less in length compared with the nearest rear slat (52). 42. The spacer board (1) of the trawl according to claim 40, wherein the proximal rear slat (52) is equidistant from the distant rear slat (51) and trailing edge (30) of the profile (27). 43. A method of manufacturing a spacer board (1) of a trawl containing a deflector (2), in which a synthetic material is used, comprising steps selected from the group consisting of:
but. the manufacture of part of the spacer board (1) of the trawl according to a technology including the steps of:
i) introducing into the cavity of the mold a liquid synthetic material that may harden; and
ii) curing the liquid synthetic material in the cavity of the mold with the formation of synthetic material, from which form at least the synthetic part of the spacer board (1) of the trawl;
b. manufacturing part of the spacer board (1) of the trawl according to a technology comprising the steps of:
i) introducing into the cavity of the mold a liquid synthetic material that can solidify to form a synthetic material containing polymer material mixed with an elastomeric material in a certain weight ratio; and
ii) curing the liquid synthetic material in the cavity of the mold with the formation of synthetic material, in which the weight ratio of the polymer material and the elastomeric material provides a synthetic material for the formation of at least the synthetic part of the spacer plate (1) of the trawl, which accepts impacts without breakage ;
from. the manufacture of part of the spacer board (1) of the trawl according to a technology including the steps of:
i) placing at least a portion of the chassis (25) carrying the load in a predetermined position in the cavity of the mold;
ii) introducing into the cavity of the mold containing at least a portion of the load-bearing frame (25) of a liquid synthetic material that can solidify to form a synthetic material containing a polymer material mixed with an elastomeric material in a certain weight ratio; and
iii) curing the liquid synthetic material in the cavity of the mold with the formation of synthetic material, in which the weight ratio of the polymeric material and the elastomeric material provides a synthetic material for the formation of at least the synthetic part of the spacer board (1) of the trawl;
d. manufacturing part of the trawl spacer board according to a technology including the steps of:
i) introducing into the cavity of the mold a liquid synthetic material that can solidify to form a synthetic material containing polymeric material mixed with an elastomeric material in a certain ratio;
ii) curing the liquid synthetic material in the cavity of the mold with the formation of synthetic material, in which the weight ratio of the polymeric material and the elastomeric material provides a synthetic material for the formation of at least the synthetic part of the spacer board (1) of the trawl;
iii) machining of synthetic material. 44. The method according to item 43, in which the stage of introducing into the cavity of the mold liquid synthetic material that can solidify with the formation of a synthetic material containing a polymeric material mixed with an elastomeric material, contains an additional stage of selection, as a liquid synthetic material, which can harden to form a synthetic material containing at least polyamide as a polymer material. 45. The method according to item 44, in which the polyamide is selected from the group consisting of nylon 6; nylon 9; nylon 6.6; nylon 6.9; nylon 6.10; nylon 6.12; nylon 4.6; nylon 12 and any mixture thereof. 46. The method according to item 44 or 45, in which a copolymer is formed from a polyamide and an elastomeric material. 47. The method according to item 44 or 45, in which the weight ratio of polyamide and elastomeric material is such that the content of elastomeric material is 7-40 wt.%. 48. The method according to clause 47, in which the weight ratio of polyamide and elastomeric material is such that the content of the elastomeric material is at least 16 wt.%. 49. The method according to clause 47, in which the weight ratio of polyamide and elastomeric material is such that the content of the elastomeric material is at least 18 wt.%. 50. The method according to item 43, in which the stage of pouring into the cavity of the mold containing part of the frame (25), bearing, a load of liquid synthetic material that can solidify with the formation of a synthetic material containing a polymeric material mixed with an elastomeric material, includes an additional step of selecting, as a liquid synthetic material, a material that can solidify to form a synthetic material containing at least polyamide as a polymer material. 51. The method according to item 43, in which the frame (25), bearing the load, contains a hollow inner element (20), bearing the load. 52. The method according to 51, in which the hollow inner element (20), bearing the load, contains a pipe. 53. The method according to § 51 or 52, in which the hollow inner element (20), bearing the load, passes from the first surface of the synthetic material to the second surface of the synthetic material. 54. The method according to § 51 or 52, in which the hollow inner element (20), bearing the load, contains a hermetically sealed end. 55. The method according to § 51 or 52, in which the hollow inner element (20), bearing the load, is made of metal. 56. The method according to p. 51 or 52, in which the hollow inner element (20), bearing the load, is attached to the Central plate (14), perceiving traction. 57. A spreader board (1) of a trawl comprising a deflector (2) and at least one slat (6.7), at least a portion of said at least one slat being located in front of the front edge of the deflector (2), wherein the deflector ( 2) has a profile (27) containing:
a) the thickest segment located in front of the center, and
b) a concave inner side (29) and a convex outer side (28), the thickness between which becomes:
i) gradually narrower between the thickest segment of the profile (27) and the leading edge (31) of the profile (27); and
ii) gradually narrower between the thickest segment of the profile (27) and the trailing edge (30) of the profile (27). 58. The spreader board (1) of the trawl according to claim 57, comprising at least two slats (6.7), at least a portion of each of these slats being located in front of the leading edge of the deflector (2).

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