RU2328759C2 - Optical device with echelon lens - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: optical devices for lighting purposes.

SUBSTANCE: device consists of an echelon lens with a diffusing screen. The diffusing screen is located in the first zone, while the echelon lens is located in the second zone. By changing the shape of the incident light and/or amount of light on the optical device, illuminating the optical device, the divergence angle of the light coming out of the optical device can be set between two limiting values. The first and second zones occupy concentric surfaces of the optical device with different diameters.

EFFECT: simplification of the structure, increased light output.

66 cl, 15 dwg

Description

The invention relates generally to an optical device with at least one stepped lens, and in particular to a stepped lens with an integrated diffusing screen for lighting purposes.

Step lenses or Fresnel lenses were created by the French physicist Augustin Jean Fresnel in the nineteenth century in the form of an optical element, also called a ring lens. In contrast to commonly used solid-body optical lenses, stepped lenses or Fresnel lenses are concentric, located mainly perpendicular to the main plane of the stage lens, between which there are ring-shaped portions. The optically active surfaces of the annular sections approximately correspond in shape to the surface sections of a conventional solid-body lens, but lie substantially closer to the opposite surface of the corresponding lens. Further, the substantially non-optical surfaces of the steps are arranged as parallel as possible to the main direction of light propagation in order to create as few reflections or unwanted scattered light as possible. Therefore, the Fresnel lens approximately, with the exception of distortions caused by steps, has the same "depicting" properties as a conventional lens. However, despite these distortions, the Fresnel lens has significant advantages over traditional lenses, due to which this type of lens in many applications makes their choice noticeably preferable or the only possible one. Fresnel lenses are thinner, require less optical material, are therefore lighter and have less absorption and, therefore, also less heat, especially when used in lighting devices with high light intensity.

The use of Fresnel lenses, for example, in spotlights with a stepped lens, for theaters, stages, studios, filming or illuminating architectural structures, is highly preferred.

Due to the smaller thickness of the Fresnel lenses, they are also significantly simpler to manufacture. For stamping, injection molding or hot molding, it is substantially better to control the cooling and extraction of a thinner Fresnel lens from the mold than continuous volume lenses. With the magnification of these lenses, such advantages are becoming increasingly important. Therefore, the preferred fields of application are lighting equipment, in particular in theaters, studios, in particular for filming on the stage, as well as in architecture, where a large amount of light brings with it a high thermal load, and the deterioration in image formation properties plays a lesser role. A stepped lens is known from the railway signaling technology with a central prism device located in the center directing the light mainly into the lower half-space, which is used to create part of the light incident on the stepped lens to recognize signals in a close zone.

WO 01/86341 A1 describes a signal sensor with a stepped lens with scattering elements with a relatively short focal length, in which short-focus scattering elements increase the angle of the emitted light. However, the scattering elements located on the entire surface of the stepped lens do not allow changing the luminous flux, in particular, the angle of its solution due to a shift in the intensity of light illuminating the stepped lens at its location.

EP 0391287 describes an operating lamp comprising a hyperbolic mirror and a lens device on the light exit side with at least three Fresnel lenses with different focal lengths. Due to the different focal lengths of the stepped lenses, it is achieved that it is possible to obtain a uniform intensity of light and relatively uniform illumination of a deep surgical wound over a relatively large depth. Mostly hexagons with a smaller structural size than the structure of the stepped lenses used, serve to create further uniformity of the light field. However, this device does not provide a change in the solution angle of the emerging light field or the magnitude of the illuminated field, and this should be achieved by other additional means. This requires, however, additional details.

EP 1242399 A2 describes an optical system for spotlights with a stepped lens, which was invented by the authors of this application and in which the angle of the exit light is affected by a change in the distance from the lamp to the reflector of this system. In this case, however, a very hot lamp, as a rule, is mechanically moved relative to the reflector, which requires considerable mechanical effort to install it. Firstly, it is necessary to prevent damage to the lamp, which is more susceptible to shaking in the hot state, and, secondly, the installation elements must have both high temperature resistance and high resistance to temperature changes.

JP 61097602 As for the screen, for example, the frosted glass of a mirror-reflecting camera, in which the edge regions often appear darker than its middle, since the obliquely incident rays of the image field tend to go farther obliquely from the middle after passing through the frosted glass. To increase the brightness of the edge region of the screen, however, without reducing the brightness of the middle region, it is proposed in this document to perform the central region of the corresponding Fresnel lens with scattering elements with the possibility of uniform illumination of the entire image surface of this screen. However, a change in the angle of the exit light field or the magnitude of the illuminated field by this device is not achieved, and a similar system would also be impractical.

DE 3806879 C1 discloses an optical filter lens in which to realize the most uniform intensity profile for sensory or measurement purposes in the light field of the Fresnel lens, the latter is performed with radially protruding structures, which should prevent the increase in intensity in the middle of the light field. In this case, light from radially protruding structures no longer forms an image on the sensor. Such a device is unsuitable, however, for use in lighting technology, since non-imageable areas lead to undesirable light losses. Further, for lighting devices, for example, in studios, theaters, filming and architecture, it is often extremely desirable to cause the desired highlight of certain areas of the illuminated object due to the lighter middle area.

The basis of the invention is the task of further improving the stepped lens with respect to its applicability, in particular for lighting purposes, and, in particular, through the use of such a stepped lens, the task of simplifying the design of lighting devices.

This problem is solved in an unexpectedly simple way through the features of claim 1 of the formula.

If the optical device according to the invention, for lighting purposes, in particular for spotlights with a stepped lens, has a scattering screen in the first zone and a stepped lens in the second zone, then in an unexpectedly simple and very flexible way with the shape of the light falling onto the optical device light and / or the amount of light illuminating the optical device, you can change the angle α of the solution emerging from the optical device of light, in particular, set between two limit values - a smaller α _Sp and a large α _Fl .

Due to this, in particular, when using this optical device in a spotlight with a stepped lens, structural forms are provided with fewer mechanical parts, as well as greatly increased light output.

In a simple manner, a change in the mixing ratio of the geometrically-optically directed light passing through the stepped lens relative to the light passing through the scattering screen is provided.

The great advantage is that when passing through an optical device with an illuminating light cone, only by changing the position of the light cone relative to the optical device, a change in the angle of illumination is achieved, for example, from 8 to 60 °, from 8 to 70 °, or even from 4 ° or from 8 to 80 ° with a uniform change in the distribution of light.

In this case, the angle of the solution is defined as the angle at which the light intensity, measured from the optical axis of the system, drops to a tenth of the light intensity in the direction of the optical axis.

In an unexpectedly simple way, one can continuously change the angle of the solution and constantly maintain uniform illumination within the illuminated angular range.

The combination of the geometrical-optical image of the stepped lens with the superposition of the scattering cone of the light scattered on the scattering screen also makes it possible to achieve lighting distributions of the illuminating light, in which it is possible not only to suppress the image of the light source or filament, but also with a suitable choice of the scattering structure and its geometric dimensions greatly reduce or even avoid the errors of the illuminating rays.

Of particular interest is the use of reflective devices with a small light source relative to the cartridge, for example, a high-pressure gas discharge lamp, which have emission ranges of the order of several millimeters and noticeably large diameters of the cartridges. For such light sources, the dimming of the central light field can occur due to the fact that the cartridge passing through the reflector requires a hole inside the reflector, which is noticeably larger than the light source and, therefore, light rays near the optical axis cannot be reflected inside this hole. Due to the appropriate choice of the forward scattering cone of the light diffusing device, mainly a circular central diffusing screen, it is possible to unexpectedly obtain, mainly, the geometrical-optical properties of a stepped lens and, nevertheless, to reduce the central intensity.

Preferably, the optical device is made integral so that it is technologically optimal to produce a stepped lens and a diffusing screen in a single stamping operation.

In the most preferred embodiment, the first and second zones, respectively assigned to the stepped lens and the scattering screen, occupy the real surfaces of the optical device, mainly concentrically located surfaces of different diameters (2R _Stl , 2R _strA ).

The ratio of the magnitude of the surface of the stepped lens to the surface of the scattering screen can in this case determine in a wide range the ratio, respectively, of the active parts of the light coming out used for lighting purposes and is (not necessarily) more than 2 to 1 (the surface of the stepped lens to the surface of the scattering screen), preferably the ratio of the surface of the stepped lens and the surface of the scattering screen is more than 10 to 1, and most preferably the ratio of the surface of the stepped lens and the surface p The screening screen is over 100 to 1.

The surface of a stepped lens or scattering screen in the context of this description is not an actual surface with all micro- and macroscopic elevations and recesses, but one which, when illuminated parallel to the optical axis in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis and located directly behind the optical device, corresponds to the shadow region discarded by a stepped lens or scattering screen.

It is highly preferred that the angle of the solution of light emerging from the scattering screen in the vertical direction be different from the angle of the solution in the horizontal direction, and therefore, due to the scattering screen, an illuminated light field of non-circular, ellipsoid, polygonal and, in particular, rectangular and / or square shape.

Rectangular and, in particular, also square light fields make it possible to arrange a number of light fields in a row, due to which large areas can be uniformly illuminated, for example, in a studio, on a stage or when illuminating architectural structures.

Depending on the illuminated surface of the scattering screen, there can also occur transitions from illuminated light fields of a circular shape to illuminated light fields of a non-circular, ellipsoid, polygonal and, in particular, rectangular and square shapes, if the scattering screen has, for example, many areas, in particular, ring-shaped surface areas that scatter light in different directions or with different strengths.

In this case, the circular light field in the position of the point light during adjustment can go, for example, into a non-circular, for example, square, light field, if the light cone, although it also covers the entire diameter 2R _{strA of the} scattering screen, no longer covers the step lens. With further adjustment and a decreasing light cone, the light field can again go into a light field of a different shape, for example, elliptical, if the light cone covers only the inner diameter 2R _StrI , the sections of which direct light only into the elliptical light field.

Thus, the shape of the illuminated light field can be flexibly adjusted.

Further, dividing the scattering screen into areas with different scattering power also allows you to control the type of incidence of light. When adjusting, the circular light field in the position of a point light can first go, for example, into a square light field with a gradual decrease to the edges, if the light cone, although it also covers the entire diameter 2R _{strA of the} scattering screen, no longer covers the stepped lens, but with further adjusting and decreasing light cone, the light field can again go into the light field with a sharp decrease to the edges if the light cone covers only the inner diameter 2R _strI , the sections of which direct the light only into square a wind field, but in the latter case it’s much more accurate.

Preferably, for a spotlight with a stepped lens and an elliptical reflector with ellipticity ε, the ratio of the focal length to radius n _Stl = R _Stl / F _{Stl of the} stepped lens is more than 0.5 × 1 / sqrt (ε ² -1), mainly more than 0.7 × 1 / sqrt (ε ² -1), most preferably more than 0.9 × 1 / sqrt (ε ² -1).

Preferably, the stepped lens is an aspherical lens to compensate for deviations from the spherical shape and achieve the highest possible image power.

If the stepped lens contains a body with a substantially concave, ray-forming optically active surface, more complex optical requirements can be satisfied, since this allows creating, for example, concave-convex or biconcave lenses, in which the stepped lens and its the body has a geometrical-optical effect.

Further, the stepped lens may comprise a body with a substantially convex surface for creating, thereby, convex-concave or biconvex lenses.

The body shape can be used on its own to form the rays, and the beam-forming properties of the stepped lens can be used in combination or overlay.

Moreover, the body of a stepped lens should be understood as the part that would have occurred if steps had been removed from the stepped lens, which means the material of the volume onto which the steps of the stepped lens are applied or in which these steps are stamped.

Thus, it is technologically possible to first calculate the shape of the desired stepped lens and achieve additional optical properties of the formation of rays due to the further implementation of the body, preferably flat-concave, flat-convex, biconcave, biconvex or concave-convex shape.

If the essentially annular, optically active surfaces of the steps are made in the form of surface sections formed by an arc of a circle, then technologically simple geometrical shapes can be used, which, nevertheless, have relatively good optical properties.

In a simple, economical embodiment, the substantially annular, optically active surfaces of the steps are in the form of external cone boundaries.

However, the optimum optical imaging efficiency is achieved essentially with a collecting step lens, i.e. lenses with a positive focal length and a real focus, if the substantially annular, optically active surfaces of the corresponding steps are made so that an approximately plane wave with phase fronts perpendicular to the optical axis leaves the lens when light coming from a single real focus enters it. In the case of a scattering lens, i.e. lenses with negative focal length and imaginary focus, the optimum is achieved when the light of a plane wave entering a stepped lens is converted into a spherical wave, the center of which seems to come from a single imaginary focus.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the scattering screen is located only in the central part of the stepped lens and mainly on the side of the steps, since this option can be made with high accuracy in one step of hot molding.

It is highly preferable if the diffusing screen is located boundedly in the central part of the stepped lens, since then, due to this, it is possible to achieve an unexpectedly variable intensity distribution in lighting lighting devices. So, for example, by using apertures or by changing the focus of the incoming light field, you can vary its diameter and create a variably adjustable transition from scattered light to geometrically-optical light. While light is incident on the internal scattering screen, its properties determine the shape of the emerging and illuminating light field. If, with an increase in the diameter of the light field, the properties of the geometrical-optical image formation are significantly enhanced, then, for example, a very uniform increase in the illuminating light cone can be achieved.

An even more continuous and smooth transition of the variable light distribution can be achieved when the light-scattering element has different scattering regions, preferably more strongly scattering in the center and less scattering at the edges.

Preferably, the scattering screen, depending on its material, taking into account its scattering ability, is made by hot forming, in particular by stamping and / or by injection molding.

Preferred materials for the stepped lens and / or scattering screen are glass and glass-ceramic materials. A particularly preferred property of glass ceramics is their high resistance to temperature changes.

Further, an optical device with a stepped lens and a diffusing screen can be composed of many elements to use, for example, various manufacturing methods and their advantages.

Thus, in particular, a stamped plastic stepped lens can be connected to a diffusing screen consisting of glass, resulting in a hybrid composition of glass and plastic.

If a stepped lens contains a material with a first dispersion characteristic and an additional lens with an opposite refractive power, preferably a stepped lens with a material with a second dispersion characteristic, then even chromatic corrected or achromatic lens systems can be created.

In the sense of this description, the wavelength of the central region of the used light spectrum should be considered as the optical path length.

If the stepped lens is a stamped plastic lens, then it can be very preferable if it has a difference in optical path length at the corresponding step of less than about 1000 optical wavelengths, because then, as a rule, a relatively flat stepped lens can be realized, causing only small violations of the geometrical-optical propagation of light.

Further, at locally high light intensities, depending on the design, it may be very expedient to use gelatin filters not, as usual, which, at high light intensities, for example, near real foci, quickly brighten or may even melt and ignite, but coated or colored glasses.

If, therefore, to perform a stepped lens and / or a scattering screen as a filter, in particular, as a UV, IR or color band-pass filter and / or conversion filter, you can get a much more reliable and accurate filtering of light. Further, in the framework of this embodiment, the manufacture of sets of optical devices lies, which are preferably coordinated with dichroic or interference filter layers with specific light temperatures for specific light sources.

So, for example, a certain color shift towards lower color temperature values can give the high-pressure gas discharge lamp a spectrum of a blackbody emitter, for example, an incandescent lamp.

Further, the spectrally dominant lines of the lines of the excited discharge can be mitigated in a certain way and, thereby, a more uniform spectral distribution can be achieved.

Additionally, using similar filtering devices for given spectra of light sources, it is also possible to simulate light moods in their spectral distribution, for example, morning light, evening light, thunder light or bad weather, so that using a single light source and the corresponding set of optical devices according to the invention , you can satisfy most of the requirements presented in studios, theaters, filming and architecture.

Since dichroic or interference filters withstand long periods of time high radiation intensities with high spectral accuracy, they can be, depending on the application, not only spectrally better, but due to their long service life even cheaper than conventional color filter plates. Further, harsh environmental conditions, for example, when illuminating architectural structures or during field surveys, are an additional reason for using such optical devices.

Particularly preferred when using plastic lenses and / or scattering screens, if they are coated with a layer that provides protection from scratches.

Further, unwanted reflections, in particular on the surfaces of steps, can lead not only to the loss of light from the main light flux, but even to the formation of brighter circles or points in the illumination plane, which can be greatly reduced due to the antireflection layer on these surfaces of steps even crushed.

Using the optical device according to the invention, for lighting purposes, in particular for a stepped lens searchlight containing a stepped lens and a light diffusing element, it is very preferable to create a stepped lens searchlight that provides a measurable solution angle of the outgoing light and evenly adjust the solution angle illuminated light field at high efficiency.

This problem is solved in a simple way by means of a spotlight with a stepped lens according to paragraph 51.

The authors found that the traditionally high light loss of spotlights with a stepped lens can be unexpectedly easily avoided with a scattering screen. In this case, it is particularly preferable if the stepped lens contains a diffusing screen, which is especially preferably made round and located only in the center of the stepped lens.

In this embodiment, in any position of the spotlight with a stepped lens, it is possible to very effectively avoid dark areas in the center of the illuminated field, and, nevertheless, there is no large light loss in the position of the point light of the reflector.

Unexpectedly, it turned out that the geometrical-optical path of the rays emerging from the light reflector at the location of the stepped lens illuminates a smaller area precisely when the required fraction of the scattered light is increased.

The authors used this effect to create an automatic or adaptive light mixing system, which, simultaneously with the adjustment of a spotlight with a step lens, mixes only the fraction of scattered light that is required for this position with the geometrically-optical image.

This luminosity ratio, which can be optimally matched to the desired light distribution, is referred to below as abbreviated mixing ratio.

Thanks to this automatic light mixing system, essentially, for any position of the reflector, the correct mixing ratio can be obtained and, thereby, a very uniformly illuminated light field is always created without unnecessary loss of scattering.

Moreover, due to the choice of the diameter of the scattering screen with respect to the remaining surface of the stepped lens, the mixing ratio for a fully illuminated stepped lens can be obtained, and due to the scattering properties of the stepped lens, the angle of the scattered light solution can be freely set over a wide range.

Further, on the built-in scattering screen itself, the scattering effect can be varied, for example, in the center of the scattering screen there are stronger scattering regions, and on its edge - weaker scattering regions. Due to this, the stronger focused light beam further expands, and then very large lighting angles can be realized.

Alternatively, the edge of the scattering screen can be made not only abruptly ending, but also with a continuously decreasing scattering effect and can extend under or above the stepped lens. Due to this, further coordination with the position-dependent mixing ratios can be made.

At the same time, uniformity of illumination in the whole light field is obtained, as shown as an example in FIG. 12 both for the position of the point light and for the position of the flood light.

According to the invention, an ellipsoid reflector with a large aperture is provided. The position of the spot light is established due to the fact that the spiral of the lamp of a full emitter, in particular a halogen lamp, or the discharge arc of a gas discharge lamp is in the focus of the ellipsoid close to the reflector, and the focus of the ellipsoid remote from the reflector is located approximately in the actual focus of the stepped lens close to the reflector.

The light reflected by the reflector before it hits the stepped lens is almost completely focused at the focal point of the ellipsoid remote from the reflector. The lamp spiral or discharge arc located in the focus of the stepped lens close to the reflector is transmitted to infinity after passing through the stepped lens, and thus its light is converted into an almost parallel beam of rays.

With the appropriate choice of the aperture angle of the reflector and the stepped lens, the light reflected by the reflector is almost completely covered by the stepped lens and is radiated forward in the form of a narrow point light beam.

In another, mechanically, however, more complicated embodiment, the angle of the solution of the light beam emerging from the step lens can be almost arbitrarily increased by suitably changing the position of the lamp relative to the reflector, on the one hand, and the distance from the step lens to the reflector, on the other side.

In order to preserve the good properties of traditional spotlight projectors with a stepped lens with respect to the uniformity of illumination, these distance changes must be carried out due to the appropriately selected restrictive connection.

In general, a reflector, a stepped lens and / or a diffusing screen can have at least one side coating, for example, in the case of plastic, they can be coated with an anti-scratch and / or anti-reflective layer.

One preferred embodiment of the invention includes a stepped lens searchlight in which the reflective surface of the reflector, which preferably has partially portions or faces, has a light-diffusing structure, and no surface of the stepped lens has a light-diffusing structure, or one or two surfaces of the stepped lens have a light-diffusing structure. Due to this, there is a set proportion of the overlap of the scattered light and geometrically-optically imaged light, which can reduce dark circles in the light field.

According to the invention, the use of a searchlight is preferable in architecture, medicine, filming, on stage, in studio and photography, as well as in a pocket lamp.

The invention is explained in more detail below using preferred examples of its implementation with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

figure 1 - the first variant of the optical device of the stepped lens with approximately centrally located, essentially round diffusing screen having separate, slightly deployed in relation to each other face;

figure 2 - the second variant of the optical device of the stepped lens with approximately centrally located, essentially round diffusing screen having faces displaced by the Monte Carlo method from their correct position;

figure 3 - the third variant of the optical device of the stepped lens with approximately centrally located, essentially round diffusing screen, in which individual faces of the diffusing screen lie on the Archimedean spiral;

4 is a cross section of a plano-convex lens with a central diffusing screen, the body of which is made essentially flat, and the stepped lens is convex;

5 is a cross section of a biconcave stepped lens having the properties of geometrical-optical expansion of rays or light-scattering properties, while both the body and the stepped-lens system of geometrical-optical action are made essentially concave;

6 is an enlarged fragment of the upper part of the cross section of figure 4;

Fig.7 is a cross section of a device with a convex-concave step lens, the body of which is made concave, and a step-lens system of geometrical-optical action is essentially convex;

Fig. 8 is a sectional view of a hybrid lens device comprising a stamped flat-convex plastic step-lens device placed on a glass diffusing screen;

Fig.9 is a cross section of a hybrid-lens achromat, in which a flat-convex lens consisting of glass is connected to a biconcave stepped lens consisting of plastic or glass with a different dispersion;

figure 10 is a variant of a spotlight with a stepped lens with positive refractive power in the position of the point light, and the focus of the reflector remote from the reflector is approximately superimposed on the actual focus of the stepped lens on the left side;

11 is a variant of the searchlight with a stepped lens of figure 10 in the first position of the flood light, and the focus of the reflector remote from the reflector is located near the surface of the stepped lens;

12 is a graph of the dependence on the angle of the solution on a logarithmic scale of the light intensity of a spotlight with a stepped lens in the position of a point light and in one of the positions of the flood light;

13 is a variant of a spotlight with a stepped lens with negative refractive power in the position of a point light, the focus of the reflector remote from the reflector being approximately superimposed on the right-hand imaginary focus of the stepped lens;

Fig. 14 is a variant of the searchlight with a stepped lens of Fig. 13 in the first position of the floodlight, the focus of the reflector remote from the reflector is located approximately on the surface of the stepped lens close to the reflector;

Fig - graph of the dependence of the angle of light intensity on a logarithmic scale for a spotlight with a stepped lens in the position of a point light and in one of the positions of the flood light.

The implementation of the invention

The invention is described in more detail below with reference to preferred options for its implementation.

In this description, in general, it is assumed that in the drawings, light entering the lens propagates from left to right.

Further, when describing various embodiments of the invention, the same reference numbers are used for the same or essentially the same acting components of the optical device 1.

The contents of priority applications DE 10361122 and DE 10361117 with the title "Spotlight with a stepped lens with an interconnected change in the distance between lighting elements" by reference are fully included in the content of this application.

Below is a link to figure 1, depicting a first variant of the optical device of a stepped lens with an approximately centrally located, essentially round diffusing screen having separate, slightly deployed faces relative to each other.

The optical device, indicated generally as 1, includes a stepped lens 2 and a diffusing screen 3 located in its central part.

The stepped lens 2 has concentrically arranged annular steps with optically active surface areas, indicated in Fig. 1 by way of example only, items 4, 5, 6.

The scattering screens 3 shown in FIGS. 1-3 are an example of scattering screens described in DE 10343630.8 of the same applicant of 09.19.2003 with the name “Scattering screen”, the contents of this application by reference are also fully incorporated into the contents of this application.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, in one hot forming operation, mainly in the case of plastic, an optical device 1 is obtained from a substantially flat body 7.

Below, first of all, only general features of the optical devices depicted in FIGS. 1-3 are described, and then their respective differences are explained in detail.

A circular diffusing screen 3 is located on the light exit side of the body 7 and extends over the entire surface within the first annular portion 8, which is clearly delimited, and preferably adjoins the screen without breaking.

Body 7 of the lens with a valid right-handed, i.e. positive focus, in the area of the scattering screen 3, as well as in the area of the annular surfaces 4, 5, 6, 8 is preferably made convex or curved outward, as is shown schematically for example by the sections in figures 4 and 6.

The body 7 of the lens with an imaginary or negative left-side focus in the area of the scattering screen 3, as well as in the area of the annular surfaces 4, 5, 6, 8, is preferably made concave or curved inward, as is shown schematically by way of example in the section of FIG. 5.

However, in particular, when using the hybrid lens shown in cross-section in FIGS. 8 and 9, the body 7 can also be made of two or more parts and then includes a body portion 7 comprising a step lens 2 and an additional body portion 9, which can be made, as shown in Fig. 8, flat or, as shown in Fig. 9, for example, flat-convex.

Preferably, the body portion 9 of the hybrid lenses is made of glass of the first material, and the body portion 7 is made of glass of a different material with a different dispersion than the dispersion of the body portion 9, or of a thermoformable plastic.

Below is a reference to FIG. 4, showing a plano-convex step lens with a central diffusing screen 3, and FIG. 6, showing an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 4.

For the one-step lens 2 shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the corresponding optically active surface 11, 12, 13 may be part of an aspherical or spherical lens, and the optical device 1 may have an edge region 10, which can be made plane-parallel to the holder in the corresponding mechanical landing device .

As part of an aspherical lens, the annular, optically active surfaces of these steps (e.g., 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13) are formed so that an approximately plane wave with phase fronts perpendicular to the optical axis is combined in the actual focus.

It is assumed that the optical axis passes through the center of the optical device, essentially perpendicular to its main planes.

In the case of a biconcave stepped lens shown in FIG. 5, the corresponding annular, optically active surfaces are configured such that phase fronts of a spherical wave are formed from a plane wave entering from the left, with an imaginary focus or the apparent beginning of which appears to lie on the optical axis to the left of that shown in FIG. .5 stepped lens 2.

These geometrical-optical conditions apply to only one wavelength in the central wavelength range of the used light spectrum.

To simplify the manufacture, instead of complex aspherical annular geometrical shapes, an aspherical lens can be made using spherical annular sections.

Moreover, for the corresponding surfaces of the rings, in order to achieve a simpler manufacture of the necessary dies, as close as possible spherical sections are used, i.e. sections of the surface of the circular arc.

Another simplification is that, for example, for stepped lenses with a very large number of steps and only small corresponding differences in the optical path lengths between the edge points of adjacent steps, use optical surfaces in the form of external cone boundaries, which then coordinate only by their inclination to the middle tilt the aspherical lens.

In this case, the individual annular sections and the central circular portion of the stepped lens, depending on whether light-collecting or light-scattering properties are desired, can be made either concave or convex.

To explain the diverse application of the concepts according to the invention, FIG. 5 shows a biconcave stepped lens, FIG. 7 shows a convex-concave lens, and FIGS. 8 and 9 show hybrid lenses, of which the lens of FIG. 9 has chromatic corrected properties .

Below, reference is made to the hybrid lens shown in FIG. 9, in which a plano-convex glass lens 14 with a real focus is connected on the right side to a concave-convex scattering step lens 15.

The corresponding refractive forces or focal lengths, as well as the refractive indices of both lenses 14, 15 are selected, in general, so that a collecting action occurs. This means that, as a whole, a collecting lens arises with a focus shifted to the right.

In this case, the material of the stepped lens 15 is selected, however, so that the effect of its dispersion in the entire device is opposite to the dispersion of the plano-convex lens 14, so that, in general, less chromatic aberration of this lens system occurs.

Alternatively, the stepped lens 15 may also consist of extruded plastic laminated on the lens 14. This plastic lens 15 may be provided with a layer 21 against scratches.

When using stamped glass lenses, the difference in the optical path lengths in the zone of the corresponding stage is more than 100 optical wavelengths.

When using stamped glass lenses, it is preferable that the difference in optical path length at the appropriate stage is less than 100 optical wavelengths.

When using stamped plastic step lenses, it is preferable that the difference in optical path length at the corresponding step is less than about 1000 optical wavelengths.

Further, the annular portions located around the central circular portion of the stepped lens have substantially the same radial extent 16, i.e. the same width of 16 steps (Fig.6). Consequently, steps of different heights arise, since the tilt angles of the corresponding annular, optically active surface areas usually change with increasing distance from the center.

To achieve technologically high accuracy in difficult to form materials, as an alternative, the height 17 of the optically active surface sections can be kept constant, so that rings of different sizes arise due to this (Fig. 6).

Further, the stepped lens 2 and / or the scattering screen 3 can be made in the form of a filter, in particular, a UV, IR or color band-pass filter and / or a conversion filter.

It is particularly preferable if for this purpose an interference filter layer 20 is applied to one side, for example, in FIG. 9, on the left side of the plano-convex lens 14.

This interference filter layer system can also be used as an alternative to change color temperature or to compensate for spectral lines.

Further, it is particularly preferable if at least the surface of the optical device 1 facing the light source is tempered and tempered, preferably thermally tempered, as a result of which a markedly higher thermal stability is achieved.

The diffusing screen 3 can be located both on the left side, i.e. from the light input side, and from the right side of the optical device 1, i.e. light exit sides.

Further, as shown schematically in FIG. 7, both on the entrance side and on the exit side of the light, a scattering screen 3 can be arranged, so that a superposition of their scattering effect occurs.

Further, instead of a sharp radial boundary, the scattering screen 3 may also have differently strongly scattering regions, for example, a central, stronger scattering region and preferably a continuously ending, weaker scattering region at the edges.

For this, the scattering screen can have, for example, a certain grain size, which in the central region 22 has a finer structure, and as it radially moves away to the edge region 23, it has a larger structure (Fig. 8).

In the embodiments described below, scattering screens 3 are used as an alternative to simply grit or frosted areas; The new concept consists, inter alia, of avoiding the uniform arrangement of the faces of a regular scattering screen.

This occurs in the first embodiment in figure 1 due to the fact that create a scattering screen 3 containing a transparent body 7, 9, and the optically active surface of the scattering screen 3 is divided into faces 24, 25, 26, which are only indicated by the numbers, and wherein each face 24, 25, 26 corresponds to an elevation or recess with a second, curved surface, and faces 24, 25, 26 are arranged with a turn relative to each other or have different geometric shapes.

A face is a surface formed by an edge contour of an appropriate geometric shape. Depending on the execution of the first surface, i.e. the surface of the body 7 of the scattering screen 3, in the form of a flat or convex surface, the face 24, 25, 26 formed by geometric shapes can also be flat or convex.

The elevation or recess attached to the face 24, 25, 26 is an element of the scattering screen 3. The elevation or the recess contains the face 24, 25, 26 as a base and is located at least substantially above or below this base. An elevation or recess may act in the case of lighting as a lens.

Thanks to this solution, a superposition of a plurality of light fields of different contours arises and, thus, if desired, a round light field.

Depending on the corresponding configuration of the faces and the nature of the elevations and depressions attached to the faces, a light field can be created with a selectable gradient of illumination intensity or one that in a predetermined manner gradually or abruptly decreases.

A softly decreasing light field is a field with a small gradient of illumination intensity in the direction of the edge of the light field. On the contrary, a large gradient of illumination intensity at the edge of the light field leads to a sharply decreasing light field. Another advantage achieved is that with this face configuration, edge distortion can be avoided by using discharge lamps.

Various measures can be taken to increase the difference between the individual light fields contributing to the superposition and to achieve the above advantages.

Thus, it can be provided that the faces have a polygonal edge contour. In this case, the number of angles of the polygons is variable.

Faces with a polygonal edge contour should completely cover the surface, since otherwise there will be no scattering effect locally.

Further, scattering screens can also be created in which the faces 24, 25, 26 have different areas, as shown by way of example in FIG. 2.

Triangles, four-, five-, six- and / or heptagons can be selected as polygons. The connecting sections between adjacent corners of the polygons can be straight or curved lines.

Due to the irregularity of the faces, they have a different orientation.

Another measure with which you can get closer to the goal, consisting in round light fields, and in relation to illumination, in light fields that smoothly or sharply decrease towards the edge, is the choice and, if necessary, variation of the corresponding curvature of elevations or depressions. The curvature may be spherical, and the elevation or recess may be performed, respectively, in the form of a spherical segment. Alternatively, the curvature may be selected aspherical. Further, to ensure the above purpose, it is possible to vary the depth of the recesses or the height of the elevations.

From the above considerations it follows that the listed measures can be provided alternatively or cumulatively. For the practical implementation of the described solution, the first embodiment provides a scattering screen containing a transparent body with a first surface, the first surface being divided into faces, each of which is given an elevation or indentation with a second, made curved surface, and the vertices S of the elevations or indentations are arranged in a spiral.

The peak S of the elevation or recess should be defined as the point of intersection of the normal to the surface of the face passing through the center of gravity of the face with the curved surface of the elevation or recess.

If at two adjacent faces the elevation, radius and / or depth of the elevation or indentations are different, then, in general, the common edge is curved and indentations arise due to the fact that the edges have different geometric shapes in plan.

Due to the arrangement of the vertices S in a spiral, many incorrectly arranged faces arise, which, if desired, create a round light field, which when using gas discharge lamps does not have distortions in the edge zone, and the gradient of the light intensity can be set.

The height of the elevations or depressions may vary over the diffusing screen 3, so that the elevations and depressions are respectively of different heights and depths. It also contributes to the goal of forming a circular light field, which more or less smoothly or sharply decreases.

In the scattering screen 3 shown in FIG. 3, the vertices S of the faces 24, 25, 26 are located essentially on an Archimedean spiral.

Individual points are obtained by continuously laying off a constant length L of the arc in a spiral from inside to outside. The vertices can be located equidistant with respect to each other. In addition to the equidistant vertex arrangement, a variable arc length L is also possible. Thus, the length L of the arc increasing from inside to outside can be selected. Within the scattering screen, small faces with elevations of small height or recesses of small depth are made and, thereby, a small scattering effect is obtained. To the edge, the edges increase, the height of the elevations and the depth of the recesses and the scattering effect also increases. The light field then has a rather small half-scattering angle with a very high intensity of illumination in the center. In contrast, with a constant value of L, the illumination intensity would have a plateau shape and be smoothly decreasing.

The measures described above, which can be taken alternatively and, if necessary, cumulatively, allow matching the scattering screen 3 with a corresponding lighting system, for example, a corresponding reflector.

So, due to the choice of the spiral type, the values of the arc length L, as well as due to the variation or constancy of the arc length, coordination with the reflector can be made. These measures allow you to influence the light field in the specified areas of the lighting system, locally strengthen or weaken it and optimize in various ways.

From the above reasoning, it follows that these solutions provide the specialist with a variety of parameters so that it is possible to form and coordinate a light field taking into account the lighting system. In this regard, the chosen concept of different geometric shapes of the faces provides a varied and varied matching of the light field with the corresponding conditions.

For example, figure 1 and 2 depict other preferred options. Figure 1 shows the first variant of the optical device of a stepped lens with a substantially circular circular diffusing screen located approximately in the center, having separate faces slightly turned around with respect to each other, and Fig. 2 shows a second variant of the optical device of a stepped lens with approximately in the center, with a substantially circular scattering screen having faces displaced by the Monte Carlo method from their correct position.

In addition, for the implementation of the desired light field or the desired, predetermined scattering power, there are many possibilities that differ in design. The solution options also allow the creation of diffuser screens optimized for aesthetic appearance. For faces, you can use, for example, a diamond pattern or a foot pattern.

Further, within the scope of the invention, non-coaxial or misaligned arrangements of the scattering screen can also be used.

Below are discussed examples of preferred variants of lighting devices in which the light mixing system according to the invention can be used particularly preferably.

A detailed description of the preferred options for lighting devices

Spotlights containing a step lens with positive refractive power

Below is a link to figure 10, which shows a variant of a searchlight with a stepped lens in the position of a point light.

The searchlight essentially comprises an ellipsoid reflector 31, a lamp 32, which may be an incandescent lamp, in particular a halogen lamp, an LED, an LED array or a discharge lamp, and a stepped lens 33, which is a collecting lens, preferably a flat-concave stepped lens.

10, the remote focus F2 of the ellipsoid reflector 31 is approximately superimposed on the left-side real or positive focus F3 of the stepped lens 33.

The light beam 34 emerging from the searchlight is indicated in the figures only schematically by its external edge beams.

The distance “a” between the stepped lens 33 and the leading edge of the reflector 31 and the distance “b” between the lamp 32 and the top of the reflector 31 are also indicated in FIG. 10.

The position of the spot light is set due to the fact that the filament or the discharge arc of the lamp 32 is located essentially in the focus F1 of the ellipsoid of the reflector 31.

The light reflected by the reflector 31 in this position is almost completely directed to the focus F2, remote from the ellipsoid 31. Then the left-side positive or actual focus F3 of the stepped lens 33 coincides approximately with the focus F2 of the ellipsoid of the reflector 31.

11 can also be seen in the near field as the hole 35 in the reflector 31 appears as a dark region 36 during parallel rays of the light field 34.

Inside the stepped lens 33 there is provided a round, centrally located diffusing screen 37, which creates a certain ratio of the scattered light and a certain angle of the solution of the scattered light. Due to this, a certain mixing ratio of the scattered light and the light of the geometrically optically depicted by the stepped lens 33 occurs.

As an alternative to this variant of the scattering screen 37, in another embodiment, the scattering effect varies along the radius of the scattering screen 37 in a continuous manner, so that in the center of the scattering screen 37 there are stronger scattering regions, and on its sharply ending edge, weaker scattering regions.

In yet another alternative embodiment, the edge of the scattering screen 37 is made not only abruptly ending, but also with a continuous decrease in its scattering effect and can extend under and above the stepped lens.

Due to this, depending on the system, additional modifications are carried out to obtain a position-dependent mixing ratio, so that a specialist can always create the optimal mixing ratio for a uniformly illuminated light field or for light fields with a certain way, locally higher intensities.

Further, in FIG. 10, it can be seen that in the position of the point light, only a small portion of all the light passes through the scattering screen 37.

Thanks to the scattering screen 37, a very uniform illumination occurs, as indicated by line 38 for the position of the spot light in Fig. 12, showing the dependence of the light intensity on the logarithmic scale of a spotlight with a stepped lens on the angle of the solution.

11 depicts the embodiment of a spotlight with a stepped lens shown in FIG. 10 in a first position of floodlight, in which the focus F2 is located approximately on the surface of the stepped lens 33, which is closer to the reflector.

In this case, the value of the shift "a" relative to the position of the point light in a certain way is changed by mechanical movement.

The construction corresponds, in principle, to the construction of a spotlight with a stepped lens explained with reference to FIG. 10.

However, it can be clearly seen from FIG. 11 that both the opening angle of the outgoing light beam 34 and the opening angle of the dark region 36 have increased.

Since in this position, however, a very large fraction of the light falls only on a very small area in the center of the scattering screen 37, it is this area that can be made so that its forward scattering cone approximately compensates for the dark area 36 in the far field or far zone in the desired way. Refer to FIG. 12, where line 39 represents the lighting conditions in the position of the flood light.

A significantly more compact design of a spotlight with a stepped lens with higher useful light output is achieved using the option described below.

Spotlights containing a stepped lens with negative refractive power

Below is a link to Fig, which shows a variant of the searchlight with a stepped lens in the position of a point light. The searchlight essentially comprises an ellipsoid reflector 41, a lamp 42, which may be a halogen or gas discharge lamp, and a step lens 43, which is a lens with negative refractive power, preferably a biconcave step lens.

13, the focus F2 remote from the ellipsoid reflector 41 is approximately superimposed on the right-hand imaginary or negative focus F3 of the stepped lens 43.

The light beam 44 emerging from the searchlight is indicated schematically in the figures of the linden by its external edge rays.

The distances "a" between the stepped lens 43 and the leading edge of the reflector 41 and "b" between the lamp 42 and the top of the reflector 41 are also indicated in Fig. 13.

The position of the point light is set due to the fact that the filament or the discharge arc of the lamp 42 is located essentially in the focus F1 of the ellipsoid of the reflector 41.

The light reflected by the reflector 41 in this position is almost completely directed to the focus F2 remote from the reflector 41. The right-side negative or imaginary focus F3 of the stepped lens 43 then coincides approximately with the focus F2 of the ellipsoid of the reflector 41.

On Fig shows how the hole 45 in the reflector 41 appears in the form of a dark region 46 along the parallel rays of the light field 44.

Inside the stepped lens 43 is made round, centrally located scattering screen 47, which creates a certain ratio of the scattered light and a certain angle of the solution of the scattered light. Due to this, a certain mixing ratio of the scattered light to the light, geometrically-optically depicted by a stepped lens 43 is created.

As an alternative to this embodiment of the scattering screen 47, in another embodiment, the scattering effect continuously varies along the radius of the scattering screen 47, so that more strongly scattering regions are located in the center of the scattering screen 47, and less strongly scattering regions are located at its sharply ending edge.

In yet another alternative embodiment, the edge of the scattering screen 47 is made not only abruptly ending, but also with a continuous decrease in its scattering effect and can extend beneath and above the stepped lens.

Due to this, depending on the system, additional modifications are carried out to obtain a position-dependent mixing ratio, so that a specialist can always create the optimal mixing ratio for a uniformly illuminated light field or for light fields with a certain way, locally higher intensities.

Further, in FIG. 13, it can be seen that in the position of the point light, only a small portion of all the light passes through the scattering screen 47.

Thanks to the scattering screen 47, very uniform illumination arises, as shown by line 48 for the position of the spot light in FIG. 15, which represents the dependence of the light intensity on the logarithmic scale of a spotlight with a stepped lens on the angle of the solution.

Fig. 14 shows the embodiment of a spotlight with a stepped lens in the first position of the floodlight shown in Fig. 13, in which the focus F2 located at a distance from the reflector 41 is located approximately on the surface of the stepped lens 43, which is closest to the reflector.

In this case, the value of the shift "a" relative to the position of the point light in a certain way is changed by mechanical movement.

The construction corresponds, in principle, to the construction of a spotlight with a stepped lens explained with reference to FIG.

However, it can be clearly seen from FIG. 14 that both the opening angle of the outgoing light beam 44 and the opening angle of the dark region 46 have increased.

Since in this position, however, a very large fraction of the light falls on only a very small area in the center of the scattering screen 47, it is this area that can be made so that its forward scattering cone approximately compensates the dark area 46 in the far field or far zone in the desired way. Refer to FIG. 15, where line 49 shows the lighting conditions in the floodlight position.

In the above-described embodiments, the first and second zones, respectively allocated to the stepped lens and the scattering screen, occupy the real surfaces of the optical device in the form of concentric surfaces of different diameters (2R _Stl , 2R _strA ). In this case, the scattering screen is located inside a circle with a radius RstrA and, in another embodiment, is again divided.

A scattering screen with a radius R _strA has a concentric smaller circle with a diameter R _strI , which in this alternative embodiment has a different scattering power.

The ratio of the surface of the stepped lens to the surface of the scattering screen determines the ratio of the proportions (taking into account the effect in each case) of the output light used for lighting purposes and is more than 2 to 1 (surface of the stepped lens to the surface of the scattering screen), preferably the surface ratio the stepped lens to the surface of the scattering screen is more than 10 to 1, and most preferably the ratio of the surface of the stepped lens and the surface of the scattering screen is over 100 to 1.

In another embodiment, the angle of the solution of light emerging from the scattering screen in the vertical direction differs from the angle of the solution in the horizontal direction, and thus, due to the scattering screen, an illuminated light field of non-circular, ellipsoid, polygonal and, in particular, rectangular is created and / or square shape.

The division of the scattering screen into regions with different scattering power, in particular, scattering power of different strengths, also leads to the fact that the type of light incidence can be controlled. When adjusting, the circular light field in the position of the spotlight can, for example, first pass into a square light field with a smooth decrease to the edges, if the light cone, although it still covers the entire diameter 2R _{strA of the} scattering screen, no longer covers the step lens, with further adjustment and a decrease in the light cone, the light field can go into the light field with a sharp decrease to the edges, if the light cone covers only the inner diameter 2R _StrI , the fractions of which direct light only into the square light ole, however much more precisely.

An elliptical reflector with the body of an ellipse can be mathematically accurately determined by its main axes H _a , H _b (Fig. 14), and for the reflector 31, 41 it is assumed that it is made cylindrically symmetric and rotationally invariant, which means that it is completely determined by indicating two distinct from each other major axes H _a , H _b .

The ellipticity of the reflector 31, 41 indicates the ratio of the principal axes ε = H _a / H _{b of the} ellipse defining the shape of the reflector (Fig. 14), while a cylindrically symmetric reflector with respect to the optical axis of the searchlight is used as a base with a stepped lens.

It is further assumed that the reflector shown in FIG. 14 corresponds approximately to half of the centrally ellipse or does not differ too much from this, but only for the sake of explanation and a better understanding of the following inequality.

For a preferred lighting technique with high light output, the value of ε should be greater than unity.

Preferably, for the above-described variants of a searchlight with an elliptical reflector 31, 41 with an ellipticity ε, the ratio of the focal length to radius n _Stl = R _Stl / F _{Stl of the} stepped lens is greater than 0.5 × 1 / sqrt (ε ² -1), preferably greater than 0.7 × 1 / sqrt (ε ² -1), most preferably greater than 0.9 × 1 / sqrt (ε ² -1), with 1 / sqrt (ε ² -1) denoting the reciprocal of the square root of (ε ² -1) .

Due to the use of a stepped lens with a scattering screen, a much larger part of the light flux emitted by the lamp 32, 42 can be used for lighting purposes, for example, more than 50% more than the light emitted by the lamp 32, 42 is directed to the illuminated field. In the position of the spotlight, essentially all of the light coming from the reflector 31, 41 can be directed into the narrow light field of the spotlight, and the proportion of the light incident on the scattering screen 37, 47 forms a smoothly decreasing edge, which is highly desirable for many lighting purposes.

In the embodiment of a spotlight with a stepped lens with negative refractive power, in particular in its position of spot light, it is also possible to use almost all of the light directed directly ahead of the lamp 42 directly into the stepped lens and the diffusing screen, since this part gives the greatest degree of contribution to the diminishing edge region of the illuminating light.

In the position of the spotlight of a spotlight with a stepped lens for more than 80%, and in the position of the floodlight for more than 60%, you can use the light coming out of the lamp 42.

By choosing the ratio of the illuminated surfaces of the stepped lens and the scattering screen, you can optionally establish this relationship between the light fractions in the spot region and in the edge region, for example, by choosing the diameters of the scattering screen and the stepped lens. Due to this, it is possible to create spotlights with a light field that decreases more sharply or more smoothly towards the edge in the position of a point light.

It is especially preferable to use the above-described spotlight with a stepped lens to use in the lighting kit together with the power supply unit and ballast resistance, significantly reduced in size compared with the prior art electric network part or ballast. This power supply unit with equal useful light power can be made electrically and mechanically smaller compared to the prior art, since a spotlight with a stepped lens has a significantly higher light output. Thus, less mass is required, and less space is required during transportation and storage.

Due to this, in particular, when using luminescent reflectors, the overall thermal load on illuminators and objects is reduced.

Further, a spotlight with a stepped lens can be used preferably to increase the light output and uniformity of the illuminated light field also in flashlights.

List of Reference Items

1 - optical device

2 - step lens

3 - diffusing screen

4 - annular, concentric, essentially optically active surface areas

5 is the same

6 is the same

7 - body (area)

8 - like 4-6

9 - body part of the composite device

10 - plane-parallel edge zone

11 - optically active surface

12 is the same

13 is the same

14 - flat convex lens of a solid material

15 - convex-concave stepped lens

16 - radial extent of optically active surface areas, width

17 - the height of the optically active surface areas

18 - anti-reflection layer

19 - anti-scratch layer

20 - interference filter layer

21 - anti-scratch layer

22 - central, more diffuse region

23 - marginal, less scattering region

24 - face

25 is the same

26 is the same

31 - reflector

32 - lamp

33 - step lens

34 - outgoing light beam

35 - hole in the reflector 31

36 - dark area

37 - diffusing screen

38 - intensity distribution in the position of a point light

39 - intensity distribution in the position of the flood light

41 - reflector

42 - lamp

43 - step lens

44 - outgoing light beam

46 - hole in the reflector 41

46 - dark area

47 - scattering screen

48 - intensity distribution in the position of a point light

49 - intensity distribution in the position of the flood light

Claims (66)

1. An optical device for lighting purposes, in particular for a spotlight with a stepped lens, including a stepped lens with a scattering screen, in which the scattering screen is located in the first zone, and the stepped lens in the second zone, while changing the shape of the incident the optical device of light and / or the amount of light illuminating the optical device, the angle of the solution emerging from the optical device of light can be set between two limit values - a smaller α _Sp and a large α _F1 , the first and the second zone is occupied by concentric surfaces of an optical device with different diameters (2R _St1 , 2R _strA ). 2. The device according to claim 1, in which by changing the magnitude, in particular the diameter, incident on the optical device of light, the angle (α, α _Sp , α _F1 ) of the solution of the light coming out of the optical device can be changed, essentially without changing the angle of incidence of light illuminating the optical device. 3. The device according to claim 1 or 2, in which the ratio of the magnitude of the surface of the stepped lens to the surface of the scattering screen is more than 2: 1, preferably the ratio of the surface of the stepped lens to the surface of the scattering screen is more than 10: 1, and most preferably the ratio of the surface of the stepped lens to the surface of the scattering screen is more than 100: 1. 4. The device according to claim 1, in which the angle of the solution emerging from the scattering screen of light in the vertical direction differs from the angle of the solution in the horizontal direction. 5. The device according to claim 1, in which the scattering screen has many areas, in particular, annular surface areas that scatter light in different directions or with different strengths. 6. The device according to claim 1, in which for a spotlight with a stepped lens and an elliptical reflector with ellipticity ε, the ratio of the focal length to radius n _St1 = R _St1 / F _{St1 of the} stepped lens is more than 0.5 · 1 / sqrt (ε ² -1 ), preferably more than 0.7 · 1 / sqrt (ε ² -1), most preferably more than 0.9 · 1 / sqrt (ε ² -1). 7. The device according to claim 1, in which the scattering screen is located only in the Central and / or middle part of the stepped lens. 8. The device according to claim 1, in which the scattering screen is located on the surface of the light output. 9. The device according to claim 1, in which the scattering screen is located on the surface of the light entrance. 10. The device according to claim 1, in which the scattering screen is located on the surface of the light exit and on the surface of the light entrance. 11. The device according to claim 1, in which the light-scattering element has different strengths of the scattering region, preferably a central, stronger scattering, and edge, weaker scattering. 12. The device according to claim 1, in which the scattering screen is frosted and / or made by hot forming, in particular, stamping, and / or injection molding. 13. The device according to claim 1, in which the material of the stepped lens and / or scattering screen contains glass. 14. The device according to claim 1, in which the material of the stepped lens and / or scattering screen contains a glass-ceramic material, in particular, consists of a glass-ceramic material. 15. The device according to claim 1, in which the device is made integral. 16. The device according to claim 1, in which the stepped lens is an aspherical lens. 17. The device according to claim 1, in which the stepped lens is a spherical lens. 18. The device according to claim 1, in which the stepped lens contains a body essentially with a flat surface. 19. The device according to claim 1, in which the stepped lens contains an optically active, beam-forming body, essentially with a concave spherical or aspherical surface. 20. The device according to claim 1, in which the stepped lens contains an optically active, beam-forming body, essentially with a convex spherical or aspherical surface. 21. The device according to claim 1, in which essentially annular, optically active surfaces of the steps are made in the form of sections of a circular arc. 22. The device according to claim 1, in which essentially annular, optically active surfaces of the steps are made in the form of the outer boundary of the cone. 23. The device according to claim 1, in which the substantially annular, optically active surfaces of the respective steps are configured such that an approximately plane wave with phase fronts perpendicular to the optical axis is combined in the actual focus or converted into a spherical wave, the center of which appears to be lying in an imaginary focus. 24. The device according to claim 1. in which the material of the stepped lens and / or scattering screen contains plastic. 25. The device according to claim 1, in which the optical device with a stepped lens and a scattering screen is composed of several elements. 26. The device according to claim 1, in which it is a hybrid structure of glass and plastic. 27. The device according to claim 1, in which the stepped lens contains a material with a first dispersion characteristic, and an additional lens with an opposite refractive power, preferably a stepped lens made of a material with a second dispersion characteristic, is capable of reducing chromatic aberrations. 28. The device according to claim 1, in which the stepped lens is an embossed lens, in particular a plastic lens, preferably with a difference in optical path length at the corresponding stage of less than about 1000 wavelengths. 29. The device according to claim 1, in which the stepped lens is made or located on the first side, and the scattering screen is on the side opposite the first side. 30. The device according to claim 1, in which the annular portions located around the central circular portion of the stepped lens have substantially the same radial extent. 31. The device according to claim 1, in which the stepped elevations of at least two adjacent annular sections have essentially the same height. 32. The device according to claim 1, in which at least facing the light source, the surface of the optical device consists of glass and is tempered, preferably thermally tempered. 33. The device according to claim 1, in which the stepped lens and / or scattering screen is made / made in the form of a filter, in particular, in the form of a UV, IR or color band-pass filter and / or conversion filter. 34. The device according to claim 1, in which the stepped lens and / or scattering screen are covered with a mechanical anti-scratch and / or anti-reflective layer. 35. A diffusing screen for an optical device according to any one of claims 1 to 34, having a first surface divided into faces, each of which includes an elevation or indentation with a second curved surface, the faces having different geometric shapes. 36. The diffusing screen of claim 35, wherein the faces have a polygonal edge contour. 37. The diffusing screen of claim 35, wherein the faces have a different area. 38. The scattering screen according to clause 35, in which the faces have the shape of a triangle, four-, five-, six- and / or heptagon. 39. The diffusing screen of claim 35, wherein the faces have different orientations. 40. The scattering screen according to clause 35, in which the elevations or indentations are made in the form of a spherical segment. 41. The scattering screen according to clause 35, in which the height of the elevations and / or depth of the recesses are selected different. 42. A diffusing screen for an optical device according to any one of claims 1 to 34, having a first surface divided into faces, each of which includes an elevation or recess with a second curved surface in which the corresponding vertices (S) of the elevations or recesses arranged in a spiral. 43. The scattering screen according to claim 42, wherein the vertices (S) are located on an Archimedean spiral. 44. The scattering screen according to claim 42 or 43, wherein the length (L) of the arc between two adjacent vertices (S) along the spiral is almost equidistant. 45. The scattering screen according to claim 42 or 43, in which the length (L) of the arc between two adjacent vertices (S) along the spiral is made variable. 46. The scattering screen according to claim 42 or 43, wherein the height of the elevations and / or depth of the recesses are selected different. 47. A diffusing screen for an optical device according to any one of claims 1 to 34, comprising separate faces rotated with respect to each other. 48. The scattering screen for an optical device according to any one of claims 1 to 34, containing faces displaced by the Monte Carlo method from their ordered position. 49. The scattering screen for an optical device according to any one of claims 1 to 34, having a certain grain size, which is finer in the central region, and coarser with distance from the center. 50. A spotlight with a stepped lens and with an adjustable opening angle of the output light beam, preferably comprising an ellipsoid reflector, a lamp and at least one stepped lens, the stepped lens comprising a scattering screen and, in particular, a stepped lens with a scattering screen according to any one of paragraphs. 35-49. 51. The searchlight according to claim 50, wherein the stepped lens with a scattering screen forms a light mixing system that is configured to change the proportion of scattered light relative to the proportion of geometrically-optically imaged light, thereby the light mixing ratio depends on the position of the searchlight. 52. The searchlight according to claim 50 or 51, wherein the stepped lens has a real focus configured to overlap the focus of the reflector remote from the reflector, in particular in the spotlight position of the searchlight. 53. The searchlight according to claim 50, in which the stepped lens is a predominantly flat-convex collecting lens made in the form of a stepped lens. 54. The searchlight according to claim 50, wherein the step lens is a lens with a negative focal length, thereby a negative lens with an imaginary focus. 55. The searchlight according to item 54, in which the stepped lens has an imaginary focus and is configured to superimpose this focus on the focus of the reflector remote from the reflector, in particular, in the spotlight position of the searchlight. 56. The searchlight according to claim 54 or 55, wherein the stepped lens is preferably a biconcave negative lens. 57. The searchlight according to claim 50, in which the angle of the light exit from the searchlight in the position of the spotlight is less than or equal to 8 °, and in the position of the flood light is greater than or equal to 60 °. 58. The searchlight according to claim 50, wherein the angle of the light exit from the searchlight in the position of the spotlight is less than or equal to 8 °, and in the position of the flood light is greater than or equal to 70 °. 59. The searchlight according to claim 50, wherein the angle of the light exit from the searchlight in the position of the spotlight is less than or equal to 8 °, and in the position of the flood light is greater than or equal to 80 °. 60. The searchlight according to claim 50, wherein it comprises an elliptical reflector with ellipticity ε, wherein the ratio of the focal length to radius n _St1 = R _St1 / F _{Stl of the} stepped lens is more than 0.5 · 1 / sqrt (ε ² -1) preferably more than 0.7 · 1 / sqrt (ε ² -1), most preferably more than 0.9 · 1 / sqrt (ε ² -1). 61. The searchlight according to claim 50, wherein the reflector comprises a metal or transparent, preferably dielectric material, glass and / or plastic. 62. The searchlight according to claim 50, wherein at least one of the two main surfaces of the reflector is provided with a system of optically thin layers. 63. The floodlight of claim 50, wherein the reflective surface of the reflector, preferably having portions or faces, is diffused, and no surface of the step lens has a diffuse structure, or one or two surfaces of the step lens have a diffuse structure in addition to the diffusion screen. 64. The searchlight according to claim 50, wherein an additional reflector is located between the step lens and the reflector. 65. The use of a spotlight with a stepped lens according to any one of paragraphs.50-64 as a lighting device in medicine, architecture, filming, on stage, in the studio and photography. 66. A flashlight containing a spotlight with a stepped lens according to any one of paragraphs 50-64.

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