RU2320254C1 - Method for earlier diagnostics of tracheobronchitis in neonatal calves - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: veterinary science.

SUBSTANCE: in neonatal calves it is necessary to detect the sensitivity of the last tracheal ring. In case of increase sensitivity one should diagnose early manifestations of tracheobronchitis. The innovation enables to detect tracheobronchitis in neonatal calves at early stages.

EFFECT: higher accuracy of early diagnostics.

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Description

The invention relates to the field of veterinary medicine and relates to a method for early diagnosis of tracheobronchitis in newborn calves.

Tracheitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea. In animals, in most cases, it is registered not as an independent disease, but as a complication of laryngitis (larengotracheitis) or bronchitis (tracheobronchitis).

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous and submucous membranes of the bronchi. With the course, acute and chronic bronchitis are distinguished. Depending on the localization of the inflammatory process in the bronchi of one size or another, there are macrobronchitis, when the inflammatory process is localized in large bronchi, microbronchitis, when small bronchi become inflamed, and diffuse bronchitis, when inflammation spreads throughout the bronchial tree. Depending on the nature of the inflamed exudate, bronchitis can be catarrhal, fibrinous, purulent, putrefactive and hemorrhagic / 1, 2 /.

Predisposing and contributing to the emergence and development of respiratory diseases in calves are: keeping animals in rooms with unsatisfactory microclimate parameters, high concentration of animals in limited production areas, lack of active exercise, etc. The immediate cause of respiratory diseases are various viruses, mycoplasmas, bacteria / 3 /.

Among respiratory diseases of calves of viral etiology, parainfluenza-3 (PG-3), infectious rhinotracheitis (IRT) and viral diarrhea (VD) are diseases of the mucous membranes, which often occur as a mixed infection, manifested by keratoconjunctivitis, rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, among which catarrhal bronchopneumonia, often turning into interstitial with complications of conditionally pathogenic microflora / 3, 4 /.

A known method for the diagnosis of tracheitis and bronchitis: the diagnosis is made on the basis of examination, palpation, auscultation, x-ray and laboratory studies / 5 /.

In case of infectious rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza-3 and viral diarrhea, serological, virological and / or molecular genetic studies are carried out, and in case of complications by bronchopneumonia, bacteriological / 2, 6 /.

However, this method includes clinical and laboratory studies and does not allow to identify the subclinical course of tracheobronchitis.

There is also known a method for the diagnosis and prediction of bronchopneumonia of calves by biochemical test / 7 /. The method is based on the identification of dysproteinemia (hyperglobulinemia and hypoalbuminemia) inherent in bronchopneumonia (pneumonia). The main disadvantage of this method is that it does not detect the subclinical course of bronchopneumonia and its implementation requires special equipment and reagents.

The closest in essence to the claimed method is a method comprising palpation of the first tracheal ring, in which a cough is recorded in animals in case of hypersensitivity of the mucous membrane / 8 /.

The disadvantage of this method is that the increased sensitivity of the first tracheal ring and the entire trachea is recorded with severe tracheitis and bronchitis (dry or wet cough, hard visual breathing, wheezing, expiratory dyspnea, etc.).

The technical result of the invention is the acceleration of the diagnosis of tracheobronchitis in newborn calves.

The technical result is achieved by palpation of the last tracheal ring.

It is known that the sensitivity of the mucous membrane of the larynx, trachea and bronchi with inflammation is increased. Palpation in this case causes a cough and a general motor reaction of animals. In a healthy cattle, a cough reaction is almost impossible to cause / 8 /.

In addition, in young animals, including calves, in the first weeks of life, special anatomical and physiological prerequisites for the occurrence of bronchopneumonia are created, and pathological processes in the respiratory organs occur in the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract.

The method is as follows. From the first days of life, newborn calves palpate the last tracheal ring - in case of increased pain sensitivity in animals, a cough occurs and tracheobronchitis develops in the future.

An analysis of the data in the scientific, technical and patent literature did not reveal a method for early diagnosis of tracheobronchitis in newborn calves using palpation of the last tracheal ring, which indicates the conformity of the proposed solution to the criterion (novelty).

The invention can be used for early diagnosis of tracheobronchitis in newborn calves both in large livestock complexes and small farms, which is very important for livestock breeders and veterinarians for the timely adoption of therapeutic and preventive measures for stopping tracheobronchitis and prevention of bronchopneumonia.

In this case, the advantages of the proposed method are of particular importance:

1. Accessibility - conducted by specialists regardless of their qualifications.

2. The time for detecting tracheobronchitis in newborn calves is reduced by 5-14 days (depending on the resistance of the body).

The essence of the method is illustrated by examples.

Example 1

In a farm that was long-term unsuccessful in PG-3, IRT and VD, often occurring in the form of tracheobronchitis, picked up three groups of calves 1-1.5 months old, 20 animals each. The first group included clinically healthy calves, the second with a subclinical (latent period) form of tracheobronchitis, and the third with clinical signs of the disease (high).

In calves, the sensitivity of the trachea was determined by palpation. The results of the experiment are presented in table 1.

Table 1
Calves respond to palpation of the trachea Palpation of the trachea Healthy n = 20 Tracheobronchitis Subclinical n = 20 Clinically expressed n = 20 First tracheal ring - - 20 (100%) The last tracheal ring - 20 (100%) 20 (100%)

Table 1 shows that clinically healthy calves did not respond to palpation of both the first and last tracheal rings, animals with a subclinical (latent period) form of tracheobronchitis reacted to palpation of the last tracheal ring - 1-2 cough tremors were recorded. In calves with a clinical form of tracheobronchitis (the height of the disease), soreness of both the first tracheal ring and the last was revealed - 2-5 cough tremors were recorded with sputum discharge. Thus, in calves with a subclinical form of tracheobronchitis, the sensitivity of the mucous membrane of the last tracheal ring is increased, and in the clinical case, the entire mucous membrane of the trachea is sensitive.

Example 2

On the farm, permanently unfavorable for PG-3, IRT and VD, 19 newborn calves with increased sensitivity of the last tracheal ring (subclinical tracheobronchitis) were selected.

The animals were monitored for 2 months: body temperature, heart rate and respiratory movements were determined, appetite, the condition of the mucous membranes, sensitivity of the larynx, trachea and intercostal spaces, the nature of coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, outflow from the nasal openings were taken into account, the timing and duration of the disease with tracheobronchitis, took into account complications in the form of bronchopneumonia. Blood was taken from calves aged 12-14 and 28-30 days to determine antiviral colostral antibodies. The titers of colostral antiviral antibodies in calves are presented in table 2.

From table 2 it is seen that the average titer of antibodies to the pathogen PG-3 in calves with a subclinical course of tracheobronchitis is 1: 93.7, with a clinical course of 1: 160, the average titer to the pathogen RTI remained unchanged, and to the pathogen VD was 1 : 6.7 and 1: 11.6, respectively.

However, a detailed analysis found that calves No. 1-8 had an increase in titer to the antigen of the pathogen VD (on average from 1: 5.5 to 1:20). In addition, in calves No. 2, 7 and 8, an increase in the titer of antihemagglutinins to the PG-3 pathogen antigen was noted, in calves No. 1, 4 and 5, it remained unchanged, while in animals No. 3 and 6 it decreased.

In calves No. 9-14, an increase in the titer of antibodies to the antigen of the pathogen PG-3 was noted (on average from 1: 120 to 1: 293.3).

table 2
Antiviral colostral antibody titers in calves with tracheobronchitis No. P / P Pathogen Antibody Titers PG-3 IRT VD subclinical clinically pronounced subclinical clinically pronounced subclinical clinically pronounced one 1: 160 1: 160 1: 8 Neg. 1: 8 1:32 2 1:80 1: 160 1: 4 Neg. 1: 8 1:16 3 1:80 1:40 Neg. 1: 4 1: 8 1:16 four 1:80 1:80 Otr 1: 4 1: 8 1:32 5 1:40 1:40 1: 2 1: 4 1: 4 1:16 6 1:20 Neg. 1: 4 1: 4 Neg. 1:16 7 1:40 1: 160 1: 4 1: 4 1: 4 1:16 8 1:80 1: 160 Neg. Neg. 1: 4 1:16 9 1:80 1: 320 1: 4 1: 4 Neg. 1: 4 10 1:80 1: 160 1: 4 1: 4 1: 8 1: 8 eleven 1: 320 1: 640 Neg. 1: 4 1:32 1: 8 12 1: 160 1: 320 Neg. Neg. 1: 8 1: 8 13 1:40 1: 160 1: 4 Neg. 1: 4 1: 4 fourteen 1:40 1: 160 1: 4 1: 4 1: 4 1: 4 fifteen 1:80 1:80 1: 4 1: 4 1: 8 1: 4 16 1:80 1:80 1: 4 Neg. 1: 4 Neg. 17 1:80 1:80 Neg. Neg. 1: 8 1: 8 eighteen 1:80 1:80 Neg. 1: 8 1: 4 1: 4 19 1: 160 1: 160 1: 8 1: 4 1: 4 1: 8 Avg 1: 93.7 1: 160 1: 2,8 1: 2.7 1: 6.7 1: 11.6 1-8 1: 72.5 1: 100 1: 2,8 1: 2.5 1: 5.5 1:20 9-14 1: 120 1: 293.3 1: 2.7 1: 2.7 1: 9.3 1: 6 15-19 1:96 1:96 1: 3,2 1: 3,2 1: 5,6 1: 4.8

In animals No. 15-19, the average titer of antibodies to antigens to the pathogens PG-3, IRT and VD remained unchanged. That is, in all calves with the clinical manifestation of tracheobronchitis, either an increase in antibody titers to one or more causative agents of acute respiratory diseases (PG-3, IRT and VD) is recorded or their value remains unchanged.

The timing and duration of the course of respiratory diseases in the above calves with tracheobronchitis are presented in table 3.

Table 3
The timing and duration of the course of tracheobronchitis and bronchopneumonia in calves No. P / P Tracheobronchitis Bronchopneumonia Start day Difference in time of occurrence Start day Duration, day Subclinical Clinically pronounced one 5 eighteen 13 45 35 2 8 16 8 - - 3 12 twenty 8 44 eleven four 8 eighteen 10 - - 5 5 fourteen 9 - - 6 9 fifteen 6 - - 7 6 eleven 5 22 25 8 5 16 eleven 35 fifteen 9 8 21 13 - - 10 9 twenty eleven - - eleven 10 24 fourteen - - 12 four 16 12 28 12 13 12 24 12 - - fourteen 7 fifteen 8 - - fifteen 9 16 7 32 fifteen 16 8 17 9 - - 17 9 16 7 - - eighteen 8 17 9 - - 19 7 16 9 - - Wed 7.8 17.4  9.6 34.3 18.8

Table 3 shows that, on average, the increased sensitivity of the last tracheal ring, indicating subclinical tracheobronchitis, was detected on days 7, 8, and its clinical manifestation (nasal mucosa, nasal wings and nasal speculum are hyperemic, on the upper lip, nasal speculum, and oral cavities - papules and erosion, increased sensitivity of both the first and last tracheal rings and larynx, dry wet rales, expiratory breath) are recorded on 17.4 days. That is, the time from subclinical tracheobronchitis to its clinical manifestation is on average 9.6 days. In addition, in 6 (31.6%) of 19 calves with tracheobronchitis, a complication in the form of bronchopneumonia was recorded.

Animals, in which tracheobronchitis subsequently turned into bronchopneumonia, reacted 1.5 days earlier to palpation of the first tracheal ring and earlier, clinically pronounced tracheobronchitis was recorded for 1.7 days compared with calves in which tracheobronchitis proceeded without complications.

Example 3

Justification of effectiveness.

On the farm, which is permanently unfavorable for tracheobronchitis of viral etiology (PG-3, ИРТ and VD), 88 newborn calves were selected, from which the last tracheal ring was palpated on the first day of life. According to the reaction to palpation, the animals were divided into 2 groups. The first included 76 calves with increased sensitivity of the trachea, the second - 12 animals that did not respond to palpation of the trachea. Conducted clinical studies of animals similar to example 2. The results are presented in table 4.

Table 4 shows that in group 1 calves, subclinical tracheobronchitis (increased sensitivity of the first tracheal ring) is recorded on average at 8.2 days of life, and the clinical course at 18.5 days (nasal mucosa, nose wings and nasal speculum hyperemic, on the upper lip, nasal speculum, oral cavity - papules and erosion, sensitivity of both the first and last tracheal rings and larynx is increased, dry wet rales, expiratory dyspnea are recorded). That is, the use of the claimed method in comparison with the known allows earlier 10.2 days to diagnose tracheobronchitis.

Table 4
The results of clinical studies of calves confirming the effectiveness of the proposed method Indicators Calves 1 group 2 group The number of calves, goals (%) 76 (100%) 12 (100%) Of them got tracheobronchitis, goals (%) 76 (100%) 0 (0%) Palpation of the last tracheal ring (subclinical tracheobronchitis), 24 hours 8.2 0 (0%) Palpation of the first tracheal ring (clinical manifestation of tracheobronchitis), 24 hours 18.5 0 (0%)

Thus, the inflammatory process of the mucous membrane of the trachea with the active participation of viruses of pathogens PG-3, IRT and VD increased the sensitivity of the mucous membrane of the last tracheal rings, then the first, which ultimately manifested itself as a symptom complex of tracheobronchitis.

The experiments showed the feasibility of using the claimed method, taking into account the reaction of newborn calves to palpation of the last tracheal ring, which allows for early diagnosis of tracheobronchitis and timely treatment and preventive measures.

Information sources

1. Internal non-communicable diseases of farm animals. Ed. I.G. Sharabrina. 5th ed. and extra. M., Kolos, 1976. - S.139-140.

2. Prevention of non-communicable diseases of young animals. / S.S.Abramov I.G., Arestov et al. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1990.- S.110-115.

3. Environmental and adaptation strategy to protect the health and productivity of animals in modern conditions. / Otv. ed. Shakhov A.G. - Voronezh: Voronezh State University, 2004. - P.154.

4. Nachmanson V.M., Burba L.G. Differential diagnosis of infectious diseases of farm animals. Directory. - M.: Rosagropromizdat, 1990 .-- 225 p.

5. Lenets I.A. Diagnosis of non-communicable animal diseases using computer technology. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1989 .-- 163 p.

6. Syurin VN, Samuilenko A.Ya., Soloviev BV, Fomina NV, Viral diseases of animals. - M.: VNITIBP, 1998 .-- 928 p.

7. Kondrakhin I.P. Method for the diagnosis and prediction of calf bronchopneumonia by biochemical test. // Veterinary, 1997, No. 12. - S. 43-45.

8. Belyakov I.M. Diagnosis of internal non-communicable diseases of farm animals. M .: Kolos, 1975 .-- 45 p.

Claims (1)

A method for early diagnosis of tracheobronchitis in newborn calves, including palpation of the trachea, characterized in that they determine the sensitivity of the last tracheal ring and, in case of hypersensitivity, diagnose early manifestations of tracheobronchitis.