RU2298026C2 - Method for land reclamation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular improvement of soil physical, biological and agronomic characteristics.

SUBSTANCE: claimed method includes introducing of carbonate-containing material into soil, wherein as said material bergmeal containing (mass %): calcite 13-19; zeolite 18-25; glauconite; and balance: clay and silicate material is used. Bergmeal is introduced into soil in amount of 1.5-5 t/hectare.

EFFECT: enhanced assortment of ameliorants; improved soil agronomic characteristics and productivity.

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Description

The invention relates to agricultural production and can be used to improve the physical, biological and agricultural indicators of the soil.

The use of glauconite is known by applying to the soil in an amount of 4-5% by volume in greenhouses to increase the rate of reproduction of azotobacteria by 60-120%. The influence of glauconite on the germination of some legumes and cereals is also known. According to the data of Yu.V. Beskrovny, G.G. Veretennikov et al., Application of glauconite sand to the soil increases the germination of these crops by 10-40%, has a beneficial effect on the development of the root system and stem, and increases the yield of root crops (potatoes up to 55%, beets and radishes up to 30%) and sugar beets.

It is known to use organic fertilizers - peat, sapropel, manure, lime materials to improve the physical and chemical properties of soils ("Chemical pollution of soils and their protection". Dictionary - reference book M .: "Agropromizdat", 1991, p.288).

These drugs have increased selective sorption activity to heavy metals and radionuclides, exhibit a high reclamation effect and contribute to increasing soil fertility. However, it should be noted the complexity of the composition, which is more characteristic of organic fertilizers than ameliorants.

Known organic-mineral fertilizer-ameliorant containing a mixture of peat and sapropel, zeolite tuff, lime flour and chitin or chitosan (RU 2115641, 6 C05F 7/00, C05G 1/00, C09K 17/40 1998.07.20).

Its disadvantages include the fact that the fertilizer has a fairly multicomponent composition, in which each component is extracted separately, and requires processing before mixing, which complicates the production of fertilizer-reclamant and contributes to its cost.

A known method of soil reclamation by introducing carbonate-containing raw materials into the soil, using tripoli (RF application No. 2002127836, class C05G 3/04, 04/20/04). However, the main component of tripoli indicated in the application is CaCO ₃ in an amount of 50-70 wt.% And it does not contain siliceous compounds characteristic of tripoli.

The closest in technical essence to the claimed invention is a method of soil reclamation by adding lime flour to it, which contains up to 80 wt.% Calcium carbonate (TU 10 RF 1080-92). Its introduction into the soil causes a number of positive changes in it: it reduces soil acidity, which acts negatively on most agricultural plants; eliminates the harmful effects of mobile aluminum, enhances the vital activity of bacteria freely living in the soil, absorbing nitrogen from the air, and nodules living on the roots of legumes; activates microorganisms that decompose plant residues; improves the physical properties of the soil, which becomes more structural, loose and easier to process. With lime flour, calcium, one of the main elements of plant nutrition, and magnesium, necessary for the formation of chlorophyll, are introduced into the soil.

However, lime flour does not contain trace elements necessary for the normal development of plants, is made from strong calcareous rocks and, accordingly, requires large energy costs for grinding. Ready lime powder contains a significant amount (up to 30%) of inactive large particles with a diameter of more than 3-5 mm.

The objective of the invention is to create a method of land reclamation, which allows to improve the agrochemical properties of soils and its productivity, to expand the range of tools for this purpose.

The problem is achieved in that in the method of land reclamation by introducing carbonate-containing raw materials according to the invention as a carbonate-containing raw material, tripoli is used that contains in wt.%: Calcite 13-19, zeolite 18-25, glauconite 8-10, clay and siliceous material - the rest, and its introduction into the soil is carried out in an amount of 1.5-5 t / ha.

All components of the proposed composition are contained in tripoli carbonate packs deposits of siliceous zeolite-bearing rocks of Alatyr district of the Chuvash Republic.

The difference between the proposed soil ameliorant and the known ones is that in addition to calcium and magnesium carbonates, it contains: zeolites, which heal the soil and increase its exchange capacity; glauconites, which suppress pathogens and stimulate nitrogen-absorbing soil bacteria; mineralized residues of ancient microalgae, which together with zeolites increase the exchange capacity of the soil, enrich it with trace elements (manganese, boron, copper, zinc, cobalt), necessary for the normal development of plants. They also contain a significant amount of opal (readily soluble) silica, which is a source of silicon nutrition for plants.

The role of silicon in plant development has not been adequately evaluated for a long time. He was considered a ballast and non-deficient element. In fact, silicon is not only the main source of nutrition along with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium, but also has a positive effect on the physicochemical properties of soils, their microbiology, and contributes to the entry of soil nitrogen and phosphorus into plants [1, 2].

The content of mobile silicon is currently considered one of the indicators of soil fertility [3]. It has been established that with a lack of silicon, some plants — corn, oats, barley, tobacco, beets, and others — are stunted. Conversely, the addition of silicic acid salts can increase the yield of plants when phosphorus is lacking in the soil due to an increase in the absorption of phosphoric acid by plants (TSB, t. 23, p. 953).

The introduction of tripoli into the soil once a year in an amount of at least 1.5 t / ha is sufficient to improve soil fertility. At lower doses, the effectiveness of the proposed reclamation method is insufficient to improve soil fertility, and in doses of more than 5 t / ha, there are signs of inhibition of plant development. Moreover, the results indicate the possibility of saving phosphorus fertilizers by applying the proposed method of soil reclamation.

To implement the method of soil reclamation, Tripoli was used in three sections of the Alatyr district of the Chuvash Republic. The rock of both sections of light gray color, relatively homogeneous, contains a small amount of solid inclusions, kneads by hand. In dry milled form, it has the ability to absorb large amounts of moisture and give it away easily. Grinding the breed is not difficult and does not require the prior use of heavy equipment. The mineralogical composition of the rock of the upper carbonate packs in the sections is shown in Table 1, and the chemical composition is shown in Table 2 [4].

Table 1
The weighted average mineral composition of tripoli carbonate packs in areas, wt.% Plot Zeolite Calcite Glauconite Clay Siliceous material May Day 27.0 13,4 12.5 18.1 29.1 Noisy 19.1 35,4 9.3 10.9 25.3 Novo Aybesinsky 17.6 39.2 8.7 10.6 23.9 table 2
The weighted average chemical composition of tripoli carbonate packs in areas Plots The content of oxides, in% Including, in% SiO ₂ Al ₂ About ₃ Fe ₂ About ₃ Cao MgO Na ₂ O K ₂ O RFP SiO _{2c free} May Day 63.8 7.2 3,5 8.4 1,5 0.20 1,5 14,4 21.6 Noisy 47.72 4.95 2.24 21,2 0.70 0.23 1.26 21.07 12,2 Novo Aybesinsky 42.10 4.60 2.40 23.75 2.15 0.26 1.17 22.94 9.6

From table 2 it follows that a significant part of silica tripoli presented (SiO ₂ ) _St. - free (active) silica, which improves soil microbiology and increases its fertility.

Unlike calcareous flour, tripoli contains a number of microelements necessary for the development of soil microorganisms and cultivated plants (Table 3).

Table 3 Plot The content of trace elements, mg / kg Mn Cu AT Zn With May Day 510 300 75 33 27 Novo Aybesinsky 55 60 90 4.6 16.5 Noisy 62 twenty 12 17 13

A comparison of the methods of soil reclamation by liming and tripoli was carried out on plots of 60 m ² each. The effect of the inventive reclamant and lime flour was tested on an area of 60 m ² each. We used tripoli in the Pervomaisky district in the amount of 1.3 t / ha and lime flour with 70% calcium and magnesium carbonates (CaCO ₃ + MgCO ₃ ) in it at a moisture content of 2% in the amount of 1.9 g / ha, which corresponds to the dose of deoxidizing substances contained in 5 tons of tripoli. The data are shown in table 4 and 5.

The analysis of Tables 4 and 5 shows that the reclamation effect of liming and applying tripoli at a dose of 5 t / ha to reduce the total and hydrolytic acidity of the soil is approximately the same (comparison should be done horizontally in rows due to some heterogeneity of the soil in the plots). However, the application of tripoli significantly increased the content of free phosphorus in the soil, which gives reason to expect an increase in the effectiveness of known mineral fertilizers when used together with tripoli (see also crop yields in Table 5 with direct action and aftereffect).

Table 6 presents the results of the influence of tripoli of Novo-Aybesinsky (A) and Shumsky (Sh) plots and their combinations with mineral fertilizers on the productivity of crops grown on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil with a humus content of 1.85, pH _KCL - 5.9 ; hydrolytic acidity of 2.20 mEq / 100 g, K ₂ O - 109 mg / kg, P ₂ O ₅ - 170 mg / kg of soil, the degree of saturation with bases of 77%.

Table 6
The influence of tripoli of the Shumsky and Novo-Aybesinsky plots and their combinations with mineral fertilizers on crop productivity. Experience Options Potato Nevsky, tubers c / ha Barley Moscow-3, grain c / ha Amaranth Crimson Green mass 1998 1999 1998 1999 1998 1999 1.No fertilizer 126.0 170.5 8.5 9.0 160,2 106.0 2. A 147.5 165.6 12.3 9.2 - - 3. NK 184.4 285.0 15.7 17.6 373.1 232.5 4. NK + A 228.7 325,0 18.9 21.1 - - 5. NPK 249.9 270.1 20,0 19,4 462.0 232.5 6. NPK + A 267.5 246.7 19.3 19.0 - - 7. W 161.7 180.5 12.0 9.5 220.5 107.5 8 NK + W 235.5 341.6 19.5 22.1 450,0 285.0 9 NPK + W 260.3 238.3 18.7 19.1 480.3 225.0 10 NDS _0.5 18.3 25.3 2.9 2,5 39.0 16.3

Designations: A - tripoli of the Novo-Aybesinsky site; Sh - tripoli of the Shumsky site; NDS _0.5 - normal statistical error.

The experiments were carried out according to a single scheme:

1. No fertilizer

2 and 7 tripoli - 1.5 ha / t

3 and 5 mixture of mineral fertilizers.

4 and 6 - a mixture of mineral fertilizers with tripoli Novo-Aybesinsky site

8 and 9 - a mixture of mineral fertilizers with tripoli Shumsky site

Fertilizers were applied in the form of urea (N), superphosphate (P) and potassium chloride (K) at the rate of 100 kg of the active substance of each element per hectare, and tripoli (A and III) - at a dose of 1.5 t / ha.

The experiments were carried out on plots of 2 × 2 m, four repetition. From table 6 it follows that the introduced tripoli most effectively manifests itself against the background of nitrogen-potassium fertilizers, increasing soil productivity by 15-20%. Against the background of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, the use of tripoli did not give an effect. Moreover, in its influence, Tripoli of the Shumsky site acts like the Tripoli of the Novo-Aybesinsky site.

This result is associated with the peculiarities of the accumulation of nitrogenous substances by plants during the growing season and the outflow of plastic substances into the reproductive organs of plants at the stage of crop formation. The experimental results are shown in tables 7 and 8.

Table 7.
The content of nitrogenous substances and total phosphorus in barley plants during the tillering phase. Experience option % Dry matter In g per 10 plants Total nitrogen Protein nitrogen Total phosphorus Total nitrogen Protein nitrogen Total phosphorus Without fertilizer 3.6 2,5 0.45 3.9 2.7 0.49 Meliorant A 4.3 3.2 0.62 4.7 3,5 0.68 Nk 5,0 3.9 0.86 14.0 10.9 2.40 NK + A 6.2 5.1 1.20 21.7 17.8 4.20 NPK 5.1 3.9 0.83 15.3 11.7 2.49 Table 8.
Accumulation of dry matter by barley plants, (in g per 10 plants) Experience option Two sheets Tillering Exit to the handset Heading Productivity, grain, t / ha Without fertilizer 0.4 1,1 3.0 0.1 2,5 5.8 4.7 14.5 Meliorant
BUT 0.7 1,1 3.4 11.5 2.6 7.0 5,0 15.3 NK + A 1,5 3,5 5.5 12.3 3,1 6.1 6.4 23.0 NPK 1.3 3.0 4.9 13.0 5,6 11.0 5,4 20,0 NDS _0.5 0.1 0.3 0.3 2,3 0.6 1.3 0.5 4.3

From tables 7 and 8 it follows that tripoli provides a more intensive intake of soil phosphorus and nitrogen into plants and a more active course of synthetic processes in plants.

In the NK + A variant, at the heading phase, a faster loss of dry matter of the vegetative mass and a more significant increase in the dry matter of the ear compared to the NK and NPK variants were observed. This indicates a positive effect of tripoli on the outflow of plastic substances from leaves and stems to the ear.

In the NK and NPK variants, there was an increase in the terrestrial mass of plants up to the earing phase, while the process of outflow of plastic substances from the vegetative organs to the reproductive ones lagged.

The introduction of tripoli into the soil at a dose of 1.5 t / ha was carried out on a pilot plot of 2.4 ha and a control plot of 13.6 ha. The tests were carried out on chernozem soils. They brought tripoli of the Shumsky site. Cultivated culture - sugar beets. The average yield of beets in the control plot was 260 kg / ha, and in the experimental plot, the average yield was 264 kg / ha. Beets were grown for livestock feed. Data on the nutritional value and chemical composition of the feed are given in table.9.

Table 9.
Data on the nutritional value and chemical composition of feed. Name of feed Content in 1 kg of feed (natural moisture) Total moisture% Dry matter% Feed unit, kg Calcium g Phosphorus, g Sugar, g Digestible protein, g Crude protein, g Sugar beet / experimental plot 74.14 25.86 2.1 0.28 235.12 10.00 14.1 Sugar beet / control plot 77.4 22.6 1.8 0.32 194.88 7.59 10.7

From the table it follows that the nutritional value of feed - sugar beets grown in plots with tripoli increases compared with the control.

Thus, the proposed introduced carbonate tripoli contains a significant amount of opal (more soluble) silica, which is a source of silicon nutrition for plants and soil microorganisms; mobilizes biophilic elements of the soil and intensifies the entry of phosphorus and nitrogen into the plant; contributes to a more active course of synthetic processes in plants; against the background of nitrogen-potassium fertilizers, it steadily increases the productivity of a number of plants that differ biologically and with requirements for the conditions of mineral nutrition; has less strength (no more than 0.2 MPa) and does not require heavy equipment for grinding, and also expands the arsenal of tools for this purpose.

References

1. Russell B.V. Soil conditions and plant growth, M .: Publishing house of Inostr. Lit., 1965, p. 455.

2. Voronkov M.G. Silicon and life, Riga: Zinante, 1978, 578 S.

3. Tavrovskaya O.L. The role of silicon in soils and plants / Chemicalization of agriculture. 1992, No. 2 p. 103.

4. Report on the results of prospecting and evaluation work to identify stocks of siliceous zeolite-bearing rocks and determine the possibilities of their use in the national economy in the Alatyr and Shemurshinsky districts of the Chuvash Republic, carried out in 1995-2001. Committee of Natural Resources for the Chuvash Republic. LLC "Chuvashgeolerud", Cheboksary, 2001.

Claims (1)

A method of soil reclamation by introducing carbonate-containing raw materials into the soil, characterized in that as a carbonate-containing raw material, tripoli is used, containing, wt%: calcite 13-19, zeolite 18-25, glauconite 8-10, clay and siliceous material - the rest, and its introduction into the soil is carried out in an amount of 1.5-5 t / ha.