RU2295493C2 - Method and plant for production of light water - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: production of drugs, perfumes and potable water.

SUBSTANCE: proposed plant includes rectifying column with contact unit the vapor-liquid interaction surface, unit for preparation of water vapor from initial water at concentration of ¹H₂ ¹⁶O equal to C₁, unit for delivery of water vapor to rectifying column, unit for condensation of water vapor at concentration of ¹H₂ ¹⁶O equal to C₂ in condenser mounted in upper part of rectifying column; C₂>C₁. Proposed method consists in accumulation of part of condensate in form of condensed light water. Rectifying column is made in form of vapor-liquid interaction surface between descending and ascending flows of vapor on contact unit surface when main flow of liquid and main flow of vapor are directed along axis of column. Pressure of vapor in rectifying column ranges from 0.05 to 0.6 bar; output of water is 0.001 to 0.25 of total volume of water vapor passed through rectifying column. Contact unit may be made in form of plates or structurized or randomizirized packing. Proposed method makes it possible to produce light water at content of ¹H₂ ¹⁶O lesser than 997.13 g/kg at total content of ¹H₂ ¹⁷O, ¹H₂ ¹⁸O, ¹HD¹⁶O, ¹HD¹⁷O, ¹HD¹⁸O, D₂ ¹⁶O, D₂ ¹⁷O, D₂ ¹⁸O not exceeding 2.87 g/kg of total amount of H₂O.

EFFECT: enhanced efficiency.

10 cl, 1 dwg, 2 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to a method and apparatus for purifying water from impurities in the form of water molecules containing heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for producing light, highly pure water with a high content of ¹ N molecules in it ₂ ¹⁶ O.

Water from the point of view of chemistry is a substance consisting of H ₂ O molecules. In nature, completely pure water does not exist. Natural water always in one way or another contains mechanical, chemical and biological impurities.

Today, the problem of water treatment for its use in various industries is very acute.

Depending on the intended use, water is subjected to different purification methods. Filtration, distillation, and the use of the reverse osmosis effect make it possible to obtain water with the necessary degree of purity: distilled, deionized, while being sterile or non-sterile, pyrogen-free, etc. etc. The amount of mechanical, chemical, biological impurities can be reduced to very low levels, for example, using methods using the osmosis process. However, traditional purification methods do not change the isotopic composition of H ₂ O molecules, as a result of which water molecules containing heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen remain, on average, in natural water in total by weight up to 2.97 g / kg (calculations are given below).

It is well known that the water molecule H ₂ O consists of two chemical elements - hydrogen H and oxygen O. In turn, each element is a combination of several isotopes [1].

Further in the text:

- the concept of "hydrogen" (letter designation: H) means a chemical element as the totality of all possible hydrogen isotopes;

- the concept of “oxygen” (letter designation: O) means a chemical element as a combination of all possible oxygen isotopes;

- the concept of "water" means any real water, including natural or industrial-produced water, which is a mixture of H ₂ O and a large number of different substances in the form of mechanical impurities, dissolved gases, salts, biological impurities, etc., subject to or not to be removed depending on the further use of water;

- the letter designation H ₂ O means the totality of all possible isotopic varieties of water molecules formed by isotopes of chemical elements - hydrogen H and oxygen O;

Hydrogen in nature is represented by stable non-radioactive isotopes:

- protium (letter designation ¹ N);

- deuterium (letter designation ² H, historical designation D, hereinafter referred to as letter designations D, or equivalent ² N).

Oxygen, in turn, is represented by three stable non-radioactive isotopes:

- oxygen-16 (letter designation ¹⁶ O);

- oxygen-17 (letter designation ¹⁷ O);

- oxygen-18 (letter designation ¹⁸ O).

This invention relates only to the above stable non-radioactive isotopes.

Stable hydrogen isotopes with stable oxygen isotopes form 9 isotopic varieties of water molecules, namely: ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O. In quantitative terms, the bulk of the water of natural sources is represented by ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O molecules, consisting of light isotopes ¹ H and ¹⁶ O. The number of water molecules containing heavy isotopes: D , ¹⁷ O, ¹⁸ O, depends on the concentration of these isotopes, which in natural water varies within the limits fixed in the basic standards of the isotopic composition of hydrospheres s SMOW and SLAP.

The volume of water reserves in various reservoirs of the Earth's hydrosphere is approximately 1834 million m ³ . Of these, the share of the oceans is 1370 million m ³ , river and lake waters - 0.231 million m ³ , glacial waters - 24 million m ³ , etc. [2].

Since most of the water on Earth is concentrated in the oceans and ocean water is very stable in isotopic composition, the quantitative content of heavy D and ¹⁸ O isotopes in it is accepted as the international standard SMOW (standard for mid-ocean water).

For the SMOW standard, the ratio of deuterium to protium in water is D / H = 155.76 × 10 ^-6 , and the ratio of oxygen isotopes is ¹⁸ O / ¹⁶ O = 2005.20 × 10 ^-6 [3].

The concentration of isotope D, ¹⁷ O, ¹⁸ O in the water can be expressed either in parts or in the atomic percentage (atom% or _^0/00.), Or in units of ppm (part per million - parts per million) [2, 4]. The sum of the concentrations of protium and D, as well as the sum of the concentrations of the three oxygen isotopes, is 100 at.% Or one million (in ppm units).

According to the international standard SMOW, the absolute content of deuterium and oxygen-18 in ocean water is:

D _SMOW / ¹ H _SMOW = (155.76 ± 0.05) × 10 ^-6 , or 155.76 ppm

¹⁸ O _SMOW / ¹⁶ O _SMOW = (2005.20 ± 0.45) × 10 ^-6 , or 2005 ppm [3].

It is these values in the SMOW standard that are taken as a reference point. There relative units expressing deuterium and oxygen-18 water molecules equated to zero and referred to as the deuterium δD = 0 _^0/00 (or 155,76 ppm), oxygen-18, δ ¹⁸ O = 0 _^0/00 ( or 2005.2 ppm).

The samples of water samples with a content of isotope types of H ₂ O molecules different from SMOW, values δD and δ ¹⁸ O are expressed by the _^0/00 as relative deviation from the zero value to a large (+ sign) or less (with the sign -) side.

To calculate the units δD and δ ¹⁸ O, the following formula is used [5]:

As a result of mathematical transformations and substitutions of the values of the above values, we obtain the following formula for converting the concentration from the relative values of δD and δ ¹⁸ O to ppm units:

(D) ppm = 155.76 (δD / 1000 + 1)

( ¹⁸ O) ppm = 2005.2 (δ ¹⁸ O / 1000 + 1),

where (D) ppm and (O) ppm are respectively D and ¹⁸ O expressed in ppm.

The lowest concentrations of deuterium and oxygen-18 found in natural water are described by the international standard SLAP (Light Antarctic Precipitation Standard). The deuterium concentration by SLAP is D / H = 89 × 10 ^-6 (89 ppm or δD = -428 _^0/00). The concentration of oxygen-18 by SLAP is ¹⁸ O / ¹⁶ O = 1894 × 10 ^-6 (1894 ppm or δ ¹⁸ O = -55,5 _^0/00) [3].

The change in the concentration of oxygen-17 in natural waters due to its physicochemical properties is rather rigidly connected with the change in the concentration of oxygen-18. According to various authors, the concentration ratio of ¹⁸ O / ¹⁷ O is in the range from 4.9 to 5.5 [6, 7]. Thus, the concentration of oxygen-17 in natural waters according to SMOW is 390 ppm (0.039 at.%), And according to SLAP it can decrease to 368 ppm (0.0368 at.%) [2, 3, 6].

The above standard values of the concentration of heavy isotopes make it possible to calculate the percentage and, ultimately, the weight quantity of isotopic species of molecules in water from natural sources in the framework of the SMOW and SLAP standards.

Intensive isotopic exchange of hydrogen atoms (protium and deuterium) occurs in water between H ₂ O molecules. In this case, a thermodynamic equilibrium is established between isotopic varieties of water molecules containing deuterium. As a result of this process, the largest quantitatively proportion of water molecules containing deuterium are ¹ HD ¹⁶ O molecules. In waters close to the natural isotopic composition, the quantitative fraction of D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O, HD ¹⁷ O, HD ¹⁸ O is small and totals less than 0.0009 g / kg. In further calculations, the fraction of these molecules joins the fraction of ¹ HD ¹⁶ O.

As a result of the redistribution of deuterium atoms between water molecules, the value of ¹ HD ¹⁶ O / ¹ H ¹⁶ O doubles in comparison with the value of D / ¹ H.

For example, for SMOW with a concentration ratio of D / ¹ H = 155.76 × 10 ^-6, the concentration ratio of ¹ HD ¹⁶ O / ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O doubles and amounts to 311.52 × 10 ^-6 .

Thus, in natural waters, 1,000,000 H ₂ O molecules contain on average 997,284 molecules of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, 311 molecules of ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, 390 molecules of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, and about 2005 molecules of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O. Mass fraction and the corresponding weight quantity of isotopic varieties of H ₂ O molecules in natural water that complies with the SMOW standard is shown in Table 1. Similar indicators for natural water that complies with the SLAP standard are shown in Table 2.

When calculating the molecular masses of isotopic varieties of water molecules, the following values of atomic masses in international carbon units were used:

weight ¹ N is equal to 1.007825035,

mass D is 2.014101779,

mass of ¹⁶ O is equal to 15,99491463,

the mass of ¹⁷ O is equal to 16,9991312,

the mass of ¹⁸ O is equal to 17,9991603 [9].

As can be seen from the results presented in the tables, in total, in natural water, the weight concentration of molecules is ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O, can be up to 2.97 g / kg, which is a significant value comparable to the content of other characteristic components in natural water. For example, the total salinity of drinking water may be from 1 to 5 g / kg. Such a transition from conventional atomic units to weight indicators of the number of isotopic varieties of H ₂ O molecules makes it possible to evaluate the purity and uniformity of water by its isotopic composition.

In accordance with the data presented, the concepts of isotope-light and isotope-heavy waters can be arbitrarily defined.

Isotope-light include natural water, in which the content of molecules, including heavy isotopes, approaches the SLAP standard. Also included in this category are artificially produced waters with a low concentration of deuterium, but with a natural oxygen isotopic composition in H ₂ O. Such waters are Melt Water, Relic Water, and a number of others [9-14]. The author of patents [13, 14] for water from which deuterium is removed by a specific method, proposes its own name DDW (Deuterium Depleted Water - water depleted in deuterium) [4].

Traditionally, several terms are used in the literature regarding isotopic heavy waters.

Heavy water is called water with a high deuterium content and a natural oxygen isotopic composition.

Heavy oxygen water is called water with a high content of oxygen-18 and the natural isotopic composition of hydrogen.

Heavily oxygenated oxygen-17 water is called water with a high content of oxygen-17 and the natural isotopic composition of hydrogen.

Thus, in general, water with an increased content of at least one of the types of molecules can be considered isotope-heavy, in general: ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O, and, accordingly, a reduced content of molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, and isotope-light - water with a reduced content of at least one of the varieties of molecules: ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O, and, accordingly, an increased content of molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O. At this increase or decrease in the number of molecules ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, as well as molecules containing heavy iso tops, can be not only absolute (above or below the standard indicators SMOW and SLAP), but also relative - in relation to this indicator, characteristic of drinking water in a particular region of a person's residence.

The ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O molecule is the lightest of the totality of isotopic varieties of water molecules. Therefore, water with a significantly increased fraction of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O is characterized by a lower molecular weight, has a lower density and is the lightest in the category of isotope-light waters. Such water in the claimed invention is terminologically defined as light purified or light especially pure water.

The physical, chemical and biological properties of isotope-heavy waters (heavy in D, heavy in oxygen ¹⁷ O and oxygen ¹⁸ O) are significantly different from each other and from the properties of natural water. For example, boiling and freezing temperatures, density and the rate of chemical and biochemical reactions change [2, 9, 10, 11]. This allows us to consider the above heavy isotopic modifications of H ₂ O as various independent substances, which are impurities with respect to water ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O.

The reaction of biosystems when exposed to H ₂ O may vary depending on quantitative and qualitative changes in the isotopic composition of H ₂ O. The use of water with an increased concentration of heavy isotopes, in particular deuterium, causes pronounced toxic effects at the body level, limiting the possibility of its use in therapeutic and preventive purposes [12]. At the same time, positive biological activity of waters obtained using various technological processes belonging to the category of isotopic lungs with a decrease to one degree or another compared with the initial concentration of deuterium was recorded at different sites [4, 13-21]. That is, quantitative and qualitative indicators of the isotopic composition of water significantly affect its effectiveness when using water as a solvent or ingredient. Therefore, the need is obvious depending on the purpose of the regulation of the isotopic composition of water used by humans for technological processes, drinking, as part of medicinal, cosmetic, hygienic, perfumery, etc. The presence of impurities in the form of isotope-heavy water, decreasing the proportion of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, changes some characteristics and, therefore, the quality of water, since the primary active principle is precisely water with a molecular composition of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, i.e. actually "water by definition" in the chemical, physical and biological senses. In natural waters, the quantitative ratio of isotopic varieties of H ₂ O molecules depends on the geographic location of the region, climatic conditions, precipitation, season of the year [3]. Ocean water, which makes up the bulk of the water on Earth, contains a smaller amount of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O compared with the main fresh water reserves. For freshwater sources, this indicator fluctuates, but generally has a tendency to increase compared to ocean water. However, natural sources of water with the highest content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O (Antarctic and high-altitude glaciers) are located in places of sparsely populated or almost uninhabited people.

Although the isotopic composition of the atmospheric moisture of the surface and underground waters of the continents varies widely, these fluctuations, however, are subject to certain laws [3]. For example, with a decrease in the concentration of deuterium in atmospheric precipitation, the content of oxygen-17 and oxygen-18 also decreases. This is due to the physicochemical processes of evaporation-condensation of water occurring in nature. The correlation between δD and δ ¹⁸ O for natural water, built on the basis of a large number of experimental data, was first established by Craig [5] and the regression equation δD = 8δ ¹⁸ O + 10% o bears his name.

Therefore, it is preferable that the increase in the content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in water during its industrial production occurs due to the removal of molecules containing not only deuterium, but also heavy oxygen isotopes ( ¹⁷ O and ¹⁸ O).

The prior art on the production of isotope-light water is presented by a number of patents, however, they all relate to methods and installations that reduce to a certain extent only the amount of heavy hydrogen isotopes in water, mainly deuterium, while maintaining the initial oxygen isotopic composition in H ₂ O .

So, a method and installation for producing “melt” and “relict” water with a low content of heavy isotopes of deuterium and tritium are described [13-15]. The essence of the proposed method is that it includes the operation of cooling water and subsequent thawing of frozen water [13]. However, the degree of reduction in the amount of deuterium is very small. There is a facility that allows the electrolysis method to achieve a fairly significant depletion of water by deuterium isotopes in the absence of gravity in order to use such water in inhabited space objects [16]. But the performance of such an installation is extremely small.

The closest technical solution to the objects of our inventions is the patent RU 2125817 [17].

According to this patent, water with a reduced deuterium content is obtained by distillation methods and / or standard electrolysis. From the description it follows that distillation occurs by boiling distilled water in a distillation column for 30-50 plates at a pressure of 50-60 mbar with a reflux ratio of 12-13 and a 10-fold residue. Using these parameters, the concentration of deuterium in the first fractions is 20-30 ppm. By increasing the number of plates, you can still reduce the deuterium content in water to 1-10 ppm. The same patent [17] proposes a method for producing D-depleted water using electrolysis. The concentration of D in the thus obtained water is 30-40 ppm. It is further proposed to mix the water prepared by such methods with ordinary water until a deuterium content of between 111 and 135 ppm is obtained. That is, the main task is to reduce only the content of the heavy hydrogen isotope deuterium in the produced water.

Although a decrease in the deuterium content in water leads to a slight increase in the proportion of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in H ₂ O, nevertheless, depletion of water by deuterium alone limits the possibility of a further increase in the content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O. As our calculations showed, the maximum possible the content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in DDW, as in any water from which only heavy hydrogen isotopes are removed, is not more than 997.36 g / kg (with a minimum residual deuterium content of 0.01 ppm), which is in the range close to the natural level according to the SLAP standard.

Thus, the proposed methods and installations do not allow, especially on an industrial scale, to significantly increase the proportion of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in the source water. A significant increase in the fraction of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in H ₂ O is possible only when all varieties of heavy isotopes D, ¹⁷ O, ¹⁸ O are removed, more precisely when removing the maximum number of molecules containing the above isotopes: ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O , ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O.

The objective of the present invention is to provide a method and installation for the production of water with a high content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O on an industrial scale. The source water for the production of water with a high content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O can be natural natural water, tap water, water of any degree of purification (distilled, deionized, etc.).

The solution to this problem is achieved by developing a method for producing light water, which involves rectification of the source water using a distillation column containing a contact device that increases the surface area for vapor-liquid interaction, while the content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in light water is at least 997, 13 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O, and the total content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O , D _{February ¹⁸} O in the light water is at most 2.87 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O, and the rectification comprising the following steps:

- the preparation of water vapor from the source water with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C ₁ ;

- supply of water vapor to the distillation column;

- steam-liquid interaction between a downward flow of liquid and an upward flow of steam on the surface of the contact device inside the distillation column, by a countercurrent flow of liquid and steam in the direction of the main fluid flow and the main steam flow along the axis of the column;

- condensation of water vapor with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C ₂ in a condenser installed in the upper part of the distillation column, and the accumulation of part of the condensate in the form of condensed light water, while C ₂ > C ₁ ;

preferably, the vapor pressure in the distillation column is from 0.05 to 0.6 bar;

it is preferable that the yield of condensed light water be from 0.001 to 0.25 of the total volume of water vapor passing through the distillation column.

The contact device can be presented in the form of plates.

Preferably, the contact device is a structured or randomized nozzle.

Preferably, the content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in the light water obtained is not less than 997.36 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O, and the total content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O in light water was not more than 2.64 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O.

More preferably, the content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in light water is not less than 997.51 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O, and the total content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O in light water was not more than 2.49 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O.

The problem is also solved by creating an installation for producing light water, which includes a distillation column, which contains a contact device to increase the surface for steam-liquid interaction, while the content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in light water is at least 997.13 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O, and the total content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O in light water is not more than 2.87 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O, while the installation includes:

- site for the preparation of water vapor from the source water with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C ₁ ;

- a unit for supplying water vapor to a distillation column;

- a distillation column, which is a pair of liquid-vapor interaction between a downward flow of liquid and an upward flow of steam on the surface of the contact device inside the distillation column by means of a counter-flow of liquid and steam while the main fluid flow and the main steam flow are directed along the axis of the column;

- node condensation of water vapor with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C ₂ in a condenser installed in the upper part of the distillation column, and the accumulation of part of the condensate in the form of condensed light water, while C ₂ > C ₁ ;

preferably, the vapor pressure in the distillation column is from 0.05 to 0.6 bar;

it is preferable that the yield of condensed light water be from 0.001 to 0.25 of the total volume of water vapor passing through the distillation column.

The contact device can be presented in the form of plates.

Preferably, the contact device is a structured or randomized nozzle.

Preferably, the content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in the light water obtained is not less than 997.36 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O, and the total content is ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, 1HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O in light water was not more than 2.64 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O.

More preferably, the content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in light water is not less than 997.51 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O, and the total content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O in light water was not more than 2.49 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O.

Illustrative examples of packing material are copper, nickel, stainless steel, or alloys.

The process of rectification of the source water in order to obtain water with a high content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O is illustrated in FIG. 1, which schematically shows a plant consisting of a unit for preparing water vapor from the source water with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C ₁ (1), a unit for supplying water vapor to a distillation column (2), a unit for steam-liquid interaction, which is a distillation column (3) with a contact device inside it (4), a unit for condensing water vapor with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C ₂ (5 ), where C ₂ > C ₁ ; the arrows indicate the flow directions of the rising steam and the descending liquid.

By varying the number of separation stages in the column, the working pressure, as well as the ratio of the selection of a part of the condensate in the form of water with a high content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O to the liquid flow in the distillation column, we obtain a given degree of water enrichment with its lightest component ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O. enrichment depends on the specific purpose of the application of light water.

The technical result of the present invention is the creation of an effective method and installation for the industrial production of light highly pure water with a high content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O. The method and installation for the production of light water, proposed in the patent, allow the industrial way to achieve a very significant degree of removal from the source water molecules containing heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen: ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O and therefore, significantly increasing the content of H ₂ ¹⁶ O. In Performan this yields a new product - the extra pure light water with a high degree of homogeneity by isotope composition. Work on the creation of a targeted technology for producing water with an increased content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in the patent and periodic literature has not been found.

The production process of light purified water with a high content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O using the method and installation of the invention is shown in the example. An example is given only to illustrate the effectiveness and capabilities of this invention, in no way limiting the scope of its application.

Example 1 The production process of light highly pure water with a high content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O using the method and installation of the invention.

The source distilled water with a content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to 997.0927 g / kg (concentration C ₁ ), enters a separate container for the preparation of water vapor (1, Fig. 1). Steam is generated using heat-electric heating elements with a total power of 12 kW. The resulting water vapor is sent to the distillation column through a special unit for supplying and distributing water vapor (2, Fig. 1) adjacent to the base of the distillation column. From here, water vapor enters directly into the distillation column, which is a site of interaction between the upward flow of steam and the downward flow of liquid (3, Fig. 1). The process occurs by a countercurrent of liquid and steam in the direction of the main fluid flow and the main steam flow along the axis of the column. The column is a hollow cylinder made of 02X12T stainless steel, wall thickness 2 mm, height 6000 mm, diameter 100 mm. The internal space of the column in a filling way is filled with a randomized nozzle (4, Fig. 1) to increase the interaction surface between the ascending vapor stream and the descending liquid stream in the distillation column.

The nozzle is a 3 mm spiral prismatic elements made of stainless wire with a diameter of 0.2 mm. The specific surface of the nozzle is 2550 m ² / m ³ , the fraction of free volume is 0.84 m ² / m ³ , the mass of a unit volume is 1100 kg / m ³ .

The process of water vapor enrichment with the lightest molecules takes place in a distillation column on the surface of the contact device (nozzle) at a temperature of 60 ° C and a pressure of 0.2 bar. The resulting water vapor with a high content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in a volume of 16 l / h is condensed in a condensation unit (5, Fig. 1) located in the upper part of the distillation column. The yield of condensed light water is 0.025 part of the total volume of water vapor passing through the distillation column, and is equal to 0.4 l / h. The finished product is light water with a high content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to 997.65 g / kg (concentration of C ₂ ; in this case, C ₂ > C ₁ ).

Information sources

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Claims (10)

1. A method of producing light water, comprising rectification of the source water using a distillation column containing a contact device that increases the surface area for vapor-liquid interaction, while the content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in light water is at least 997.13 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O, and the total content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O in light water is not more than 2.87 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O, while rectification includes the following steps: the preparation of water vapor from the source water with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C ₁ ; steam supply to the distillation column; steam-liquid interaction between a downward flow of liquid and an upward flow of steam on the surface of the contact device inside the distillation column by countercurrent flow of liquid and steam while the main flow of liquid and main flow of steam along the axis of the column; condensation of water vapor with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C ₂ in a condenser installed in the upper part of the distillation column, and the accumulation of part of the condensate in the form of condensed light water, while C ₂ > C ₁ ; the vapor pressure in the distillation column is from 0.05 to 0.6 bar and the yield of condensed light water is from 0.001 to 0.25 of the total volume of water vapor passing through the distillation column. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the contact device is presented in the form of plates. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the contact device is presented in the form of a structured or randomized nozzle. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in light water is not less than 997.36 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O, and the total content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O in light water is not more than 2.64 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in light water is not less than 997.51 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O, and the total content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O in light water is not more than 2.49 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O. 6. Installation for producing light water, including a distillation column, which contains a contact device to increase the surface for steam-liquid interaction, while the content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in light water is not less than 997.13 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ Oh, and the total content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O in light water is no more than 2.87 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O, this installation includes a unit for preparing water vapor from the source water with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C ₁ ; a unit for supplying water vapor to a distillation column; distillation column, which is a pair of liquid-vapor interaction between a downward flow of liquid and an upward flow of steam on the surface of the contact device inside the distillation column by countercurrent flow of liquid and steam while the main flow of liquid and main flow of steam along the axis of the column; a unit for condensation of water vapor with a concentration of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O equal to C ₂ in a condenser installed in the upper part of the distillation column, and the accumulation of part of the condensate in the form of condensed light water, while C ₂ > C ₁ ; the vapor pressure in the distillation column is from 0.05 to 0.6 bar and the yield of condensed light water is from 0.001 to 0.25 of the total volume of water vapor passing through the distillation column. 7. Installation according to claim 6, characterized in that the contact device is presented in the form of plates. 8. Installation according to claim 6, characterized in that the contact device is a structured or randomized nozzle. 9. The installation according to claim 6, characterized in that the content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in light water is not less than 997.36 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O, and the total content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O in light water is not more than 2.64 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O. 10. Installation according to claim 6, characterized in that the content of ¹ H ₂ ¹⁶ O in light water is at least 997.51 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O, and the total content is ¹ H ₂ ¹⁷ O, ¹ H ₂ ¹⁸ O, ¹ HD ¹⁶ O, ¹ HD ¹⁷ O, ¹ HD ¹⁸ O, D ₂ ¹⁶ O, D ₂ ¹⁷ O, D ₂ ¹⁸ O in light water is not more than 2.49 g / kg of the total amount of H ₂ O.