RU2294905C2 - Method of reusing ashes - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: waste disposal.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to utilizing ashes from combustion of sludge formed during treatment of municipal sewages, agricultural sewages, and from combustion of domestic garbage, and problematic garbage. Method is characterized by mixing 40-60% ashes; 10-20% silica-based component composed of 50-75% SiO₂, 5-30% Al₂O₃, 5-20% Na₂O, and 1-10% CaO; and 20-40% acidic component; granulating thus obtained mixture; powdering granules with disperse refractory material; partially drying and then thermally treating them in two steps: first at 400-600°C for 10-30 min and then at 870-950°C for 1-20 min.

EFFECT: substantially lowered process temperature, increased strength and waterproofness of resulting nontoxic granules, which can be buried without damage for environments or used as aggregates for building materials.

24 cl, 3 tbl, 5 ex

Description

The invention relates to the processing of waste, and more specifically to methods for the disposal of ash by converting it into a granular non-toxic form.

The granular ash obtained as a result of the invention can be disposed of without environmental damage or used as a filler for building materials.

An urgent technical and environmental problem, especially for large cities, is the utilization of ash generated during the burning of municipal household waste and sludge from sewage treatment plants, which in some cases contains toxic substances.

The simplest methods of ash disposal, such as spraying on farmland or landfilling in waste bins, although cheap, cannot be considered environmentally friendly. Therefore, to exclude direct contact of the buried ash with the environment, the storage sites are deboned. However, this is also unsafe, since concrete is used for deboning with aggregate consisting of the same ash, which in turn is washed out into the soil through concrete pores and cracks.

For better ash retention, binders, for example milk of lime, gypsum, clay, are added to concrete. Some industrial wastes may act as binders, which can thus also be disposed of (fly ash, flue gypsum, alkaline runoff of chemical fiber production, etc.). Such filled concrete, cement, asphalt is used, as a rule, as a building material and pavement [RF patent No. 2145585 from 02.27.1997, DE patents No. 3441786 from 06.21.86, DE No. 3713482 from 04.22.87, DE No. 43377789 from 11/05/93, JP No. 6318224 of 07/27/88, JP No. 8217501 of 08/27/96, US No. 55562587 of 09/14/92]. However, over time, these concretes also collapse, cracks, chips appear, and the ash and other waste contained in the concrete are gradually washed out and enter the environment.

Known methods for producing polymer concrete filled with ash, when high molecular weight compounds, for example, unsaturated polyester resin are used as a binder [RF patent No. 2100303 from 02.20.1996]. Such polymer concrete is characterized by high strength characteristics, resistance to chips, products from it have a non-porous surface, but its cost is very high. In addition, the polymer component of concrete is exposed to microorganisms, which over time leads to its decomposition and, consequently, destruction of concrete and leaching of ash.

The main reason for these disadvantages inherent in the above-described known methods is the disposal of ash in powder form. This leads to the fact that small particles of ash are not retained in the carrier - a building material and are washed out through defects in it.

A known method of disposal of ash and coal beneficiation waste by obtaining compacted agglomerates from them by sintering at a temperature of 1200-1400 ° C and subsequent use of the resulting agloporite as a concrete aggregate [A.S. USSR No. 5448586]. The disadvantages of the method are the harsh heat treatment conditions, the high density of the resulting agloporite, the inability to control the size of the agglomerates, which affects the quality of composite materials based on them.

The principal possibility of granulating ash is shown in a known method for producing lightweight aggregate for concrete from organo-containing coal industry wastes by processing them by introducing sulfate crystalline hydrates, granulating the resulting mixture, preliminary heat treatment of granules in an oxidizing medium at a temperature of 700-1000 ° C for 30-90 min and firing at temperatures up to 1200 ° C with simultaneous dusting of the granules with dispersed refractory material [A.S. USSR No. 730655].

The disadvantage of this method is the high heat treatment temperature, corrosion of the equipment under the action of sulfur dioxide released from the charge, and the need to neutralize this gas.

Closest to the claimed invention is a method for producing granular lightweight aggregate for concrete from carbon-containing wastes of metallurgical production [RF patent No. 2082688 from 03.06.1994]. The method includes the following operations. By mixing 50-85 wt.% Dehydrated sludge of wet gas treatment of furnaces smelting silicon-containing alloys, 3-8 wt.% Of iron-containing component (blast furnace dust of oxygen-converter plants, iron ore), 1-8 wt.% Of lime-containing component (product of dry gas cleaning of furnaces for calcining lime, ground limestone, dolomite) and 5-10 wt.% clay component and water up to 100 wt.% the mixture is prepared. In addition to clay, a plasticizer lignosulfonate in an amount of up to 1.5 wt.% Can be added to the mixture. The mixture is granulated, and the obtained granules are dried. Then, in an oxidizing medium, a preliminary two-stage heat treatment of the granules is carried out at a temperature of 450-660 ° C for 5-15 minutes and at a temperature of 800-1000 ° C for 2-4 minutes. The granules thus prepared are calcined at a temperature of the order of 1200 ° C. while dusting with dispersed refractory material. The granules obtained in a known manner correspond to bulk density and compressive strength for concrete aggregates. Granules can be made without concrete into concrete, where they are evenly distributed in volume. The disadvantages of this method is the multi-stage heat treatment (3 stages) and especially the high temperature at which its final stage is carried out. In addition, heat treatment in an oxidizing environment requires special equipment. The produced granules are porous due to the expansion of the charge during redox reactions and the evolution of gases that occur during heat treatment. The presence of pores on the surface of such granules does not exclude leaching of toxic substances into the environment during operation of concrete filled with these granules.

The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is to create a method for utilizing ash less energy intensive than the known one and to obtain a granular product that is resistant to external influences, especially moisture.

The inventive method of disposal of ash or a mixture of ashes from waste incineration selected from the group: household waste, sludge generated during the treatment of municipal wastewater, sludge generated during the treatment of agricultural wastewater, problem rubbish is that 40-60 wt. % of the specified ash, 10-20 wt.% component based on silicon oxide of the composition SiO ₂ - 50-75%, Al ₂ O ₃ - 5-30%, Na ₂ O - 5-20%, CaO - 1-10%, 20-40 wt.% Acid component, granules are formed from the resulting mixture, dusted with dispersed refractory material, dried and thermally treated Botko pellets in two steps, wherein the heat treatment the granules in the first step is carried out for 10-30 min at a temperature of 400-600 ° C and the second stage - for 1-20 minutes at a temperature of 870-950 ° C.

As ash, it is possible to use ash from the burning of sludge generated during the treatment of municipal wastewater, and additionally ash from the burning of household waste, with a ratio of 5: 1-3: 1, respectively.

In addition, ashes, it is possible to use ashes from the burning of sludges generated during the treatment of municipal wastewater, and additionally ashes from burning problem waste, with a ratio of 5: 1-3: 1, respectively.

As ash, it is possible to use a mixture of ashes consisting of two components, the first of which is ash from burning sludge generated during the treatment of municipal wastewater, and the second consists of a mixture of ash from burning household and problem waste, while the ratio of these components in the mixture is 5: 1-3: 1.

As ash, it is possible to use a mixture of ash from burning sediments generated during the treatment of agricultural wastewater and ash from burning household waste, with a ratio of 5: 1-3: 1, respectively.

As ash, it is possible to use a mixture of ash from burning sludge generated during the treatment of agricultural wastewater and ash from burning problem waste, with a ratio of 5: 1-3: 1, respectively.

As ash, it is possible to use a mixture of ashes consisting of two components, the first of which is ash from burning sludge generated during the treatment of agricultural wastewater, and the second consists of a mixture of ash from burning household and problem waste, while the ratio of these components in the mixture is 5: 1-3: 1.

As ash, it is possible to use a mixture of ash from the combustion of sludges generated during the treatment of municipal wastewater, and ash from the burning of sludges generated during the treatment of agricultural wastewater.

As ash, it is possible to use a mixture of ashes, consisting of two components, the first of which is a mixture of ash from the combustion of sludges generated during the treatment of municipal wastewater, and ash from the burning of sludges generated during the treatment of agricultural wastewater, and the second component consists of ash from burning household waste, while the ratio of these components in the mixture is 5: 1-3: 1.

As ash, it is possible to use a mixture of ashes, consisting of two components, the first of which is a mixture of ash from the combustion of sludges generated during the treatment of municipal wastewater, and ash from the burning of sludges generated during the treatment of agricultural wastewater, and the second component consists of ash from burning problem waste, while the ratio of the mentioned components in the mixture is 5: 1-3: 1.

As ash, it is possible to use a mixture of ashes, consisting of two components, the first of which is a mixture of ash from the combustion of sludges generated during the treatment of municipal wastewater, and ash from the combustion of sludges generated during the treatment of agricultural wastewater, and the second component consists of a mixture angry from burning household and problem garbage of arbitrary composition, while the ratio of these components in the mixture is 5: 1-3: 1.

As the acid component, sulfuric acid with a concentration of concentrated to 20% solution, or phosphoric acid with a concentration of concentrated to 30% solution, or waste of etching solutions of iron based on sulfuric acid, or a mixture of waste of etching solutions of iron on based on sulfuric acid with sulfuric acid.

Embodiments of the method may include initially mixing the ash and the silica component, and then adding the acid component.

Mixing of the components can be carried out until a homogeneous mass is formed.

Granules can form at a temperature of 20-60 ° C.

As a dispersed refractory material for dusting granules, a component based on silicon oxide of the initial mixture can be used.

Before heat treatment, the granules can be dried at a temperature of 105-150 ° C to a residual moisture content of not more than 2%.

The second stage of heat treatment can be performed by singeing granules, and the cooling of granules after the second stage of heat treatment can be carried out at a speed of not more than 100 ° C / min.

The specified set of essential features of the proposed method for utilization of ash provides a technical result: firstly, reducing the energy intensity of the process due to the heat treatment of granules in two stages (instead of three in the prototype method) at a maximum temperature of 950 ° C (in the prototype method - 1200 ° FROM). The second stage of heat treatment can be replaced by the singeing of granules, which reduces the time of the process. Secondly, as a result of the implementation of the proposed method, a lightweight durable granular material with a non-porous impermeable and therefore moisture-resistant surface (unlike the known granules) is obtained, non-toxic, capable of independent long-term storage without the risk of environmental pollution and is a universal filler for various building composite materials.

The inventive method of disposal of ash is cheap, as it requires less energy than known methods, and uses as components of the initial mixture waste from consumption and production. Outside the specified ranges of parameter values at which the inventive method is carried out, the technological and economic parameters of the method and the parameters of the resulting material are deteriorating. So, an increase in the amount of ash in the composition of the initial mixture above the upper boundary of the interval does not allow to obtain strong granules, they become brittle. A decrease in the proportion of ash in the mixture below 40% is impractical from the point of view of the purpose of the method - the disposal of ash, that is, the binding in granules of the maximum amount of ash. A change in the quantitative composition of the remaining ingredients of the mixture leads to a deterioration in the strength of the granules or the inability to obtain them at all. The formation of granules occurs either at room temperature or at temperatures up to 60 ° C. Above this temperature, adhesion of the granules is observed. After dusting, the granules are dried at the indicated optimum temperature of 105-150 ° C to a residual moisture content of 2%, otherwise, during further heat treatment, evaporated water can break the granules. At temperatures below 105 ° C, drying is delayed in time, above 150 ° C - the water evaporates too quickly and the granules become defective. Thus, the indicated temperature and time intervals of the heat treatment are selected so as to minimize energy consumption. Beyond the lower boundaries of the intervals, high-quality durable and impermeable granules are not obtained, going beyond the upper boundaries is impractical, since it deprives the claimed method of its main advantage - lowering the temperature of processing the granules.

The inventive method of disposal is similar to the known method in that both are based on the process of granulating ash, including mixing the ingredients, molding the granules, dusting, drying the granules, and also including heat treatment of the granules. However, the composition of the ingredients, the sequence and mode of operations in the present method are original, different from the essential features of the prototype method.

The analysis of the prior art did not allow to find a solution that completely coincides in the aggregate of essential features with the claimed method of ash disposal, which indicates the novelty of the invention.

Only the set of essential features of the proposed method for the disposal of ash allows to achieve the above technical result. From the fame of the individual features of the invention does not follow clearly the possibility of lowering the processing temperature of the granules and at the same time obtain a quality product. Indeed, all known methods of granulating ash are completed by firing the granules at a temperature of not lower than 1100 ° C, while additional dusting of the granules is necessary to prevent their sintering.

The following could not have been supposed in advance.

1) As a result of the implementation of the proposed method receive granules protected from external influences by a solid non-porous surface. Possible toxic substances of ash are reliably hidden inside the granules and in the case of, for example, destruction of concrete, in which granules are used as aggregate, they will not be released into the environment.

2) The inventive method is applicable for the disposal of the most widespread and common waste - ash from the incineration of household waste and sewage sludge.

3) Granules obtained by the claimed method are universal non-toxic aggregate for composite building materials.

Thus, in the inventive method of disposal of ash implemented a new functional dependence "composition, operation - property". This allows us to claim compliance of the claimed invention with the patentability criterion of "inventive step".

The ability to achieve the stated result in the claimed method when using ashes obtained by burning municipal wastewater sludge, depending on the treatment and / or incineration methods, is due to the following. As a result of the work of a group of leading researchers, including with the participation of the applicant, a number of non-trivial conclusions can be drawn about the properties of such evils:

particle size - from 0.1 to 100 μ, and in this range two subgroups of particles are noticeable, namely aerosol particles with an average size of about 0.5 μ and larger particles with a diameter of about 30-50 μ;

the specific surface of the ash is highly developed and reaches 5-20 m ² / g;

particle shape - aerosol particles have a more regular (sphere-shaped, rectangular, etc.) shape, large particles are characterized by a less ordered shape;

chemical composition - aerosol particles mainly consist of salts, oxides and more complex compounds with the participation of heavy metals, large particles mainly contain more complex compounds (such as aluminosilicates) with the participation of so-called matrix-forming elements - Ca, Mg, Si, Al, Fe, etc.

origin of ash particles - aerosol particles are formed by volatile compounds of a number of metals, including heavy ones, which evaporate or are sublimated during the thermal decomposition of the burned sediment. The composition of the combusted sludge determines the temperature and gas flow through the furnace, and therefore the quantity, chemical composition and type of aerosol particles. In the process of cooling the exhaust gas, vapors of volatile compounds either condense on the surface of larger particles or aggregate into aerosol particles;

the origin of large particles - they are not agglomerates of aerosols, but are formed by fine dust formed during the combustion of dried sludge and carried out by the gas stream from the furnace. Since the temperatures and times of particles in the hot zone are insufficient to completely melt and acquire particles of a spherical shape, when passing through this zone they are only partially melted from the surface. In the cooling zone, they represent a convenient target for aerosol deposition on them;

the concentration of heavy metals in two types of particles is very different. In a typical case, the concentration of zinc and cadmium in aerosol particles was up to 40,000 mg / kg and 100 mg / kg, and in large particles 550 ± 200 mg / kg and about 30 mg / kg, respectively;

depending on the means used for the deposition of sludge, the sewage sludge ash can be divided according to the ratios of matrix-forming elements into:

containing SiO ₂ —Fe ₂ O ₃ —P ₂ O ₅ - and relatively little CaO—, and

containing SiO ₂ —CaO-P ₂ O ₅ and relatively little Fe ₂ O ₃ .

In ash with a high content of iron oxide, the main phases are hematite, quartz, and calcium phosphate containing iron.

In addition, these ashes contain silicate and silicate-phosphate phase mixtures or types of glass with varying contents of SiO ₂ , TiO ₂ , Al ₂ O ₃ , CaO and MgO and have a relatively high content of K ₂ O as well as P ₂ O ₃ . In addition, flat and spherical particles (grains) of iron phosphate, which are also found in a mixture with hematite, were found in such ashes. The metal oxides are hematite, titanium oxide and ilmenite.

In ashes, where there is little iron oxide and a lot of CaO, the main phases are only quartz and calcium phosphate. The remaining silicates are Na-K-Ca feldspar - a mixture with feldspar, Al-Fe-pyroxene, Ca-Mg-Fe-pyroxene, titanite and olivine, as well as other silicate-phosphate phases.

However, due to the fairly standard composition of the sludge in most European large cities, the average heavy metal content in the ash and the incinerator as a whole differ little (see table 1) - the tests carried out with almost all the composition ash make it possible to substantiate the claimed method as working and effective.

Similar arguments can be made for possible comments about the possibility of achieving the set result when using the ash obtained by burning sediments generated during the treatment of agricultural wastewater.

Ash from the incineration of household garbage or municipal solid waste (MSW) differs from the above two types of ash in the direction of higher contents of heavy metals. However, between the ash from the incineration of solid waste in different cities, the difference in physicochemical properties is not so large as to make the claimed process ineffective. If we consider the fractional composition of urban solid waste in different regions of the world, the data show only the difference in the number of organic fractions that burn out and do not take part in the formation of ash - see table 2. Conducted studies suggest that it is possible to achieve the set result when using ashes from burning solid waste in grate and rotary kilns in three different regions of Europe.

The possibility of achieving the set result when working with ashes obtained by burning problem rubbish is due to the following. The applicant worked with ashes from burning in a rotary kilns a number of problematic wastes, which, as a rule, are supplied to the incinerator from various suppliers, are stored and mixed in ratios that allow the combustion process to be carried out without violating the MPC for gas purity at the outlet of gas treatment systems. So, we investigated the ash from the gas purification filters of the rotary kiln of the Vienna Heating Plant (WTC) - see table 3. The table below shows that the composition of the ash obtained from the WTC incinerator is highly stable, while the WTC utilizes the following wastes - batteries, galvanic sludge production, paint and varnish waste, electronic scrap, medical waste, soil, impregnated with fuels and lubricants, etc. In addition, work was carried out with samples of ashes obtained from three incinerators of the French group SECHE, special ruyuscheysya for thermal processing of industrial and domestic "problematic" waste. In all cases, an unequivocal answer was received about the possibility of achieving the set result when using the method.

In confirmation of the compliance of the claimed invention with the condition of patentability "industrial applicability" and for a better understanding of its essence, examples of specific performance are given below.

The general characteristics of the examples are as follows.

The ash granulation process was carried out using standard technological equipment.

As the silicon-containing component, a component based on silicon oxide was used, which is a mixture of clay from the Pikalevsky deposit (St. Petersburg) and finely ground window glass containing SiO ₂ - 50-75%, Al ₂ O ₃ - 5-30% , Na ₂ O - 5-20%, CaO - 1-10%. However, it should be noted that the applicant conducted tests with clay obtained from five different deposits, which did not reveal any serious deviations in the results of the ash utilization process.

As the acidic component, aqueous solutions of inorganic acids and waste of etching solutions of iron based on sulfuric acid containing up to 200 g / l of iron salts were used.

Strength compression testing of granules was carried out in accordance with GOST 9758-86 "Inorganic porous aggregates for construction work. Test methods".

Tests of the toxicity of granules for the content of heavy metal ions and microbiology conducted:

1) An accredited testing laboratory of food products, raw materials and materials at the Center for Testing and Certification of St. Petersburg (Test - St. Petersburg) of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization and Metrology in accordance with regulatory documents:

MI 2223-92 (lead content); GOST 30178-96 (content of zinc, copper, iron); GKSEN 01-19147-11-92 (content of chromium, nickel);

ISO 8288-86 (cobalt content);

2) An accredited laboratory for the study of environmental factors of the City Center of the State SSES of St. Petersburg under the Department of Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance of the Russian Federation of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Guidelines "Biotesting of products from polymeric and other materials" 1.1.037-95.

Example 1

440 g (44 wt.%) Of ash obtained from burning sludge generated during the treatment of municipal wastewater, 110 g (11 wt.%) Of ash from burning problem waste, 110 g (11 wt.%) Of the oxide component are mixed silicon in the form of a mixture of clay from the Pikalevsky deposit (St. Petersburg) and finely ground window glass (SiO ₂ - 50%, Al ₂ O ₃ - 30%, Na ₂ O - 10%, CaO - 10%), then add 330 g (33 wt.%) Of the waste of an etching solution of iron based on sulfuric acid containing 200 g / l of iron sulfate. The mixture is brought to a homogeneous state by stirring. In a drum standard granulator, granules are formed at a temperature of 60 ° C, dusted with the same composition that was used to prepare the initial mixture, and dried for 30 minutes at a temperature of 110 ° C. In drum-type furnaces, the granules are heat treated in two stages: at a temperature of 490 ° C for 15 minutes and at a temperature of 910 ° C for 10 minutes. The granules are cooled after the second heat treatment step at a rate of not more than 100 ° C / min.

Example 2

Conducted according to example 1, with the difference that the second stage of heat treatment is carried out by singeing the granules using a gas burner with air blasting.

Example 3

Carried out according to example 1. To prepare the initial mixture take 550 g (55 wt.%) Ash from municipal wastewater treatment plants.

Example 4

Conducted according to example 1. To prepare the initial mixture take 550 kg (55 wt.%) Ash from the municipal wastewater treatment plant and the mass of the remaining ingredients is calculated in kg.

Example 5

Conducted according to example 1. To prepare the initial mixture take 440 g (44 wt.%) Of ash obtained from the combustion of sludges generated during the treatment of municipal wastewater, 110 g (11 wt.%) Of ash from burning household waste.

All granules obtained in the examples according to the claimed method had the following characteristics:

- granule size from 10 to 20 mm;

- the surface of the granules is smooth, without pores, the granules are waterproof;

- granules do not collapse up to a load of 24 kg per granule (which corresponds to GOST), but when the granule breaks, it breaks, and dust does not form;

- According to the results of toxicity studies carried out in these accredited specialized laboratories, granules and water extracts from them are recognized as non-toxic.

The implementation of the proposed method for the disposal of ash is not limited to the above examples.

The results shown in examples 1-5 indicate that when implementing the claimed invention it is possible in milder thermal conditions than in known analogues, to obtain granular ash with high strength characteristics, waterproof, in a non-toxic form. In this case, the gain in temperature is up to 300 ° C, which is a fundamental technological moment. Pellets on the basis of these characteristics can be subsequently disposed of or used as a filler for building materials.

Table 1 - the content of phosphorus, iron, aluminum and heavy metals in the ashes of a number of European incinerators. Oven P ₂ O ₅ ,% Fe ₂ O ₃ ,% Al ₂ O ₃ ,% Zn mg / kg Pb mg / kg Cu, mg / kg Cd
mg / kg Cr
mg / kg WSO 1-2 Vienna 20.8 23,2 9.3 2575 284 635 5.1 104 WSO 3 Vienna 20.1 18.6 9.8 1978 220 543 3.4 92 Vodokanal S.Pb (2001) ^* 7.6 6.15 6.6 2200 400 730 2.7 400 Berlin, Germany 15,5 22.6 10.56 2680 190 1560 3.4 129 Wilhelmshaven. Germany 18.1 19.6 8.88 2030 156 552 2.7 150 North Brabant Holland 12.6 eleven 10.04 2240 340 970 4.1 205 ^* - nitrogen-acid extract gives underestimated values compared to standard methods.

Tab. 2
MSW fractional composition in cities of 22 European countries. Fractional composition (% of wet weight) From to Average Food and organic waste 20-39 32,4 Plastic 6-15 12.0 Paperboard 14-34 24.2 Metal 4-7 4.7 Glass and inert materials 5-11.9 6.2

Tab. 3
The content of basic elements and metals in the ash from the burning of problematic waste from the Vienna Central Heating Plant. ELEMENTS 2002 2001 2000 Al mg / kg 12.022 14.854 13.576 Sb mg / kg 682 566 665 As mg / kg 117 164 142 Wa mg / kg 124 467 205 Be mg / kg ≪1 ≪1 one Fe mg / kg 42.995 44.928 46.928 Pb mg / kg 23.099 26.386 25.162 Cd mg / kg 361 485 360 Cr mg / kg 730 775 494 Co mg / kg 101 106 101 Cu mg / kg 6.340 5.605 6.333 Mn mg / kg 1.992 1.571 1.046 Ni mg / kg 965 996 995 Hg mg / kg one one 0 Ag mg / kg 365 395 309 V mg / kg 84 101 110 Zn mg / kg 67.789 44.635 52.921 Sn mg / kg 2.741 2.757 2.039 AT mg / kg 734 722 570 Na ₂ O % 20.8 16,2 17.9 MgO % 1.3 1.4 1.4 Al ₂ O ₃ % 3.3 3,7 2.9 SiO ₂ % 11.7 12.6 12,2 P ₂ O ₅ % 2,4 four 2,4 SO ₃ % 20.5 20.3 21,4 Cl % 3.34 3.38 3.4 K ₂ O % 5.7 5,4 5.3 Cao % 6.7 9.3 8.2 TiO ₂ % 3,1 four 3.3 Fe ₂ O ₃ % 6.3 7.5 7.6 CuO % 1,1 0.85 0.94 Zno % 8.5 7.3 6.7 Bao % 0.53 0.98 0.91 Pbo % 2.1 2,8 2.2 Amount % 99.7 101 9 989

Claims (22)

1. The method of disposal of ash or a mixture of ashes from waste incineration selected from the group: household waste, sludge generated during the treatment of municipal wastewater, sludge generated during the treatment of agricultural wastewater, problem rubbish, which consists in the fact that 40-60 wt. .% of the specified ash, 10-20 wt.% component based on silicon oxide composition: SiO ₂ 50-75%, Al ₂ O ₃ 5-30%, Na ₂ O 5-20%, CaO 1-10%, 20- 40 wt.% Acid component, granules are formed from the resulting mixture, dusted with dispersed refractory material, dried, and granules are heat treated l by a two-stage heat treatment wherein the granules in the first step is carried out for 10-30 min at a temperature of 400-600 ° C and the second stage - for 1-20 minutes at a temperature of 870-950 ° C. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the ash used is ash from the burning of sludge generated during the treatment of municipal wastewater, and additionally, ash from the burning of household waste, with a ratio of 5: 1-3: 1, respectively. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the ash used is ash from the burning of sludge generated during the treatment of municipal wastewater, and additionally ash from the burning of problem rubbish at a ratio of 5: 1-3: 1, respectively. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that ashes use a mixture of ashes, consisting of two components, the first of which is ash from burning sludge formed during the treatment of municipal wastewater, and the second consists of a mixture of ash from burning household and problem rubbish, while the ratio of these components in the mixture is 5: 1-3: 1. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the ash is a mixture of ash from the combustion of sludge generated during the treatment of agricultural wastewater and ash from the burning of household waste, with a ratio of 5: 1-3: 1, respectively. 6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the ash is a mixture of ash from burning sediments generated during the treatment of agricultural wastewater and ash from burning problem waste at a ratio of 5: 1-3: 1, respectively. 7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that ashes use a mixture of ashes, consisting of two components, the first of which is ash from burning sludge formed during the treatment of agricultural wastewater, and the second consists of a mixture of ash from burning household and problem rubbish, while the ratio of these components in the mixture is 5: 1-3: 1. 8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the ash is a mixture of ash from the combustion of sludge generated during the treatment of municipal wastewater, and ash from the combustion of sludge generated during the treatment of agricultural wastewater. 9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that ashes use a mixture of ashes, consisting of two components, the first of which is a mixture of ash from burning sludge formed during the treatment of municipal wastewater, and ash from burning sludge formed during treatment of agricultural wastewater, and the second component consists of ash from the incineration of household waste, while the ratio of these components in the mixture is 5: 1-3: 1. 10. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that ashes use a mixture of ashes, consisting of two components, the first of which is a mixture of ash from burning sludge generated during the treatment of municipal wastewater, and ash from burning sludge formed during treatment of agricultural wastewater, and the second component consists of ash from burning problem waste, while the ratio of these components in the mixture is 5: 1-3: 1. 11. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that ashes use a mixture of ashes, consisting of two components, the first of which is a mixture of ash from burning sludge formed during the treatment of municipal wastewater, and ash from burning sludge formed during treatment of agricultural wastewater, and the second component consists of a mixture of ash from burning household and problem waste of arbitrary composition, while the ratio of these components in the mixture is 5: 1-3: 1. 12. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that as the acid component using sulfuric acid with a concentration of concentrated to 20% solution. 13. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the acid component is phosphoric acid with a concentration of concentrated to 30% solution. 14. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that as the acid component using waste pickling solutions of iron based on sulfuric acid. 15. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that as the acid component using a mixture of waste pickling solutions of iron based on sulfuric acid with sulfuric acid. 16. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the ash and the silica-based component are mixed first, and then the acid component is added. 17. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the mixing of the components is carried out until a homogeneous mass is formed. 18. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the granules are formed at a temperature of 20-60 ° C. 19. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that as a dispersed refractory material for dusting the granules, a component based on silicon oxide of the initial mixture is used. 20. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that before the heat treatment, the granules are dried at a temperature of 105-150 ° C to a residual moisture content of not more than 2%. 21. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the second stage of heat treatment is carried out by singeing granules. 22. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the cooling of the granules after the second stage of heat treatment is carried out at a speed of not more than 100 ° C / min.