RU2290638C2 - Method of testing wood for content of chemical elements - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: analytical methods.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to physicochemical analysis of various types of environmental pollution and can be used in environmental engineering, forestry, and agriculture. Method comprises measuring macrostructure of radial annual zone of wood before taking samples from non-dried disks from the stem of tree, drawing lines and splitting the disks along four geodesic directions. Further, each radial plate is split into samples of approximately rectangular shape, while commencing counting from central sample. Additionally, disks are taken from the stem except height 1.3 m as well as from big branches and big roots and test samples are taken for chemical analysis from small roots, small branches, and leaves of a model free. Ashing and chemical analysis results obtained along the height of each model tree before tree is cut are compared with the same results obtained from peripheral samples taken in the form of disks at different heights of stem as well as big branches and big roots. Statistic regularities in distribution of chemical elements and their groups are then revealed.

EFFECT: increased accuracy in comparison of chemical element contents along the height of growing tree.

8 cl, 8 tbl, 2 ex

Description

The invention relates to physicochemical analysis of various types of landscape pollution with the presence of trees and woody vegetation and can be used in environmental engineering, forestry, forestry and agriculture, as well as in environmental monitoring systems of various environmental management and environmental protection sectors. Given the physiological and morphological relationships through the chemical properties of the structural elements of model trees, the present invention can be used in forestry, forest protection and forest nurseries.

A known method of testing wood for chemical pollution, used to study the biological cycle of chemical elements in forest landscapes (see, for example, the book: Rodin L.E., Remezov N.P., Bazilevich N.N. Methodological guidelines for the study of dynamics and biological circulation in phytocenoses. - L .: Nauka, 1968. - S.9-12) on trial plots. The method includes laying a trial plot in a forest, selecting model trees, felling and bucking of each model tree.

The size of the trial plot is 0.20-0.25 ha, the number of trees evenly spaced should be 150-200 trunks. The test area should be removed from the edges and glades at a distance of not less than 200 m. The boundaries of the test area in the form of a square or rectangle are beaten along the compass and hollowed. On the test plot, a cartogram of the distribution of tree species is compiled, the calculation (by species) and measurement of the diameter of the trees at a height of 1.3 m from the root collar along 2-centimeter thickness steps in 2 directions are performed. The average diameter of each tree species is also calculated. At the same time, the height of the trees is measured by three measurements for each step of thickness. According to the graph of the dependence of height on the diameter of the trunk determine the height of the average model tree. A model tree on a temporary trial plot is selected on the square itself, and with a constant trial plot, model trees are selected outside the trial plot. Then the model tree is cut off at the very base, that is, near the root collar, the length is measured, the age rings are determined by the annual rings on the butt or stump, two series of saw cut circles are cut from the trunk at a distance of 1 m, 1.3 m, 3 m, 5 m etc. every two meters (with a tree length of less than 15 m after 1 m) up to the top. The thickness of the circles varies depending on the thickness of the tree trunk so that the uppermost sections of the trunk have a mass of at least 50 g (which is necessary according to the conditions of chemical analysis). Both series of circles are weighed. In the future, one series of circles serves to analyze the course of growth, the second - to determine the chemical composition and moisture content of wood.

For chemical analysis, sector samples are used. The disadvantage is that sector patterns are formed of complex shapes. Therefore, prior to chemical analysis, it is impossible to carry out various measurements on the physicochemical properties of wood (for example, stereometric, acoustic, and other physicomechanical properties). In addition, two series of circles increase the complexity of the work, reduce the accuracy of the comparison of acoustic, macrostructural, physical and mechanical (density, hardness, etc.) and chemical (ash, content of chemical elements) indicators. Thus, the main drawback is the inability to perform complex measurements of many types of indicators on sector parts of circles, due to the fact that the methods of physico-mechanical and chemical analysis of wood pollution are not mutually compatible.

There is also a known method of testing the wood of a growing tree according to patent No. 2144025, MKI G 01 N 33/46, A 01 G 23/00, 23/02, including measuring on an unfinished circle before taking samples of the macrostructure of the annual layers of wood along the trunk radii, then draw lines and split the circle in four geodetic directions (north – south, west – east) so that radial plates form along the axes of the geodetic coordinates of the model tree. After that, each radial plate is split into samples of approximately rectangular shape, starting from the central sample, including the core of the barrel, then the punctured central, middle and peripheral samples are conditioned to equilibrium humidity, the density and other physical and mechanical properties are measured, then they are dried to absolutely dry state and, after repeated measurements of physical and mechanical properties, dry samples are subjected to ashing and analysis for the content of chemical elements.

The disadvantage is the ability to test only stem wood or wood of large branches and large roots. Moreover, the method does not allow to take into account the results of a chemical analysis of foliage, small branches, small roots. The lack of chemical analysis data for the whole tree does not allow us to analyze the change in the content of chemicals depending on the cycle of substances in the growing tree, that is, mineral deposits are not taken into account when water rises from the roots to the foliage along the water-conducting layer. However, it is not possible to compare the chemical content in various parts of the tree in height. In addition, sampling with an approximate cross section of 20 × 20 mm over the entire radius of the trunk does not allow to distinguish a water-conducting layer in the sapwood zone of the trunk. As a result, the comparison of the content of chemical elements along the height of the tree is performed in the same way as it is recommended in the analogue (that is, according to the book: Rodin L.E., Remezov N.P., Bazilevich N.N. Methodological guidelines for the study of dynamics and the biological cycle in phytocenoses. - L .: Nauka, 1968. - 145 p.), but the properties of an individual tree are not taken into account, and the chemical analysis is compared for different parts of the trees for all trees of the trial plot.

EFFECT: increased complexity of testing structural elements of a growing tree and accuracy of comparing the content of chemical elements along the height of a growing tree.

This technical result is achieved by the fact that the method of testing wood for the content of chemical elements, including measuring before taking mugs from non-dried circles from the tree trunk the macrostructure of annual wood layers along the radius of the trunk, drawing lines and splitting the circles in four geodetic directions (north-south, west - east) so that radial plates are formed along the axes of the geodetic coordinates of the model tree, splitting each radial plate into samples of approximately rectangular shape, a different account from the central sample, including the core of the trunk, further conditioning the punctured central, medium and peripheral samples to equilibrium moisture, measuring the density and other physico-mechanical properties of the wood, then drying them to a completely dry state and, after repeated measurements of the physico-mechanical properties , ashing of dry samples and analysis for the content of chemical elements, characterized in that it additionally takes circles from the trunk except for a height of 1.3 m, as well as from large branches and cereals roots, in addition, they take samples in the form of samples for chemical analysis from small roots, small branches and foliage from a model tree, then compare the results of their ashing and chemical analysis, the height of each model tree to its felling, with the results of ashing and chemical wood analysis of peripheral samples taken in the form of circles at different heights of the trunk, as well as large branches and large roots, is performed with the identification of statistical patterns of distribution of chemical elements and their groups.

When taking peripheral samples from one trunk circle at a height of 1.3 m, the wood ashing of circles from large roots and large branches is performed as a whole, without separation into radial plates and without splitting them into core, middle and peripheral wood samples in geodesic directions.

The results of ashing and chemical analysis of samples and samples are taken into account along the movement of mineral substances from small roots to foliage.

To compare the results of ashing and chemical analysis along the height of each model tree to its felling, the structural elements of the model tree are distributed according to the following simple rank scale:

0 - small roots;

1 - roots are large;

2 - a tree trunk with a circle at a height of 1.3 m;

3 - large branches;

4 - small branches;

5 - foliage (needles).

The statistical laws of the content of chemicals and their groups in a tree are performed according to the formula:

C = C ₁ + C ₂ ,

,

,

,

,

where C is the content of a chemical or group of chemicals in structural elements, that is, in biological organs, of a model tree,% on dry matter;

C ₁ - the law of death, which is a special case of a biotechnical law proposed by prof. P.M. Mazurkin, and showing the effect of the root system on the content of chemical elements (or their groups) in parts of the model tree,% on dry matter;

C ₂ - the law of allometric (exponential) growth, which is also a special case of the biotechnical law proposed by prof. P.M. Mazurkin, and showing the effect of the crown on the content of chemical elements (or their groups) in parts of the model tree,% on dry matter;

With ₀ - the content of chemical elements or their groups in small roots,% on dry matter;

r is the rank of the structural part or biological organ of the model organ, r = 0, 1, 2, ..., and r = 0 for small roots;

a ₁ - activity decline (death) of the concentration of a chemical element or group of chemical elements with the movement of minerals with water from small roots to foliage from the influence of the roots;

and ₂ - the intensity of the decline (death) of the concentration of a chemical element or group of chemical elements with the movement of minerals with water from small roots to foliage from the influence of the roots;

a ₃ - activity of increasing the concentration of a chemical element or group of chemical elements from the influence of foliage, when minerals with water move from small roots to foliage;

a ₄ - the growth rate of the concentration of a chemical element or group of chemical elements depending on the influence of foliage, when minerals with water move from small roots to foliage.

By the ratio between the components of the statistical regularity, the ecological quality of the model tree is judged.

In many chemical elements, ranking is performed in descending order of their quantitative content in foliage (needles) with revealing a statistical regularity according to the formula:

C _L = C ₁ + C ₂ + C ₃ -C ₄ ,

,

,

,

,

,

,

where C _L is the concentration of chemical elements in the foliage (needles),% on dry matter;

C ₁ - the law of death, which is a special case of the biotechnical law proposed by prof. P.M. Mazurkin, and showing the change in the content of all tested chemical elements in the foliage of a tree,% on dry matter;

With ₀ - the nitrogen content in the foliage of the tree,% dry matter;

С ₂ - the biotechnical law of stress excitation of the first 3-4 according to the hierarchy of chemical elements, mainly calcium, potassium and magnesium, showing the adaptability of trees of this species to the entire population of measured chemical elements,% on dry matter;

C ₃ - biotechnological law of stress excitation of hierarchical averages of chemical elements, mainly phosphorus or manganese, showing the adaptability of trees of this species to the entire population of measured chemical elements,% on dry matter;

, % на сухое вещество;C ₄ - the adaptability of trees of this species to a set of chemical elements in the environment by vibrational disturbance with amplitude

,% dry matter;

r _he - the rank of the distribution of chemical elements for a given tree species, r _he = 0, 1, 2, ..., and r _he = 0 for nitrogen;

a ₁ ... a ₁₄ - parameters of the statistical regularity, changing for each model tree.

In many chemical elements, silicon is released, according to the content of which in chemical dendrochronology the evolutionary age of each type of test model trees and woody plants is estimated.

The essence of the technical solution lies in the fact that chemical elements (at least 10 species) are considered as members of a certain population to which this tree adapts during its growth and development.

The essence of the technical solution lies in the fact that many chemical elements in the soil are different. Therefore, a growing tree adapts to the environment through a response to the content of the most important elements (nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium), and adapts to the content of some other chemical elements according to the biotechnical law and adapts to nutrients from the environment by vibrational disturbance.

A positive effect is achieved by the fact that by the distribution of the concentration of chemical elements in various organs of the model tree, it becomes possible to assess not only the environmental situation during life (until the time of felling), but also the life of this tree as a biological species. In the latter case, the regularities of the hierarchical distribution of chemical elements in foliage (needles) are studied.

In the patent and scientific and technical literature of materials discrediting the novelty of the invention, we have not found. The set of essential features that make up the technical solution, suggests the conclusion about the possibility of recognition of the method of the invention.

A method of testing wood for the content of chemical elements in a tree or a combination thereof comprises the following steps.

In many research cases, it is sufficient to conduct a chemical analysis on samples from foliage, small branches, small roots, as well as taking circles from large branches and large roots. A circle is taken from the trunk at a height of 1.3 m, divided into radial plates and wood samples: central, middle and peripheral. In the general case, circles from large branches and roots are also divided into plates and wood samples, and circles at several heights are taken from the trunk. This allows you to more accurately identify statistical patterns.

In both cases, the wood circle is split, for example, using a long chipless knife into radial plates in geodesic directions (north – south, west – east) so that plates are formed along the axis of the circle. Moreover, for chemical analysis, it is sufficient to take peripheral wood samples.

Next, test the peripheral samples of wood to change the physico-chemical properties, and the test is performed according to the known method (prototype). Then, after drying to an absolutely dry state, the peripheral wood samples are subjected to ashing to determine the content of chemical elements.

Thus, additionally, circles are taken from the trunk except for a height of 1.3 m, as well as from large branches and large roots, in addition, samples are taken in the form of samples for chemical analysis from small roots, small branches and foliage from a model tree, then comparison of the results of their ashing and chemical analysis, the height of each model tree to its felling, with the results of ashing and chemical analysis of wood of peripheral samples taken in the form of circles at different heights of the trunk, as well as large branches and large orney perform the identification of statistical regularities distribution of chemical elements and their groups.

When taking peripheral samples from one trunk circle at a height of 1.3 m, the wood ashing of circles from large roots and large branches is performed as a whole, without separation into radial plates and without splitting them into core, middle and peripheral wood samples in geodesic directions.

The results of ashing and chemical analysis of samples and samples are taken into account along the movement of mineral substances from small roots to foliage.

To compare the results of ashing and chemical analysis along the height of each model tree to its felling, the structural elements of the model tree are distributed according to the following simple rank scale:

0 - small roots;

1 - roots are large;

2 - a tree trunk with a circle at a height of 1.3 m;

3 - large branches;

4 - small branches;

5 - foliage (needles).

The statistical laws of the content of chemicals and their groups in a tree are performed according to the formula:

C = C ₁ + C ₂ ,

,

,

,

,

where C is the content of a chemical or group of chemicals in structural elements, that is, in biological organs, of a model tree,% on dry matter;

C ₁ - the law of death, which is a special case of the biotechnical law proposed by prof. P.M. Mazurkin, and showing the effect of the root system on the content of chemical elements (or their groups) in parts of the model tree,% on dry matter;

C ₂ - the law of allometric (exponential) growth, which is also a special case of the biotechnical law proposed by prof. P.M. Mazurkin, and showing the effect of the crown on the content of chemical elements (or their groups) in parts of the model tree,% on dry matter;

With ₀ - the content of chemical elements or their groups in small roots,% on dry matter;

r is the rank of the structural part or biological organ of the model organ, r = 0, 1, 2, ..., and r = 0 for small roots;

and ₁ - activity decline (death) of the concentration of a chemical element or group of chemical elements with the movement of minerals with water from small roots to foliage from the influence of the roots;

and ₂ - the intensity of the decline (death) of the concentration of a chemical element or group of chemical elements with the movement of minerals with water from small roots to foliage from the influence of the roots;

a ₃ - activity of increasing the concentration of a chemical element or group of chemical elements from the influence of foliage, when minerals with water move from small roots to foliage;

a ₄ - the growth rate of the concentration of a chemical element or group of chemical elements depending on the influence of foliage, when minerals with water move from small roots to foliage.

By the ratio between the components of the statistical regularity, the ecological quality of the model tree is judged.

In many chemical elements, ranking is performed in descending order of their quantitative content in foliage (needles) with revealing a statistical regularity according to the formula:

C _L = C ₁ + C ₂ + C ₃ -C ₄ ,

,

,

,

,

,

,

where C _L is the concentration of chemical elements in the foliage (needles),% on dry matter;

C ₁ - the law of death, which is a special case of the biotechnical law proposed by prof. P.M. Mazurkin, and showing the change in the content of all tested chemical elements in the foliage of a tree,% on dry matter;

With ₀ - the nitrogen content in the foliage of the tree,% dry matter;

С ₂ - the biotechnical law of stress excitation of the first 3-4 according to the hierarchy of chemical elements, mainly calcium, potassium and magnesium, showing the adaptability of trees of this species to the entire population of measured chemical elements,% on dry matter;

C ₃ - biotechnological law of stress excitation of hierarchical averages of chemical elements, mainly phosphorus or manganese, showing the adaptability of trees of this species to the entire population of measured chemical elements,% on dry matter;

, % на сухое вещество;C ₄ - the adaptability of trees of this species to a set of chemical elements in the environment by vibrational disturbance with amplitude

,% dry matter;

r _he - the rank of the distribution of chemical elements for a given tree species, r _he = 0, 1, 2, ..., and r _he = 0 for nitrogen;

and ₁ ... a ₁₄ are the parameters of the statistical regularity that change for each model tree.

In many chemical elements, silicon is released, according to the content of which in chemical dendrochronology the evolutionary age of each type of test model trees and woody plants is estimated.

A method of testing wood for the content of chemical elements in a growing tree is implemented, for example, on a model tree as follows.

After selection in the tree stand, the model tree is measured in height, the inclination of the trunk relative to the vertical (necessary for comparing radial plates) in the appropriate direction for geodetic reference of the model tree and its saw cuts to the cardinal points, and also determine the shape of the crown, the presence of external defects and other taxation indicators. In addition, the area of the model tree growth is determined, as well as the main taxation indicators of the trees surrounding it for the purpose of subsequent comparison in the analysis of the ecological state of the forest. For this, the values of taxation indicators for the studied forest area are also written out from the forest inventory data.

The model tree is cut down, branches are chopped off, and the trunk is cut into pieces so as to cut circles at least 100 mm thick at appropriate distances. Then a circle of wood is cut from a stump at the level of the root neck of the tree.

On a wood mug, for example, sawn at the level of 1.3 m, mark the boundary of the water-conducting layer, then separate the circle from the bark, split it into radial plates that are oriented along the north-south and west-east geodetic directions. Before cracking, the macrostructural parameters of the annual layers of wood are measured. Then, lines of future splits are marked on radial plates so that the central sample is symmetrical about the core. In this case, the core and sound wood can have several samples. On each radial plate, the midpoints of all samples are marked and the radii from the center of the tree rings on the circle are measured. The middle and peripheral samples are split along the radius from the central sample so that the split lines are in the early zone of the annual layer of wood and the thickness of the samples is approximately equal to or more than 10 mm.

From wood circles take peripheral samples. At the same time take samples of foliage, small roots, as well as whole circles from large branches and large roots.

Peripheral samples, including growth over the last 10 years of growth of a model tree in thickness, are punctured in a water-conducting layer of sapwood. Therefore, one of the sides of the last sample will be a section of the cylindrical surface of the trunk near the cambial layer.

It follows that, compared with the prototype, additionally taking circles from the trunk except for a height of 1.3 m, as well as from large branches and large roots. In addition, sampling in the form of samples for chemical analysis from small roots, small branches and foliage from a model tree is performed, then the results of their ashing and chemical analysis are compared with the results of ashing and chemical analysis of wood from peripheral samples taken in the form of circles at various heights trunk, as well as large branches and large roots, perform with the identification of statistical patterns of distribution of chemical elements and their groups.

From the set of model trees, the average values of the content of chemical elements in the wood of the entire stand are determined.

When taking peripheral samples from one trunk circle at a height of 1.3 m, the wood ashing of circles from large roots and large branches is performed as a whole, without separation into radial plates and without splitting them into core, middle and peripheral wood samples in geodesic directions.

The results of ashing and chemical analysis of samples and samples are taken into account along the movement of mineral substances from small roots to foliage.

To compare the results of ashing and chemical analysis along the height of each model tree to its felling, the structural elements of the model tree are distributed according to the following simple rank scale:

0 - small roots;

1 - roots are large;

2 - a tree trunk with a circle at a height of 1.3 m;

3 - large branches;

4 - small branches;

5 - foliage (needles).

The statistical laws of the content of chemicals and their groups in a tree are performed according to the formula:

C = C ₁ + C ₂ ,

,

,

,

,

where C is the content of a chemical or group of chemicals in structural elements, that is, in biological organs, of a model tree,% on dry matter;

C ₁ - the law of death, which is a special case of the biotechnical law proposed by prof. P.M. Mazurkin, and showing the effect of the root system on the content of chemical elements (or their groups) in parts of the model tree,% on dry matter;

C ₂ - the law of allometric (exponential) growth, which is also a special case of the biotechnical law proposed by prof. P.M. Mazurkin, and showing the effect of the crown on the content of chemical elements (or their groups) in parts of the model tree,% on dry matter;

With ₀ - the content of chemical elements or their groups in small roots,% on dry matter;

r is the rank of the structural part or biological organ of the model organ, r = 0, 1, 2, ..., and r = 0 for small roots;

a ₁ - activity decline (death) of the concentration of a chemical element or group of chemical elements with the movement of minerals with water from small roots to foliage from the influence of the roots;

and ₂ - the intensity of the decline (death) of the concentration of a chemical element or group of chemical elements with the movement of minerals with water from small roots to foliage from the influence of the roots;

a ₃ - activity of increasing the concentration of a chemical element or group of chemical elements from the influence of foliage, when minerals with water move from small roots to foliage;

a ₄ - the growth rate of the concentration of a chemical element or group of chemical elements depending on the influence of foliage, when minerals with water move from small roots to foliage.

By the ratio between the components of the statistical regularity, the ecological quality of the model tree is judged.

In many chemical elements, ranking is performed in descending order of their quantitative content in foliage (needles) with revealing a statistical regularity according to the formula:

C _L = C ₁ + C ₂ + C ₃ -C ₄ ,

,

,

,

,

,

,

where C _L is the concentration of chemical elements in the foliage (needles),% on dry matter;

C ₁ - the law of death, which is a special case of the biotechnical law proposed by prof. P.M. Mazurkin, and showing the change in the content of all tested chemical elements in the foliage of a tree,% on dry matter;

With ₀ - the nitrogen content in the foliage of the tree,% dry matter;

С ₂ - the biotechnical law of stress excitation of the first 3-4 according to the hierarchy of chemical elements, mainly calcium, potassium and magnesium, showing the adaptability of trees of this species to the entire population of measured chemical elements,% on dry matter;

C ₃ - biotechnological law of stress excitation of hierarchical averages of chemical elements, mainly phosphorus or manganese, showing the adaptability of trees of this species to the entire population of measured chemical elements,% on dry matter;

, % на сухое вещество;C ₄ - the adaptability of trees of this species to a set of chemical elements in the environment by vibrational disturbance with amplitude

,% dry matter;

r _he - the rank of the distribution of chemical elements for a given tree species, r _he = 0, 1, 2, ..., and r _he = 0 for nitrogen;

and ₁ ... a ₁₄ are the parameters of the statistical regularity that change for each model tree.

In many chemical elements, silicon is released, according to the content of which in chemical dendrochronology the evolutionary age of each type of test model trees and woody plants is estimated.

Examples. The results of statistical modeling are given according to experimental data taken from an analogue (trees on all test sites on average).

The basis of all the vital processes occurring in the tree and its parts are various chemical elements. The distribution of chemical elements can be considered relative to the tree by its height. In this case, the top of the plant or root hair can be taken as the beginning. Computational experiments have shown that according to the bottom-up principle, models are almost 10 times more accurate than equations from the top-down pattern. Therefore, we take the rank scale according to the desire of the tree to the light of the Sun.

The content of chemical elements in various organs of the tree was adopted according to the book (Rodin L.E., Remezov N.P., Bazilevich N.I. Methodological guidelines for the study of dynamics and the biological cycle in phytocenoses. - L .: Nauka, 1968 . - 145 p.).

We propose the following ranking scale of tree parts:

0 - small roots;

1 - roots are large;

2 - trunk;

3 - large branches;

4 - small branches;

5 - foliage, needles.

These ranks are located in the direction of the flow of minerals necessary for the formation of assimilation products. Therefore, small roots get a zero rank. The remaining parts of the tree will be taken for consumers of these minerals, sent to other organs through the woody body. Moreover, the leaves or needles are the most distant in height from small roots.

Such a six-digit scale turned out to be quite sufficient for statistical modeling of data on the distribution of chemical elements in the dry mass of parts of a tree. Further, the models are given for spruce and birch, and for all chemical elements taken into account by experiments.

Spruce. The content of all substances without nitrogen (% per dry plant) is determined by the dependence (Table 1):

Table 1
The content of chemicals (without nitrogen) in the spruce tree,% on dry matter Part of the tree Rank r

Fact

Estimated Values (1) Components (1) FROM ε Δ,% C ₁ C ₂ Small roots
Large roots
Trunk
Large branches
Small branches
Needles 0
one
2
3
four
5 1.29
0.79
0.37
0.79
1.44
2.34 1.29
0.79
0.37
0.78
1.45
2.34 -8.1e-8
4.2e-6
-2.0e-5
0.007
-0.009
0.003 -0.00
0.00
-0.01
0.89
-0.63
0.13 1.29
0.72
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.07
0.33
0.78
1.45
2.34

Immediately, we note that all the laws governing the distribution of chemical elements over parts of a tree are similar to the given construction. Therefore, it will be possible to give a table of values of empirical coefficients. However, in this case, a meaningful description of the two processes that make up the general process of distributing chemical elements in a tree (at the time of the study) is reduced.

The first component of formula (1) shows the proportion of the influence of the root system on the content of chemical elements, and the second - foliage or needles. Therefore, in a growing tree there are two centers of attraction for chemicals - foliage (needles) and small roots.

Table 2 shows the total content of chemical elements in various parts of the spruce tree according to the formula:

table 2
The content of all chemicals in the spruce tree,% dry matter Part of the tree Rank r

Fact

Estimated Values (2) Components (2) FROM ε Δ,% C ₁ C ₂ Small roots
Large roots
Trunk
Large branches
Small branches
Needles 0
one
2
3
four
5 2.00
1.08
0.48
1.10
2.02
3.35 2.00
1.08
0.48
1.08
2.04
3.34 -2.1e-6
6.6e-6
-0.000
0.018
-0.022
0.008 -0.00
0.00
-0.02
1.64
-1.09
0.24 2.00
0.98
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.10
0.44
1.08
2.04
3.34

For chemical elements, the values of the parameters of the distribution formula for parts of the spruce tree are given in Table 3.

Table 3 The content of chemical elements in the tree spruce,% dry matter Chemical element Designation Statistical Model Parameters Error Δ,% C ₀ a ₁ a ₂ a ₃ a ₄ Nitrogen N 0.7100 0.9366 8.5733 0.02172 2.3835 3.87 Silicon Si 0.04012 0.2977 2.1516 4.3733e-7 8.4090 38.08 Calcium Sa 0.5300 0.6339 6.3590 0.1088 1.1919 08/22 Potassium TO 0.2009 0.2692 2.7222 0.005597 2.9730 34.27 Magnesium Mg 0.05285 0.5579 1.2199 0.001918 2.5293 60.80 Phosphorus R 0.1100 1.1577 17.6062 0.005440 2.0461 28.75 Aluminum Al 0.1919 1.2815 1.2452 0.006275 2.1445 84.57 Iron Fe 0.02052 1.1893 one 0.0002854 2.2390 ∞ Manganese Mn 0.03031 0.6132 one 0.0005959 2.9161 33.89 Sulfur S 0.1102 1.2979 one 0.008954 1.7025 6.59

In general, the desired regularity is written as follows:

where C ₀ is the concentration of the chemical element in small roots,%; and ₁ - the activity of the death of the natural regularity of raising chemical elements to leaves or needles; and ₂ - the intensity of the decrease in the concentration of the substance along the height of the tree; a ₃ - tree activity according to allometric growth of the chemical element content; and ₄ - the growth rate of biotechnological excitation of the tree by the "creation" of this chemical element.

Thus, to some extent, we adhere to the concept that plants can be “alchemists” and can create the necessary chemical elements for themselves. Otherwise, it is impossible to explain the fact that there is so much chemical substance in the tree: it is impossible to take more than the thirtieth of the dry mass of leaves or needles of a tree only from trace minerals of the soil.

The infinity of the relative error appears due to the zero actual value of the studied indicator. The maximum relative error appears in the tree trunk. This is apparently due to the influence of the woody body. If it is possible to isolate its constant influence as a past supply, then, as already noted in previous chapters, the concentration of wood sap can be constant over the entire length of the trunk. This fact also means that the pattern of distribution of chemical elements along the generatrix of the barrel may not exist.

Birch. Large branches have not been studied here. Therefore, the third rank from the list of parts of the tree drops out. For all chemicals (excluding nitrogen), the formula is obtained (Table 4):

Table 4
The content of chemicals (without nitrogen) in the birch tree,% on dry matter Part of the tree Rank r

Fact

Estimated Values (4) Components (4) FROM ε Δ,% C ₁ C ₂ Small roots 0 1.50 1.50 -0.00 -0.00 1.50 0.00 Large roots one 1.00 1.00 1.1e-16 0.00 1.00 0.00 Trunk 2 0.32 0.32 5.6e-17 0.00 0.31 0.01 Large branches 3 - - - - 0.05 0.13 Small branches four 0.80 0.80 -0.00 -0.00 0.00 0.80 Needles 5 3.18 3.18 8.9e-16 0.00 0.00 3.18

From the data of table 4 shows that it is possible to predict the concentration of chemical elements. In large branches there should be 0.18% of chemical elements without nitrogen per dry matter.

Taking into account nitrogen there will be an equation (Table 5):

For large branches, a concentration of 0.47% of all chemical elements in dry matter is predicted. In this case, both equations have an almost unambiguous regularity. Comparison with spruce shows that the total content of chemical elements is greater. This, in our opinion, is due to the fact that birch leaves are of the same age, and spruce needles live up to 5-7 years.

Table 5 The content of chemicals in the birch tree,% dry matter Part of the tree Rank r

Fact

Estimated Values (5) Components (5) FROM ε Δ,% C ₁ C ₂ Small roots 0 2.96 2.96 -0.00 -0.00 2.96 0.00 Large roots one 1.52 1.52 -2.2e-16 -0.00 1.52 0.00 Trunk 2 0.58 0.58 -0.00 -0.00 0.55 0.03 Large branches 3 - - - - 0.16 0.31 Small branches four 1.61 1.61 6.7e-16 0.00 0.04 1.57 Needles 5 5.54 5.54 2.7e-15 0.00 0.01 5.53

Thus, the statistical regularity of changes in the concentration of chemical elements in the dry matter of a tree, according to its height from bottom to top from the roots to the crown, is proved: they all have a joint effect from small roots (the first component) and from foliage or needles (the second component).

The parameters of the models for each chemical element (the arrangement of elements adopted by the source) are given in table.6.

These equations repeat the found general regularity (3), therefore, it is possible to further compare individual chemical elements with each other by the values of the model parameters.

Table 6
The content of chemical elements in the birch tree,% on dry matter Chemical element Designation Statistical Model Parameters Error Δ,% C ₀ a ₁ a ₂ a ₃ a ₄ Nitrogen N 1.4600 1.0336 0.8120 0.0006570 5.0780 0.00 Silicon Si 0.1001 0.7110 1.9278 0.0006864 2.2683 59.34 Calcium Sa 0.6000 0.3349 2.3219 0.0007523 4.5448 0.00 Potassium TO 0.1700 0.2683 1.7525 8.9830e-6 7.0229 0.00 Magnesium Mg 0.1600 0.2878 2.2646 6.3279e-8 10.0501 1.90 Phosphorus R 0.1100 0.7892 1.1743 0.00003730 5.3016 0.00 Aluminum Al 0.5999 0.4056 2.1870 0.00001039 5.7576 1.40 Iron Fe 0.05528 0.01219 7.1153 0.003979 0 60.20 Manganese Mn 0.04000 5.5677 one 1.7120e-8 9.7863 ∞ Sulfur S 0.07007 0.5632 1.8164 4.5333e-6 6.0743 3.24 Sodium Na 0.06963 0.3389 5.1714 0.001086 1.0007 ∞ Chlorine Cl 0.07021 0.8122 one 0.00005714 4.6165 23.80

In this set of chemical elements, birch appeared two new substances - sodium and chlorine, which were not in the spruce. We assume that these sets fully characterize this type of tree. Then in further studies, methods of population dynamics can be applied.

A strict hierarchy is also observed in the population of chemical elements, and therefore, we further consider the ranking distribution of chemical elements by the concentration of parts of the tree in dry matter. Here, this distribution must first be accepted by foliage and needles, as the most effective of all other organs of the tree.

Then the dependence for spruce was obtained (Table 7):

There are four components to this formula. The second and third help to adapt the population of 10 chemical elements to this type of tree, which arose 400-450 million years ago. The third component shows the slowly growing wave indignation of the "world ether". In this case, the beginning of this wave is shifted back by almost one rank, that is, in front of nitrogen there is some other chemical element (maybe hydrogen?), Which was characteristic of the Earth’s atmosphere.

Table 7
The population of chemical elements of spruce needles,% dry matter Chemical element Rank r

Fact

Estimated Values (6) Statistical Model Components (6) FROM Δ,% C ₁ C ₂ C ₃ but C ₄ N
Sa
TO
Si
Al
R
S
Mg
Mn
Fe 0
one
2
3
four
5
6
7
8
9 1.01
0.72
0.66
0.33
0.18
0.14
0.13
0.10
0.07
0.01 1.01
0.72
0.66
0.33
0.18
0.14
0.12
0.11
0.07
0.01 0.02
-0.01
-0.03
0.09
0.56
-2.43
4.23
-5.50
5.29
-13.00 1.01
0.71
0.38
0.17
0.06
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.01
0.26
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.02
0.07
0.12
0.14
0.12
0.08
0.05
0.03 0.000
0.003
0.007
0.010
0.014
0.017
0.021
0.024
0.027
0.031 0.000
-0.001
-0.007
-0.003
0.010
0.015
-0.002
-0.023
-0.018
0.015

Nitrogen, calcium, and potassium stand out most from the total set. This trinity is also present in the population of chemical elements of birch. Therefore, the hierarchy here does not change. In this finite set, the maxima are located (they are highlighted) in this way: the first component is nitrogen, the second component is potassium, the third is phosphorus, and the fourth is manganese. At the same time, the amplitude of the oscillation seems to increase insignificantly, having a maximum for iron, but already this half of the full amplitude of the oscillation is comparable with aluminum further. Thus, the wave component, as it were, places the chemicals in concentration, or maybe, on the contrary, in rank.

For birch, we obtained the dependence of the rank distribution of the concentration of 12 chemical elements in 11 ranks (the concentrations of sodium and iron coincide) according to the formula (Table 8):

Here, the second component adapts more sharply, and the wave disturbance begins later than the distribution process begins.

Table 8
The population of chemical elements of birch foliage,% dry matter Chemical element Rank r

Fact

Estimated Values (7) Statistical Model Components (7) FROM Δ,% C ₁ C ₂ C ₃ but C ₄ N
Sa
TO
Mg
R
Mn
Al
Cl
S
Si
Na, Fe 0
one
2
3
four
5
6
7
8
9
10 2.36
1.13
0.73
0.67
0.19
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.08
0.03
0.01 2.36
1.13
0.73
0.67
0.19
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.08
0.03
0.01 0.00
0.00
0.01
0.03
-0.37
0.08
1.45
-2.90
3.88
-6.33
7.00 2.36
1.13
0.42
1.14
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.29
0.46
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.12
0.11
0.09
0.07
0.04
0.03 0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.013
0.015
0.017
0.019
0.021 0.000
0.002
-0.001
-0.006
-0.001
0.010
0.005
-0.012
-0.011
-0.012
0.018

The maximum relative error in the hierarchical arrangement of 12 chemical elements does not exceed 7%. This makes it possible to draw reliable methodological conclusions.

First, we compare the ranked rows of chemical elements. Birch arose 170-180 million years ago, that is, when the spruce lived on Earth for almost three hundred million years. In fact, birch as a plant species lives only one cycle (176 million years) of the rotation of the solar system around the center of our galaxy (the Milky Way).

The comparison revealed the following features of the populations of the chemical elements of spruce and birch:

a) the trinity N, Ca, K is constant;

b) during evolution, Na and Cl appeared near the birch;

c) iron in both types of wood is in last place, and the concentration in dry matter is the same;

d) the concentration of silicon Si fell 11 times and it shifted from fourth place to the penultimate (even if we take into account the life of needles lasting 5-7 years, the difference still remains 1.6-2.2 times);

e) the elements Al, P, S, Mn have shifted in the population of chemical elements, which can be explained by the effect of shortening the leaf life cycle instead of needles;

f) magnesium Mg in the leaves became 6.7 times greater, which can be explained by a reduction in the 7-year life of the needles by the annual leaf periodicity (growing season).

Particular attention should be paid to silicon. Apparently, in antiquity there were more organosilicon compounds, therefore, we propose the following approximate method for assessing the antiquity of woody plants: the higher the silicon content in the vegetative organs, the older the studied tree species.

The complexity of testing many indicators of the structure, properties and quality of wood, foliage, roots and bark of growing trees allows us to study the ecological regime and the ecological condition of the forest landscape. Replacing all large circles with peripheral samples reduces the complexity of ashing and subsequent chemical analysis. At the same time, the accuracy of determining the content of chemical elements in various organs of model trees increases. The transition to the chemical analysis of an individual model tree allows us to identify patterns of changes in the content of chemical elements in a specific biological organism and only then generalize all model trees from the trial area.

When applying the proposed method, it becomes possible to quantitatively study the cycle of chemicals in model trees due to the simultaneous testing of samples and samples obtained from wood, foliage and small roots. The distribution of chemical elements over the woody body of a tree allows you to expand your research in chemical dendrochronology.

Claims (8)

1. A method of testing wood for the content of chemical elements, including measuring, before taking samples on non-dried circles from a tree trunk, the macrostructure of annual wood layers along the trunk radius, drawing lines and splitting circles in four geodetic directions so that radial plates are formed along the axes of the geodetic coordinates of the model tree , the splitting of each radial plate into samples of approximately rectangular shape, starting from the Central sample, including the core of the barrel, in then conditioning the punctured central, medium and peripheral samples to equilibrium moisture, measuring the density and other physico-mechanical properties of the wood, then drying them to an absolutely dry state and, after repeated measurements of the physico-mechanical properties, ashing the dry samples and analyzing the content of chemical elements, characterized in that they additionally take circles from the trunk, except for a height of 1.3 m, as well as from large branches and large roots, taking samples in the form of samples for chemical analysis from crayons x roots, small branches and foliage from the model tree, then comparing the results of their ashing and chemical analysis, the height of each model tree to its felling, with the results of ashing and chemical analysis of the wood of peripheral samples taken in the form of circles at different heights of the trunk, and large branches and large roots, perform with the identification of statistical patterns of distribution of chemical elements and their groups. 2. The method of testing wood for the content of chemical elements according to claim 1, characterized in that when taking peripheral samples from one trunk circle at a height of 1.3 m, the wood ashing of circles from large roots and large branches is performed as a whole, without separation into radial plates and without splitting them into core, middle and peripheral wood samples in geodesic directions. 3. The method of testing wood for the content of chemical elements according to claim 1, characterized in that the results of ashing and chemical analysis of samples and samples are taken into account along the movement of mineral substances from small roots to foliage. 4. The method of testing wood for the content of chemical elements according to claim 1, characterized in that for comparing the results of ashing and chemical analysis by the height of each model tree to its felling, the structural elements of the model tree are distributed according to the following simple rank scale: 0 - small roots; 1 - roots are large; 2 - a tree trunk with a circle at a height of 1.3 m; 3 - large branches; 4 - small branches; 5 - foliage (needles). 5. The method of testing wood for the content of chemical elements according to claim 1, characterized in that the statistical laws of the content of chemicals and their groups in the tree are performed according to the formula C = C ₁ + C ₂ ,

where C is the content of a chemical or group of chemicals in structural elements, that is, in biological organs, of a model tree,% on dry matter; C ₁ - the law of death, which is a special case of a biotechnical law proposed by prof. P.M. Mazurkin, and showing the effect of the root system on the content of chemical elements (or their groups) in parts of the model tree,% on dry matter; C ₂ - the law of allometric (exponential) growth, which is also a special case of the biotechnical law proposed by prof. P.M. Mazurkin, and showing the effect of the crown on the content of chemical elements (or their groups) in parts of the model tree,% on dry matter; With ₀ - the content of chemical elements or their groups in small roots,% on dry matter; r is the rank of the structural part or biological organ of the model organ, r = 0, 1, 2, ..., and r = 0 for small roots; and ₁ - activity decline (death) of the concentration of a chemical element or group of chemical elements with the movement of minerals with water from small roots to foliage from the influence of the roots; and ₂ - the intensity of the decline (death) of the concentration of a chemical element or group of chemical elements with the movement of minerals with water from small roots to foliage from the influence of the roots; and ₃ - activity of increasing the concentration of a chemical element or group of chemical elements from the influence of foliage, when minerals with water move from small roots to foliage; and ₄ - the growth rate of the concentration of a chemical element or a group of chemical elements depending on the influence of foliage, when minerals with water move from small roots to foliage. 6. The method of testing wood for the content of chemical elements according to claim 1, characterized in that the ecological quality of the model tree is judged by the ratio between the components of the statistical regularity. 7. The method of testing wood for the content of chemical elements according to claim 1, characterized in that in a variety of chemical elements, a ranking is performed in descending order of their quantitative content in the foliage (needles) with the identification of a statistical regularity according to the formula: C _L = C ₁ + C ₂ + C ₃ -C ₄ ,

where C _L is the concentration of chemical elements in the foliage (needles),% on dry matter; C ₁ - the law of death, which is a special case of a biotechnical law proposed by prof. P.M. Mazurkin, and showing the change in the content of all tested chemical elements in the foliage of a tree,% on dry matter; With ₀ - the nitrogen content in the foliage of the tree,% dry matter; С ₂ - the biotechnical law of stress excitation of the first 3-4 according to the hierarchy of chemical elements, mainly calcium, potassium and magnesium, showing the adaptability of trees of this species to the entire population of measured chemical elements,% on dry matter; C ₃ - biotechnological law of stress excitation of hierarchical averages of chemical elements, mainly phosphorus or manganese, showing the adaptability of trees of this species to the entire population of measured chemical elements,% on dry matter; C ₄ - the adaptability of trees of this species to a set of chemical elements in the environment by vibrational disturbance with amplitude

,% dry matter; r _he - the rank of the distribution of chemical elements for a given tree species, r _he = 0, 1, 2, ..., and r _he = 0 for nitrogen; a ₁ ... a ₁₄ - parameters of the statistical regularity, changing for each model tree. 8. The method of testing wood for the content of chemical elements according to claim 1, characterized in that silicon is released in a variety of chemical elements, the content of which in chemical dendrochronology evaluates the evolutionary age of each species of test model trees and woody plants.