RU2285382C1 - Method for separate harvesting of cereal crops and apparatus for performing the same - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method involves cutting stems by means of windrow type headers and laying cereal mass into single or doubled windrow; forming united windrow from three single or two paired windrows; picking up united windrow and threshing by means of combine. Apparatus for laying of cereal mass into united windrow has carrier and feeler wheels, pickup device with belt conveyor, and hitching device for combining with tractor. Spring teeth are fixed on belt conveyor of pickup device. Transverse windrow forming conveyor consisting of two sections is positioned behind discharge edge of belt conveyor of pickup device. One of said two sections of windrow forming conveyor is rigidly mounted in parallel with conveyor of pickup device and other section is pivotally attached to said one section for moving it by means of hydraulic cylinders from transport position to operating position.

EFFECT: increased efficiency of combine due to increased capacity of windrows and reduced cereal crop harvesting time.

3 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agricultural production, in particular, to the harvesting of crops.

There is a separate method for harvesting grain crops, in which the grain mass is mowed when the bulk of the grain is in the phase of the middle of the wax ripeness at a moisture content of 25-35%. After mowing by the reapers, the bread mass is laid in rolls across the direction of sowing with the slope of the stems providing a flow of water from the ear to the butt. For this, mounted and trailed tractor and combine roller headers are used. In this case, irregularly shaped fields are distinguished with the formation of pens with longitudinal sides, with the remaining sections with non-parallel sides being placed at the edges. Headlands and angle swaths are prepared 2-3 days before the start of mass mowing into rolls. After lying on the stubble for 3 ... 5 days, and when the grain is at the beginning of full ripeness, the rolls are selected and threshed by combines and grain is transported by vehicles from field to current. The rolls are stacked with a mass corresponding to the throughput of the combine thresher at the optimum speed of its movement, and the rolls are selected after ripening of the grain and drying of the leaf-stem mass [Alferov S.A. etc. How does a combine harvester work? M .: Mechanical Engineering, 1981; RU patent No. 2097960 C1 of 12/10/1997].

The disadvantage of this technical solution is that the power of the formed roll is determined by the yield and width of the header. This does not provide full loading of combines according to the throughput of the thresher. When selecting and thrashing such rolls, combines and the accompanying vehicles for harvesting are used unproductively, making large transfers.

A known method of increasing the power of the rolls, in which the mowing mass at the beginning is fed from the header to the tape, which acts as a drive, and it is transported through the field. Upon reaching the area where the rolls are concentrated, the bread mass is fed from the tape to the stubble in a single stream with stalks mowed by the header to form a powerful roll [a.s. USSR No. 378177, A 01 D 57/20, 1971].

The disadvantage of this technical solution is that in the process of mowing grain with such a reaper, labor costs increase due to reduced productivity of the harvesting unit due to the presence of a tape drive mechanism. Winding the tape with the bread mass into a roll and transporting it with a reaping unit is an additional cost for fuel. Increases the metal consumption of the harvesting unit. Low productivity and increased metal consumption of the harvesting unit lead to increased costs when harvesting crops.

You can increase the power of the rolls through the use of header headers [a.s. USSR No. 722515, A 01 D 57/20, 1980, patent RU No. 2060624 C1, 6 A 01 D 57/20, 1996], which include a cutting apparatus, reel, swath conveyor containing endless contours of flexible load-bearing elements , front and rear shafts with pulleys mounted on them and a drive mechanism, and fingers are installed on a section of load-bearing elements less than half their length, due to which the rolls are transverse to the direction of movement of the harvesting unit. The use of harvester-headers showed that in this case the rolls of bread mass are formed within a few days, which leads to a significant change in the moisture content of the grain and the non-grain part of the crop (LFU) along their length, which ultimately affects the quality of their threshing by combines. The formation of powerful rolls of bread mass by harvesting headers is characterized by low productivity, hence the increase in the cost of harvesting grain and increasing their number in the harvesting complex of agricultural producers.

Currently, increasing the power of the rolls in a separate method of harvesting grain is carried out by increasing the width of the reaper [Aniskin V.I., Zhalnin E.V. The development of the scientific direction for the improvement of grain harvesting equipment for 2005-2015. // Technique and equipment of the village. No. 9, 2004. - P.29; AABaranov et al. New trailed roll header PN-327-7.6P “Prostor”. // Tractors and agricultural cars. No. 11, 2004; Chepurin G.E. Innovative activity of scientific institutions of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Agricultural Academy in the field of mechanization of agricultural production // Technique and equipment for the village. No. 8, 2004. - P.14.]. However, such a technical solution does not give the desired effect, because an increase in the reaper’s working width leads to an increase in its mass even more, a decrease in maneuverability and a deterioration in the visibility of the working bodies by the operator. In addition, an increase in the width of the header of the header leads to an increase in the unevenness of the grain mass in the rolls, which affects the quality of its threshing in combines in the form of an increase in crushing and microdamage of grain.

Wide-angle reapers form rolls of grain mass narrow, and the narrower the roll compared to the width of the grind, the more unevenly distributed its mass across the width of the grind. Often, grain losses, especially in the sex, turn out to be very high and it is impossible to eliminate them even with the most careful adjustment of the working bodies of combine threshing machines.

The closest in technical essence and the achieved result to the proposed technical solution is a method of forming a bread roll as a mounted or trailed header in a separate method of harvesting grain, by means of which their capacity is increased by doubling them according to the "roll to roll" scheme [Agrotechnical requirements for the harvest. // The rural machine operator. No. 6, 2004. - S.18-19; AABaranov and others. New trailed roll header PN-327-7.6P "Prostor". // Tractors and agricultural cars. No. 11, 2004; S.A. Alferov et al. How does a combine harvester work? M .: Engineering, 1981].

The disadvantage of this technical solution for grain dumping is a decrease in the productivity of harvesting units, especially wide-cut ones, an increase in the labor intensity of operators due to the complication of the technological process of mowing grain crops, as well as doubling the rolls of bread mass according to the “roll to roll” scheme, does not always provide the necessary power rolls especially for high-performance harvesters when harvesting low-yielding fields.

The closest in technical essence to the claimed device is a linen-conveyor picker containing copy wheels, with which the picking spring teeth on the conveyor are located at a certain height above the soil, providing a smooth rise of the roll from the stubble, and its transportation by the bearing surface of the belt with spring teeth in the opposite side of the movement of the mass device [Alferov S.A. etc. How does a combine harvester work? M .: Engineering, 1981].

The disadvantage of this technical solution is that it provides only a smooth rise of the roll from the stubble and its transportation by the bearing surface of the tape in the opposite direction of movement of the device. There is no movement of the bread mass of the roll across the movement of the device. In the prototype under consideration there are no such devices.

The purpose of the invention is to increase the power of the formed rolls of grain mass and the productivity of the harvesting complex, as well as reducing the time of harvesting crops, product losses and improving the quality of grain.

This goal is achieved by the fact that in the known separate method of harvesting crops, containing the operation of mowing the roll reapers of the grain mass in a single or twin roll, the power of which is formed by the width of the reapers and laying the bread mass in the roller reapers according to the scheme "roll to roll", which after 3-5 days, their lying on the stubble, depending on the moisture and the phase of ripeness of the grain, is selected and threshed with combines, according to the invention, after mowing grain crops with reapers in the roller or “roller to roller” through definiteness time interval less operate additional 3-5 days before the selection operation and combines threshing rolls which consists in that through the grain mass valkoukladki paired adjacent rolls of two or three single moved in one common roller, i.e. the power of the formed rolls is increased by laying the bread mass into the roll butt to each other from paired adjacent two or three single rolls.

It is the claimed roll stacker of bread mass from the rolls that allows you to implement the claimed method and ensure the achievement of the goal of inventions. This allows us to conclude that the claimed invention is interconnected by a single inventive concept.

A comparative analysis of the claimed solution with the prototype shows that the claimed method differs from the known one in that the power of the bread rolls is increased not during the mowing of grain crops by the reapers, but after they are laid on the stubble and only after that, after a certain period of time less than 3-5 days depending on the humidity and phase of ripeness of the grain by means of the device and the operation of rolling the bread mass from two paired or three single rolls into a common combined roll, thereby increasing their power, after 2- 4 days of their lying on the stubble carry out the selection and threshing with combines. Thus, the claimed method meets the criteria of the invention of "novelty" and "inventive step".

The swather device of this operation in a separate method of harvesting grain is a pick-up and a conveyor of a certain length, consisting of two or three sections, the first section being mounted rigidly and parallel to the edge of the conveyor belt with spring teeth of the pick-up, and the second is attached to the first articulated to transfer it from the transport to the working position and back, and there is also a tow hitch for aggregating with the tractor and support wheels.

Figure 1 shows the implementation of the proposed method of laying bread mass from rolls in a roll of high power; figure 2 shows the proposed device, a General view.

The process of forming bread rolls in the proposed method is as follows (figure 1). Mowed stalks of grain crops with a roll header 1 (standard - 6 m or 9; 10 m) are placed on the stubble. After they lie on the stubble in the form of single or paired adjacent rolls for 12-24 hours, depending on the moisture content of the grain and ripeness, which is in the phase of onset or average full ripeness, then they perform the operation - laying the bread mass from single or paired adjacent rolls in the combined roll by means of a roll-laying device 2. In this case, the power of the roll is formed from both three single and two paired adjacent rolls, which determines the roll distance. After laying the grain mass from three single or two paired adjacent rolls into one combined roll, after 2-4 days they are selected and threshed by combines. The laying of the mass of bread from the rolls by a roll-laying device into one combined roll is carried out in rectangular field pens, and in irregular-shaped pens, the rolls remain intact after the header. The operation of swathing the grain mass from the swaths to the combined swath in a separate method of harvesting grain crops can be performed not in all corrals of the field, but in those where the yield is low and its irregularity is high, which will increase the productivity of both the swathing device and the combines when selecting and threshing rolls bread mass.

The swather device 2 (FIG. 2) contains a pick-up 3, which is mounted across the movement of the device equipped with a conveyor belt 4, spring teeth 5 are fixed on the surface of the belt, which move together with the belt in the opposite direction of movement of the device. A horizontal belt conveyor 6, which has supporting wheels 7, is installed behind the discharge edge of the pick-up conveyor belt, which has support wheels 7, and the pick-up is equipped with support copy wheels 8. The length of the transverse horizontal conveyor 6 is 6 m or 9.10 m, depending on the headers used on the grain dump . Moreover, it consists of two or three sections, the first 9 being mounted rigidly and parallel to the edge of the conveyor belt with spring teeth of the pick-up. The second section 10 of the transverse horizontal conveyor is connected to the first articulated to transfer it from the transport to the working position and vice versa. In the transport position, the section is vertical, and in the working horizontal. The transfer from transport to working is carried out by means of working hydraulic cylinders. For aggregation with a tractor there is a tow hitch 11.

The device operates as follows. When the device enters the corner of a rectangular field, the picker lifts the grain mass from a single or twin roll on the stubble by means of spring teeth of the conveyor belt and moves it to the length of this conveyor, due to which the bread mass of the roll enters the transverse horizontal conveyor of the device with a length of 6 m or 9; 10 m, by means of which it moves in the field of the field paddock to the roll of bread mass lying on the stubble and lowers onto it without dynamic impact and pulling. Next, the swathing device shuttles the field and the swathing process is repeated, as a result of which a combined swath is formed, consisting of three single or two paired adjacent rolls, thereby increasing their power. After lying on the stubble of the rolls for 2-4 days and when the grain is in the phase of full ripeness, they are selected and threshed by combines.

Using the proposed method is most effective when harvesting crops on low-yielding fields, as well as on fields having a large unevenness of yield, since such stacking and formation of rolls in a separate method of harvesting grain can increase the power of the rolls by increasing the roll distance by 3 times compared with the application roll reapers in a separate method of harvesting grain without reducing labor productivity on the dump, increase the intensity of drying of the grain mass in the rolls, which ultimately toga leads to an increase in the productivity of combines, and hence a reduction in the harvesting time of grain crops, loss of production and an increase in the quality indicators of grain.

Claims (3)

1. The method of separate harvesting of grain crops, which consists in cutting the plant stalks with roller headers and laying the bread mass in a single or twin roll, selecting them and threshing them with combines, characterized in that after laying the bread mass in the roller, the headers and her lying on the stubble perform the laying operation the bread mass of the rolls by means of a stacking device into a combined roll, which is formed from three single or two paired adjacent rolls of bread mass. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the combined roll is formed from the bread mass of the rolls in the phase of the beginning and the average full ripeness of the grain. 3. A device for laying bread mass from the rolls into a combined roll containing copying wheels, a pick-up with a conveyor belt, on which spring teeth are fixed, characterized in that it has support wheels, a hook-on device for aggregating with a tractor and a horizontal transverse swath-forming conveyor installed behind unloading edge of the pick-up belt conveyor and consisting of two sections, one of which is mounted parallel and rigidly to the pick-up conveyor, and the second is attached to the first swivel to translate it from transport to working position by means of hydraulic cylinders.

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