RU2285141C2 - External combustion engine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mechanical engineering; engines.

SUBSTANCE: proposed engine has stator with inner cylindrical surface hermetically closed from end faces and provided with holes, rotor with profiled cylindrical surface with cam projections in engagement with inner cylindrical surface of stator, accommodating partitions installed for movement and contact with profiled surface of rotor, variable-volume sealed chambers formed by inner surface of stator, rotor and partitions, heater connected with holes in stator. Inlet and outlet holes in stator are arranged at both sides relative to one partition. Channels are made on rotor for engagement with inner surface of stator and chambers. Holes of stator are connected with heater by channels which can interact with rotor and its channels. Stator is furnished with casing forming space in engine part serving as heating device, and heater is installed inside the space. Inlet and outlet holes of stator are interconnected, and heat exchangers are fitted in joint.

EFFECT: improved reliability and increased efficiency.

5 cl, 6 dwg

Description

The proposed device relates to engine building, namely to external combustion engines.

A well-known external combustion engine, the Stirling engine (Big Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Polytechnic, M .: "Big Russian Encyclopedia", 2000, p. 505, 506), comprising a housing, a cylinder with two pistons: a displacement piston and a working piston, a crank-slide mechanism , heater, regenerator, two cavities: hot and cold. Heat is supplied to the hot cavity from the heater; from the cold, it is removed by a cooler in which water circulates.

An external combustion engine has certain advantages over an internal combustion engine, since it allows you to use any fuel for its operation: solid, liquid, gaseous, as well as the heat of a nuclear reactor or solar energy, has a cleaner exhaust and works less noisy.

However, existing designs of external combustion engines are more complex in design and heavier than internal combustion engines.

Known rotary external combustion engine (rotary Stirling engine) (Patent of the Russian Federation No. 2208176, IPC F 02 G 1/04, 07/10/2001, published 2003), containing a stator with an inner cylindrical surface, hermetically closed from the ends and having openings in stator, sealed chambers of variable volume, formed by the inner surface of the stator and the rotor, a heater connected to the holes, a refrigerator, the rotor having a profiled cylindrical surface with cam projections that are in contact with the inner the cylindrical surface of the stator, inside the stator partitions are installed with the possibility of movement and contact with the profiled surface of the rotor, and the mentioned partitions also take part in the formation of the chambers.

The specified engine is more compact, since in it the driving working part is the rotor. However, the presence of additional mechanisms (valves, gas bottle, compressor, numerous piping-channels) in it makes this engine design rather complicated.

These disadvantages are absent in the proposed scheme of an external combustion engine. The technical result to which the invention is directed is to simplify the design as much as possible, increase reliability and increase efficiency.

The result is achieved in that in an engine containing a stator with an inner cylindrical surface, hermetically sealed at the ends and having openings in the stator, hermetic chambers of variable volume formed by the inner surface of the stator and the rotor, a heater connected to the openings, a refrigerator, and the rotor has a profiled cylindrical a surface with cam protrusions that are in contact with the inner cylindrical surface of the stator, partitions are mounted inside the stator to move and contact with the profiled surface of the rotor, and in the formation of chambers also participate and said septum. In contrast to the prototype, the inlet and outlet openings in the stator are located on both sides of one partition, channels are made on the rotor to interact with the inner surface of the stator and cameras, and the stator openings are connected to the heater by channels that can interact with the rotor and its channels.

Heat of any fuel (gaseous, liquid, solid, nuclear, etc.) can be used as the heating element of the heater. Can also be used, for example, solar heat, geothermal water, etc.

In the proposed engine, in order to increase the efficiency of the maximum used thermal energy of the fuel, the stator is provided on the outside with a casing forming a volume in the engine part, which is a heating device, and a heater is installed inside the latter.

Also, to increase the efficiency of the engine, a heat exchanger is installed in the heating device, using the residual heat of the combustion products to preheat the air coming in for burning the fuel.

To increase the efficiency of the engine, the outlet and inlet openings of the stator are interconnected and form a common closed internal volume of the engine, into which gas with the highest specific heat coefficient, such as hydrogen or helium, is injected under pressure, and a heat exchanger is installed at the outlet of the outlet, where the outgoing heated gas gives heat to the air entering the heating device, and for further, deeper cooling of the gas, a second heat exchanger is installed in series, which is refrigerators com washed by a cooler (e.g. water).

Also, in order to increase the efficiency and use the heat of the engine structure, the outer walls of the stator, the travel chamber and the displacement chamber are made in the form of a heat exchanger, for example with fins, which also transfer engine heat to the fresh air entering the heating device.

The structural diagram of the proposed engine, taking into account the devices of the dependent claims is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 shows a General view of the engine with a cut along EE of figure 2.

In Fig.2 shows a section along aa of Fig.1.

In Fig.3 shows a section along BB of Fig.1.

Figure 4 shows a section along bb In figure 1.

Figure 5 shows a section along G-G of figure 1.

Figure 6 shows a section along DD DD of figure 3.

The proposed engine includes a stator 1, which is surrounded on the outside by a casing 2. In the upper part of the engine, the casing 2 forms a volume that is a heating device, which includes a nozzle 3 for supplying and atomizing fuel, a combustion chamber 4. Inside the heating device, two heaters 5 and 6 and heat exchanger 7. Inside the stator 1, a rotor 8 is placed, made with a cylindrical profiled surface and, for example, with two cam tabs 9 and 10, which are able to slide (contact) on the inside the lower cylindrical surface of the stator 1, forming a tight movable connection. The rotor 8 at the ends is equipped with two round side cheeks 11 and annular grooves on which the channels 12, 13, 14, 15 are made. Radially to the cylindrical surface of the stator 1, on the opposite sides, two movable partitions 16 and 17 are installed, which are constantly pressed against the cylindrical the surface of the rotor 8 with the help of springs 18 and form with the surface of the rotor 8 (a cylindrical profiled surface with cam projections 9, 10 and side cheeks 11) a movable tight joint. The end surfaces of the rotor 8 and the end surfaces of the stator 1, as well as the cylindrical surfaces of the annular grooves of the rotor 8 with the channels 12, 13, 14, 15 located on them and the part of the stator 1 in contact with it, form movable tight joints. The cam tabs 9 and 10 of the rotor 8 and the movable partitions 16 and 17 cut off the free volumes — the variable volumes of the chambers 19, 20, 21 and 22. Two openings are made on both sides of the movable partition 16, near it, in the stator 1: 23 - inlet and 24 - outlet, interconnected by a pipe 27. The pipe 27 sequentially connects the outlet 24 - heat exchanger 28 - heat exchanger 29 - inlet 23. In the stator 1 also has openings-channels 25 and 26 connected to the heaters 5 and 6 (in this case, the concept - “hole” is used in the sense le “passage to somewhere”, see S. I. Ozhegov, Dictionary of the Russian language, M .: “Russian language”, 1986, and the addition word “channel” is given as explanatory).

The lower and upper parts of the casing 2 are separated by a partition. In the middle part of the casing 2 there is an opening 30 (for external air inlet), and in the upper part of the casing 2 there is an exhaust opening 31 for exhausting combustion products. In the cavity formed by the casing part 2 and the upper part of the stator 1, a dividing shield 34 is installed. In the lower part of the casing there is an opening 32 for the inlet of the cooler (for example, water) and an opening 33 for its release.

Functionally, the entire engine design is divided into 3 circuits:

1) The heating circuit, which consists of:

- a heating device formed by the upper part of the casing 2 and including a combustion chamber 4, a fuel nozzle 3;

- a heat exchanger 28 (using heat expelled from the chamber 22 of the spent hot working gas), where the outside air entering the engine (for the combustion chamber 4) is preheated;

- a heat exchanger made of a part of the design of the stator 1 adjacent to the chambers 21 and 22 (made in the form of cooling fins that wash the incoming outside air for the combustion chamber 4 and preheat it);

- a heat exchanger 7, using the remaining heat of the combustion products and preheating the air entering the combustion chamber (preheated after the heat exchanger 28 and after heat exchange with the outer part of the chambers 21 and 22);

- parts of the casing 2 (with a double wall) surrounding the combustion chamber 4 and used to further heat the air entering the combustion chamber;

- holes 30 in the casing 2 for the intake of external air into the engine (into the sub-casing space), into the combustion circuit;

- exhaust openings 31 in a casing 2 through which combustion products exit.

2) A closed working circuit into which a working gas, such as hydrogen or helium, is pumped under pressure. The working circuit consists of:

- chambers 19 (suction chambers);

- camera 20 (compression camera);

- heaters 5 and 6;

- holes-channels 25 and 26 of the stator 1;

- channels 12, 13, 14, 15 of the rotor 8;

- cameras 21 (expansion cameras - travel cameras);

- chambers 22 (displacement chambers);

- pipe 27 connecting the holes 24 and 23;

- heat exchanger 28;

- heat exchanger 29.

3) Cooling circuit - a refrigerator, which consists of:

- parts of the casing 2 surrounding the chamber 19 and 20;

- a heat exchanger 29, where the working gas is finally cooled after the heat exchanger 28 before entering the inlet 23;

- holes 32 for supplying a cooler;

- holes 33 for the outlet of the cooler.

In the heat exchanger 29, the cooling of the working gas and the cooling of the part of the stator 1 adjacent to the chambers 19 and 20 are carried out by a cooling liquid, for example water.

The operation of the engine, claimed by an independent claim, is as follows.

In this design, only the following structural elements of the engine are present:

- stator 1,

- two heaters 5 and 6,

- rotor 8 with cam tabs 9, 10 and with side cheeks 11, and channels 12, 13, 14, 15,

- partitions 16 and 17, pressed by the springs 18,

- cameras 19, 20, 21, 22,

- in the stator: inlet 23, outlet 24 and channel openings 25 and 26 (openings 23 and 24 are not interconnected),

- the outer surface of the stator is used as a refrigerator, which can be equipped with fins to enhance the cooling effect.

In this design, the engine operates as follows.

The heaters 5 and 6 are heated from any heat source, including one not connected with the engine. For example, from an open flame, any fuel - gaseous, liquid, solid including from an elementary fire (when using the engine in camp conditions, for example, when used in conjunction with an electric generator). Heat from a nuclear source, geothermal water, as well as from the Sun, etc. can be used.

Cooling is carried out by the refrigerator, the role of which is played by the outer wall of the stator 1, which can be equipped with fins. Cooling is carried out by removing heat into the environment. Heat can be removed by air (including an oncoming stream, such as a motorcycle, or by a fan, which may not be an accessory of the engine), water (from a water supply system, stream, or river, or any body of water). When using an engine in space, heat can be removed by the thermal control system of the spacecraft (like any other device of the spacecraft) or simply by radiating heat from the surface of the stator 1 to outer space, such as, for example, heat is being removed from the radiator of the space thermal control system apparatus.

The initial position of the rotor 8 can be any. For example: the cam protrusion 9 of the rotor 8 is clockwise from the movable partition 17. The rotation of the rotor 8 occurs clockwise, as shown by the arrow in figure 1 and figure 6. Since the cam tabs 9 and 10 of the rotor 8 and the channels 12 and 13, 14 and 15 are located symmetrically from each other, the engine cycles for each of the heaters 5 and 6 are also symmetrical. At the point in time that occurs when the rotor 8 rotates, when its cam protrusions 9 and 10 squeeze the movable partitions 16 and 17, recessing them inside the stator 1, these are the points of the "dead zone". Consider the clock cycles for each camera engine.

The engine starts to work by heating the heaters 5 and 6 and possibly by forcing the rotor 8 by 0.5-2.0 turns.

1 cycle (figures 1, 6). Intake (for camera 19). When the rotor 8 rotates in a variable (increasing) volume of the chamber 19, formed by the movable partition 17 and the cam protrusion 9 of the rotor 8, a vacuum occurs and outside air enters the chamber 19. Since the channels 12 (Fig. 1) are freely connected only to the chamber 19, they are also filled with outside air. Channel 15 (Fig.6), at this moment, is not connected to the camera 19 (connected to the camera 22).

When the cam 19 is formed by the cam protrusion 10 and the baffle 17 (channel 15 is connected to the camera 19, channel 12 is not), the process is similar to that described above (channel 12 is connected to the camera 22).

2 clock (Fig. 1, 3, 5, 6). Compression (for camera 20). The previously received external air into the chamber 19 was cut off when the rotor 8 was rotated by the cam protrusion 9 from the inlet 23 and was locked in the chamber 20, limited by the protrusion 9 and the partition 16 — this is a chamber (of reduced volume) 20. The chamber 20 is connected to the channel 13 (FIG. .1), which interacts with the hole-channel 25 of the heater 5, where compressed air flows. At the end of the cycle, the cam protrusion 9 of the rotor 2 approaches the movable partition 16, completely displacing the compressed air in the chamber 20 into the channel 13, and then through the hole-channel 25 into the heater 5 (1, 2, 5). With a further rotation of the rotor 8, the hole-channel 25 is closed by a part of the rotor 8 and, thus, the compressed air is locked in the heater 5. The compressed air in the heater 5 is heated by the heat acting on the heater from any source. Channels 14 are not connected, at this moment, with the camera 20 and do not interact with it (channels 14 at this moment are connected with the camera 21, but this is considered in a 3-step cycle).

If, when the rotor 8 is rotated, the chamber 20 is formed by a cam protrusion 10 and a movable partition 16, then the chamber 20 is connected to the channel 14, which interacts with the hole-channel 26 of the heater 6, which in turn receives compressed air, where it heats up. That is, the process occurs in the same way as with the heater 5.

3 clock (Fig. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6). Working stroke (expansion) (for camera 21). With further movement of the rotor 8, its cam protrusion 10 or 9 intersects the movable partition 16 and forms a new variable expanding volume between the movable partition 16 and the cam protrusion 10 or 9 of the rotor 8. This is camera 21. Figure 1, 6 shows the camera 21 when it formed by a cam protrusion 10 and a partition 16. In this position (see Fig.6, 5), the channel 14 is connected to the hole-channel 26, which is constantly connected to the heater 6 and where the heated air was previously under pressure. At the moment of connecting the channel 14 with the opening-channel 26, hot and pressurized air from the heater 6 is discharged into the chamber 21 and presses on the cam ledge 10 of the rotor 8, forcing it to rotate and make a working stroke.

If, when the rotor 8 is rotated, the chamber 21 is formed by a cam protrusion 9 and a partition 16 (when the protrusion 9 is in the upper part of the engine), then the chamber 21 is connected by a channel 12 to the opening-channel 25 and, accordingly, to the heater 5 and the process proceeds similarly described above.

4 clock (Fig. 1, 2, 3). Exhaust air discharge (for chamber 22). When the volume with expanding air (with further rotation of the rotor 8) is connected to the outlet 24, at this moment a chamber 22 is formed. That is, the chamber 22 is a variable (reduced) volume formed by a cam protrusion 9 (or 10) in the upper part of the engine and movable partition 17. As shown in figures 1, 6, the cam protrusion 10 of the rotor 8, moving, reduces the volume of the chamber 22, forcing the exhaust air through the outlet 24 to the outside into the atmosphere. At the end of the cycle, the cam protrusion 10 of the rotor 8 crosses the movable partition 17, forming a new variable expanding volume (chamber 19), where a new portion of the outside air is sucked in through the open inlet 23, and the cycle repeats.

For the chamber 22 formed by the cam projection 9 and the baffle 17 (when the protrusion 9 is located in the upper part of the engine), the process is similar to that described.

Thus, it can be seen that (Figs. 1, 6) in the lower part of the engine are located a variable volume of the chamber 19 and 20, where the chamber 19 is an expanding volume, and a fresh portion of the external air is sucked in through the open hole 23, and the chamber 20 reducing volume, and it compresses the incoming air from the chamber 19. That is, the chamber 19 is the suction chamber, and the chamber 20 is the compression chamber.

In the upper part of the engine (Figs. 1, 6), the variable volumes of the chambers 21 and 22 are located. The chamber 21 is of an expanding volume, and the hot air under pressure from the heater 5 or 6 expands and its pressure on the cam ledge 9 or 10 and, accordingly, the implementation of the working stroke, that is, the camera 21 is a camera of the working stroke. When the chamber is connected to the outlet 24, this chamber becomes a chamber of reduced volume, that is, chamber 22. Chamber 22 is an exhaust air exhaust chamber.

If the inventive engine is equipped with devices described in the entire claims (i.e., taking into account the dependent points), its operation is described below.

The operation of the engine in the execution of the entire claims.

1) Operation of the heating circuit

External air for the combustion chamber 4 enters through an opening 30 in the casing 2 into the cavity of the upper part of the engine formed by the outer surface of the stator 1 and the casing 2. Here, the air flow is divided into two: one part passes through the heat exchanger 28, where it is heated by hot gas displaced from chamber 22 through conduit 27; the other part of the external air flow passes through the cavity formed by the ribbed outer part of the stator 1 structure adjacent to the chambers 21 and 22, and the guide plate 34, where it also heats up due to heat exchange with the hot ribbed surface of the stator 1. With further movement to the combustion chamber 4, both preheated air flows mix and enter the heat exchanger 7, where due to the high residual temperature of the combustion products the air continues to heat up. Further, the air, washing the external hot walls of the combustion chamber 4 and even more heating, approaches the fuel nozzle 3 and, together with the atomized nozzle 3, the fuel enters the combustion chamber 4, where the combustion process takes place. The flame torch washes and heats the heaters 5 and 6 and then (as mentioned above) of the heat exchanger tube 7, and then, having already lost a significant part of the heat, leaves the engine cavity through the opening 31.

Thus, the waste heat of the engine (heat of the stator 1, the residual heat of the gas displaced from the chamber 21, the residual heat of the combustion products of the fuel) is used to preheat the incoming outside air, which increases the efficiency of the engine.

2) Work circuit

The inlet and outlet openings 23 and 24 are connected by a conduit 27, and a gas, such as hydrogen or helium, is pumped into the working circuit under pressure.

The initial position of the rotor 8 can be any, for example, as described when the engine is running in the execution of the independent claims, i.e. the cam tab 9 of the rotor 8 is located clockwise from the movable partition 17. Consider the clock cycles for each engine chamber.

1 cycle (figures 1, 6). Intake (for camera 19). When the rotor 8 rotates in a variable (increasing) volume of the chamber 19, formed by the movable baffle 17 and the cam protrusion 9 of the rotor 8, a rarefaction occurs and the cooled gas passes through the connecting pipe 27 through the opening 23 through the opening 23 into the chamber 19. Since the channels 12 (Fig. 1) are freely connected only to the chamber 19, they are also filled with chilled gas. Channel 15 (Fig.6), at this moment, is not connected to the camera 19.

When the cam 19 is formed by the cam projection 10 and the baffle 17, the process proceeds as described above (channel 15 is connected to the camera 19, channel 12 is not).

2 clock (Fig. 1, 3, 5, 6). Compression (for camera 20). 3 clock (Fig. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6). Working stroke (expansion) (for camera 21). 2 and 3 cycles occur as described when the engine is operating in the configuration indicated in the independent part of the claims, taking into account the fact that instead of air there is gas.

4 clock (Fig. 1, 2, 3). Exhaust gas discharge (for chamber 22). When the volume with expanding gases (with further rotation of the rotor 8) is connected to the outlet 24, at this moment chamber 22 is formed. That is, chamber 22 is a variable (reduced) volume formed by a cam protrusion 9 (or 10) in the upper part of the engine and movable partition 17. As shown in figures 1, 6, the cam protrusion 10 of the rotor 8, moving, reduces the volume of the chamber 22, displacing exhaust gases through the outlet 24 into the pipe 27 and then into the heat exchanger 28, where it cools, giving its heat to the incoming in the heater engine, (into the combustion chamber 4) through the hole 30 to the outside air. The gas pre-cooled in the heat exchanger 28 is finally cooled in the heat exchanger 29. At the end of the cycle, the cam projection 10 of the rotor 8 crosses the movable baffle 17, forming a new variable expanding volume (chamber 19), where the passed heat exchanger 28 is sucked from the connecting pipe 27 from the connecting pipe 27 and 29 a new portion of chilled gas and the cycle repeats.

For the chamber 22 formed by the cam protrusion 9 and the baffle 17, the process is similar to that described.

3) Operation of the cooling circuit - refrigerator

As can be seen from the drawings (figures 1, 5), the engine is cooled by a liquid (water), which enters through an opening 32 into a cavity formed by the lower part of the stator 1 and the lower part of the casing 2, separated from the upper part by a partition. In the heat exchanger 29, water cools the gas entering the chamber 19 (suction chamber), and then, washing the outer part of the stator structure 1 adjacent to the chambers 19 and 20 (suction and compression chambers), leaves the engine cavity through the opening 33.

Since the engine is equipped with two heaters 5 and 6, which alternately use one working chamber 21, then, for one revolution of the rotor 8, two strokes of the working stroke occur, which corresponds to a traditional four-cylinder four-stroke engine.

The engine described above can be used in combination with one, two, three, etc. cam protrusions of the rotor and, accordingly, one, two, three, etc. heaters, as well as in a block of several rotors.

The technical result achieved by the implementation of the proposed rotary engine is to create an engine that is quite simple in design and reliable, since it has only three moving parts: the rotor and two movable partitions. Since the engine uses the spent heat energy for the second time, this makes it possible to increase its efficiency.

Claims (5)

1. An external combustion engine comprising a stator with an inner cylindrical surface, hermetically sealed at the ends and having openings, a rotor having a profiled cylindrical surface with cam protrusions in contact with the inner cylindrical surface of the stator, inside of which are mounted to move and contact with the profiled surface of the rotor partitions, sealed chambers of variable volume formed by the inner surface of the stator, the rotor and partitions, a heater, with single with openings in the stator, characterized in that the inlet and outlet openings in the stator are located on both sides of one partition, channels are made on the rotor to interact with the inner surface of the stator and cameras, and the stator openings are connected to the heater by channels that can interact with the rotor and its channels. 2. The engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the stator is provided externally with a casing forming a volume in the engine part, which is a heating device, and a heater is installed inside the latter. 3. The engine according to claim 2, characterized in that a heat exchanger is introduced into the design of the heating device, having the ability to preheat the air entering the heating device. 4. The engine according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the outer part of the stator structure is configured to interact with air entering the heating device and with a cooler cooling the engine. 5. The engine according to claim 2, characterized in that the inlet and outlet openings are connected to each other and heat exchangers are mounted in the connection structure, which are able to interact with the air entering the heating device and a chiller to cool the engine.

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