RU2283576C2 - Method for preparing of seed-bearing crops for cold storage - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, fruit growing, may be used for cold storage of seed-bearing crop fruits such as Japanese quince.

SUBSTANCE: method involves treating plants with chemical preparation at bud-formation period, with aqueous solution of glycine having concentration of 330-370 mg/l being used as chemical solution.

EFFECT: activation of natural protective mechanisms of seed-bearing crop fruits and, accordingly, reduced fruit losses during cold storage, and increased storage life.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture, it can be used for refrigerated storage of pome fruits, for example Japanese quince (henomeles).

There is a method when, in order to improve the safety, keeping quality and protection of plant products from physiological and microbial diseases, controlled gas environments are used [1]. The disadvantage of this method is the need for large investments both to create the appropriate technological equipment, and to maintain it in working condition during the refrigerated storage of plant products.

There is a method of increasing the resistance of fruits to the main diseases of storage and improving keeping quality, which consists in processing them before laying them in a solution of CaCl ₂ [1]. However, injuries and damage may occur on the fruits during processing, which is a disadvantage.

There is a method of preparing fruits and grapes for storage by treating fruit trees and grape bushes with the growth regulator N-phenyl-N- (1,2,3-thiadiazolyl-5) urea (drug dropp) with a concentration of 0.0005-0.004% after the formation of the ovary (not earlier than 4-5 weeks after flowering of fruit crops and 5-7 days after flowering of grapes), selected by the authors for the prototype [2].

As stated in the description of the method, the use of the drug dropp before harvesting the fruits increases the risk of preserving the residues of the growth regulator in the fruits, so the desire to avoid its accumulation in the fruits indicates the undesirability of getting into the human body, which means unpredictability of exposure and possible health risks. In addition, the treatment of fruit trees with Dropp is possible both at an earlier date - after flowering, which, however, can increase the falling of the ovaries, and at a later date - before picking the fruit, although this does not lead to an increase in the keeping quality of the fruit, i.e. possible in a fairly wide time frame. And this means, apparently, that the increase in the keeping quality of the fruits does not occur due to the influence of the drug dropp on the growth and development of the fruits, that is, not through the formation and strengthening of the properties of their natural immunity. This is also evidenced by the increased fall of the ovaries, if processing is carried out after flowering.

The aim of the invention is to enhance the natural immunity of pome fruit and, as a result, increase the duration of storage and reduce fruit loss during cold storage.

To achieve the named technical result in the proposed method, which includes treating pome crops with a chemical preparation during the growing season, an aqueous glycine solution with a concentration of 330 ... 370 mg / l is used as a chemical preparation, the treatment is carried out during the budding of plants.

Distinctive features of the proposed method are the use as a chemical preparation for treating plants with an aqueous solution of glycine with a concentration of 330 ... 370 mg / l and the use of treatment in the budding phase.

Thanks to the use of glycine in the recommended concentration in the phase of plant budding, the protective properties of the fruits are activated, that is, the natural immunity is enhanced, which provides increased resistance to diseases and negative external influences during the formation of fruits, which is preserved during cold storage. An additional positive result from treatment with glycine during budding is the intensification of flowering, an increase in the average mass of fruits and an increase in productivity due to the enhancement of natural immunity, which is unattainable when the drug is processed with dropp due to falling ovaries.

Studies over the years have shown that treatment with glycine during budding affects the entire period of growth and development of the fruit, which initially activates the natural protective mechanisms in the fruit, since only at the initial stage of the growing season due to changes in biochemical properties after the stimulating effect of glycine on plants there is an increase in the natural immunity of plant materials. As it turned out, the inclusion of the period of formation of plant products as a preparatory stage in the technological process of refrigerated storage of fruits helps to strengthen their natural immunity and the effective use of natural mechanisms of stability, resulting in reduced loss of plant material during storage. The implementation of natural protective mechanisms is associated with the activation of a number of enzymes, the active state of which depends on the presence of the required amount and in the optimal ratio of micro and macro elements (Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Fe, Mg, etc.) in plant tissues. Fruits can accumulate the necessary amounts of these elements in the optimal ratio only for the entire formation time when, in accordance with a certain type of metabolism, mineral substances are absorbed from the soil with the formation of physiologically active biologically related forms. Known from the prior art, the effects of growth stimulants or the treatment of fruits with solutions of minerals for the purpose of introducing macro- and microelements at later stages of vegetation, including before laying them for storage, are less effective due to the fact that a certain type of metabolism has already developed in plant tissues .

As you know, most amino acids exist in the form of two forms - D- and L-isomers, of which the former are obtained synthetically, and the latter are presented in natural raw materials. At the same time, it is known that D-isomers are able to exert an inhibitory effect on plant development [3]. Glycine is the only proteinogenic amino acid in which there is no division into D- and L-isomers. Therefore, both natural glycine and synthetic glycine can be used to stimulate plants, which is a significant advantage over other amino acids. In addition, it is safe for humans, warm-blooded animals, bees and insects.

Studies on the effect of an aqueous solution of glycine on the fruits of pome crops were carried out using the example of henomeles for three years at the Pavlovsk experimental station VNIIR im. N.I. Vavilova.

Genomeles shrubs during budding until the buds opened, were sprayed in dry weather with an aqueous solution of glycine at a concentration of 250 mg / l, 350 mg / l, 450 mg / l at a rate of 1 liter of working solution per shrub in 3 times. Control plants were treated with 1 L of pure water. The experimental and control fruits were taken simultaneously at the beginning of October and laid for storage at a temperature of 0-3 ° C and a humidity of 90% in standard refrigerators. Assessment of the keeping quality of the fruit was carried out according to the guidelines [4].

Fruits grown by technology using glycine acquire a number of valuable traits that distinguish them from control options (table 1). They are characterized by increased concentrations of physiologically active substances, including those that have an antioxidant function (organic acids, vitamin C, phenolic compounds), and a low level of oxidative enzyme activity (polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate oxidase), which contributes to the accumulation of physiologically active substances in the fruits. At the same time, the inhibited state of polyphenol oxidase prevents the fruits from darkening, which gives them a better presentation and allows you to get juices by technology without clarification.

A distinctive feature of fruits grown by technology using glycine is the high content of organic acids (table 1). A more acidic environment is unfavorable for the development of pathogenic microflora. In addition, organic acids, due to the presence of carboxyl groups having a high binding energy with water, increase the proportion of bound water in the fruit. For this reason, organic acids favorably affect the resistance of fruits to low temperatures, reduce the evaporation of water from plant tissues, which reduces the amount of natural loss of fruits during cold storage. A more acidic environment also stabilizes vitamin C, which ensures its better preservation.

The results obtained for henomeles fruits after 60 days of storage, presented in table 1, indicate that the stimulating treatment of henomeles during budding with an aqueous solution of glycine allows better preservation of nutrients in the fruits and reduce the amount of natural loss, that is, to reduce losses during refrigeration storage.

The data characterizing the effect of the concentration of an aqueous solution of glycine on the keeping quality of henomeles fruits during cold storage and their removal from storage are presented in Table 2. The best retention is shown by fruits obtained from shrubs treated with an aqueous solution of a stimulant with a concentration of 250 and 350 mg / l. However, at close values of keeping quality, they significantly differ in the weight of the fruits. The maximum fruit mass was recorded for a stimulant concentration of 350 mg / L.

Thus, for genomeles fruits, the maximum values of their biometric parameters, the increased content of physiologically active nutrients (organic acids, vitamin C, phenolic compounds), the minimum values of the activity of oxidative enzymes, as well as the minimum value of the natural loss of fruits and the best preservation of biologically active substances during cold storage at a temperature of 0 ... 3 ° C in all cases without exception account for a concentration of an aqueous solution of glycine 350 mg / l.

The advantages of the proposed method are the activation of the natural protective mechanisms of the fruit, which allows to increase the shelf life of the fruit by an average of two - two and a half months, the safety of glycine for human health and the environment, as well as improving the quality and weight of pome fruit. The application of the present invention allows due to the enhancement of the natural immunity of the fruits to provide a reduction in losses during refrigerated storage, an increase in keeping quality, and also an increase in the biological value of the fruits.

Information sources

1. Gudkovsky V.A. A system to reduce losses and preserve the quality of fruits and grapes during storage (guidelines). - the city of Michurinsk. All-Union Research Institute of Horticulture. I.V. Michurina, VNIIS, 1990, pp. 75 and 67.

2. A.S. USSR No. 1521363, class 4 A 01 F 25/00, Method for preparing fruits and grapes for storage // Agafonov N.V., Miropolskaya I.M., Lunkova V.M. and others. - Publ. 1989, BI. No. 42 (prototype).

3. Kretovich V.L. Nitrogen exchange in plants - M .: Nauka, 1972, p. 190.

4. The study of the collection of pome crops and the identification of varieties of intensive type (guidelines) // Compiled by Cor. VASKHNIL, prof. Ya.S. Nesterov. - L .: VIR them. N.I. Vavilova, 1986, p. 102.

Table 1
The effect of the concentration of an aqueous solution of glycine on the composition and quality of henomeles fruits during cold storage
Qualitative indicators Processing option Control (no processing) Experience 250 mg / L Experience 350 mg / L Experience 450 mg / L During fruit laying The average weight of the fruit, g 19.9 20.5 25.5 20.9 The density of the fruit, g / cm ³ 0.92 0.90 0.90 0.91 Solids content,% 14.9 13.0 12.8 13,2 The content of organic acids,% 2.61 2.88 3.12 2.80 pH of juice 3.4 3.2 2.9 3.2 The activity of polyphenol oxidase, mg of oxidized ascorbic acid / 1 g 0.656 0,050 0,048 0,068 The activity of ascorbate oxidase, mg of oxidized ascorbic acid / 1 g 0.293 0.011 0.010 0.015 The content of phenolic compounds (the sum of the flovanoids) in exocarp, mg / 100 g of wet weight 73.5 86.2 92.1 84,4 The content of vitamin C, mg / 100 g wet weight 21.0 37.9 39.7 34,4 After 60 days of storage The average weight of the fruit, g 18.3 19,2 23.9 19,4 Solids content,% 15,5 13,2 12.9 13.5 The content of organic acids,% 2.11 2.68 2.92 2,58 pH of juice 3.83 3.42 3.34 3.62 The activity of polyphenol oxidase, mg of oxidized ascorbic acid / 1 g 0.680 0.163 0.140 0.187 The activity of ascorbate oxidase, mg of oxidized ascorbic acid / 1 g 0.355 0,043 0,035 0,073 The content of phenolic compounds (the sum of the flovanoids) in exocarp, mg / 100 g of wet weight 51,4 64.1 70.1 61,4 The content of vitamin C, mg / 100 g wet weight 15.0 24.7 27.8 22.8 Natural decrease, g / (kg · day) 1.35 1.09 1,04 1.22

table 2
The effect of the concentration of an aqueous solution of glycine on the keeping quality of henomeles fruits during cold storage Keeping rates Processing option Control (no processing) Experience 250 mg / L Experience 350 mg / L Experience 450 mg / L Bookmark fruit for storage There were fruits: - pieces 200 200 200 200 -% one hundred one hundred one hundred one hundred After 30 days of storage Removed fruits from storage: - pieces twenty 0 0 5 -% 10 0 0 2,5 Left fruit in storage: - pieces 180 200 200 195 -% 90 one hundred one hundred 97.5 After 60 days of storage Removed fruits from storage: - pieces 60 twenty fourteen thirty -% thirty 10 7 fifteen Left fruit in storage: - pieces 140 180 186 170 -% 70 90 93 85 After 90 days of storage Removed fruits from storage: - pieces 114 32 thirty 78 -% 57 16 fifteen 39 Left fruit in storage: - pieces 86 168 170 122 -% 43 84 85 61 After 120 days of storage Processing option The control Experience 250 mg / L Experience 350 mg / L Experience 450 mg / L Removed fruits from storage: - pieces 148 48 45 102 -% 74 24 22.5 51 Left fruit in storage: - pieces 52 152 155 98 -% 26 76 77.5 49 After 150 days of storage Processing option The control Experience 250 mg / L Experience 350 mg / L Experience 450 mg / L Removed fruits from storage: - pieces 186 70 66 134 -% 93 35 33 67 Left fruit in storage: - pieces fourteen 130 134 66 -% 7 65 67 33

Claims (1)

A method of preparing pome fruit for storage, including treating the plants with a chemical preparation during the growing season, characterized in that an aqueous glycine solution with a concentration of 330 ... 370 mg / l is used as the chemical preparation, and the treatment is carried out during budding.