RU2273801C2 - Method of air-conditioning of rooms - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: air-conditioning systems.

SUBSTANCE: method comprises supplying and discharging outdoor air through inlet and outlet branch pipes, control of temperature and humidity of air, measuring air pressure inside and outside of the room, and control of flow rate of supplying and discharging air until the pressure in the room is equal to the atmospheric pressure.

EFFECT: enhanced comfort.

2 cl

Description

The invention relates to techniques for air conditioning and ventilation and can be used for air conditioning, mainly in institutions, enterprises, small offices, apartments or cottages.

Air conditioning itself is aimed at creating an artificial climate in rooms or at workplaces and is carried out with the help of heating, converter cooling, air conditioning, etc. The effect of air conditioning is determined mainly by such parameters as temperature, humidity, pressure, air speed and purity, oxygen content in it, etc.

The purpose of the object and the specific conditions for its use predetermine the required conditions of the air environment and therefore, in practice, in many cases are limited to only part of these parameters.

Climatization, according to the parameters necessary in each particular case, is provided by adequate means and, thanks to the creation of an artificial microclimate, increases the efficiency of production processes (see, for example, Litvinov AM, Chetverukhin B.M. et al. "Microclimate control in the production of chemical fibers", Kiev, publishing house of the Institute of Automation of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, 1972).

The analysis of the prior art, according to the information available in the field of air conditioning, showed that until recently, most of the known technical solutions were aimed at ensuring the parameters of the air environment, based on the conditions for the performance of certain technological processes without taking into account the impact of these parameters on the human body.

As a rule, air conditioning is carried out in confined spaces of chambers, rooms, workspaces of technological devices.

Compliance with the so-called technologically comfortable conditions takes place. In this case, the corresponding technical solutions are characterized by the achievement and maintenance of such parameters of the air environment, which at the same time contribute to compliance with the requirements of the process and are quite comfortable for the maintenance staff.

Recently, attention has been paid to creating using an air conditioning system an environment that favorably affects the human body, contributing not only to increased labor productivity, but also to better health. The basis of such systems is the fact that for a healthy person the comfort of the environment is largely determined by the resulting temperature that takes place in the room, set taking into account the temperature, humidity and air mobility, as well as radiation heat transfer of the human body with surrounding surfaces (see, for example, Primak A.V., Scherban A.N. "Methods and means of monitoring air pollution, Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 1980).

Below, based on the analysis of the prior art, information is provided on objects intended for the implementation of air conditioning of premises.

A technical solution is known (see, for example, copyright certificate No. 1312333, IPC F 42 F 5/00, published on 05/23/1987), developed for use in industries with technological processes requiring constant linear dimensions of the processed products, providing a technical result, consisting in reducing the mobility of indoor air in a confined space.

The resulting effect is achieved through the use of heat-exchange sections, which are heated to the required temperature, and heating is carried out from an energy source switched on or off by a controller connected to a temperature sensor, thereby compensating for room heat loss through the building envelope and constant surface temperature of all sections with a given accuracy .

A technical solution is known (see, for example, the USSR copyright certificate No. 694739, IPC F 24 F 5/00, published on 08.23.91) to create an artificial climate.

It is based on forced circulation along the circulation circuit and thermostatic jacket of the working chamber of the coolant, which is sucked from the humidifier’s liquid zone by a supercharger.

After injection, the coolant is directed under pressure through a heat exchanger into the air zone of the humidifier.

Air is taken from the working chamber along the suction branch by a fan, and then it enters the four-way valve through the discharge branch of the air circuit. A four-way valve is switched depending on the required air extraction process, while air can be supplied to the working chamber through a dehumidifier or humidifier.

To create a uniform temperature field throughout the volume of the working chamber, an additional fan is used.

A technical solution is known (see, for example, the USSR, copyright certificate No. 1386806 IPC R 24 P 5/00, published on 07/07/88), which makes it possible to simulate environmental parameters over a wide range and thereby, in addition to extreme conditions, provide parameters in temperature, relative humidity, which are necessary for a comfortable stay in the room of people. It is based on the injection into the sealed room and removal from it, respectively, through the inlet and outlet pipes of atmospheric air, the regulation of its temperature and humidity. The air, being a thermostatic medium, is cooled using the evaporator of a refrigeration unit or is heated by an electric heater in an external circulation circuit. Comprehensive energy exchange is carried out through the walls with a thermostatic medium of the internal circulation circuit, and the movement of the medium is provided by fans. The advantage of this technical solution is that two dividing circuits of the circulation of the thermostatic medium - air in the external and internal circulation circuits are implemented in a directional manner, and they can be connected to each other. This allows you to simulate environmental parameters (temperature and humidity) over a wide range and with high accuracy. The technical solutions described above, as well as the well-known autonomous air conditioners (see, for example, O. Ya. Kokorin "Air conditioning units", M. Mechanical Engineering, 1978, p. 253, 7.2.), Do not provide comfortable conditions for such important parameters of air conditioning, such as air pressure and speed in the room (see, for example, B. M. Chetverukhin "Control and management of artificial microclimate, M. Stroyizdat, 1984, pp. 95, 96).

In addition, in the presented technical solutions, with the exception of the latter, there are no funds to ensure access to the premises and therefore their implementation is associated with additional design developments.

The air pressure in the room and its value refers to the parameters that determine the level of comfort due to the fact that, as you know, the main biological value is not the percentage of oxygen in the air, but the partial pressure and the transition of oxygen from the air contained in the alveoli of the lungs, into the blood and tissues is most fully carried out at a partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air equal to 150-159 mm Hg, which corresponds to normal atmospheric, that is, 760 mm Hg. (see, for example, "Popular Medical Encyclopedia", M., publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia", pp. 139, 140, article "Air").

When air conditioning, especially in institutions, enterprises, offices, where there is a periodic movement of people from one room to another, there is a task, in addition to maintaining a pressure equal to normal atmospheric pressure when circulating air in the room, to ensure the restoration of this level of pressure when opening the front door, given the ability of air in comparison with other comfort parameters to the most rapid change in its state due to the ability to expand when communicating the closed volume of the room with external her environment, including, and with the interior of the building.

The closest technical solution to the proposed one is the technical solution presented in the description of the copyright certificate No. 1597501 (see USSR copyright certificate No. 1597501, IPC F 24 F 5/00, published on 07.10.90).

The known technical solution allows to improve the microclimate of the room by controlling the content of oxygen in the supply air. This is achieved by supplying fresh air from the atmosphere to the duct of a gas-selective membrane with the properties of selectively transmitting the oxygen contained in the atmospheric air into the room and using an adjustable throttle at the outlet from the room.

Quantitative regulation of the flow of oxygen into the room is carried out by a corresponding change in pressure in the duct by adjustable switching of the degree of opening of the throttle.

The aim of the invention is the creation of a room favorable for the physical condition of people, especially with a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, air pressure and ensuring the restoration of the level of this pressure when the room communicates with the external environment through the doorway.

To achieve the stated goal in the known method of air conditioning of premises, based on the injection into the sealed room and the removal from it, respectively, through the inlet and outlet nozzles of atmospheric air, regulation of temperature and humidity, in the process of air conditioning measure the air pressure inside and outside it and regulate the discharge rate and exhaust air until the room is set to a pressure equal to atmospheric pressure, and with limited room strength to excessive pressure until redelno allowable pressure drop value;

when the door is opened and then closed at an indoor air pressure lower than the outside, the air discharge is interrupted and the inlet pipe is blocked, then the discharge air flow is increased, and when the air pressure in the room is larger than the outside air pressure, the air outlet is closed, the outlet pipe is closed, and then the discharge rate is increased air;

in all cases of injection, they measure and regulate the rate of air intake into the room to a value corresponding to the comfort conditions.

The proposed method of air conditioning allows you to be in comfortable conditions, which is especially important for people suffering from cardiovascular diseases, for which atmospheric pressure is one of the significant factors affecting performance.

The use of the proposed invention can not cause any difficulties in connection with the possibility of using for its implementation of well-known and tested in practice technical means, including in the field of air conditioning and ventilation.

Forcing and simultaneous air exhaust can be carried out, for example, by centrifugal fans combined with inlet and outlet nozzles, due to which the supply and exhaust ventilation of the room is ensured, with the help of which regulated air exchange is achieved (see, for example, A.D. Brook, T. I.Matikashvili and others. "Centrifugal fans", M., Mechanical Engineering, 1975, 416 pages). The injected branch of the duct, as a rule, is equipped with an air purification filter, refrigerant evaporators, electric heaters, respectively, to remove contaminants from the air, cooling or heating it. A humidifier can be installed in the same duct, and a relative humidity meter in the form of resistance thermometers can be placed in the room itself, allowing synthesizing fairly wide-range and accurate measurement schemes for this parameter of the air environment (see, for example, B.M. Chetverukhin "Monitoring and Control artificial microclimate ", M., Stroyizdat, 1984, pp. 30-47).

To measure the pressure in the room and outside, pressure measuring transducers (sensors) are installed, for example, pressure gauges with electrical output signals. Depending on the type of object in which air conditioning is carried out, pressure is measured inside and outside or additionally inside the building in the space between rooms with an artificial microclimate.

To establish the temperature corresponding to the comfortable conditions in the room, a thermoelectric measuring transducer is used, which is electrically connected through a regulator to the refrigerant evaporator and electric heater.

Maintaining the pressure in the room at a given level can be carried out mainly in two ways, namely:

- installation of throttles behind the fans in the naked net and bypass lines;

- a change in the frequency of rotation of the fan blades, which is carried out using electric motors with a continuously variable speed (see, for example, "Centrifugal fans", M., Mechanical Engineering, 1975, p. 209, Chapter 9 "Regulation of the fan").

The use of these tools makes it possible to control the flow rates of injected and exhausted air over a wide range and thereby maintain comfortable conditions in terms of the pressure level in the room.

The change in the discharge or exhaust air flow rate is carried out by an electrically connected system: a pressure measuring transducer, a comparator, an actuator - a throttle or an electric motor. The measurement of the atmospheric air flow rate before the outlet cross section of the injection duct is carried out, for example, with an anemometer (see "Polytechnical Dictionary". Sovetskaya Encyclopedia Publishing House, Moscow, 1980, page 26, corresponding article) connected to the one installed in the injection duct behind the anemometer blinds (see the previous source of information p. 164), with the help of which the access and the intensity of the flow of atmospheric air pumped into the room are controlled. This system can be used as a throttle or in conjunction with the regulation of the speed of the electric motor to more accurately withstand the speed of the injected atmospheric air.

To overlap the exhaust gas duct and the discharge valve, valves with electric actuators that are triggered by a signal from the corresponding regulator are quite applicable (see, for example, D.F. Gurevich, O.N. Shpakov "Pipeline Valve Designer Handbook, L., Mechanical Engineering, Leningrad Branch, 1987 -518 p.).

For access to and exit from the room, it is most advisable to use sliding one- or double-leaf doors, similar to those used in elevator shafts, which allow a constant area for air to enter or exit the room, as well as a constant time interval between opening and closing a doorway, which will positively affect the stability of the air conditioning of the room in terms of pressure and relieves the forces entering or leaving the application to open and close the doors yerey.

The degree of comfort of the conditions is determined by the degree of correspondence of the pressure in the room to normal atmospheric pressure. However, the solution to the problem of maintaining the pressure in the room equal to normal atmospheric pressure is not always rational (various strength properties of the premises, its various functional purposes, various physiological data among the inhabitants of the room, etc.). The determination of acceptable values of the deviations of the pressure in the room from normal atmospheric pressure is carried out at the design stage. Estimated are the costs of upgrading the room to increase its resistance to pressure drops and the cost of equipment and pressure stabilization equipment. Costs are compared with the physical data of the inhabitants of the room (the degree of influence of well-being on the values of the deviation of pressure from normal), the purpose of the room (medical institution, sanatorium, office, residential premises, etc.), financial capabilities and other data used in well-known design methods .

From the point of view of practical use, the preferred use of autonomous ventilation, the advantage of which is compactness, since all its constituent parts can be placed behind a suspended ceiling, in a wall or in the far corner of the room. As follows from the foregoing, the supply system includes several basic elements of equipment, each of which is selected separately. First of all, the fan itself, the performance of which must correspond to the needs of the room under the conditions of air conditioning, including the level of air pressure created in it. The Swedish company “Kapflekt”, which is developing the Russian market, has in its assortment fans of all types (for round, rectangular ducts, insulated and with external electric motors, explosion-proof for hazardous industries, roof of all sizes) with a capacity of 100 to 1400 cubic meters per hour. The equipment of the Finnish company "ABB", which produces high-capacity fans (up to 1000 cubic meters per second), is also well known.

As air filters, simple cloth, electromagnetic or even carbon can be used.

Heating elements, without which it is impossible to operate the equipment in winter, are electric or water (based on hot water from the heating system) and their choice in each case is based on economic prerequisites.

One of the most important elements of any ventilation system is the air ducts. The main channels are always made rigid, and flexible corrugated pipes are recommended for lateral and local branches, they are half the price of metal pipes, easier to install and easily fit behind a suspended ceiling or even behind decorative wall cladding.

In order not to violate the general comfort of the premises, it is advisable to install noise- and heat-insulated air ducts as part of the ventilation system.

The French company "Air-France" supplies to Russia not only a wide range of fans with a capacity of up to 40 thousand cubic meters per hour, but also flexible ducts, heaters, filters, etc.

As shown by the development of the German company Maico to increase the efficiency of supply and exhaust ventilation, it is most advantageous to use installations in which each air duct (discharge and exhaust) has its own separate fan (see, for example, Komsomolskaya Pravda, a special issue for consumers dated 11.11.1996 G., article, P. Pimenov "Overview of the market of ventilation systems").

Exhaust (air exhaust from the room has a simpler implementation and usually consists of a fan, a valve that does not allow air to pass in the opposite direction, and a muffler.

It should be noted that modern systems often use a special heat-reflecting device-recuperator, which allows you to save up to 80% of the heat leaving the air.

To implement the proposed method of air conditioning the room, the air exhaust system must be equipped with a comparator and electrically connected to the pressure sensor and to the fan motor in order to coordinate the flow rates of the discharge and exhaust air in order to achieve room ventilation while maintaining the pressure in it equal to normal atmospheric .

Before leaving the room it is advisable to gradually (monotonously), for example, before finishing work, to level the pressure in the room with external pressure. For this, with open sections of the outlet and inlet pipes, the current flow to the fans is stopped, and after a certain time, the pressure of the air in the room with the external ambient pressure will equalize with the natural inflow or outflow of air from the room. If it is necessary to slow down such alignment for medical reasons, throttles installed on the outlet and inlet pipes can be introduced into the system and by changing their bore sections to ensure the completion of this process at the required time.

In the particular case when the external atmospheric pressure corresponds to normal atmospheric pressure and coincides with the air pressure in the room, the ventilation system operates in the same flow rate of pumped and discharged air, thereby ventilating the room while maintaining the air pressure in it equal to normal atmospheric pressure.

Sources of information (see, for example, Komsomolskaya Pravda, Special Issue for Consumers dated 11/11/1996, P. Pimenov's article “Blow Your Own Apartment.” A review of the ventilation systems market suggests that all ventilation systems have been given lately greater attention and the proposed technical solution will undoubtedly contribute to some extent to the further development of this vital branch of technology.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the significant signs identified in comparison with the prototype in combination with the known ones allow simple means that do not require large economic costs to create a room that is favorable for the physical condition of people, especially with a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, pressure air environment and ensure the restoration of the level of this pressure when the room communicates with the external environment through the doorway.

Claims (3)

1. The method of air conditioning of the room, based on the injection into the sealed room and removal from it, respectively, through the inlet and outlet nozzles of atmospheric air, regulation of temperature and humidity, characterized in that during the air-conditioning process, the air pressure is measured in and out of the room and the discharge rates are regulated and exhaust air until the pressure in the room is equal to atmospheric pressure, and with limited room strength to excessive pressure - until the maximum permissible of differential pressure value. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that when opening the door and then closing it at an air pressure in the room less than the outside, the air injection is interrupted and the inlet pipe is blocked, after which the flow rate of the exhaust air is increased, and at the air pressure in the room, larger outside, stop the air outlet, block the outlet pipe, and then increase the discharge air flow rate. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in all cases of injection measure and regulate the rate of air into the room to a value corresponding to the conditions of comfort.