RU2272399C2 - Grain combine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agricultural engineering, in particular, equipment used in threshing devices of grain combines.

SUBSTANCE: combine has header, grinder, and threshing device. Grinder is disposed between header and threshing device consisting of axial threshing drums and decks. Whip holders incorporating whips, and device for forced displacement of threshed mass are fixed on outer surfaces of threshing drums. Threshing drums are mounted within decks made in the form of rotating pipes. Front parts of threshing drums are disposed under grinder and are open at their top end. Centrifugal compressors with air intake are located in front parts of internal cavities of pipes and nozzle units are mounted in lateral walls of pipes.

EFFECT: increased efficiency in grain threshing and increased extent of grain cleaning.

3 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of agricultural machinery and can be used for mechanized harvesting of grain crops.

In modern agricultural technology, a large number of combines designed for harvesting crops are known. However, despite the diversity, modern combines consist of the same main parts, which include the header, threshing device, cleaning, waste collection and disposal device (collector), hopper, engine, chassis, transmission system, hydraulic system, electrical equipment and a control cabin. The structural appearance and main characteristics of the combine are determined by the design of its threshing device, depending on which they can be divided into combines with a sequentially beater threshing scheme and axial-rotor type combines. The threshing device in the combines of the first group contains one or more transverse threshing drums sequentially placed along the threshed mass along which decks are installed, made in the form of stationary concave. In axial-rotor type combines, the threshing device consists of fixed decks and axial threshing drums and is equipped with devices for forced axial movement of the threshed mass. To prevent winding of the stalks of the threshed mass on the threshing drums between the header and the threshing device, a chopper of the stem mass can be installed in such combines, and threshing drums can be installed in a housing made in the form of an air chamber designed to separate the ears from the pieces of crushed stems before they fall to the threshing device using the air flows created in it (see A.F. Morozov’s book “Combine Harvesters”, M., Agropromizdat, 1991, USSR author certificate No. 741821 z 1988, at RF patent №2085068 for g. 1997, №2113100 1998 g of Cl. A 01 D 41/02 (41/00)).

The main disadvantages of combines with a sequentially bitter threshing scheme include the low throughput and efficiency of grinding the grain in the threshing device, their large overall dimensions. The threshing device in the said combines is capable of threshing no more than 75% of the grain, therefore, for its further isolation, the installation of a long straw walker is required, which significantly increases the weight and size characteristics of the combine and reduces its throughput due to the low speed of the threshed mass through it. Axial-rotor type combines have significantly lower weight and size characteristics and greater throughput, however, the efficiency of grinding the grain in their known designs remains not high enough, which leads to increased grain losses.

The closest in technical essence is a combine harvester containing a header, a chopper and a threshing device, in which the chopper is placed between the header and the threshing device, the threshing device consists of decks and axial threshing drums, on whose external surfaces are beaters with scourges and devices for forced axial movement of the threshed mass. The chopper in this combine contains sequentially installed devices for longitudinal and transverse cutting of the stem layer, and the device for longitudinal cutting consists of a shaft with circular cutting discs, on both sides of which front and rear guide rolls are installed in pairs, and the device for transverse cutting consists of a counter device and a cylindrical knife drum. The threshing device is installed in a housing made in the form of an air chamber equipped with a cylindrical fan and turbofan, which in the front part is divided into upper and lower cavities communicating with each other, open at the top and placed under the reflector, and in the back it communicates with the cavity of the device for collection and removal waste. Threshing drums are placed in the lower cavity of the air chamber in such a way that free space is formed above their upper surfaces, and the decks are made in the form of fixed concave, partially covering the surface of the threshing drums from the bottom (see RF patent No. 2113100 according to Cl. A 01 D 41/02 for 1998).

The main disadvantages of this combine are the blowing of a large number of unfrozen ears under the influence of air flows created in the air chamber directly into the device for collecting and removing waste past the threshing device and the insufficiently high efficiency of grinding the grain in the threshing device itself, which ultimately leads to an increase in its losses . The first of the noted drawbacks is due to the small difference in the windage indicators of pieces of chopped stems and ears, and the second is that the direct grinding of grain in the threshing device does not occur along the entire path of the threshed mass through it, but only in its individual sections, the length of which is determined by the angle of coverage of the threshing drum deck and makes up a relatively small part of the entire path.

The objectives of the present invention are to increase the efficiency of the grinding of grain and reduce its losses.

To solve the tasks in a combine harvester containing a header, a chopper and a threshing device, in which the chopper is placed between the header and the threshing device, the threshing device consists of decks and axial threshing drums, on whose external surfaces there are fixed scaffolds and devices for forced axial movement threshed mass, decks are made in the form of rotating pipes, inside of which threshing drums are installed, the front parts of threshing drums are open from above and placed under the chopper and mounted on them exciting devices.

The threshing drums in this combine can be made in the form of pipes open from the front and closed from the rear end, in the front parts of the internal cavities of which turbocompressors with air intakes can be installed, and nozzle devices in the side walls.

The chopper may consist of guide rolls, pressure and counter devices, circular cutting discs and screw knives, moreover, the circular cutting discs can be mounted on the same drum as the screw knives, and their diameters can be made larger than the diameters of the screw knives.

The execution of decks in the form of rotating pipes, inside which threshing drums are installed, allows for uniform distribution of the threshed mass along the perimeters of the threshing drums and continuous grinding of grain along the entire path of its passage through the threshing device, to improve the conditions for the separation of grain and its passage through decks due to centrifugal forces, created during their rotation, which ultimately makes it possible to significantly increase the efficiency of the grinding of grain and reduce its loss.

The implementation of threshing drums in the form of pipes open from the front and closed from the rear end, installation of turbocompressors with air intakes in the front parts of their internal cavities, and nozzle devices in the side walls allows creating radial and axial air flows in the threshing device that shift the threshed mass to the perimeters threshing drums and along their axes, loosen it and blow through the cells of the deck, which also contributes to increasing the efficiency of grinding the grain.

The installation of circular cutting discs on one drum with screw blades allows to make the grinder design more compact and significantly reduce its overall dimensions.

The device of the proposed combine is shown in figures 1, 2.

The combine harvester contains a header 1, a chopper 2, a threshing device 3, a storage hopper 4, a device for collecting and removing waste 5, an engine, a running gear, a transmission system, a hydraulic system, electrical equipment and a control cabin.

The chopper 2 consists of guide rolls 6, a pressing device 7, a counter device 8, circular cutting discs 9 and screw knives 10. The circular cutting discs 9 are mounted on the drum 11 with the screw knives 10 and their diameters are larger than the diameters of the screw knives 10.

The threshing device 3 consists of decks 12 and axial threshing drums 13, on the external surfaces of which there are fixed headers 14 with pests 15 and devices for forced axial movement of the threshed mass.

The storage hopper 4 is located under the threshing device 3 and is equipped with a discharge device 16.

Decks 12 are made in the form of rotating pipes, inside of which threshing drums 13 are placed, installed in supports 17, 18 and equipped with drives 19.

Threshing drums 13 are installed in supports 20, 21, are equipped with drive devices 22 and are made in the form of pipes open from the front and closed from the rear end, turbocompressors 23 with air intakes 24 are installed in the front parts of the internal cavities, and nozzle devices 25 are installed in the side walls, their front parts are open from above, placed under the grinder 2 and screw capturing devices 26 are installed on them.

Devices for forced axial movement of the threshed mass are made in the form of rake shanks 27 fixed to the headers 14, the teeth of which are curved along helical lines passing around the threshing drums 13.

The harvester works as follows.

The stem mass slanted by the header 1 comes to the chopper 2, where it is captured by the guide rollers 6 and fed through the counter-guiding device 8 to the rotating drum 11. The circular cutting discs 9 mounted on it carry out longitudinal and the screw blades 10 transverse cutting of the stem layer. The crushed mass is poured down into the front parts of the threshing drums 13. The screw capturing devices 26 and devices for forced axial movement of the threshed mass are pulled between the decks 12 and the threshing drums 13 along the spiral paths passing around them and thrown into the device for collecting and removing waste 5 Decks 12 rotate in the same direction as threshing drums 13, but with a lower angular velocity. Throughout the passage of the threshed mass between decks 12 and threshing drums 13 under the action of pests 15, rake shanks 27 and centrifugal forces, continuous intensive separation of grain from ears occurs and it is sifted through the cells of decks 12 into the cavity of the storage hopper 4. Turbocompressors 23 pump air into the internal the cavity of the threshing drums 13, from where it flows out through the nozzle devices 25. Radial and axial air flows created by the nozzle devices 25 shift the threshed mass to the periphery ii threshing drum 13 and along their axes, loosen it and the cell was purged Dec 12, which improves the grain separation conditions. The grain mass poured into the storage hopper 4 is continuously or periodically moved from it to the vehicle using the shipping device 16.

Creation of centrifugal forces acting on grains during axial and radial air flows in the threshing device during rotation of the decks, displacing the threshed mass to the perimeters of the threshing drums and along their axes, loosening it and blowing through the decks, allows not only to increase the efficiency of grinding the grain, but also to make cells decks are small enough and due to this, a high degree of grain cleaning from collapse directly in the threshing device, which does not require the installation of cleaning sieves and makes it possible to store Yelnia hopper at the bottom of the combine underneath the threshing device, simplifies the construction of and access to internal devices combine, reduces its weight and size characteristics, and enhances stability on slopes due to the substantial displacement of the position of its center of mass down.

All of the above allows you to:

significantly simplify the design of the harvester, reduce its metal consumption and reduce the load on the soil;

provide high throughput and efficiency of the grinding of grain;

increase the stability and reliability of the combine.

The proposed combine has a high degree of unification with well-known combines such as "Niva", "Kolos", "Yenisei", "Don" and can be developed on their basis with relatively low cost.

Claims (3)

1. A combine harvester containing a header, a chopper and a threshing device, in which the chopper is placed between the header and the threshing device, the threshing device consists of decks and axial threshing drums, on the external surfaces of which there are bins with scourges and devices for forced axial movement of the threshed mass, characterized in that the decks are made in the form of rotating pipes, inside which threshing drums are installed, the front parts of the threshing drums are open on top, placed under the grinder and on them capturing devices are installed. 2. Combine harvester according to claim 1, characterized in that the threshing drums are made in the form of pipes open from the front and closed from the rear end, in the front parts of the internal cavities of which there are turbochargers with air intakes, and nozzle devices in the side walls. 3. Combine harvester according to claim 1, characterized in that the chopper therein consists of guide rolls, a pressure and counter device, circular cutting discs and screw knives, the circular cutting discs being mounted on the same drum as the screw blades, and their diameters are larger diameters of screw knives.

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