RU2267958C1 - Method for preparing of feed - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, preparing of feeds from raw plant wastes.

SUBSTANCE: method involves using oats shell as raw plant wastes; treating oats shell with 1-5%-solution of sodium hydroxide used in an amount of 80 kg per 1 t of shell for 30 min; neutralizing resultant mass with hydrochloric acid to pH value of 6.0-6.5.

EFFECT: increased nutrient value of resultant feed owing to reduced amount of basic lignin and polysaccharides in processed products and owing to increased hydrogen content, utilization of oats processing wastes, and reduced transport costs.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in feed production for the preparation of feed from waste plant materials.

Waste from plant materials, especially straw and husks of cereal crops, have low nutritional value, because They consist mainly of fiber, which is a complex polymer and is almost not digested.

There are various methods of obtaining feed from waste plant materials, for example, by processing it using aqueous solutions of alkali of 1-5% concentration (auth. Witness No. 1329750, class A 23 K 1/12, 1987), as well as processing chemicals of an acidic nature (HCl and organic acids), allowing partial destruction of cellulose and hemicellulose (Ernst L.K. et al. Production and use of hydrolysis sugar in animal husbandry. - M.: Rosselkhozizdat, 1982, p. 43, 44, 125 )

A known method of producing a feed additive by steaming vegetable raw materials with whey at 60-100 ° C for 60-120 minutes (ed. USSR certificate No. 1738223, class A 23 K 1/12, 1992).

A known method of treating straw with soda ash, including chopping and layering straw, each layer is moistened with a 5% solution of soda ash at the rate of 100 l per 1 centner of straw and densely compacted (Recommendations on the technology for preparing straw for feeding. - M .: Kolos, 1982, p. 10-11).

The tasks of the known methods are to pre-process this fiber - to convert it to digestible food. The disadvantages of these methods are their complexity, processing time, the need for transport costs for delivery and pre-grinding, in addition, these methods are energy intensive. The absence of granulation allows the use of feed with a humidity of 80-90% only at the place of production.

Closest to the claimed method, the method of processing straw with a 2-3% sodium hydroxide solution at a rate of 1-1.5 tons of solution per 1 ton of straw; after processing, the straw is kept for 10-24 hours at plus temperature (Recommendations on the technology for preparing straw for feeding. - M .: Kolos, 1982, pp. 9-10 - prototype).

The disadvantage of this method is that it requires large expenditures of materials and preliminary grinding of the feedstock to a size of 2-5 mm, which requires large energy costs.

The technical problem solved by the present invention is to expand the range of manufactured feeds by making it possible to process oat husks at the place of receipt.

The technical result obtained by the implementation of the invention is to obtain feed with high nutritional value by reducing the amount of source lignin and polysaccharides in processed products and increasing their nutritional value by increasing the content of carbohydrates, as well as in the utilization of oat grain processing waste, including without transportation costs.

The technical problem underlying the present invention is solved by the fact that in the method of preparing feed by treating plant waste material with a sodium hydroxide solution, oat husk is used as vegetable waste material, which is treated with 1-5% sodium hydroxide solution in an amount of 80 kg solution per 1 ton of oat husk for 30 minutes, then the resulting mass is neutralized with hydrochloric acid to 6.0-6.5. Get food with a moisture content of 65-70%. To increase the shelf life of the feed, water is removed from it to a residual moisture content of 10-15% and granulated by extrusion.

The invention consists in the use of oat husks as a waste of plant materials. The prior art does not reveal the use of oat husks in the preparation of feed.

Oat is currently the main grain crop and the company has an oat processing capacity of 50 tons per day of waste - oat husks receive 15 tons. Currently, there is a certain problem of the disposal of oat processing waste - as oat husk has a low density of 200 kg / m ³ , then transporting it is unprofitable and must be processed on the spot. Currently, it is most often burned in recovery boilers, or taken to nearby farms for use as bedding for animals or mulching the soil, or simply taken to a landfill.

The oat husk is a flat flake of size 2 by 10 mm and is formed during the processing of oats, and its proportion is up to 25% by weight of the mass of oat grain.

Oat husk has a low nutritional value and consists mainly of fiber. According to the feed value, the oat husk is characterized by a value of 0.32 feed units (c.u.) and theoretically can be used without feed additives for food in the winter period for keeping animals. However, the specific worminess and high rigidity of the husk makes it unsuitable for feeding to animals. Therefore, oat husk in its pure form can be introduced into cooked feed in an amount of 20-30% only as an additive.

To date, the husk of oats has not been considered as a raw material for obtaining feed because of its stiffness and impurity, as noted above. However, the oat husk contains silicon, which plays a crucial role in the formation and growth of tissues - (www.nutrifarm.ru/microelements_10.htm (22 KB) 05/21/2004) - iron - 120 mg / kg, and manganese - 19 mg / kg, choline - 260 mg / kg, amino acids (threonine, isoleucine, tyrazine, phenylalanine, etc.), as well as vitamins (niacin, pyridoxine, riboflavin, etc.) (NRC United State - Canadian Tables of Feed Composition - 3 ^rd rev . (1982) National Academy Press, Washington DC).

In addition, the most important feature of oat husks is the content of oat grains in it in an amount up to 2% by weight, which increases the nutritional value of feed from oat husks, since oats contain 10.1% protein and 4.7% fat. Oat proteins contain a high amount of an essential amino acid - lysine - up to 8.5%. The total carbohydrate content is 57.8%, starch is 36.1%, fiber is 10.7%, and ash is 3.2%. The nutritional (energy) value of oats averages 3,000 kcal. In addition, the grain of oats contains minerals - trace elements (copper, zinc, cobalt, manganese, iodine, fluorine, etc.) and macrocells (phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, chlorine, etc.).

To obtain feed, oat husks are treated with 1-5% sodium hydroxide solution in an amount of 80 kg per 1 ton for 30 minutes. In this case, the bonds between the polymer chains of cellulose molecules are broken with the formation of low molecular weight carbohydrates, the material swells and becomes capable of plastic deformation. Then, in order to increase nutritional nutrition and feed safety, neutralization of free alkali in the resulting feed is made with a solution of hydrochloric acid to a pH of 6.0-6.5. As a result of the neutralization reaction, sodium chloride is formed, which makes this food attractive to animals.

If you use less alkali for processing, then, firstly, less carbohydrates will be formed (the nutritional value of the feed will be lower), and, secondly, the finished feed will be tough, which will not allow granulation if necessary. Exceeding this limit of alkali concentration will not only increase the cost of preparing the feed, but also lead to an increased content of sodium chloride in the feed, which is undesirable.

It is impossible to replace hydrochloric acid with another, since of the possible processing options, only table salt is acceptable for the animal organism. The use of other acids leads to the formation of salts, which cannot be added to animal feed in the quantities that are formed in this process (and their separation increases the cost of production). The use of feed treated with one alkali is also undesirable, since the alkaline environment of the feed can significantly affect the digestibility of the feed by animals and alter the microflora of the digestive tract.

An increase in the processing time of the feed does not lead to an increase in the carbohydrate content of the feed, since within 30 minutes the reaction occurs almost completely and subsequent heating is not economically feasible.

Such relatively mild conditions for processing raw materials - oat husks - are also due to the content of oat grains in the husk in an amount of up to 2%, which not only increase the nutritional value of the feed by 0.02 ke but they additionally enrich it with useful substances that are part of the protein, since under such processing conditions there is no change in their chemical composition.

Freshly prepared food has the consistency of a silage of cereal herbs, the smell of bread, the taste is slightly acidic, pH 6.0-6.5, color from yellow to brown.

The moisture content of freshly prepared food is 65-70%, which allows you to store it no more than 1 day. To increase the shelf life of the feed, it is subjected to granulation, having previously removed water to a residual moisture content of 10-15% (for example, in a centrifuge). The shelf life of granular feed is at least one year.

The invention is illustrated by the following example of a specific implementation.

Example.

1.4 tons of oat husks are treated with 112 kg of a 5% NaOH solution in a feed tank for 30 minutes. Then, a 10% hydrochloric acid solution is added to the container to a pH of 6.0-6.5. Get food with a moisture content of 65-70%. The resulting product is squeezed in a centrifuge to a moisture content of 10-15% and extruded. The extrusion process is carried out on a press extruder brand KMZ-2U. The process temperature is 135-150 ° C, the pressing pressure is 30-50 kgf / cm ² . The process temperature and pressing pressure are controlled by changing the area of the outlet. The finished product is evaluated organoleptically. In medium samples, the content of basic nutrients is determined. The results are presented in table 1.

Change in the nutritional value of oat husks after processing.

Indicator Source After processing Mass fraction of fiber,% 90.0 51.0 Mass fraction of crude protein,% 1,5 1,5 Mass fraction of fat,% 1,5 1,5 Mass fraction of carbohydrates,% 0,0 39.0 Ash content,% 7.0 7.0 Total energy nutrition 0.28 0.65 Caloric content per 100 g, kcal. - 163

As can be seen from the example, the proposed method for preparing food from oat husks is simple, technological, allows you to get a product of high nutritional value and digestibility. The concentrations of reactants used in this process are safe and easy to dispose of, which ensures the safety of the feed and its environmental cleanliness.

The proposed method of preparation of feed allows you to expand the range of manufactured feed, to utilize oat production waste and can find application in feed production.

Claims (2)

1. The method of preparation of feed by treating plant waste products with a solution of caustic soda, characterized in that as waste plant materials use husk of oats, which is treated with a 1-5% solution of caustic soda in an amount of 80 kg per 1 ton of husk of oats for 30 min, then the resulting mass is neutralized with hydrochloric acid to a pH of 6.0-6.5. 2. The method of preparation of feed according to claim 1, characterized in that the resulting feed is squeezed to a residual moisture content of 10-15% and extruded.