RU2263378C2 - Space-filling midget antennas - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: midget antennas built to novel geometry of space-filling curves.

SUBSTANCE: proposed antenna has one of its parts made in the form of space-filling curve being defined as aperiodic curve of at least ten interconnected straight segments, length of each of them being shorter than one tenth of operating wavelength in free space; they are spatially disposed so that neither of adjacent and interconnected segments forms other, longer, straight segment nor crosses other segment; space-filling curve of antenna is of such property that its cell size is smaller than unity.

EFFECT: reduced size and resonant frequency, enhanced quality, bandpass, excitation resistance, and effectiveness of antenna.

23 cl, 25 dwg

Description

Subject of invention

The present invention relates to a family of antennas of reduced size based on the new geometry, the geometry of the curves, called space filling curves (SFC) (SFC). An antenna is called a small antenna (miniature antenna) when it can be placed in a small space compared to the working wavelength. More precisely, as a criterion for classifying an antenna as small, use the concept of a radio sphere. A radian sphere is an imaginary sphere with a radius equal to the length of the working wave divided by two π, and the antenna is called small in terms of wavelength when it can be placed inside the specified radial sphere.

In the present invention, a new geometry is defined, the geometry of curves filling a space (KZP), and it is used to define the shape of a part of the antenna. With this new technology, the size of the antenna can be reduced compared to the prior art or, alternatively, at a given size, the antenna can operate at a lower frequency than conventional antennas of the same size.

The present invention is used in the field of telecommunications and, more specifically, for the development of small antenna designs.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Fundamental limitations for small antennas were theoretically established by N.Wheeler and L.J. Chu in the mid-forties. In principle, they found that a small antenna has a high Q factor (Q) because of the relatively high level of reactive energy accumulated near the antenna, compared with the radiated power. Such a high Q factor results in a narrow passband; in fact, the principle defined on the basis of such a theory determines the maximum bandwidth for a given specific size of a small antenna.

In relation to this phenomenon, it is also known that the property of a small antenna is a high input reactance (capacitive or inductive), which usually should be compensated by an external matching / load circuit or structure. It also means that it is difficult to pack a resonant antenna in a space that is small in terms of wavelength at resonance. In addition, a small antenna is characterized by low radiation resistance and low efficiency.

The search for structures that can efficiently radiate from a small space is of great commercial interest, in particular, in the field of mobile communication devices (cell phones, cell pagers, laptop computers and data processing devices, which are given here as just a few examples), where the size and weight of portable equipment should be small. According to a publication by R.C. Hansen (RC Hansen, Fundamental Limitation on Antennas, Proc. IEEE, Volume 69, Number 2, February 1981), the performance of a small antenna depends on its ability to efficiently use the small available space inside an imaginary radio sphere, surrounding the antenna.

In the present invention, a new set of geometries, called space-filling curves (below the SCL), is introduced for the design and construction of small antennas with improved performance compared to other classical antennas described in prior art publications (such as linear asymmetric vibrators, symmetric vibrators and round or rectangular loops).

Some of the configurations described in the present invention were developed based on geometries studied already in the 19th century by some mathematicians such as Giuseppe Peano and David Gilbert (Giusepe Peano and David Hilbert). In all these cases, the curves were studied from the point of view of mathematics, but were never used for any practical application in technology.

Dimension (D) is often used to characterize extremely complex geometric curves and structures such as those described in the present invention. There are a large number of different mathematical definitions of size, but this document uses the cell count size (which is well known to those skilled in the theory of mathematics) to characterize a family of constructs. For specialists in the field of mathematical theory, it will be clear that, if necessary, to construct some curves filling the space, such as those described in the present invention, the Iterated Function System (CIF) (IFS), the Multiple Reduction Copy Machine algorithm ( ICMS) (MRCM) or the algorithm of a structured Copy Machine with multiple reduction (ICMS).

The key point of the present invention is to define the shape of part of the antenna (for example, at least part of the arms of the symmetrical vibrator, at least part of the arm of the asymmetric vibrator, the perimeter of the panel antenna panel, the slit antenna slot, the loop perimeter of the loop antenna, the cross section of the horn antenna horn or perimeter of the reflector of the reflex antenna) in the form of a curve filling the space, that is, a curve that is large in terms of physical length, but small in terms of area in Roy, this curve may be enclosed. More specifically, the following definition of a curve filling a space is accepted in this document: a curve composed of at least ten segments that are connected in such a way that each segment forms a certain angle with neighboring segments, while not a single pair of neighboring segments forms a larger straight segment, and in which the curve can be, if necessary, periodic along a fixed direct direction in space, if and only if the period is determined by a non-periodic curve, Universe, has at least ten connected segments and no pair of said spaced near each other and not connected segments defines a straight longer segment. In addition, regardless of the design of such a short-circuit breaker, it never intersects itself at any point, except for the start and end points (that is, the entire curve can be located as a closed curve or loop, but none of the parts of the curve may be a closed loop). The curve filling the space can be placed on a flat or curved surface and, due to the angles between the segments, the physical length of the curve is always greater than any straight line that can be placed on the same area (surface) as the specified space-filling curve. In addition, in order to give the correct shape to the structure of the miniature antenna, in accordance with the present invention, the segments of the short-circuit curves should be shorter than a tenth of the working wavelength in free space.

Depending on the formation procedure and the geometry of the curve, theoretically some infinite length CSPs that have a Haussdorf size larger than their topological size can theoretically be obtained. That is, from the point of view of classical Euclidean geometry, it is usually believed that a curve is always a one-dimensional object; however, when the curve has a high degree of tortuosity and its physical length is very long, the curve tends to fill parts of the surface on which it is located; in this case, for such a curve, the Haussdorff size (or at least approximation to it, obtained using the cell counting algorithm) can be calculated to obtain a number greater than unity. Such theoretical infinite curves cannot be constructed physically, but constructively the short-circuit curves can be an approximation to them. Curves 8 and 17, described with reference to figure 2 and figure 6, represent some examples of such short-circuit breakers, which are an approximation to an ideal endless curve having a size of D = 2.

The use of short-circuit curves when setting the physical shape of the antenna leads to a double advantage:

(a) at a given specific operating frequency or wavelength, the size of the specified antenna, made in the form of short-circuit protection, can be reduced in comparison with the prior art;

(b) for a given physical size of the antenna made in the form of short-circuit protection, the specified antenna in the form of short-circuit protection can operate at a lower frequency (with a longer wavelength) than in the prior art.

Brief Description of the Drawings

The figure 1 presents some specific cases of curves of KZP. Based on the original curve 2, other curves 1, 3, and 4 are formed that contain more than 10 connected segments. This particular family of curves is called SZ curves.

The figure 2 presents a comparison between two meander lines and two periodic curves of the KZP, built on the basis of the SZ curve in figure 1.

Figure 3 depicts a specific configuration of a short-circuit antenna. It consists of three different configurations of a symmetrical vibrator, in which each of the two arms of the vibrator is formed completely in the form of a curve 1 of the KZP.

Figure 4 depicts other specific configurations of short-circuit antenna. They are antennas made in the form of an asymmetric vibrator.

Figure 5 depicts an example of a slotted short-circuit antenna, in which a slot is formed in the form of short-circuit breakers in figure 1.

Figure 6 depicts another set of KZP curves 15 - 20, constructed on the basis of the Hilbert curve, which are called Hilbert curves below. At number 14, for comparison, a standard curve is shown that is not a KZP curve.

Figure 7 depicts another example of a slot antenna of the KZP based on the curve 11 of the KZZ of figure 6.

Figure 8 depicts another set of KZP curves 24, 25, 26, 27, which are hereinafter referred to as ZZ curves. A typical rectangular zigzag curve 23 is shown for comparison.

Figure 9 depicts a loop antenna built on the basis of curve 25 in a configuration made of wire (above), a loop antenna printed on a dielectric substrate 10 is shown below.

Figure 10 depicts a slotted loop antenna, built on the basis of the curve of the KZP 25 in figure 8.

Figure 11 depicts a panel antenna in which the perimeter of the panel has a shape corresponding to the KZP 25.

Figure 12 depicts an aperture antenna whose aperture 33 is formed on an electrically conductive or superconducting structure 31, said aperture being formed using short-circuit breaker 25.

The figure 13 shows a panel antenna with an aperture of the panel based on the KZP 25.

Figure 14 depicts another specific example of a family of curves KZP 41, 42, 43, based on the curve of Giuseppe Peano. For comparison, curve 40 is shown, which is not a KZP curve formed using only 9 segments.

Figure 15 depicts a panel antenna with a slot in the form of short-circuit breakers formed on the basis of short-circuit breakers 41.

Figure 16 represents a waveguide-slot antenna, in which one of the walls of a rectangular waveguide 47 is made with a slit in the form of a short-circuit curve 41.

Figure 17 depicts a horn antenna 48 in which an aperture and a cross-section of a horn are formed in accordance with a short-circuit curve 25.

Figure 18 depicts the reflector of the reflex antenna 49, in which the perimeter of the specified reflector is formed in the form of short circuit breaker 25.

Figure 19 depicts a family of curves KZP 51, 52, 53, based on the curve of Giuseppe Peano. Curve 50, which is not a KZP curve, formed using only nine segments, is shown for comparison.

Figure 20 depicts another family of short-circuit curves 55, 56, 57, 58. For comparison, curve 54 is shown, which is not a short-circuit curve constructed using only five segments.

Figure 21 depicts two examples of loops 59, 60 of the KZP constructed using the KZP 57.

Figure 22 depicts a family of curves 61, 62, 63, 64 of the KZP, referred to here as the Hilbert curves ZZ.

Figure 23 depicts a family of curves 66, 67, 68 of the CSP, here called Peanodec curves. Curve 65, which is not a CSP curve constructed using only nine segments, is shown here for comparison.

Figure 24 depicts a family of curves 70, 71, 72 KZP, which are called here Peanoinc curves. Curve 69, which is not a CSP curve constructed using only nine segments, is shown here for comparison.

Figure 25 depicts a family of curves 73, 74, 75 of the KZP, here called the Peano curves ZZ. Curve 23, which is not a CSP curve constructed using only nine segments, is shown here for comparison.

Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments

In figure 1 and figure 2 shows some examples of curves of the KZP. Curves 1, 3, and 4 in FIG. 1 represent three examples of SCR curves, called SZ curves. Curve 2, which is not an SCC curve, since it consists of only 6 segments, is shown in FIG. 2 for comparison. Curves 7 and 8 in FIG. 2 depict two other specific examples of KZP curves formed by periodically repeating a motif including curve 1 of the KZP. It is important to note the significant difference between these examples of KZP curves and some examples of periodic meander curves and curves that are not KZP curves, such as those shown at 5 and 6 in figure 2. Although curves 5 and 6 consist of more than 10 segments, essentially they can be considered periodic along the direct direction (horizontal direction), and the motive that determines the period or cell of repetition consists of less than 10 segments (the period of curve 5 includes only four segments, while the period of curve 6 with holds nine segments), which contradicts the definition of a short-circuit curve given in the present invention. KZP curves, in essence, are more complex and have a greater length, taking up less space; this fact is due to the fact that each segment constituting the short-circuit curve is electrically short (shorter than a tenth of the working wavelength in free space, as claimed in the present invention), which plays a key role in reducing the size of the antenna. In addition, the class of folding mechanism used to obtain the specific short-circuit curves described in the present invention is important in the design of miniature antennas.

Figure 3 shows a preferred embodiment of a short-circuit antenna. This figure depicts 3 different configurations of the same basic symmetrical vibrator. The antenna in the form of a symmetrical vibrator with two arms is constructed so that it contains two electrically conductive or superconducting parts, each of which is configured in the form of a short-circuit curve. For simplicity of the image, but without departing from the general principles, a specific case of the SCR curve was selected here for the image (curve 1 SZ in figure 1); instead, it can be used curves of KZP of another type, for example, such as described with reference to Fig. 1, 2, 6, 8, 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25. At two ends of two arms located close to each other, input leads 9 of a symmetrical vibrator are formed. Conclusions 9 are presented in the drawings as electrically conductive or superconducting circles, while it is obvious to those skilled in the art that such conclusions can be shaped in accordance with any other structure, provided that they are sufficiently small with respect to the operating wavelength. In addition, the arms of symmetrical vibrators can be rotated and folded in various ways to accurately change the input impedance or radiating properties of the antenna, such as polarization. Figure 3 also shows another preferred embodiment of a symmetrical vibrator based on short-circuit curves, in which the conductive or superconducting shoulders of the short-circuit breaker are printed on a dielectric substrate 10; this option is particularly convenient in terms of cost and mechanical strength when using a long KZP curve. Any of the well-known technologies for the manufacture of printed circuits can be used to form the structure of the CCD curve on a dielectric substrate. Said dielectric substrate can be, for example, a substrate based on a fiberglass plate, on the basis of a Teflon plate (such as Cuclad®) or other standard radio frequency or microwave substrates (such as, for example, Rogers 4003®) or Kapton®). The dielectric substrate may even be part of a window pane if the antenna should be mounted on a motor vehicle, such as a car, train or plane, to transmit or receive radio waves, television signals, cell phone signals (GSM 900, GSM 1800, UMTS standards) or electromagnetic waves of other communication services. Of course, a symmetrical transformer circuit designed to balance the current distribution over the two arms of the symmetric vibrator can be connected or integrated with the input terminals of the symmetric vibrator.

Another preferred embodiment of the short-circuit antenna is a single-ended vibrator configuration, which is shown in Figure 4. In this case, one of the arms of the single-ended vibrator is replaced by an electrically conductive or superconducting counterweight or a grounded plate 12. As such a grounded counterweight, a mobile phone case or even a part of a metal car or train structure. Excitation is applied to the earthed part and arm of an asymmetric vibrator (here this arm is represented as a short-circuit curve 1, but any other short-circuit curve can be used instead), as is usually used in asymmetric vibrators of the prior art, using, for example, transmission line 11 . The specified transmission line is formed of two conductors, one of the conductors being connected to a grounded counterweight, while the other conductor is connected to some point of the KZP conductive or superconducting structure. 4, a coaxial cable is selected as a specific case of transmission line 11, but it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that other transmission lines (such as, for example, a microstrip asymmetrical transmission line) can be used to drive an asymmetric vibrator. If necessary and in accordance with the scheme presented in figure 3, the curve of the short-circuit breaker can be printed on a dielectric substrate 10.

Another preferred embodiment of the short-circuit antenna is a slot antenna, such as shown, for example, in figures 5, 7 and 10. In figure 5, a gap or gap in the form of two connected short-circuit curves (corresponding to curve 1 shown in figure 1) is formed by a stamping method an electrically conductive or superconducting sheet 13. Such a sheet may, for example, be a sheet on a dielectric substrate having the configuration of a printed circuit, a transparent conductive film, such as that applied to a window pane for protection in internal volume of the car from heating infrared radiation, or may even be part of the metal structure of a mobile phone, car, train, ship or plane. The drive circuit can be any of the well-known schemes used for conventional slot antennas, and it does not form an essential part of the present invention. In the devices shown in all of these three figures, a coaxial cable was used to drive the antenna so that one of the conductors is connected to one side of the conductive sheet and the other is connected to the other side of the sheet through slots. In this case, for example, instead of a coaxial cable, an asymmetric microstrip transmission line can be used.

In figure 7, to illustrate several modifications of the antenna, which can be built on the basis of the same principle and essence of the present invention, a similar example is shown where another curve is used (curve 17 from the Hilbert family). It should be noted that neither in figure 5, nor in figure 7, the gap does not reach the boundaries of the conductive sheet, but in another embodiment, the gap can also be formed so that it reaches the boundaries of the specified sheet, dividing the specified sheet into two separate conductive sheets.

Figure 10 describes another possible embodiment of the slot antenna of the short-circuit protection. This slot antenna also has a loop configuration. The loop is made, for example, by connecting four KZP gaps, which are based on the KZP 25 structure shown in Figure 8 (it is obvious that other KZP curves can be used instead of this curve in accordance with the scope and essence of the present invention). The resulting closed loop defines the boundary of an electrically conductive or superconducting island surrounded by an electrically conductive or superconducting sheet. Excitation to the gap can be supplied using any of the well-known conventional technologies, for example, using a coaxial cable in which one of the outer conductors is connected to the conductive outer sheet and the inner conductor to the inner conductive island surrounded by the short circuit gap. And again we repeat that such a sheet can be, for example, a sheet on a dielectric substrate, made according to the principle of a printed circuit, in the form of a transparent conductive film, such as applied to a window pane to protect the internal volume of the car from heating infrared radiation, or it can even be part of the metal structure of a mobile phone, car, train, ship or aircraft. The gap can even be formed in the form of a gap between two electroconductive islands located close to each other but not located in the same cavity and the electroconductive sheet; physically, this can be accomplished, for example, by placing an internal conductive island on the upper surface of the dielectric substrate used if necessary and the surrounding conductor on the opposite surface of the specified substrate.

The slot configuration is, of course, not the only embodiment of the loop antenna of the KZP. A closed-loop short-circuit curve made of a superconducting or electrically conductive material can be used to implement a short-circuit loop antenna conductor, as shown in another preferred embodiment of the present invention in FIG. 9. In this case, a part of the curve is torn so that two resulting ends of the curve are formed input terminals 9 loops. If necessary, the loop can also be printed on the surface of the dielectric substrate 10. In the case of using a dielectric substrate, the dielectric antenna can also be constructed by etching the KZP pattern on the specified substrate, so that the dielectric constant of the specified dielectric pattern is greater than that of the specified substrate.

Another preferred embodiment is described with reference to figure 11. Here is a panel antenna, with an electrically conductive or superconducting panel (30), the perimeter of which is made in the form of short circuit (in this case, short circuit 25 is used, but it is obvious that other short circuit curves can be used instead ) The panel perimeter is an essential part of the present invention, the remainder of the antenna corresponding, for example, to other conventional panel antennas: the panel antenna comprises a conductive or superconducting ground plane 31 or a grounded counterweight, an electrical conductive or superconducting panel that is parallel to said ground plate or a grounded counterweight. The gap between the panel and ground is usually (but not limited to) a quarter of the wavelength. If necessary, a low loss dielectric substrate 10 (such as a fiberglass substrate, a Teflon substrate such as Cuclad®, or other commercially available materials such as Rogers® 4003) may be placed between the panel and a grounded counterweight. Any of the well-known antenna power circuits used in prior art panel antennas can be used, for example, a coaxial cable whose external conductor is connected to a grounded plate, and an internal conductor connected to the panel at the desired input resistance point (of course, typical modifications, including the capacitive gap of the panel around the connection point of the coaxial cable or the capacitive plate connected to the inner conductor of the coaxial cable, placed at a certain distance parallel to the panel, and so on), a microstrip asymmetric transmission line that uses the same grounded plate as the antenna so that the strip is connected to the panel using capacitive coupling and placed at a certain distance below the panel, or, in another embodiment, the strip can be placed below the grounded plate and connected to the panel through a slot, and even a microstrip transmission line, the strip of which is located in the same plane with the panel. All of these mechanisms are well known in the art and do not constitute an essential part of the present invention. An essential part of the present invention is the shape of the antenna (in this case, the perimeter of the KZP panel), which allows to reduce the size of the antenna in comparison with the configuration of the prior art.

Other preferred embodiments of short-circuit antenna antennas, also based on the configuration of the panel antenna, are described with reference to figure 13 and figure 15. They consist of a conventional panel antenna with a polygonal panel 30 (square, triangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, rectangular or even round, which are shown here only as a few examples), so that the panel gap is formed in the form of a short-circuit curve. Such a short-circuit line can form a slit or a curved line 44 on top of the panel (as shown in Figure 15), which thus helps to reduce the size of the antenna and introduce new resonant frequencies for operation in several ranges, or in another preferred embodiment, the curve KZP (such as curve 25, forms the perimeter of the aperture 33 of the panel 31 (Figure 13). Such an aperture can significantly reduce the first resonant frequency of the panel relative to the case of using a solid panel, which can significantly reduce the size a These two cases of the configuration of the slit in the form of short-circuit breakers and the aperture in the form of short-circuit breakers can, of course, also be used with panel antennas with a perimeter in the form of short-circuit breakers, such as, for example, short-circuit breaker 30, which is shown in figure 11.

Thus, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art what constitutes the scope and spirit of the present invention and that the same geometric principle of short circuit breakers can be applied as an innovation to all well-known configurations of the prior art. Additional examples are given in figures 12, 16, 17 and 18.

Figure 12 describes another preferred embodiment of a short-circuit antenna. It is represented by an aperture antenna, said aperture having a perimeter made in the form of short-circuit breakers, and the aperture is formed by stamping an electrically conductive grounded plate or a grounded counterweight 34, wherein said grounded plate or grounded counterweight is, for example, a waveguide or volume resonator wall, or part of a structure a mechanical vehicle (such as a car, truck, plane or tank). The aperture can be fed using any conventional method, such as using a coaxial cable 11, or a planar microstrip or strip transmission line (11), which are given here as some examples.

The figure 16 shows another preferred embodiment, in which the curves 41 KZP formed in the form of a gap in the wall of the waveguide 47 of arbitrary cross section. In this way, a waveguide-slot antenna array is formed in which the advantage of downsizing by using short-circuit curves is used.

Figure 17 shows another preferred embodiment, in this case, a horn antenna 48, in which the cross section of the antenna is made in the form of a 25 KZP curve. In this case, the advantage is manifested not only in the property of downsizing, due to the geometry of the short-circuit breaker, but also in the broadband characteristic that was obtained by giving such a shape to the cross-section of the horn. Primitive versions of this technique were previously developed as Ridge horn antennas. In these cases of the prior art, to extend the antenna bandwidth, a single square tooth is used, mounted at least on two opposite walls of the horn. The richer structure of the KZP curve further extends the bandwidth compared to the prior art.

Figure 18 shows another typical antenna configuration, reflex antenna 49, which uses the described approach of forming the perimeter of the reflector using the short-circuit curve. The reflector may be flat or curved, depending on the use case or the feeding scheme (for example, using the configuration of the reflective antenna array, the reflectors of the short-circuit reflectors will preferably be flat, while when using parabolic antenna reflectors that are focused from the focus, the surface enclosed inside the short-circuit , preferably, will be curved, approaching a parabolic surface). In addition, using the nature of the reflective surfaces of the KZP curves, frequency-selective surfaces (ChIP) (FSS) can also be constructed; in this case, the short-circuit breaker is used to form a repeating chip pattern. In these configurations, the chip is preferably used elements of the KZP, compared with the prior art, since the reduced size of the structure of the KZP allows for a closer arrangement of these elements. A similar advantage is achieved when using elements of short-circuit protection in reflective antenna arrays.

After explaining and describing the principles of our invention using the example of several preferred embodiments for those skilled in the art, it will be obvious that the present invention can be modified in its layout and in detail, without departing from the described principles. We declare all modifications arising from the scope and essence of the attached claims.

Claims (23)

1. An antenna in which at least one of its parts is formed in the form of a curve filling the space (hereinafter KZP), wherein said KZP is defined as a non-periodic curve consisting of at least ten connected straight segments, the length of each of which are less than one tenth of the working wavelength in free space, and they are spatially arranged in such a way that none of the adjacent and connected segments next to each other forms another, longer straight segment and does not intersect each other segment, in which the KZP has the property that its cell count is larger than unity, and the specified cell count size is calculated as the slope of the straight part of the graph with a logarithmic scale on both axes, in which such a straight part is essentially defined as a straight line a segment within at least an octave of the scales of the horizontal axes of the graph with a logarithmic scale on both axes. 2. The antenna according to claim 1, in which the KZP is characterized by the size of the count of its cells is greater than 1.1. 3. The antenna according to claim 1, in which the KZP is characterized by the size of the count of its cells is greater than 1.5. 4. The antenna according to claim 1, in which the KZP is characterized by the size of the count of its cells is greater than 1.8. 5. The antenna according to any one of the preceding paragraphs, in which the segments intersect at the ends of the curve. 6. The antenna according to claim 1, in which the angles formed by each of the pairs of these adjacent segments are made rounded or smoothed. 7. An antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 6, which is made periodic along a fixed direct direction in space, if and only if the period is determined by a non-periodic curve consisting of at least ten connected segments, and not one of the pairs of adjacent and connected segments does not form a straight longer segment. 8. The antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 7, in which at least one of its parts is formed in the form of short-circuit breakers having the form of a Hilbert curve or Peano curve. 9. The antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 7, in which at least one of its parts is formed in the form of a short circuit having the shape of an SZ, ZZ, Hilbert ZZ, Peanoinc, Peanodec or PeanoZZ curve. 10. The antenna according to any one of the preceding paragraphs, which contains a radiating element, at least part of which is in the form of short circuit breakers, and which further comprises a circuit connected to the radiating element and intended to be connected to an input connector or transmission line, said circuit being matching circuit, impedance converter circuit, balancing device circuit, filter circuit, frequency isolation circuit or duplex circuit. 11. The antenna according to any one of the preceding paragraphs, which is an antenna in the form of a symmetric vibrator containing two electrically conductive or superconducting arms, in which at least part of at least one of the arms of the symmetric vibrator is formed in the form of short circuit the shape of the Hilbert, Peano, Hilbert ZZ, SZ, Peanoinc, Peanodec, PeanoZZ or ZZ curve. 12. The antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 10, which is an antenna in the form of an asymmetric vibrator containing a radiating arm and a grounded counterweight, in which at least a portion of the radiating arm is formed in the form of a short circuit having the shape of a Hilbert curve, Peano, Hilbert ZZ, SZ, Peanoinc, Peanodec, PeanoZZ or ZZ. 13. The antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 10, which is a slot antenna containing at least an electrically conductive or superconducting surface, which includes a slot formed in the form of short-circuit breakers having the shape of a Hilbert, Peano, Hilbert curve ZZ, SZ, Peanoinc, Peanodec, PeanoZZ or ZZ curve, in which the specified gap is filled with a dielectric or can be deposited on a dielectric substrate, and the electrically conductive or superconducting surface including the specified gap is a waveguide wall, a cavity wall an atom, an electrically conductive film on a window pane of a motor vehicle or a part of the metal structure of a motor vehicle. 14. The antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 7, which is a loop antenna containing an electrically conductive or superconducting wire, at least part of which is formed in the form of a short circuit having the shape of a Hilbert, Peano, Hilbert curve ZZ, SZ, Peanoinc, Peanodec, PeanoZZ or Curve ZZ. 15. The antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 7, which is a loop antenna containing an electrically conductive or superconducting surface with a loop in the form of a gap or gap formed by stamping on an electrically conductive or superconducting surface, while part of the loop is in the form of a gap or gap formed in the form of short-circuit breakers having the form of a Hilbert, Peano, Hilbert ZZ, SZ, Peanoinc, Peanodec, PeanoZZ curve or ZZ curve. 16. The antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 7, which is a panel antenna containing at least an electrically conductive or superconducting grounded plate and an electrically conductive or superconducting panel mounted parallel to said grounded plate, wherein the perimeter of the panel is formed in the form of short circuit having the form of a Hilbert, Peano, Hilbert ZZ, SZ, Peanoinc, Peanodec, PeanoZZ curve or ZZ curve. 17. The antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 7, which is a panel antenna, wherein the slit or aperture of the panel is formed in the form of a short circuit having the shape of a Hilbert, Peano, Hilbert ZZ, SZ, Peanoinc, Peanodec, PeanoZZ or ZZ curve. 18. The antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 7, which is an aperture antenna containing at least an electrically conductive or superconducting surface and an aperture formed on said surface, in which the perimeter of the aperture is formed in the form of a short-circuit shaped Hilbert curve, Peano, Hilbert ZZ, SZ, Peanoinc, Peanodec, PeanoZZ or the ZZ curve, and in which said electrically conductive or superconducting surface including an aperture or slot is a waveguide wall, a cavity cavity wall, a transparent electric wire dnuyu film on window glass of a motor vehicle or a part of the metallic structure of the motor vehicle, wherein said slot can be filled with a dielectric or may be applied to a dielectric substrate. 19. The antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 7, which is a horn antenna, and the cross-section of the horn is formed in the form of a short circuit having the shape of a Hilbert, Peano, Hilbert ZZ, SZ, Peanoinc, Peanodec, PeanoZZ curve or ZZ curve. 20. The antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 7, which is a reflex antenna, the perimeter of the reflector of which is formed in the form of short-circuit breakers having the form of a Hilbert, Peano, Hilbert ZZ, SZ, Peanoinc, Peanodec, Peano ZZ curve or ZZ curve. 21. The antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 7, which is a frequency-selective surface (CHIP), and the CHIP contains an electrically conductive or superconducting surface on which at least one slot in the form of a short-circuit breaker having the form is formed by pressing Peano, Hilbert ZZ, SZ, Peanoinc, Peanodec, PeanoZZ or ZZ curve. 22. The antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 7, which is a frequency-selective surface (CHIP), wherein said CHIP contains a dielectric surface over which an electrically conductive or superconducting structure is printed using any of the known manufacturing techniques, the shape of which is at least least partially made in the form of short-circuit breakers having the shape of a Peano, Hilbert ZZ, SZ, Peanoinc, Peanodec, PeanoZZ or ZZ curve. 23. A set of antennas filling the space, which are made according to any one of the preceding paragraphs, in which at least two of the antennas of the specified set are adapted to operate at different frequencies to provide coverage for various communication services, these antennas in any of the described configurations are made with the ability to simultaneously power using a distribution circuit or using a frequency isolation circuit, respectively.

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