RU2262827C1 - Method for intensive growing of corn - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: plant growing.

SUBSTANCE: method involves using perennial legumes grasses or leguminous crops as precursor; before sowing, treating seeds of said grasses and crops with composition of natural bischofite having concentration of 25-35% and 3-day long suspension of green algae Chlorella Vulgaris; using hybrid kinds of corn of early and average early groups of maturity as corn sorts; preparing seeds of said sorts of corn for sowing procedure according to sowing pattern similar to that of precursor crop; preparing soil for basic cultivation procedure by introducing lime until pH value is 6.5-7.0, organic and mineral fertilizers; introducing nitrous fertilizers before basic cultivation procedure, as well as at 4-5 and 7-8 phases of growing stage in the form of productive feedings; treating plants with herbicide, such as mixture of herbicide and 3-day long suspension of Chlorella Vulgaris, two times, i.e., before sowing procedure and at 3-5 phase of growing stage; using watering mode according to pattern of 70-80-70% of norm of moisture content.

EFFECT: increased yield, improved quality of corn grain and reduced utilization of resources.

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to crop production.

Intensive technology for growing corn for grain requires the exact implementation of all technological operations, compliance with standards, timelines and methods of introducing batteries; integrated plant protection, which is carried out at key stages of their growth and development, taking into account the data of biological control. Therefore, for the accurate execution of all operations of intensive technology, knowledge of passing through the stages of plant development and the formation of their generative organs is necessary. There is a close relationship between the degree of development of generative organs and the number of leaves, which simplifies the use of biological control. By the number of leaves on the main stem of the plant (together with dead), it is possible to determine the development phase or stage of organogenesis directly in the field, which makes it possible to effectively carry out agrotechnical measures.

A known method of growing corn, providing for the care of plants in development phases and multiple fertilizing with nitrogen fertilizers [1].

The disadvantage of this method is the use of nitrogen fertilizers in high doses, which on irrigated lands, in particular light chestnut soils, leads to the accumulation of nitrates and other harmful substances in plant products, soils, ground and surface waters, an increase in the density of soil compaction, and a decrease in its total porosity and aeration, and also activates the release of carbon dioxide from it, has a negative impact on the presence of water-resistant, agronomically valuable aggregates, increases the dispersion coefficient [2].

EFFECT: provision of a high yield and quality of corn grain with economical use of resources.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method, including the selection of a precursor, a variety of corn, preparation of seeds before sowing, sowing and caring for plants by developmental phases, perennial legumes or legumes are used as a precursor, the seeds of which are subjected to treatment with a composition from natural bischofite 25-35% concentration and 3-day suspension of green algae Chlorella Vulgaris, taken in a ratio of 1: 0.7.

Under the main tillage, lime is added to pH 6.5-7.0, organic and mineral fertilizers: phosphate, potash. Nitrogen fertilizers, in addition to applying under the main tillage, are applied in the form of productive top dressing in 4-5 and 7-8 growth phases.

Treatment with a herbicidal agent, which is used as a mixture of a herbicide and a 3-day suspension of green algae Chlorella Vulgaris in a ratio of components of 1: 1.8-2.0, is carried out twice: before sowing and in a 3-5 growth phase.

As a variety of maize, hybrids of early and mid-early ripening groups are used. Seeds before sowing are treated in the same way as the seeds of the predecessor.

The water regime is used according to the scheme 70 ... 80 ... 70% HB. Moreover, 80% of HB - from the start of panicle panning to milk ripeness of grain, 70% of HB - in other periods of vegetation.

The main source of humus formation and preservation of soil fertility are the crop-root residues of cultivated crops.

The value of perennial legumes and leguminous crops is determined by their ability to accumulate a large amount of organic matter in the soil and replenish nutrient reserves thanks to it. So meadow clover and goatskin accumulate the largest number of roots - up to 13 t / ha by the end of the 3rd and 4th year of life, alfalfa - up to 11.2 t / ha in the 2nd and 3rd years of life.

Chemical analysis of root residues shows that their nitrogen content is up to 1.77%, phosphorus up to 0.96%, potassium up to 1.24%.

High accumulation of nitrogen in the soil is determined by the active activity of nodule bacteria, the dynamics of the formation of which is closely correlated with age and mowing. The maximum number of nodules with leghemoglobin (pieces / plant) was established in the first crop in the crops of the 2nd year of life of the clover of the Pelican meadow cultivar - 32.6, Eastern goatskin - 35.0, alfalfa synehybrid - 31.0.

Seed treatment of these crops before sowing the corresponding rhizotorfin bean strains for each type of bean — control and a composition of natural bischofite 25-30% concentration and a 3-day suspension of green algae Chlorella Vulgaris in a ratio of 1: 0.7 showed that in the control the ratio of active nodules to their total amount: clover 1: 1.5-1.8, goatskin 1: 1.8-2.1, alfalfa 1: 1.4-2.0. At the same time, in the experiment, this ratio was 1: 1.1-1.2 in all cultures. The number of nodules with leghemoglobin in the experiment increased by more than 2.4-2.8 times and amounted to: for clover - 84.8; goatskin - 98, alfalfa - 74.4.

Thus, legumes left behind more than 306 kg of nitrogen, more than 75 kg of phosphorus and more than 160 kg of potassium per 1 ha.

When calculating the doses of fertilizers, the biological characteristics of corn, the planned yield, the content of mineral nutrients in the soil and their removal with the crop were taken into account.

The calculated doses of potassium fertilizers were introduced in the form of potassium chloride with 60% K ₂ O content, phosphate fertilizers - in the form of ammophos with 50% P ₂ O ₅ content for the main tillage. Nitrogen fertilizers in the form of ammonium nitrate containing 34% nitrogen were applied in parts: the first - for the main tillage, the second - in the form of productive top dressing in 4-5 and 7-8 growth phases.

With intensive technology for growing crops, the rapid removal of trace elements occurs. Therefore, between the II and VI stages of organogenesis, plants are fed with zinc (1 kg / ha of zinc oxide) and molybdenized superphosphate (1 kg / ha), magnesium (40-70 kg / ha), copper (0.3-1.5 kg / ha) and boron (1.5-2 kg / ha).

To obtain high yields of corn, a neutral soil environment and a sufficient amount of calcium are required. For this, liming of soils is carried out according to generally accepted methods to a pH of 6.5-7.0.

Treatment with a herbicidal agent is carried out twice: the first before sowing, the second in the 3-5th growth phase.

As a herbicidal agent, a mixture of a herbicide is used (for example, Marsanto's Harnes and a 3-day suspension of green algae Chlorella Vulgaris in a ratio of 1: 1.8-2.0.

The realization of the potential activity of herbicides as chemical means of protection depends primarily on the receipt of the active substance in the target object without damage to cultivated plants and the absence of aftereffect of the herbicides in the crop rotation.

Long-term practice of using herbicides, including new ones with selective action, shows that one way or another, herbicides have a toxic effect on crops, leading to a decrease in the quantity and quality of the crop.

The possibility of joint use of the composition, which includes both chemical and biological agents (their compatibility), was studied in the following ratios of the components of the composition: 1: 1.5; 1: 1.8; 1: 2.0; 1: 2.2.

As a result of studies, it was found that the use of a composition with a ratio of components of 1: 1.5 as a herbicidal agent in corn crops provided a yield of 72.1 c / ha, with a ratio of 1: 1.8-79.8 c / ha; 1: 2.0-88.4 c / ha (on a hybrid of corn Volga 23).

Slight deviations in yield when using various herbicides were within the experimental error.

In addition, in Russia, especially in the southern regions, grain damage to cereal crops toxin-forming strains of species of Fusaria, Aspergillus, Penicilli, Mucor, etc. is rapidly growing. According to the data of 2000-2002, more than 60% of the studied samples of wheat, barley are infected with a complex of these fungi , maize pledged for storage or received for sale [3].

In this regard, studies on the inhibitory effect of the proposed herbicidal composition on the development of mycotoxins have shown that it inhibits the development of a complex of toxinogenic fungi. Apparently, the proposed composition causes autolysis of intracellular structures of mycotoxins and their destruction.

The combined application of manure, mineral fertilizers and lime leads to a significant reduction in the content of water-soluble and metabolic forms of lead and cadmium in the soil and thus reduces the influx of heavy metals into crop production.

The advantage of this method of growing corn in comparison with the prototype and other technologies is:

- maximum use of the potential of "biological" nitrogen produced by symbiotic and free-living microorganisms;

- lower doses of mineral fertilizers;

- the maximum approximation of the timing of fertilizer application with the period of their active consumption by plants;

- saving of irrigation water through the use of a differentiated irrigation regime with intensive water supply only during the period of the highest water consumption of corn;

- the ability to obtain in the Volgograd region in the field grain of standard 14% humidity and thereby reduce energy consumption for drying;

- a decrease in the anthropogenic load on crops and soil microbiocenosis by reducing the consumption of herbicidal agents.

Sources of information

1.SU 1782381 A1, 12/23/1992.

2. Kruzhilin I.P. Raising the level of scientific support for the program for the efficient use of irrigated land / Bulletin of Agricultural Science, 1986, No. 5, pp. 136-140.

3. MONASTYRSKIY IV. Bio-protection of crops from toxicogenic microorganisms / f. Plant Protection and Quarantine, 2003, No. 2, pp. 5-8.

Claims (1)

A method of intensive cultivation of corn, including the selection of a predecessor, varieties of corn, preparation of seeds before sowing, sowing and caring for plants by development phases, characterized in that perennial leguminous herbs or legumes are used as a precursor, the seeds of which are treated with a natural composition before sowing bischofite 25-35% concentration and a 3-day suspension of green algae Chlorella Vulgaris in a ratio of 1: 0.7; hybrids of early and medium early ripeness groups are used as a corn variety, whose exchanges are prepared for sowing in the same way as the seeds of the predecessor; under the main tillage, lime is added to pH 6.5-7.0, organic and mineral fertilizers, nitrogen fertilizers are applied under the main tillage and in the form of productive top dressing in the 4th and 5th and 7th and 8th growth phases, treatment with a herbicidal agent, as which uses a mixture of a herbicide and a 3-day suspension of Chlorella Vulgaris in a ratio of 1: 1.8-2.0, is carried out twice: before sowing and in a 3-5 growth phase, the water regime is used according to the scheme 70 ... 80 ... 70% of HB, with a pre-irrigation threshold of soil moisture of 80% of HB supported during the period from the start of sweeping Lki to milk ripeness of grain.