RU2247488C1 - Method for protecting fruit plantations against san jose scale - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, pest control.

SUBSTANCE: the present innovation deals with biological plant protection against pests and it could be applied in protecting any perennial plantations against San Jose scale. The method includes quick test analysis for damage rate by San Jose scale and planting fruit plantations by applying more tolerant varieties, maximally damaged fro 1-2 points; then comes phytophagan's development prognosis (depression or epizooty)by taking into account the impact of reciprocal light frosts in the end of April to May period; pests' population control due to spraying by signalization with microbiological preparations or with their mixtures base upon alive cultures of local strains of entomopathogenic organisms. Application of the present method under industrial conditions enables to considerably (by 25% and more) decrease pesticide loading and costs of protective procedures conducted, provides positive nature-saving effect being ecologically safe for people.

EFFECT: higher efficiency of plant protection.

1 dwg, 2 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to the protection of plants from pests, and can be used to protect any perennial plantings from California scale insects.

A known method of protecting fruit plantations from pests (see A.S. 1745166, class A 01 M 1/00, 1992), in which the mass of the industrial garden is protected from harmful arthropods by treatment with chemical and biological agents.

Also known is a method of comprehensive protection of gardens from pests (see Smolyakova V.M., Zhidovkin A.M. et al. Recommendations for the comprehensive protection of crops from pests, diseases and weeds in the Krasnodar Territory for 2001-2005 - Krasnodar , 2001. - S.109-125), which determines the degree of population of the site of the California scabbard and controls the number of pests by chemical means during the emergence of vulnerable stages of the pest: overwintered larvae of the 1st, age, strollers of the 1st, 2- 3rd and 3rd generations of phytophage.

This is a particular example of a widespread chemical defense method. Its main drawback is the use of potent highly toxic chemicals (Rogor C, Kemidim, BI-58 Novy, karbofos, darsban and its analogs, cypi Plus), which are dangerous, harmful to a useful concomitant biota.

The increase in the harmfulness of California scale insects in the last 10 years is associated with the formation of phytophage populations that are resistant to insecticides widely used in fruit plantations, as well as with the laying of gardens with varieties that are severely damaged by the pest. Both known methods do not take into account the degree of damage to a variety of Californian scale insects as an agrotechnical method of protection and do not provide for the use of spraying with biological products as a biological method of protection.

The technical solution to the problem is to increase the efficiency of the plant protection method and increase its safety.

This object is achieved by the fact that in a method of protecting the garden from California scale insects, including a forecast of the development and harmfulness of the phytophage and controlling its number by spraying trees with chemical insecticides, a preliminary analysis of the degree of damage to fruit varieties by California scale insects and an additional forecast of phytophage depression taking into account return frosts of the end of April-May to - 3-5 ° C, and the abundance of California scale insects is controlled by microbiological treatments n preparations based on living cultures of local strains of entomopathogenic microorganisms, and the number of treatments and the choice of drugs are determined by the degree of damage to the variety by phytophage and the weather conditions of spring.

The novelty of the proposed proposal is that in order to reduce the harmfulness of the Californian scale, fruit plantations are planted with varieties that are tolerant to phytophage damage, they predict the type of pest development - epizootic or depression, analyzing the presence (absence) of limiting weather stress factors - return frosts, which determines the number of treatments plantings with chemical and microbiological preparations, depending on the purpose, age and type of garden and provides a reduction in insecticidal load by 1 hectare of the garden by 50% or more, a decrease in costs of 150-250 cu / ha, an increase in the biodiversity of entomophages by 50-92%. The latter is achieved by creating favorable conditions for the conservation and restoration of natural populations of predators and parasitoids by replacing chemical insecticides with microbiological preparations in the second half of the growing season - the period of greatest vulnerability of entomophages.

According to the data of the patent and scientific and technical literature, a similar set of essential features has not been found to achieve the goal, which meets the criterion of "inventive step".

Since the claimed technical solution is proposed to be used to protect gardens and perennial plantings, it is industrially applicable.

The invention is illustrated in the drawing, which presents a functional diagram of the implementation of the method of protecting fruit plantations from California scabies.

A method of protecting perennial plantings from Californian scale insects is as follows. A preliminary analysis of the endurance of the varieties to damage by the Californian scale is preliminarily carried out, for which fruit trees are inspected three times during the vegetation in the stands that are not processed by chemical insecticides (before the buds open, during the period of growth and ripening of the fruits and after the leaves fall) and the maximum damage mark of the variety is determined. The garden is planted with varieties, the maximum damage score of which does not exceed 2 points on a 4-point rating scale. The prognosis of depression, i.e. the intensity of development of the California scabbard, carried out on the basis of observations of the impact of weather stress factors during the summer of males (end of April-May - the presence of return frosts during this period causes massive death of males and depression of the pest population, the absence of frost contributes to the epizootic of the Californian scabbard). In case of phytophage depression, chemical insecticides are completely replaced by locally produced microbiological preparations. In the event of an epizootic of the California scale insect, microbiological replacement of chemicals is carried out in the second half of the growing season - the end of July-September. The effectiveness of the method is 98-99.9%, which provides pest control. In addition, microbiological preparations have a prolonging effect - with the accumulation of entomopathogenic organisms in the garden, the effectiveness of the treatments increases to 99.9%, which changes the long-term dynamics of the harmfulness of the Californian scale insects in the direction of stable reduction. The method provides a reduction to 0 insecticidal load on the garden agroecosystem, reduces costs by 150-250 cu / ha due to the replacement of expensive chemical insecticides with cheap microbiological preparations of local production and helps to increase the biodiversity of entomophages by 50-92% in comparison with the prototype method.

An example of a specific implementation of the method of protecting the orchard of an apple-tree of 1987 planting, stock M9, layout of trees 5 × 3 m without support. Varieties Aidored and Calville Snowy. A preliminary (1999) assessment of the damageability of apple varieties by California scale insects: 10 model trees of each variety were examined in detail three times during the growing season against the background of a high population of the phytophage site and the absence of protective measures aimed at containing the harmfulness of California scale insects. The maximum damage to the trees of the Aidored variety was 4 points, the snow Calville varieties - 2 points. Observations of the presence (absence) of temperature stress factors were carried out from the second decade of April until the end of May by daily measurement of air temperature in the predawn hours, while short-term drops in air temperature to -3-5 ° С were recorded, causing mass death (99%) of males Californian scale insects and depressed phytophage populations. Next, control was carried out, for which the Aidored variety, severely damaged by the Californian scale, was treated with 30 (MME) to reduce the number of overwintered larvae of the 1st and 2nd ages during the phenophase of the apple-tree “pink bud”. In the incipient strollers of the Californian scale insects of the 1st and 2nd generations in the absence of return frosts (2001), they were treated with chemical insecticides (darsban or its analogues, BI-58 Novy or its analogues), the effectiveness of which was 94-99%. For hatching strollers of the 3rd generation pest (September), two treatments were carried out with a mixture of microbiological preparations: bitoxibacillin + metarizine + lepidocide in a ratio of 1: 2: 2. In the presence of recurrent frosts (2000 and 2002) and depression in the California scale insects, chemical insecticides were used 1-2 times against 1st generation strollers, from mid-July to September, microbiological preparations and their mixtures were sprayed with trees of this variety. The proposed method of protecting trees of a highly damaged apple variety Aidored ensured a decrease in insecticidal load by 53-120 kg / ha and a decrease in costs of 50 cu / ha due to the low cost of microbiological preparations.

The cultivar of apple trees Calvil snowy, which is resistant to damage by phytophages, was not treated with 30 and chemical insecticides during the years of the depression of the California scale insect (2000 and 2002) - 4-5 sprayings with microbiological preparations and their mixtures were carried out on the vulnerable stages of the pest. During the years of the phytophage epizootic (2001 and 2003), chemical insecticides were used 2 times: during the phenophase period of the apple tree there is a “pink bud” and against first-generation strollers. The proposed method on hardy grade Calville snow allowed to reduce the insecticidal load to 0-6 kg / ha, reduce the cost of protection from California scale insects by 150-250 cu / ha due to the difference in the cost of the preparations, ensured the conservation of biodiversity of entomophages and their increase efficiency to the level of control trees (without treatments). In addition, the biological effectiveness of treatments with microbiological preparations increased from year to year and by the third year of use amounted to 98-99.9% against the background of decreasing in the same order biological effectiveness of treatments with chemical insecticides to 80-82%. This result is explained by the prolonging effect in the first case and the formation of a population of the Californian scale insects resistant to chemical insecticides in the second.

Using the proposed method in the production environment of AOZT Agronom in the Dinsky district (1999-2001), at the Kuban farm in Krasnodar (2002-2003), the Atamanskoye Pavlovsky district (2001-2003) allowed significantly - by 25% or more to reduce the pesticidal load and the cost of protective measures, provided a positive environmental effect, as it is environmentally friendly for humans and healthy biota. This method can be fully applied to protect perennial plantings from California scale insects.

The economic effect of the application of the method is 40-275 cu / ha in the form of savings due to the replacement of expensive chemical insecticides with cheap local microbiological preparations.

A comparative analysis of the protection of apple trees of varieties of varying degrees of resistance to damage by the Californian scale insect is presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Sign 1 Grade Aydored severely damaged by phytophage (4 points) Grade Calville snow slightly damaged by phytophage (1-2 points) Sign 2 Year of Pest Depression Year of pest epizootics Year of Pest Depression Year of pest epizootics Sign 3 Before flowering apple trees spraying with the preparation 30 to reduce the number of overwintered larvae No protection Once chemical insecticide By alarm 1-2 sprayings with chemical insecticides and 4-5 microbiological preparations 4-6 treatments with chemical insecticides and 1-2 microbiological preparations 4-5 sprayings with biological products or their mixtures 1-2 sprayings with chemical insecticides and 3-4 biological products the effect Insecticidal load per 1 ha of garden 53-60 kg 112-120 kg 0 3-6 kg The cost of drugs to protect 1 hectare of the garden from California scale insects 120-150 cu 150-300 cu 20-25 cu 60-100 cu

Considering the data given in table 1, we can conclude that the cultivation of apple-resistant varieties of the California scabby apple-tree varieties is effective and safe, since it allows maximum (100%) bio-protection and minimizes the use of chemicals. Using the claimed method is effective and safe, because by replacing chemical insecticides with microbiological preparations, the insecticidal load per 1 hectare of the garden is reduced - in the severely damaged variety Aidored 2 times or more, on the slightly damaged variety Calvil snowy to 0, that is, without the use of chemical insecticides.

A comparative assessment of the proposed technical solution with the prototype (integrated system) revealed the superiority of the proposed method in terms of economic and environmental efficiency (table 2).

The inventive method provides a reduction in costs by replacing chemicals with biological ones at 50 cu / ha while protecting apple varieties that are severely damaged by the California scabbard and 150-250 cu / ha when protecting weakly damaged apple varieties. Compared with the prototype, the insecticidal load is reduced by 80-107 kg / ha in the first case and to 0 in the second. The ecological effect is manifested in the conservation of biodiversity of entomophages and the production of environmentally friendly fruits.

Claims (1)

A method of protecting fruit stands from California scale insects, including a prediction of the development and harmfulness of the phytophage and controlling its number by spraying trees with chemical insecticides, characterized in that they perform preliminary rapid analysis of the degree of damage to fruit varieties by California scale insects and additional prediction of depression of the phytophage taking into account return frosts of the end April - May to -3-5 ° C, and the control of the number of Californian scale insects is carried out through microbiological treatments preparations based on live cultures of local strains of entomopathogenic microorganisms, the number of treatments and the choice of drugs being determined by the degree of damage to the variety by phytophage and weather conditions of spring.