RU2235708C2 - Explosive retarder - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: explosives.

SUBSTANCE: invention proposes urea to be used as retarder for water-free explosives and three variants of water-free explosives containing individual explosive (or gunpowder) or mixture thereof, liquid fuel, metal combustible, solid hydrocarbon or carbon combustible, thickener, swelling component, inorganic oxidant, and urea as retarder. Water-free explosive is prepared from specified amounts of indicated components each containing one or more liquid fuels and insoluble therein solid combustibles, oxidants, individual explosives, thickeners, and retarders. Preparation comprises combining and mixing components including urea-containing retarder, provided that combined are part or specified number of components composed of one or more liquid fuels and insoluble therein solid combustibles into one or more groups with a rest or without rest of components not combined into groups; components in the groups are mixed; groups and rests of components are combined and mixed.

EFFECT: reduced sensitivity of water-free explosive to mechanical actions and increased safety during preparation and transportation.

39 cl, 1 tbl

Description

1. The technical field to which the invention relates.

The invention relates to the field of mining, in particular to explosives and, in particular, non-filled explosives, to a method for their manufacture and can be used for blasting in quarries.

2. The level of technology

Phlegmatizers of explosives (explosives) - substances that do not react with them (explosives) and reduce the sensitivity of explosives to mechanical stress.

Known phlegmatizing substances (talc, water) [1, 4]. However, they are inert substances and impair the thermodynamic performance of the explosive.

Also known flammable phlegmatizing substances - paraffins or oils [1, 4].

These substances in amounts effective for phlegmatization (1-5 wt.%) Significantly disrupt the oxygen balance of the substance and also lead to a decrease in the efficiency of explosives.

The use of urea in the manufacture of explosives is known as:

- a substance that reduces the water content in explosives while maintaining the fluidity of the explosives and increasing the energy level of the explosives (11);

- a substance that allows reducing the content of TNT (up to 10%) or completely eliminating it from explosives (11).

Known mixed explosives (see, for example, patent of Ukraine No. 45074 from 04.25.2001 - prototype).

Mentioned explosives include various combinations of components - individual explosives, or gunpowder, or a mixture thereof, liquid fuel, solid hydrocarbon or carbon fuel, thickener, phlegmatizer, inorganic oxidizing agent, swellable component, metallic fuel.

However, the substances used in them as phlegmatizers (glycerin, or glycol, or oleic acid, or aluminum hydroxochloride, or talc, or their mixture in various combinations) also do not provide safety in the manufacture, transportation, and storage of explosives and impair the thermodynamic performance of explosives.

Traditional methods for the manufacture of explosives are known, in which all components of the explosives are mixed at the enterprise manufacturing the explosives, and then the explosives ready for use are transported to the place of use.

Such methods of manufacturing explosives do not ensure their safe transportation and storage both within the enterprise and at the place of use of explosives. In addition, a special regime for their protection is required, which significantly increases the risk of working with them and, ultimately, the cost of blasting.

There are methods for the separate manufacture of components of explosives and their partial mixing at the manufacturer of explosives and final preparation directly at the place of use of explosives (see TU 84-08628424-731-99).

Known methods for the manufacture of non-filled explosives, including combining in one group liquid combustibles and an oxidizing agent, mixing them, combining the resulting mixture with a solid component (coal, iron ore concentrate, etc.) and mixing the mixture as a whole [1, 2].

There are also known methods for the manufacture of non-water-filled explosives, including combining a group of liquid components [3, 4] or liquid and soluble solids in them [5], followed by stepwise combining and mixing with an oxidizing agent and solid components.

There is also known a method of forming (manufacturing) explosives (see Ukrainian patent No. 45074 of 04.25.01 - prototype), consisting of a mixture of various components, including oxidizing, individual explosive, thickening, liquid and insoluble solids, including combustible and phlegmatizing substances which consists in combining the components in one or more groups with or without a remainder of the components, mixing the components in groups, combining the groups and the remainder of the components, mixing the mixtures as a whole.

However, in these methods, including the prototype, it is difficult to obtain a uniform distribution of components, namely to maintain a constant predetermined ratio between the content of components in the microvolumes of the explosive. This is a consequence of the low volume content of combustible, auxiliary, and other non-explosive components with respect to the oxidizing agent, especially in multicomponent explosives; particles potentially hazardous during mechanical action of explosives on solid components, especially metals, adhering to the surface of granules of an oxidizing agent coated with an adhesive fluid are not sufficiently phlegmatized, since the probability of coating them with adhesive fluid from the outside decreases; the manufacturing process of explosives is relatively dangerous, since the mixing of a mixture containing fuel and an oxidizing agent, which is an explosive, is carried out at least in two stages: mixing liquid fuel and an oxidizing agent and mixing liquid fuel, an oxidizing agent and a solid.

In addition, explosives manufactured by these methods do not exclude the risk of working with them because they remain explosive and their transportation requires special precautions, since they exclude the transportation of the necessary components in the form of non-explosive semi-finished products prepared for final mixing at the place of their application, where they are finally prepared in mixing machines, which also presents an increased degree of risk when mixing and loading into wells.

3. The invention

An object of the invention is to reduce the sensitivity of explosives to mechanical stress, increase the safety of manufacturing, transporting explosives, expand the capabilities of manufacturing explosives at the place of their use, reduce the risk of explosiveness and, at the same time, increase the efficiency of the release of explosive energy.

This task is achieved by the use of urea as a phlegmatizer of unfilled explosives.

The improved characteristics of the use of urea as a phlegmatizer are manifested when it is used in non-water-filled explosives based on ammonium nitrates or alkali metals.

The carbamide (urea) used is a white crystalline powder or colorless crystals of a salty-bitter taste, odorless, combustible.

The use of urea as a phlegmatizer is based on its physical properties:

- low strength (ultimate compressive strength of 3.0-7.0 N per granule);

- relatively high heat capacity (molar heat capacity at constant pressure - 22.6 cal · deg-mol);

- low intrinsic melting point (132 ° C);

- the ability to form eutectic mixtures with ammonium nitrates and alkali metals, which have even lower melting points (up to 48 ° C).

When using urea as a phlegmatizer, an increase in the safety of manufacturing, storage and transportation of explosives is ensured, which makes it possible to prepare explosives at the place of their use and improves the effectiveness of explosives.

As a result of the introduction of urea into the explosive, the critical pressure of detonation excitation sharply increases [2, 3] and, consequently, their sensitivity to mechanical stresses decreases.

In addition, the introduction of urea as a phlegmatizer of explosives, which are filled with water during loading, increases their detonation and energy characteristics.

This is due to a decrease in the water content in the salt solution formed in the intergranular space of the explosive, an increase in its density and a decrease in its freezing temperature.

This task is realized in the following versions of explosives, in which carbamide is used as a phlegmatizer.

Option 1

In an unfilled explosive, including an individual explosive or gunpowder, or a mixture thereof, liquid fuel, solid hydrocarbon or carbon fuel, a thickener, a phlegmatizer, urea is used as a phlegmatizer in the following ratio of components, wt.%:

individual explosive or gunpowder, or a mixture thereof 4.0-25.0

liquid fuel 0.3-4.0

solid hydrocarbon or carbon fuel 0.5-5.0

thickener 0.3-3.0

carbamide 1.0-10.0

inorganic oxidizer rest

Option 2

In an unfilled explosive, including an individual explosive or gunpowder, or a mixture thereof, solid hydrocarbon or carbon fuel, liquid fuel, swellable component, thickener, phlegmatizer, inorganic oxidizer, urea is used as a phlegmatizer in the following ratio of components, wt.%:

individual explosive or gunpowder, or a mixture thereof 4.0-25.0

solid hydrocarbon or

carbon fuel 0.5-5.0

liquid fuel 0.3-4.0

swellable component 0.5-4.0

thickener 0.3-3.0

carbamide 1.0-10.0

inorganic oxidizer rest

Option 3

In a non-filled explosive, including an individual explosive or gunpowder, or a mixture thereof, metallic fuel, liquid fuel, swellable component, thickener, phlegmatizer, inorganic oxidizer, carbamide is used as a phlegmatizer in the following ratio of components, wt.%:

individual explosive or gunpowder, or a mixture thereof 4.0-25.0

metal fuel 1.0-15.0

liquid fuel 0.3-3.0

swellable component 0.5-4.0

thickener 0.3-3.0

carbamide 1.0-15.0

inorganic oxidizer rest

To improve the energy characteristics of explosives, it:

- as an individual explosive contains TNT or phlegmatized RDX, or a mixture thereof;

- as the powder contains ballistic powder, ground or crushed, or powdered pyroxylin granular or crushed, or a mixture thereof in various combinations;

- as a solid hydrocarbon or carbon fuel contains coal or charcoal, or soot, or rubber, or carbon, or a mixture thereof in various combinations;

- as a metal fuel contains aluminum or silicon, or ferrosilicon, or silicocalcium, or silicon aluminum, or a mixture thereof in various combinations;

- as a liquid fuel contains a liquid petroleum product, for example diesel fuel or a mixture of petroleum products;

- as a swellable component contains an organic swellable substance, such as wood flour or flour or bran of agricultural crops, or an inorganic swellable substance, such as clay, or a mixture thereof in various combinations;

- as an inorganic oxidizing agent contains ammonia or sodium, or potassium, or calcium nitrate, or a mixture thereof in various combinations;

- as a thickener contains guargam or polyacrylamide and a structuring substance, for example, potassium alum in the following ratio, wt.%:

guargam or polyacrylamide 0.28-2.98

structurant

e.g. potassium aluminum

alum 0.02-0.1

- as a thickener contains guargam or polyacrylamide, flour or cereal sowing, technological additive and structuring substance, for example, potassium alum in the following ratio, wt.%:

guargam or polyacrylamide 0.2-2.0

flour or sowing cereals 0.05-1.0

technological additive 0.13-0.3

structurant 0.02-0.1

- as a processing aid contains a hydrophobic liquid, for example industrial oil;

- as a processing aid contains a hydrophilic liquid, for example ethylene glycol or glycerin.

This problem is also solved by the fact that in the known method of manufacturing an unfilled explosive, consisting of a mixture of a given number of components, including one or more liquid combustible and insoluble solid fuels, oxidizing agents, individual explosives, thickeners and phlegmatizers, which consists in combining the components and stirring, they use a phlegmatizer, including urea, and when combining the components, a part or a predetermined amount of one or more liquids is combined f flammable and insoluble solid fuels in one or more groups with or without residue of components that are not combined into groups, mix the components in groups, combine the groups and residues of the components and mix them.

In addition, solid thickeners and liquid fuels are previously grouped together.

In addition, they are preliminarily combined into one group and a part of a predetermined amount of one or more liquid fuels is mixed with a part or a predetermined amount of one or more oxidizing agents and additionally it is combined and mixed with another group containing a part or a predetermined amount of one or more liquid and solid fuels .

In addition, a part or a predetermined amount of one or more liquid and solid fuels is combined and mixed into a group and combined with one or more individual explosives.

In addition, a part or a predetermined amount of liquid and solid fuels are combined and mixed into a group, and additionally they are combined with a part or a predetermined amount of one or more oxidizing agents.

The effectiveness of the claimed method is explained by the fact that when combined into a group of liquid and insoluble solids and mixing them separately, due to their comparable amount, a semi-finished product with uniformly distributed components is formed. In this case, liquid substances that phlegmatize solid particles uniformly envelop them, and solid phlegmatizers (for example, urea) are in close proximity to solid particles, and therefore to potential reaction centers in the explosive composition while mixing the composition as a whole. With the combination of semi-finished products, the task of obtaining uniformity of the mixture is also simplified due to the relatively small ratio of the number of individual parts of the mixture.

This leads to an improvement in the characteristics of the mixture, as well as increased performance, reduced sensitivity to mechanical stress and, in the case of a thickener, increased water resistance.

4. Materials explaining the invention

Further, the present invention is illustrated by a description of specific, but not limiting examples of implementation, in accordance with the explanatory graphic materials (table).

5. Information confirming the possibility of carrying out the invention

To check the effectiveness of the phlegmatizing effect of urea, explosive compositions were made for comparison containing urea and not containing urea (with increased danger in the manufacture, use, storage and transportation), are given in the table.

An example of the method

An explosive containing, wt.%: TNT 5.0-15.0, diesel fuel 1.0-1.5, industrial oil 0.15-0.25, wood flour 0.8-1.2, ferrosilicon 2 , 0-7.0, urea 2.5-4.0, a thickening composition comprising guargum 0.45-0.6, wheat flour 0.2-0.3, potassium alum 0.02-0.04, and also ammonium nitrate - the rest is made according to the following technology.

Thickener components and industrial oil and a group of components containing diesel fuel, wood flour, ferrosilicon and urea are mixed separately in a paddle mixer.

Then combine both groups and mix additionally.

As a result, a complex combustible swellable component (GOC) is formed, which is to be stored and transported.

At the blasting site, the SOCs are combined with trotyl and nitrate with final mixing in a gravity-type mixer. Final mixing is possible directly in the charging mixing machine at the place of use of explosives.

This ensures a decrease in sensitivity to mechanical stress and with a large amount of TNT in the explosive.

Grouping in the process of mixing non-explosive components, if necessary, provides the explosive composition at the last stage of manufacture. This, in turn, sharply reduces the danger of the technology of manufacturing explosives, since the material in the explosive state, under a smaller amount of time is under the influence of mechanical loads.

It is important that it becomes possible to store and transport materials in an non-explosive state in the form of semi-finished products and the manufacture of explosives at the last stage, either near the place of consumption, or immediately before placing it in the charging cavity. It also reduces the risk of handling explosives.

Sources of information

1. B.N. Kutuzov. Imploding works. - M .: Nedra, 1974, p. 368.

2. Afanasyev G.T., Bobolev V.K., Karpukhin I.A. Sensitivity of explosives to mechanical stress and phlegmatization methods // Explosive business. - Sat No. 59 / d. - Industrial explosives. - M., 1963, p. 5-10.

3. Dubnov L.V., Bakharevich N.S., Romanov A.I. Industrial explosives. - 2nd ed., Revised. and add. - M., Nedra, 1982, p.327.

4. Patent of Ukraine No. 2340010, С 06 В 33/14.

5. Tu 84-08628424-731-99. Explosive industrial substances. Grammonite of the TK and TKZ brands.

6. Patent of Ukraine No. 11023, С 06 В 31/28.

7. A.S. No. 955668, C 06 V 31/40.

8. A.S. No. 1621435, C 06 V 31/28.

9. A.S. No. 1722012, C 06 V 31/40.

10. Patent of Ukraine No. 47074, С 06 В 31/28 - prototype.

11. RS Krysin, VN Domnichev, “Modern explosives of local preparation”, Dnepropetrovsk, Science and Education, 1998, p. 52.

12. “Improving industrial explosives and methods for their use.” / Ed. N.S. Bakharevich // Blasting - Sat. No. 80/37 M., Science, 1978, p. 184.

Claims (39)

1. The use of urea as a phlegmatizer of non-water-filled explosives. 2. The use of urea according to claim 1 as a phlegmatizer of an unfilled explosive based on ammonium nitrates or alkali metals. 3. An unfilled explosive, including an individual explosive, or gunpowder, or a mixture thereof, liquid fuel, solid hydrocarbon or carbon fuel, a thickener, a frigmatizer, and an inorganic oxidizer, characterized in that it contains urea as a phlegmatizer in the following ratio of components, wt .%: Individual explosive substance, or gunpowder, or a mixture thereof 4.0-25.0 Liquid fuel 0.3-4.0 Solid hydrocarbon or carbon fuel 0.5-5.0 Thickener 0.3-3.0 Urea 1.0-10.0 Inorganic oxidizer 4. The substance according to claim 3, characterized in that as an individual explosive substance it contains TNT, or phlegmatized RDX, or a mixture thereof. 5. The substance according to claim 3, characterized in that as the powder it contains ballistic powder ground or crushed, or pyroxylin powder granulated or crushed, or a mixture thereof in various combinations. 6. The substance according to claim 3, characterized in that as a liquid fuel it contains a liquid oil product, for example diesel fuel, or a mixture of oil products. 7. The substance according to claim 3, characterized in that, as a solid hydrocarbon or carbon fuel, it contains coal or charcoal, or soot, or rubber, or carbon, or a mixture thereof in various combinations. 8. The substance according to claim 3, characterized in that as a thickener it contains guargam or polyacrylamide and a structuring substance, such as potassium alum, in the following ratio, wt.%: Guargam or polyacrylamide 0.28-2.98 Structuring agent 0.02-0.1 9. The substance according to claim 3, characterized in that as a thickener it contains guargam or polyacrylamide, flour or bran of cereals, a processing aid and a structuring substance, for example, potassium alum, in the following ratio, wt.%: Guargam or polyacrylamide 0.2-2.0 Flour or bran of cereals 0.05-1.0 Technological additive 0.13-0.3 Structuring agent 0.02-0.1 10. The substance according to claim 9, characterized in that as a processing aid it contains a hydrophobic liquid, for example industrial oil. 11. The substance according to claim 9, characterized in that as a processing aid it contains a hydrophilic liquid, for example ethylene glycol or glycerin. 12. The substance according to claim 3, characterized in that as an inorganic oxidizing agent it contains ammonia, or sodium, or potassium, or calcium nitrate or a mixture thereof in various combinations. 13. An unfilled explosive, including an individual explosive, or gunpowder, or a mixture thereof, solid hydrocarbon or carbon fuel, liquid fuel, swellable component, thickener, phlegmatizer and inorganic oxidizer, characterized in that it contains urea as a phlegmatizer in the following ratio components, wt.%: Individual explosive substance, or gunpowder, or a mixture thereof 4.0-25.0 Solid hydrocarbon or carbon fuel 0.5-5.0 Liquid fuel 0.3-4.0 Swellable component 0.5-4.0 Thickener 0.3-3.0 Urea 1.0-10.0 Inorganic oxidizer 14. The substance according to p. 13, characterized in that as an individual explosive substance it contains TNT, or phlegmatized RDX, or a mixture thereof. 15. The substance according to p. 13, characterized in that as the powder it contains ballistic powder ground or crushed, or pyroxylin powder granulated or crushed, or a mixture thereof in various combinations. 16. The substance according to p. 13, characterized in that as a liquid fuel it contains a liquid petroleum product, such as diesel fuel, or a mixture of petroleum products. 17. The substance according to p. 13, characterized in that as a solid hydrocarbon or carbon fuel it contains coal or charcoal, or soot, or rubber, or carbon, or a mixture thereof in various combinations. 18. The substance according to p. 13, characterized in that as the swellable component it contains an organic swellable substance, such as wood flour, or flour or bran of crops, or an inorganic swellable substance, such as clay, or a mixture thereof in various combinations. 19. The substance according to p. 13, characterized in that as a thickener it contains guargam or polyacrylamide and a structuring substance, for example potassium alum, in the following ratio, wt.%: Guargam or polyacrylamide 0.28-2.98 Structuring agent 0.02-0.1 20. The substance according to p. 13, characterized in that as a thickener it contains guargam or polyacrylamide, flour or bran of cereals, a processing aid and a structuring substance, such as potassium alum, in the following ratio, wt.%: Guargam or polyacrylamide 0.2-2.0 Flour or bran of cereals 0.05-1.0 Technological additive 0.13-0.3 Structuring agent 0.02-0.1 21. The substance according to claim 20, characterized in that as a processing aid it contains a hydrophobic liquid, for example industrial oil. 22. The substance according to claim 20, characterized in that as a processing aid it contains a hydrophilic liquid, for example ethylene glycol or glycerin. 23. The substance according to p. 13, characterized in that as an inorganic oxidizing agent it contains ammonia, or sodium, or potassium, or calcium nitrate or a mixture thereof in various combinations. 24. An unfilled explosive, including an individual explosive, or gunpowder, or a mixture thereof, metal fuel, liquid fuel, swellable component, thickener, phlegmatizer and inorganic oxidizer, characterized in that it contains urea as a phlegmatizer in the following ratio of components, wt .%: Individual explosive substance, or gunpowder, or a mixture thereof 4.0-25.0 Metallic fuel 1.0-15.0 Liquid fuel 0.3-3.0 Swellable component 0.5-4.0 Thickener 0.3-3.0 Urea 1.0-15.0 Inorganic oxidizer 25. The substance according to paragraph 24, characterized in that as an individual explosive substance it contains TNT, or phlegmatized RDX, or a mixture thereof. 26. The substance according to paragraph 24, characterized in that as the powder it contains ballistic powder ground or crushed, or pyroxylin powder granulated or crushed, or a mixture thereof in various combinations. 27. The substance according to p. 24, characterized in that as a liquid fuel it contains a liquid oil product, such as diesel fuel, or a mixture of oil products. 28. The substance according to p. 24, characterized in that as a solid hydrocarbon or carbon fuel it contains coal or charcoal, or soot, or rubber, or carbon, or a mixture thereof in various combinations. 29. The substance according to p. 24, characterized in that as the swellable component it contains an organic swellable substance, such as wood flour, or flour, or bran of crops, or an inorganic swellable substance, such as clay, or a mixture thereof in various combinations. 30. The substance according to p. 24, characterized in that as a thickener it contains guargam or polyacrylamide and a structuring substance, for example potassium alum, in the following ratio, wt.%: Guargam or polyacrylamide 0.28-2.98 Structuring agent 0.02-0.1 31. The substance according to p. 24, characterized in that as a thickener it contains guargam or polyacrylamide, flour or bran of cereals, a processing aid and a structuring substance, for example alum-potassium alum, in the following ratio, wt.%: Guargam or polyacrylamide 0.2-2.0 Flour or bran of cereals 0.05-1.0 Technological additive 0.13-0.3 Structuring agent 0.02-0.1 32. The substance according to p, characterized in that as a processing aid it contains a hydrophobic liquid, for example industrial oil. 33. The substance according to p, characterized in that as a processing aid it contains a hydrophilic liquid, for example ethylene glycol or glycerin. 34. The substance according to paragraph 24, characterized in that as an inorganic oxidizing agent it contains ammonia, or sodium, or potassium, or calcium nitrate, or a mixture thereof in various combinations. 35. A method of manufacturing an unfilled explosive consisting of a mixture of a predetermined number of components, comprising one or more liquid combustible and insoluble solid fuels, oxidizing agents, individual explosives, thickeners and phlegmatizers, characterized in combining the components and mixing them, characterized in that use a phlegmatizer, including urea, and when combining the components combine part or a specified amount of one or more liquid combustible and insoluble in their solid fuel into one or more groups, a residue or no residue components not combined into groups stirred components in groups and combined groups of component residues and stirred them. 36. The method of claim 35, characterized in that solid thickeners and liquid fuels are combined into a group. 37. The method according to p. 35, characterized in that it is pre-combined into one group and mixed part of a predetermined amount of one or more liquid fuels with a part or a predetermined amount of one or more oxidizing agents and further combined and mixed with another group containing a part or a predetermined the amount of one or more liquid and solid fuels. 38. The method according to claim 35, characterized in that a part or a predetermined amount of one or more liquid and solid fuels is combined and mixed into a group and combined with one or more individual explosives. 39. The method according to clause 35, wherein a part or a predetermined amount of liquid and solid fuels are combined and mixed into a group and further combine them with a part or a predetermined amount of one or more oxidizing agents.