RU2211559C2 - Method for evaluating cleaning cutting quality - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method involves improving criteria for determining quality class by predicting fungi succession models checked in confidential times: in case probability of appearance of unfavorable models is predicted, object is not certified; evaluating quality of cleaning cutting twice: at the stage of assigning for cutting for predicting purposes and at confidential time for drawing final conclusion on quality of cleaning cutting and for determining prevailing wood-destroying fungi succession models and technical and economic effectiveness. In case pine fungus-attacked plantation is present in the vicinity of cleaning cutting objects, class of cleaning cutting quality is reduced by 1, i.e., third quality class is referred to as obviously unsatisfactory class without waiting for confidential time. EFFECT: increased efficiency and enhanced reliability in determining quality of cleaning cutting. 3 ex

Description

 The invention relates to forestry, namely, to conduct a qualitative assessment of the object of thinning.

 According to OST 56-97-93 (1), the quality of the thinning performed is determined by the quality of the allotment of the site (paragraph 6.1, 7.1), i.e. according to the registration on the test plots, the number of trees by species is determined with their division into abandoned and subject to removal. Subject to these provisions and the achievement of completeness immediately after cutting to the optimum level, the result of thinning is evaluated positively. According to the known method (1), the quality of clarifications and cleanings is assessed on the tap and immediately after thinning. For the upper class, accept the purpose of planting in the felling area in accordance with the recommendations of forest management, in compliance with the provisions of the “Manual on thinning in the forests of the Russian Federation” (2), with the correct delimitation and registration in nature of the area, and when the well-kept stand is kept in accordance with the intended purpose, there are no trees left to stand designated for logging and damaged during logging, skidding and hauling over 1-2%; there are boundary sights and corner posts with the correct inscriptions; the error in determining the area of 2% or less; a decrease in the overall density of young animals is achieved in accordance with the project with a deviation of no more than 2%, the composition and number of trees by categories and their heights correspond to the accepted conditions; the deviation of the cutting intensity when compared with the cutting standard on the trial plot does not exceed 5%. The same basically organizational requirements for indicators and criteria for assessing the quality of sites allotted and cleared, thinning, reformation, landscape and selective sanitary. Moreover, the disadvantages of the known method are the lack of consideration of the following requirements: not ensuring the optimal biodiversity required for sustainable forest management, creating conditions for the development of pests in piles and scattered logging residues left in order to clean the cutting area; not leaving untouched remises, hollow stands, dead specimens with anthills and parasites inhabited by bark beetles, barbel and goldfish. And the main mistake of the existing method of evaluating a very important forestry event is the complete disregard for evaluating the outcome of the event on a confidence date.

 The present invention provides a completely different, more reliable way to determine the quality of thinning in coniferous and deciduous forests.

 The invention eliminates all these disadvantages.

 According to the claimed method, the response of the tree stand to thinning is estimated two times: at the beginning, to assess the correctness of the removal, the method of cutting, the percentage of sampling and the forecast of possible succession of mushrooms when the stumps of the selected trees are destroyed and the second time, when the confidence period for the “healing” of the wound inflicted by the surgical operation "to the forest community, that is, after receiving a response to the care.

 According to experimental data, this period for clarifications and cleanings is 4 and 5 years, thinning and passage felling 5 and 8 years, selective sanitary 4-5 years, reformation and landscape - 10 years.

 After thinning, stumps usually remain that almost always do not bark. Therefore, the future state of the stand is determined in confidence by the most common models of xylobiont succession in collapsing stumps. And these models can be predicted already at the removal of the cutting area and immediately after the cutting.

 Usually stumps with bark are destroyed by fungi and insects. But the latter support or somewhat accelerate the emerging order of change of wood-destroying mushrooms. The process of destruction of fresh stumps and large roots after cutting healthy trees usually lasts from 3 to 30 years, usually with thinning in young trees and middle-aged stands from three to five years. Infection of root rot pathogens through a stump passes to the roots of a felled tree, and from them to the contacting roots of susceptible species. And the more the forest environment provided by biodiversity is disturbed, the more conditions arise for root rot to damage the remaining trees. But it all depends on the prevailing patterns of wood destruction of stumps and roots and the conditions for their manifestation. Failure to comply with the regulation conditions for fungal succession patterns in stumps during thinning leads to massive damage to well-groomed forests by dangerous pathogens of root rot and groups of root and foam xylophages.

 In barked stumps, as well as after a protective treatment of the surface of barked stumps with suspensions of root rot antagonists, or with sulfuric acid, or in other ways, typical succession models of fungi and insects are disrupted in a positive way: the stage of sub-destructors is reduced in development, and the best conditions for the development of destructors are formed - causative agents of brown prismatic rot. Often barked stumps are easier to populate with elephants and other insects, accelerating the destruction process and reducing the period of development of the subdestructor stage in mixed coniferous-deciduous and deciduous stands after thinning and other tree felling. Mass drying out or lack of conditions of defeat by dangerous diseases and insect damage to the remaining trees can also be predicted by the characteristics of the well-groomed stand, the size and condition of the stumps.

 Felling of deciduous impurities with stump thicknesses exceeding 20 cm often leads to massive damage to the remaining trees, especially conifers, in sapwood with soft white striped decay, resulting, for example, from aggressive strains of honey agaric and oily scales. The honey agaric is especially aggressive with respect to conifers of any age when sampling oak, birch and elm trees in mixed stands, slightly less than aspen and linden.

 A sample of doomed to drying, drying and freshly dried trees during selective sanitary and other felling with a sanitary bias reduces the load on the remaining specimens weakened by the disease or complex pathological factors, primarily insects. Often the best conditions are created for the development of dangerous pathogens of root rot. Harvesting old dead wood usually stimulates the development of dangerous stem pests. In such stands, objects of sanitary cutting, the revealed models of mushroom succession with the participation of pathogens are preserved in all cases of non-disturbance of their habitat (for example, drying or rooting out of stumps).

 The progress of mushroom succession in the stump of a felled healthy tree consists of successive stages: wood-staining mushrooms, wood-destroying fungi - first settlers (pioneers-sub-destructors), sub-destructors - second settlers (sometimes in stumps after cutting of one breed they fall out and create conditions for the long-term development of the first settlers - sub-destructors) 1st order, second order destructors - humifiers (reducers). The speed of passage of the stages of the first two groups of fungi determines the type of decay and the conditions for the transition of a pioneer subdestructor infection to the roots of growing trees. And the acceleration of the transition of these two stages in the stage of destructors eliminates the danger of damage to growing trees by root rot.

 To assess the quality of thinning before and after the cutting (for the purpose of forecasting) and in confidence, to clarify the accuracy of the forecast, the following types of models of succession of tree-depleting mushrooms in stumps after thinning are proposed.

1 model
Short-term continuous lesion of the tree with staining mushrooms, then with semi-saprotrophic subdestructors that do not pass to the living roots of the remaining trees. The stage of sub-destructors is quickly replaced by a complex of destructors. First settler subdestructors (Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. Et Schweinet Fr.) Fr., Trichaptum abictinum (Pers. Et. Fr.) Ryvarden, T. fuscoviolaceum (Ehrenb. Et. Fr.) Ryvarden and others exhibit significant antagonism to dangerous pathogens of root rot, in particular the root sponge and openings.

2 model
A prolonged defeat by wood-staining fungi of a still weakly expressed sapwood part and a simultaneous defeat by the pioneer first settlers sub-destructors, causing rapid continuous destruction of the wood of stumps and roots of mottled sieve and sapwood of stumps with white striped rot, passing into the parasitic stage and affecting the roots of living trees. In case of damage from such active sub-destructors by rot, the stages of development of the destructors do not develop or often fall out. So, after the defeat of the roots of pine and spruce with the root sponge, after 3-4 years, the entire wood part is destroyed (until complete utilization) by the fungus, that is, a void is formed. Rotting stumps inward from the end and roots occurs by monoinfection without competition from the complex of other soil lignocellulosic destroyers.

3 model
Wood-mushroom fungi affect sapwood with clearly defined borders with the still underdeveloped core part. The latter is affected by a complex of subdestructors competing with each other. The substrate is limitedly suitable for short-term decomposition by destructors. Wood of skeletal roots is destroyed by a complex of fungi, including dangerous sub-destructors, as well as with the participation of other soil lignin-cellulose-destroying organisms.

4 model
Wood-painting mushrooms for a short time affect sapwood. Sub-destructors develop rapidly on sapwood and sapwood, quickly entering the root wood and passing to the living roots of growing trees. In the central or core part, a long development of destructors takes place.

5 model
Wood-coloring mushrooms in the sapwood of the stump develop for a short time. The short-term development of a complex of sub-destructors is quickly interrupted by continuous long-term destruction of stump wood by first-order destructors. After a continuous destruction of wood, the change of first-order destructors by second-order destructors and humicifiers is clearly expressed.

6 model
Short-term settlements or even the lack of development of blue stain mushrooms. Fast population by destructors of both first and second orders. The stage of population by subdestructors falls out almost completely or is greatly reduced due to the dryness of the substrate. Conditions for the long-term development of first and second order destructors are most favorable. Their development is stimulated by deep damage to the wood of stumps and roots by elephants, barbel and beetles.

 The first model of the development of xylobionts in stumps is characteristic of early clarifications of unclosed single-breed young animals of natural or artificial origin. With a stump thickness of 5 cm or less, it does not lead to the development of dangerous pathogens. There is no contact between the roots of several trees and their fusion. In compliance with the industry standard, thinning refers to the first, second and third quality groups. In conditions of damage by root pest larvae or subcorn bug, the object is not certified for quality.

 The second succession model of xylobiont fungi in stumps is typical during late uniform (selection) clarifications, cleansing and thinning in 11-25-year-old pure pine, fir, cedar and larch, in 15-40-year-old overgrown spruce crops, when the forest environment and vegetation biodiversity suppressed. Often it also occurs after thinning on crops on uprooted areas of fires. The method of thinning does not affect the model, but with the upper method it manifests itself stronger earlier than with the lower one. The model is typical for stumps protected from direct sunlight, and in crops, even in typical forest conditions. It leads to a massive defeat of well-groomed plantings with a root sponge. Felling objects leading to the development of the second model are certified by class 3 only if chemical agents, such as 10-12% sulfuric acid, calcium oxalate, tween-80, foundationazole, and also proven drugs are used to protect stumps (suspension of giant peniophores and others).

 The third succession model of xylobiont fungi is characteristic of stumps after thinning in closed mixed cultures. In this case, the possibility of massive damage to trees of susceptible species is constrained by competition of subdestructors. May cause a brief flash of drying out in shaded conifers. Often found in pine crops in burned areas and clearings. Lesions remain only with frequent repeated thinning. Subject to the conditions of the industry standard, it is evaluated as the third, and after checking and confirming the absence of defeat on a confidence date, by the second and third quality classes.

 The fourth succession model of xylobiont fungi is characteristic for the destruction of stumps and roots by the open air. Mandatory conditions for the manifestation of the model are the presence of large stumps of deciduous species (oak, elm, birch) among coniferous forests. The model is typical of drained birch plantations during thinning and through cutting in mixed forests, continuous harvesting of windbreaks and windfalls. If the preventive conditions that inhibit the development of the model are not observed, the objects are not certified or certified no higher than 3 quality classes.

 The fifth model is typical for stumps in linear felling of pure coniferous or deciduous crops with fast drying of the end face of stumps (13). Objects under adverse conditions (with a snowbreaker, windbreak) can be affected by root rot. Subject to the basic conditions of the industry standard (OST 86-97-93), the object is certified 2 or 3 quality class.

 The sixth model is typical for the case of stump protection immediately after thinning or during complete debarking of stumps, protection of stumps with sulfuric acid (see conditions for the manifestation of the second succession model). Forest environment is preserved. It is certified according to the quality categories accepted in the OST.

 In the case of planting of pure coniferous or hardwood cultures on the foci of root rot, the objects of thinning are not certified, since the "surgical" operation only stimulates the defeat of root rot. The protection of stumps in this case by the recommended methods is not justified, since the infection persists in the roots of the maternal stand.

 The final assessment of the effectiveness of thinning is carried out by calculating a set of indicators of technical and economic efficiency. To determine technical efficiency, parameters such as annual (current) mortality, growth of drying out foci, conditional fautality, complex biodiversity coefficient, vitality index, percentage of stumps with unfavorable fungal successions in stumps, and the share of pathological mortality in total are used. To determine economic efficiency, data on the safety and viability of the main species are relatively optimal, the stock of growing forest, effective mass stock, effective inventory. The first higher class is when the average technical efficiency is more than 70% and economic efficiency is more than 60%, the second class is 40 and 35%, respectively, the third class is from 15 to 39%, the fourth is from 10 to 34%.

 Example 1. Clarification in a pure pine culture created over a stable or temporarily non-forest area (on a glade, old plowed land, non-renewed burning, etc.), with optimal planting density (3-6 thousand trees per 1 ha), was carried out after reaching the closeness crowns more than 0.8-0.9 in 9-10 years without stump protection. In the second model, fresh stumps after thinning and large roots are populated on 50% of the end area with typical wood-staining fungi: Ceratocystis pini (Münch) H. et Syd. C. piceae (Münch) H. et Syd., C. coeruleum (Münch) H. et Syd. Discula brunneo, tingens Mejer, Biatorella resinae Mudd. Corticium laeve Fr. , Verticillium glaucum Bon., Pullularia pullulans (DB) Bekhout, Leptographium lundbergil Lag. et Mel., Cladoshoium herbarum Link.

 The core part immediately after felling of the tree is populated by the strong subdestructor fungus Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref, which, moving down in the roots, where more aerobic wood-painting fungi come in less, completely affects all the wood. From the affected roots of a felled tree in contact with the roots of growing trees or through the litter, it passes to the root system of growing trees. The stump is subsequently populated from the end by antagonists of the root sponge Phlebiopsis gigantea (Fr.) Sueich. T. fuscoviolaceum (Ehr. Et Fr.) Ryv. (on a spruce stump Trychaptum abietinum (Perset Fr.) Ryv.), but these antagonist fungi can no longer prevent the further spread of infection on the roots. Therefore, after such high-quality OST 56-97-93 thinning, the defeat of conifers by the root sponge leads to severe destruction of the stands.

 Example 2. Under the cutting conditions given in Example 1, with illumination of the stumps by linear cutting or continuous curtain cutting, the succession of wood-destroying fungi proceeds according to a different model (model 4): defeat by wood-staining and strong sub-destructors is a short period and does not develop due to the rapid drying of the stumps and stump destruction occurs with the maximum participation of Ylueophyllum sepiarium (Wult. et Fr.) P. Karst. Lentimis lepideas Fr., Coniophora putchea (Schum. Et Fr.) P. Karst.

 In this case, the defeat does not take place, and felling can be assessed subject to the provisions of OST 56-97-93 - 1 or 2 quality.

 Example 3. Under the same conditions, but when clarification is carried out in cultures that have not yet closed, at the age of 3-7 years, the succession of wood-staining and wood-destroying fungi proceeds according to model 1 and root stumps of the remaining trees from stumps and roots of felled trees are not affected.

Literature
1. OST 56-97-93. Forest thinning. Quality control.

 2. Manual on thinning in the flat forests of the European part of Russia. - Approved. Feder. forestry service of Russia from 29.12.1993, 347 - M .: 1996.

Claims (1)

 A method for assessing the quality of thinning, in which the criteria for determining the quality class are corrected according to the predicted and verified in confidence terms models of mushroom succession, in the case of predicting the possibility of the appearance of adverse models, the object is not certified; assessment of the quality of thinning is carried out in two terms: at the stage of withdrawal to the cutting to make a forecast and within the confidence period for a final conclusion on quality with the identification of the prevailing succession models of tree-cutting mushrooms and determining the technical and economic efficiency, and if there are afforestation near the objects of thinning root sponge, the quality class of thinning is reduced by one, i.e. the third quality class is considered to be clearly unsatisfactory, without waiting for a confidence period.