RU220155U1 - DEVICE FOR MODELING AND STUDYING THE PROCESSES OF POLLUTANT DEGRADATION IN CONTAMINATED OBJECTS UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model relates to the field of searching, developing and improving methods for remediation of contaminated environmental objects and can be used to conduct experiments to monitor and study the processes of degradation of oil and petroleum products or other pollutants. A device for modeling and studying pollutant degradation processes in contaminated objects contains a collapsible metal frame installed on a base, in the inner lower part of which there is a container for collecting contaminated rain and melt water. Crossbars are installed above the lower container, on which the upper container is installed for placing soil, in such a way that the mass of soil placed in the container is distributed onto the crossbars of the frame. The upper container has a perforated bottom to drain rain and melt water from it into the lower receiving container. The use of the device provides an assessment of the dynamics and direction of changes in the composition of the pollutant during its degradation, subject to observation as close as possible to natural conditions. 2 ill.

Description

The utility model relates to the field of searching, developing and improving methods for remediation of contaminated environmental objects and can be used to conduct experiments to monitor and study the processes of degradation of oil and petroleum products or other pollutants.

There is a known method for studying the behavior of pollutants in soils [RU 2590554 C1, IPC G01N 33/24, publ. 2016], including a device with a column installed vertically on a stand with an open upper part, into which soil samples are placed, and a filter device in the lower part. Distilled water is supplied to the soil surface through a dosing device, so this device simulates the impact of natural factors in the form of precipitation.

The disadvantage of this device is that this design only simulates in laboratory conditions the impact of one natural factor in the form of precipitation, but does not take into account the impact on the pollutant of such factors as evaporation and weathering, changes in temperature and environmental pressure, photo-oxidation, biodestruction, that is, greater part of the factors to which the pollutant would be exposed under natural conditions, which does not allow us to fully extrapolate the obtained data to the real nature of the pollutant changes under natural conditions of a particular climatic region.

A device is known for assessing the depth of penetration of petroleum products into the soil [RU 198068 U1, IPC G01N 33/24, publ. 2020]. This utility model relates to the study of various types of soils by determining their physical or chemical properties, as well as to the field of environmental protection, namely to studies of the characteristics of the penetration of petroleum products into various types of soils in laboratory conditions. The device for assessing the depth of penetration of petroleum products into the soil is a metal base of a quadrangular shape, on which a prefabricated metal body is installed in the form of a set of modules of a certain height, allowing for layer-by-layer sampling by moving the plates to the “closed” position and removing each module one by one from the threaded rods . Then samples are taken and the mass content of petroleum product in the sample is determined at a certain depth.

A significant disadvantage of this device is the impossibility of testing in natural climatic conditions, especially in the autumn-winter period because the metal plates that are an integral part of the device cannot be moved to the “closed” position if the soil is frozen, and, as a result, it is not possible to take soil samples for laboratory research. Another disadvantage of the device is the lack of organization for collecting contaminated objects and runoff from rain and melt water; the design of the model does not eliminate the risk of pollutant contamination of groundwater and soil outside the device during testing.

The technical problem that the proposed utility model is aimed at solving is monitoring the process of changes in the composition of the pollutant during its transformation under conditions as close as possible to natural ones, through the development of a design that expands the range of similar products.

When implementing a utility model, this problem is solved by achieving a technical result, which consists in the implementation of the specified purpose while ensuring an increase in the degree of reliability of the assessment of the dynamics and direction of changes in the composition of the pollutant in the process of its degradation through the development of a device design that provides monitoring of the process of changes in the composition of the pollutant during its transformation in conditions as close as possible to natural ones.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that the device for modeling and studying the processes of pollutant degradation in contaminated objects under natural conditions contains a collapsible metal frame (lathing) installed on a solid base, made of galvanized steel, in the inner lower part of which there is a container for collecting contaminated pollutants. drainage of rain and melt water. There are crossbars installed above the lower container, which are part of the overall load-bearing metal frame (sheathing) on which the upper container with soil is installed, thus the mass of soil placed in the container is distributed onto the steel crossbars. The upper container, mounted on the crossbars, has a perforated bottom to drain rain and melt water from it into the lower receiving container.

The design of the device for modeling and studying the processes of pollutant degradation in contaminated objects under natural conditions makes it possible to place in the upper container a sufficient volume of any type of soil onto which a model pollutant spill can be carried out and samples of the contaminated object can be taken during the observed period (including long-term studies). , in order to assess the dynamics and direction of changes in the composition of the pollutant in the process of its degradation. In this case, the observation conditions will be as close as possible to natural ones, since the pollutant will be subject to degradation factors such as evaporation and weathering, changes in temperature and environmental pressure, photo-oxidation, biodegradation, etc. In this case, the pollutant will be influenced by factors characteristic of the region in which the research will be conducted. The claimed design of the device allows for controlled model spills to monitor pollutant degradation processes under conditions as close as possible to natural ones in specific climatic regions.

The utility model is illustrated by drawings, where figure 1 schematically shows the device , top view; Fig.2, the same, bottom view.

The device is a composite structure consisting of an upper container 1, a collapsible metal frame (sheathing) 2, a lower receiving container 3 and a base 4, the function of which can be performed, for example, by a wooden pallet, which makes it easy to transport the structure to the place of the experiment. The lower receiving container 3 is installed inside a metal frame 2 and is designed to collect rain and melt water contaminated with oil products. The upper container 1 has a perforated bottom and is designed to contain soil on which model spills of oil and other products of its processing can be made. The upper container 1 is installed above the lower receiving container on metal crossbars 5, which are part of the general power metal frame 2, onto which the mass of soil is distributed, so that the force of gravity created by the upper container 1 does not act on the lower container 3. Precipitation and melting water passing through the layer of oil-contaminated soil is collected in the lower receiving container 3, and the free space available between the upper 1 and lower receiving container 3 allows monitoring the filling rate of the receiving section. And if there is a risk of overflow, the drain can be collected using a drain pump and disposed of.

Possible device characteristics that were used in the manufacture of the device design are presented in Table 1.

Table 1 - Main characteristics of the device The name of indicators Unit change Meaning of indicators Dimensions of the upper container mm 1150x1000x400 Dimensions of the metal frame mm 1200x1050x1170 Dimensions of the lower container mm 1150x1000x700 Installation weight (net) kg no more than 65 Material from which they are made:
1) top container
2) bottom container Low Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Material from which they are made:
1) metal frame
2) metal crossbars Cink Steel Material from which the base (pallet) is made Wood

The device operates as follows: the upper container 1, installed inside the metal frame 2 on metal crossbars 5, is filled with soil (disturbed or undisturbed composition), a model spill of the pollutant (oil, petroleum products, etc.) is made onto the soil in the volume necessary to obtain the desired concentration. Next, samples are taken at a predetermined frequency using soil sampling devices in accordance with GOST 17.4.4.02-2017 “Nature Conservation. Soils. Methods of sampling and preparation of samples for chemical, bacteriological, helminthological analysis"; GOST 28168-89 “Soils. Sample selection". The design of the device allows long-term monitoring of changes in the composition of the pollutant under conditions as close as possible to natural conditions (including in winter). Precipitation and melt water passing through the layer of contaminated soil are collected in the lower receiving container 3. If necessary, the runoff of precipitation and melt water can be selected and examined in the laboratory, and the excess is collected using a drainage pump and disposed of.

Example. It is necessary to assess the dynamics of changes in the mass fraction of petroleum products in the composition of oil pollution during its degradation in the natural conditions of the northern region (autumn-winter observation period). To do this, using a utility model, a control sample of peat soil (typical for the region) was selected on a specially prepared site, and then a model oil spill with an approximate concentration of 54 g/kg (5.4 wt.%) was carried out on this soil. Then, at a predetermined frequency, samples of oil-contaminated soil were taken from the upper container using a Robur-soil soil sampler with a sampling nozzle volume of 200 cm ³ , which allows sampling a cylindrical column of soil. Before the establishment of permanent snow cover and negative temperatures, to make it possible to take samples in winter, devices were additionally prepared in a container with soil, which were metal tubes 0.5 m long, 60 mm in diameter, perforated along the entire length. The tubes were cut into the layer of oil-contaminated soil to the full depth, with the upper part 20 cm high protruding above the surface of the soil, so as to be able to remove the tubes together with the soil when it froze in winter. After selection, the samples were examined in the laboratory using capillary gas-liquid chromatography in accordance with PND F 16.1.38-02. The mass fraction of petroleum products was determined using formula 1:

, (1)

Where - mass fraction of n-alkanes (C14, C16, C18, C20, C22) in the oil-contaminated soil sample, %;

- coefficient taking into account the share of even n-alkanes (coefficient taking into account the share of even n-alkanes (C14, C16, C18, C20, C22) in the composition of petroleum products.

Table 2 presents the results of the obtained studies on measuring the mass fraction of petroleum products in a peat soil sample

Table 2 - Results of measurements of the mass fraction of petroleum products in peat soil samples. Sample code Selection date Mass fraction of petroleum products, % Control sample (background) 10/19/2022 0.0068 Sample No. 1 10/19/2022 10.7 Sample No. 11 10/21/2022 12.3 Sample No. 12 10/22/2022 7.7 Sample No. 13 10/23/2022 8.9 Sample No. 14 10/24/2022 9.0 Sample No. 15 10/25/2022 10.1 Sample No. 17 11/15/2022 10.4 Sample No. 18 12/15/2022 4.7 Sample No. 19 01/16/2022 7.6 Sample No. 20 02/13/2023 9.5

Thus, the use of a useful model makes it possible to assess the dynamics of changes in the mass fraction of petroleum products in the composition of oil pollution during its degradation in the natural conditions of the northern region. The design of the device eliminates the risk of pollutant contamination of groundwater and soil outside the experimental containers. The design of the device provides for the organization of collection of contaminated objects and wastewater for their subsequent disposal (the presence of a lower receiving container and the possibility of recycling wastewater from it using a pump).

The effectiveness of using the utility model lies in the simplicity of the device, which allows testing with any type of soil, sorbents, etc., and the base of the structure makes it easy to transport the structure to the place of the experiment. The design of the device allows long-term testing to be carried out under conditions as close as possible to natural conditions for a particular region (including in winter), while eliminating the risk of pollutant contamination of the soil outside the experimental boxes and groundwater.

Claims (1)

A device for modeling and studying the processes of pollutant degradation in contaminated objects, characterized in that it contains a metal frame installed on the base, in the inner lower part of which there is a receiving container for collecting contaminated drainage of rain and melt water, above which crossbars are installed, which are part of the metal frame, wherein an upper container for placing soil is installed on said crossbars, such that the mass of soil placed in the upper container is distributed onto the steel crossbars, and said upper container has a perforated bottom for draining rain and melt water from it into a receiving container.