RU2200875C2 - Electromagnetic engine designed for creating thrust basing on new physical principles - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: aircraft engines. SUBSTANCE: invention can be used for creating thrust systems in aviation and space craft. Said engine contains electric supply system, induction oil system, rotation device consisting of stator and rotor containing ring with rotating substance providing electromagnetic radiation, conducting screen for screening electromagnetic radiation with at least one port. Conducting cover and cover shifter are found close to port. EFFECT: increased thrust of engine. 26 cl, 5 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to the field of engines for creating thrust on new physical principles for aircraft. It can be used to create traction systems in aviation and astronautics. Also, the invention can be used to move an object in any form of transport.

 A known engine for creating traction on new physical principles for moving an object, containing a magnetic field source made in the form of a toroidal current winding, and the vector potential of the magnetic field of the current winding is directed at an angle of 90-270 degrees towards the cosmological vector potential, as a result of which an inner region of the toroid creates a region with a constant and a region with a reduced vector potential [1]. In a region with a reduced total vector potential, material bodies (masses) are moved, mounted on rods drawn from the internal cavity of the toroid and rigidly fastened to the object body, placed uniformly on the surface of the toroid and equipped with drives for their extension-cleaning along the radial directions of the torus surface circle. Based on the physical vacuum region, in which the cosmological vector potential decreases due to the vector potential of the magnetic field source, a material body introduced into this region, rigidly connected, for example, with a solenoid, will carry it along with itself. Thus, the source of the magnetic field creates a region of space in which a new force acts, and the magnet system with the body moves in space due to the energy of the physical vacuum.

 The disadvantage of the engine is low traction. For example, in experiments for solenoids with a magnetic field from 17 to 150 kG with a model weight of 191 kg, the thrust did not exceed 4 g [28].

 In other experiments, at fields from 130 to 140 kG and a cargo weight of 26 to 30 g, the thrust was about 2.7 dyne / g [29].

 To increase traction in the engine, it is necessary to increase the volume of the area occupied by the magnetic field in order to introduce a large mass of material body into a large area. An increase in the volume of the region occupied by the magnetic field corresponds to an increase in the energy of the magnetic field of the coil stored in the coil. Meanwhile, it is known that with increasing magnetic field energy in a superconducting solenoid, radial mechanical stresses tend to destroy it, which prevents it from increasing the volume of the region occupied by the magnetic field, it is also known that with an increase in the size of the superconducting solenoid, the current density flowing through its coil decreases occurrence of induction currents during powering.

 These two factors make it difficult to increase traction by increasing the magnetic energy stored in the superconducting solenoid.

 A known engine for creating traction on new physical principles is the Searle disk (Searle disk, Tsarl, Charles) [2, 3], containing a rotor containing a rotatable substance, made as a magnetized ring mounted on rollers, made with the ability to rotate around an axis. The rotor is placed inside the stator before take-off. The engine is equipped with a rotation device configured to rotate a rotor made in the form of a magnetized ring. The rotation device accelerates the magnetized ring mounted on the rollers by electromagnetic forces to a large number of revolutions and rotates at high speed. The ring, starting at a certain rotation speed, accelerates, loses weight and then takes off. A controlled flight of the device from London to the Cornwall Peninsula and back was made, which in total is 600 km.

 The drawback of the Searl drive motor is its low thrust during flight. The thrust during the flight is small, since the Searle disk, according to the author, does not use the energy of the electromagnetic radiation resulting from the rotation of the magnetized disk insufficiently, the nature of which will be described below. This radiation, according to the author, in the case of the Searle disk after the disk takes off to a height exceeding the diameter of the disk, it simply heats the atmosphere (air) near the disk, and the Searl disk simply rises in the ascending currents of heated air. This method of creating traction makes it impossible to use the Searle disk in airless space, since there will be no ascending air flows in the vacuum. As for the use of the Searl disk by photon traction from the electromagnetic radiation that occurs during the rotation of the disk, this photon traction is essentially not used, since the radiation evenly propagates up and down from the Searl disk and the radiation scattering force acting on the disk from above is from above and below, mutually offset. Therefore, the resulting thrust of the Searle disk during flight is small, since the photon traction due to electromagnetic radiation arising from the rotation of the Searl disk is not added to it, the nature of which is described below.

 The challenge facing the invention is to increase thrust during flight.

 This problem is solved in that the engine for creating traction, containing a power supply system, a system of induction coils, a rotation device consisting of a stator and a rotor containing a ring with a rotating substance, providing electromagnetic radiation, contains a conductive screen for shielding electromagnetic radiation with at least , one window, while next to the window is a conductive cover and a device for moving the cover.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the screen is made in the form of a rotation figure, while a camera with a cavity is made inside the screen.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the screen and the camera with a cavity are installed inside the frame, made in the form of a polyhedron.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that at least one system of rollers connected to the rotation device is made around the axis of the rotation device.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that one of the induction coils is made around the rotor, while the planes of the coil turns are parallel to the axis of the rotor.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the rotor ring contains at least one turn of the winding wound on the ring, while the winding is electrically isolated from the ring and occupies the angular segment of the ring not more than half the surface of the ring, and the axis of the coil lies in the plane of the ring.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the winding contains a superconductor.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the rotatable substance contains a two-dimensional conductor.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the plane of maximum conductivity of a two-dimensional conductor is perpendicular to the axis of the ring.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the two-dimensional conductor is made in the form of a conductive film.

 The indicated problem is also solved by the fact that a cryostat is made inside the ring.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the engine contains a magnetic coil made inside the cryostat, which has at least one pair of superconducting windings made one along the other and powered by currents of opposite directions.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the rotated substance contains a layered crystal, while the plane of maximum conductivity of the layered crystal is perpendicular to the axis of the ring.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the engine contains at least one reflector made in the form of a mirror containing at least one conductive layer with the ability to reflect electromagnetic radiation, and the reflector is made near the window.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the engine contains at least one device for moving the reflector connected to the rotation device.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the engine contains at least one device for rotating the reflector connected to the rotation device.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the reflector contains a multilayer structure with two-dimensional conductors.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the inner surface of the screen facing the rotation device is made in the form of a multilayer structure with two-dimensional conductors.

 The indicated problem is also solved by the fact that the Fermi energy of the material of a layer of a two-dimensional conductor either does not change or increases with increasing distance from the rotor surface in two adjacent layers.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the engine contains a suspension connected to the screen, with a rotation device and a rotor, allowing free rotation of the rotation device when changing the angle of inclination of the screen.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the suspension is made in the form of a gimbal.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the engine contains at least one additional coil of a longitudinal magnetic field, configured to create a magnetic field in a rotating substance along the axis of rotation of the substance.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that additional coils of the longitudinal magnetic field are made around the axis of the rotor.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the engine contains at least one electron accelerator with an electron source, while the electron source is made near the rotor and contains at least one emission cathode.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the engine contains more than two telescopic legs, made with the ability to change its length, be pulled into the engine, or pressed against the engine.

 This problem is also solved by the fact that the engine contains docking devices configured to dock at least two engines together, and at least one computer that controls the operation of the engine, and after the engines are docked, the computers are combined into a single local area network.

 This design of the engine allows you to create traction on two different physical principles in two different ways.

 In the first way, the engine allows you to create photon traction with pressure on the rotatable substance up to about several hundred tons per square meter of the surface of the rotatable substance. It is theoretically realistic to create photonic traction with such a pressure of radiation scattering forces due to the fact that it is possible to remove the screening from several types of electromagnetic fields, which are initially present in various combinations in any substance, but do not go outside due to the fact that they are screened by the movements of free electrons and rotations of the axis of rotation of the electron shells of atoms and nuclei.

 These electromagnetic fields arise as a relativistic effect of various types of motion of charged particles forming a substance. Particle movements occur inside the substance. The electric fields of moving particles, depending on the speed, have an angular dependence due to relativistic effects.

 During the rotation of matter at high speed, the electron shells of atoms and atomic nuclei under the action of the total radiation of these fields are under the action of the lever of a pair of forces. Since the nuclei and electron shells still rotate, under the influence of a pair of forces they undergo a precession, which prevents such a rotation of the axes of their own moments of rotation, in which these radiations are completely screened. These electromagnetic fields, when a substance rotates at a high speed, partially stop screening and go outside the substance, creating powerful electromagnetic radiation. The intensity distribution of this radiation, depending on the angle with respect to the axis of rotation, is symmetrical about the axis of rotation of the substance and symmetrical about the plane passing through the center of mass of the substance being rotated perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Therefore, no traction arises around simply rotating matter, although there is radiation.

 Photon traction is created due to the fact that the area of space next to the rotated substance is blocked by a conductive screen. In this case, the screen blocks the radiation flux in this direction and reflects part of the radiation in the opposite direction, creating traction.

 To create traction in the desired direction, part of the windows made in the screen with the possibility of passage through the windows of electromagnetic radiation are blocked by conductive covers by the cover moving device and the covers reflect the radiation incident on them. Part of the windows opens, and radiation through them leaves the area surrounded by the screen, creating photon traction in the desired direction.

 Also, to create traction in the desired direction, part of the radiation is removed from the windows to the reflectors, and the reflectors are moved and rotated by the devices for moving the reflectors so that the reflected radiation beam is reflected in a given direction, creating traction in the desired direction.

 The greatest radiation occurs in two cases.

 In the first case, the substance of the rotation device is applied to the substance rotated at a high speed by short pulses, sequentially, first with a magnetic field parallel to the axis of rotation, and then with a magnetic field perpendicular to the axis of rotation. As a result, all rotated matter begins to precess. In this case, large areas of the rotated matter during the precession synchronously tilt the axis of the magnetic moments of the electron shells of atoms. The tilt angles of a large number of magnetic moments of the electron shells coincide. At this time, the rotating electrons of the electron shells of atoms have the same angular orientation of the electric field created by them, due to their relativism, due to which these regions emit.

 In the second case, the rotatable substance contains layers of a two-dimensional conductor made perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Oscillations and rotations of plasmon electrons occur in the layers of a two-dimensional conductor. In this case, the plasmon electrons move mainly in the same plane and emit. The radiation is not shielded by the dielectric rotating at a high speed, since for shielding the magnetic moments of the electron shells of the atoms of the dielectric must rotate perpendicular to the axis of rotation, and when creating the lever of the forces that cause the rotation, a precession occurs, the frequency of which is much lower than the frequency of oscillations of the plasmon electrons.

 Since the emission frequency of plasmon electrons exceeds the precession frequency, the fields arising during the precession cannot completely screen this radiation.

 In the second way, the engine allows you to create traction through the use of electromagnetic energy. For this, the rotatable substance contains a paramagnet or a ferromagnet. The rotatable substance can be made in the form of a magnet. The magnet is made in the form of a ring. During the rotation of a paramagnet or ferromagnet, the substance being rotated is additionally magnetized due to magnetomechanical phenomena and creates a magnetic field around itself. During the rotation of a paramagnet or ferromagnet, an additional increase in magnetization is possible due to polarization paramagnetism, which does not experience a tendency to saturation. As a result, magnetic fields with intensities exceeding the magnetic fields achieved in superconducting magnetic systems are created in the rotating matter.

 In this case, the vector potential of the magnetic field of the rotated substance is directed at an angle of 90-270 degrees towards the cosmological vector potential. In a region with a magnetic field of a rotated substance, a mass of a substance, for example, material bodies, is introduced using a mass transfer device. As a result, a region with a constant and a region with a reduced vector potential are created near the rotated substance. In the area with reduced total vector potential, the masses of the substance (material bodies) are moved inside the rings of the gimbal suspension using a mass mass transfer device. Since the ring of the gimbal suspension is also made in the form of a magnet, an area of reduced vector potential is additionally formed inside the ring by moving inside the ring of the material body.

 Starting from the physical vacuum region, in which the cosmological vector potential decreases due to the vector potential of the magnetic field source, the mass of substance introduced into this region, for example, a material body rigidly connected, for example, to the gimbal ring, carries it along with itself. Thus, the source of the magnetic field creates a region of space in which a new force acts, and the magnet system with the body moves in space due to the energy of the physical vacuum.

 No technical solutions were found that achieve the task with the same technical means.

 In FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a Bogdanov torsion engine with horizontal traction with open side windows and closed upper and lower windows.

 Figure 2 shows a section aa.

 Figure 3 shows a section bB.

 Figure 4 shows a section of the main ring.

 Figure 5 shows a section of a multilayer structure.

 The engine comprises a rotation device 1, comprising a rotor 2 with a rotatable substance, comprising a main ring 3, while the rotation device is configured to rotate the rotor and with it the main ring included in it. The rotor, and with it the main ring, is connected by a system of rollers or bearings 4 to the stator of the rotation device.

 The rotation device contains three induction coils of the transverse magnetic field 5, 6, 7, made around the main rotor ring symmetrically relative to the axis of the rotor with the possibility of creating a magnetic field transverse to the axis of rotation, while the magnetic field lines of the coil go perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the substance. Coils are made at an equal distance from each other.

 The engine contains a power supply system 8, containing a power supply system of induction coils. The induction coil is made to the side of the main ring, while the plane of the ring is perpendicular to the plane of the turns of the induction coil, the coil of the induction coil being bent so that it surrounds part of the ring, and the ring is configured to rotate around part of the coil so that the coil surrounds the ring section.

 The ring contains at least three turns of the winding 9, 10, 11 wound on the ring, while the winding is electrically isolated from the ring, and the axis of the coil lies in the plane of the ring, while the winding does not occupy the entire surface of the ring. The winding turns are electrically isolated from each other. Between the turns, the surface section of the ring does not contain a winding. The surface area of the main ring without windings exceeds the surface area of the ring covered with windings. The turns of the winding are made symmetrically about the axis of rotation of the substance.

 The rotation device contains at least one coil of longitudinal magnetic field 12, configured to create a magnetic field in the rotating substance along the axis of rotation of the substance. A coil of longitudinal magnetic field is made around the axis of rotation of the substance. The coils of the transverse magnetic field are made adjacent to each other, while around them a coil of longitudinal magnetic field is made that surrounds them.

 The rotating substance of the main ring in separate sections contains either a layer of a two-dimensional conductor, or one multilayer structure with layers of two-dimensional conductors, or several multilayer structures with layers of two-dimensional conductors. Figures 4 and 5 show a multilayer structure 14.

 Two-dimensional conductors are artificially created electrically conductive systems at the interface between two poorly conductive media, for example, vacuum - dielectric, semiconductor - dielectric [20]. An example of a two-dimensional conductor is an electron layer held above the surface of the dielectric with negative affinity for the electron (for example, liquid helium) by the forces of an electrostatic image (electrons polarize the dielectric and are attracted to it), as well as by an external constant electric field applied perpendicular to the surface of the dielectric. Similarly, in heterostructures (for example, based on gallium arsenide), a two-dimensional layer with an excess concentration of mobile charge carriers or with inverse conductivity is formed near the free surface of semiconductors. A two-dimensional layer is formed due to the bending of the zones and when a potential difference is applied to the metal - insulator - semiconductor structure. Thin films of metals are also two-dimensional conductors. Two-dimensional conductors are also in layered crystals.

 The main ring contains many two-dimensional conductors, for example, conductive films made of metal with a thickness of 0.01 to 0.1 microns, between which dielectric films are made. Conductive films are made parallel to each other and perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotor. Many two-dimensional conductors separated by dielectrics form a multilayer structure.

 The layers of two-dimensional conductors 18, 19, 20 are made inside the multilayer structure. Between the layers of the two-dimensional conductor, the dielectric layers 21, 22, 23 are made. The layers of the dielectric electrically separate the layers of two-dimensional conductors. The structures are multilayer. The plane of maximum conductivity of a two-dimensional conductor is perpendicular to the axis of the rotor. The two-dimensional conductor is made in the form of conductive films, while the plane of the film is perpendicular to the axis of the rotor. The film thickness is selected as small as possible, for example, of the order of several interatomic distances.

 Some sections of the multilayer structure are made on the end surfaces of the main ring. We call them the end sections of the multilayer structure.

 The end portion of the multilayer structure of the main ring may contain from 5 to 50 conductive films. The approximate thickness of the dielectric films is from 0.1 to 10 microns. Conductive films can be made of ferromagnet.

 Some sections of the multilayer structure are made on the sides of the main ring. We call them the lateral sections of the multilayer structure.

 Two-dimensional conductors can be made in the form of ferromagnetic films.

 The structures are made in the form of plates, in addition, in addition, the dielectric layers can be made as a dielectric waveguide with the ability to pass electromagnetic radiation along the plane of the dielectric layer with a wavelength of plasmon radiation. For this, the refractive index of the dielectric in the center of the dielectric layer should be greater than at the edges of the dielectric layer near the two-dimensional conductor.

 The output of the dielectric waveguide is made on the side surface of the main ring. To output radiation from the waveguide on the side surface of the main ring, an end face of the dielectric waveguide is made with the possibility of output from the end of the radiation propagating inside the waveguide.

The rotating substance of the main ring, which is part of the rotor, may contain a two-dimensional conductor, made as a layered crystal [21]. A layered crystal is a crystal with a layered type of crystalline packing and, accordingly, a strong anisotropy of electron motion. As a layered crystal, which may contain a rotating substance, it is possible to offer, for example, an inter-channel compound of a transition metal dichalcogenide of the type TaS ₂ with pyridine. A high anisotropy of conductivity of the order of 10 ⁵ is observed for this compound.

 If the rotatable main ring contains a multilayer system of two-dimensional conductors, for example, conductive films separated by dielectrics, or layered crystals, the plane of the film is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the substance, the plane of the two-dimensional conductor is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the substance, and the plane or direction of maximum conductivity of the layered crystal is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the substance.

 The surface of the main ring, which is part of the rotor, is made in the form of a multilayer structure with two-dimensional conductors. The multilayer surface structure of the main ring may contain two-dimensional conductors made of either the same material or of different materials. In this case, the Fermi energy of materials of two-dimensional conductors does not decrease with distance from the surface of the main ring, from the surface of the rotor, that is, either the Fermi energy does not change, or increases in the direction from the surface into the depth of the main ring, that is, with distance from the surface of the main ring.

 A cryostat 27 is made inside the main ring with the ability to cool two-dimensional conductors in structures with a two-dimensional conductor. Inside the cryostat, refrigerant 28 is poured, which can be used as liquid helium.

 The rotation device is connected to a conductive screen 29 made of conductive material.

 Near the rotation device, radiation reflectors of the end surface 17, 30, 31, 32 and a radiation reflector of the side surface 33 are made. The reflector is made in the form of a flat mirror with a conductive layer, for example, of metal with the ability to reflect electromagnetic radiation. Four end surface radiation reflectors are made opposite the end sections of the structure, for example, end surface radiation reflectors 17, 30, 31, 32. At least one side surface radiation reflector, for example, reflector 33, is opposite the side surface of the main ring. The radiation reflector of the side surface 33 is inclined to the vertical at an angle of about 45 degrees. The reflector of radiation of the side surface is made in the form of a ring, from which sections of the ring are cut out at the locations of the induction coils of the transverse magnetic field.

 The reflector can be made in the form of a multilayer structure with two-dimensional conductors. The multilayer structure of the reflector may contain two-dimensional conductors made of either one material or different, while the Fermi energy of the materials of two-dimensional conductors does not decrease with distance from the reflecting working surface of the reflector, that is, it either does not change or increases in the direction from the working surface deep into the reflector, that is, as you move away from the rotor. On the other, on the back, on the non-working side of the reflector, an additional cryostat with liquid helium can be made with the possibility of cooling the reflector.

 The inner surface of the screen facing the rotation device can be made in the form of a multilayer structure with two-dimensional conductors. The multilayer structure of the inner surface of the screen may contain two-dimensional conductors made of either one material or from different materials. In this case, the Fermi energy of materials of two-dimensional conductors does not decrease with distance from the surface of the main ring, from the surface of the rotor, that is, either the Fermi energy does not change or increases in the direction from the surface into the depth of the screen, that is, with distance from the surface of the main ring.

 Inside the screen, a cryostat can be made with the ability to cool two-dimensional conductors in structures with a two-dimensional conductor. A refrigerant is poured inside the cryostat, which can be used as liquid helium. The outer surface of the cryostat is made of conductive material with the ability to shield radiation.

 Side windows 13, 15, 16, 24, 25, 26, 34, 35 with the possibility of free passage through the window of electromagnetic radiation are made in the screen in front and behind the axis of rotation of the substance relative to the direction of movement of the traction system with the engine. A screen is formed around the rotation device and surrounds the rotation device. Upper windows 36, 37 are made above the main ring in the screen, and lower windows 38, 39 are made under the main ring in the screen. Conductive covers 40, 41, 42, 43 are made to the screen, made of conductive material near the windows with the ability to open and close window. A lid moving device 50 is connected to the lids, comprising frames 44, 45 configured to move the cover relative to the window inside the frames so that the cover opens or closes a window with the ability to close or open the passage through the window of electromagnetic radiation. Part of the screen is made on the inner surface of the cover movement device 50 facing the rotation device. From this part of the screen, part of the screen is made on the inner surface of the frame 45 (included in the cover movement device 50) facing the rotation device. The side windows 13, 15, 16, 24, 25, 26, 34, 35, the upper windows 36, 37 and the lower windows 38, 39 are made not only in the screen, but also in the device for moving the cover 50. Including these windows are made and in the frames 44, 45 included in the device for moving the cover 50.

 The reflector is made near the window. Reflectors are configured to change the angle of inclination with respect to the plane of the ring. Reflectors are made inside the screen.

 The engine includes a device for rotating the reflector 74, 75, connected to the screen, configured to rotate and move the reflector relative to the main ring, as well as change the angle of inclination of the reflector relative to the plane of the ring.

 The screen surface facing the substance rotation device is made of metal and polished.

 Windows can be made of transparent heat-resistant dielectric, for example quartz glass. Also, windows can be made empty inside.

 The cover moving device may include guide grooves 46, 47, 48, 49 made in the frames, in which the covers move on the rollers. The guide grooves are made along the generators made in the form of an arc of a circle. Guide grooves are made in frames surrounding the rotation device. The cover movement device has electric motors configured to move the covers inside the guide grooves. The covers are connected to the guide grooves using a system of rollers made between the cover and the guide groove. Covers and guide grooves are made in two rows. For example, covers 40, 41 and guide grooves 46, 47 are made in the inner row closer to the substance rotation device, and covers 42, 43 and guide grooves 48, 49 are made in the outer row further from the rotation device.

 The screen is made on two sides of the camera 51 with a cavity and is connected to the camera. The camera is connected to the stator of the rotation device and connects the stator to the screen. The connection of the camera with the screen is seen in figure 3. The connection of the camera with the stator can be seen in figure 1. Inside the chamber in the cavity, a room for the crew of the traction system accelerated by the engine can be made.

 The engine comprises a suspension 52 connected to a rotation device, with a camera, with a screen and with a main ring, configured to enable the rotor and the main ring to rotate freely when changing the angle of inclination of the chamber with the cavity and when changing the direction of gravity. The suspension can be made in the form of a gimbal. A gimbal is made around the rotation device, around the main ring and around the screen. Cardan suspension contains an inner ring of the suspension 53 and an outer ring of the suspension 54, made one inside the other, connected to the screen and with each other by the engines of the suspension 55, 56, configured to install the ring of the suspension so that their planes are parallel to the plane of the main ring, and the axis coincided with the axis of the ring. Four telescopic legs 57, 58 are attached to the suspension base ring, configured to change their length and either retract into the suspension base ring or press against the suspension base ring.

 The engine comprises a device for moving a movable material body 59, 60 and magnets 61, 62. A device for moving a movable material body is configured to move a movable material body (mass) relative to a magnet.

 The outer suspension ring is made hollow inside of a ferromagnetic material. The suspension ring is made in the form of a magnet. The engine includes a power supply system and a magnetization system of the ferromagnetic material 63, configured to create a magnetic field near the ferromagnetic material, while the power supply system is configured to supply energy to the magnetization system.

 Inside the suspension rings, three movable material bodies (three masses) of equal mass 64, 65, 74 and 66, 67, 75 are made inside each ring, and the material body moving device is also made inside the suspension rings.

 Inside the material body, an integral part of the engine power supply system, such as a nuclear reactor, can be made.

 Several engines of individual aircraft, let's call such an aircraft Bogdanov’s magnetoships, can be combined into a single propulsion system, let's call it Bogdanov’s matrix composite propulsion system. A composite propulsion system can also be called a large Bogdanov engine. The engine of a separate aircraft is simply called the Bogdanov engine. The matrix propulsion system may contain several traction systems made in the form of separate aircraft with the Bogdanov engine, let's call them Bogdanov’s magnetos, made with the ability to take off separately and dock in flight, forming a matrix of several aircraft.

 In this case, the telescopic legs are arranged to be installed parallel to the plane of the suspension base ring, and it is possible to dock the telescopic leg of one torsion engine with the suspension base ring of another torsion engine. For example, telescopic legs may include docking devices 68, 69. The engine comprises an electron accelerator 70. The electron accelerator comprises a grid 71, the emission cathode system 72 being made on the grid, the grid being connected to a grid moving device 73 configured to move the grid relative to the window screen, and it is possible to expand the grid, set the grid in the window, collapse the grid, push the grid inside the screen and store the minimized grid inside the screen, while the grid is It’s not near the bottom of the screen.

 The engine may contain an inductive energy storage device made in the form of a multi-turn magnetic coil of Bogdanov, created on the basis of the magnetic coil of Bogdanov [5]. The multi-turn magnetic coil of Bogdanov is made inside the cryostat and contains at least one pair of identical superconducting windings made one along the other and powered by currents in opposite directions, and the coil contains at least one section containing either more than two turns of a pair of windings, or more than two pairs of windings made one along the other and powered by currents of opposite directions.

 I suggest calling the aircraft with Bogdanov’s engine a magnetic flyer of Bogdanov.

 The Bogdanov’s magnetoship can be either a ship’s landing module, or the last detachable step of the ship, or a boat for additional flights. The engine may contain several Bogdanov magnetos, made with the possibility of docking and the creation of joint traction.

 Bogdanov's electromagnetic engine to create traction on new physical principles works as follows.

 The rotation device 1 rotates the rotor 2 with the rotating substance. At the same time, together with the rotor, the device rotates the main ring 3 with the rotating substance. The rotor, and with it the main ring rotate on a system of rollers or bearings 4 around the rotation device.

 The rotor is driven by three transverse field induction coils 5, 6, 7. For this, the induction coil starts to rotate the main rotor ring by electromagnetic forces. Energy to the induction coil is supplied by the power supply system of the induction coil contained in the power supply system of the engine 8.

 The rotation of the ring is as follows. At that moment in time when one of the turns 9, 10, 11 of the winding wound around the ring is close to one particular induction coil, a magnetic field begins to build up in the induction coil. The magnetic field growing in the induction coil creates an induction current in the coil of the ring winding, which is directed so that the magnetic field created by it is directed in the direction opposite to that in which the field of the induction coil is directed. In this case, the current flowing through the winding of the ring from the side of the magnetic field of the induction coil is affected by the Ampere force, which repels the coil of the ring winding from one induction coil to another induction coil. And on the other induction coil, from the side of the approaching coil, the field is directed in the opposite direction, and there, on the contrary, the coil is attracted to another coil. The process is repeated. This force drives the ring or disk. This is a long-known one of the possible ways to bring the rotor into rotation and accelerate rotation using electromagnetic forces.

 The induction coil is made to the side of the axis of the ring so that the turns of the induction coil surround a portion of the surface of the ring from above, from the sides and from the bottom. Therefore, after the ring has entered rotation, the coil winding of the ring begins to move away from one induction coil. The ring or disk makes some part of one revolution around the axis, and the coil of the ring winding begins to approach another induction coil. The induction coil is powered by alternating current and the frequency of this current changes synchronously with the ring revolution frequency so that when the coil of the ring winding approaches the induction coil, the current strength in the turns of the induction coil decreases modulo and, accordingly, the magnetic field of the coil also decreases. Induction currents begin to flow along the loop of the ring, creating a magnetic field directed opposite to the field of the induction coil, which prevents the field from decreasing in the induction coil. The currents flowing along the winding of the ring from the side of the magnetic field of the induction coil are affected by the Ampere force directed towards the induction coil. The coil of the ring winding is attracted by the Ampere force to the induction coil. Approaching her, passes by her and begins to move away. At the moment when the coil of the ring winding passes the winding of the induction coil, the current in the induction coil becomes zero, and then begins to increase, while the direction of the current in the induction coil is reversed. After that, everything is repeated and thus the ring or disk accelerates. A special sensor measures the speed of rotation of the ring, a frequency meter measures the frequency of the current supplied to the induction coil, and a special device synchronizes the speed of the ring and the current frequency, and another device synchronizes the phase of the current in the induction coil and the position of the coil of the ring winding so that the coil of the ring winding is close to the induction coil strictly at the moment the magnetic field of the coil is equal to zero.

 Since the rotor is rigidly attached to the main ring, the rotor begins to rotate with the main ring, and the rotor speed increases with the increase in the frequency of rotation of the main ring.

 The rotation device rotates the multilayer structure 14 containing the layers of the two-dimensional conductor 18, 19, 20. The rotation occurs so that the plane of maximum conductivity of the two-dimensional conductor layer is perpendicular to the axis of the ring coinciding with the axis of rotation. When rotating a layer of a two-dimensional conductor made in the form of a conductive film, the plane of the film is perpendicular to the axis of the ring. In a two-dimensional conductor, for example, in a thin film, oscillations or rotations of plasmon electrons occur. In this case, the oscillations or rotations of the plasmon electrons are carried out mainly in the same plane.

 It is known that if a magnetized ring mounted on rollers is accelerated by electromagnetic forces to a large number of revolutions and rotated at high speed, then it can accelerate, lose weight and then take off after a certain rotation speed [2, 3]. Reports appeared in the literature that, based on this phenomenon, the English inventor John Searle created an aircraft called the Searle disk (Searle, Tsar, Charles). The disk took off. During field trials, Searle thus lost several operating devices, until he learned how to regulate this process. After that, a controlled flight of the device from London to the Cornwall Peninsula and back was made, which is a total of 600 km.

 In our case, the main ring accelerates to a large number of revolutions. The main ring can be made in the form of a magnet. The main ring may be coated with ferromagnetic material. It is magnetized, and the ring can be magnetized beforehand and also becomes a large magnet. When rotating at high speed, at a speed of rotation at which the Searle disk starts to spontaneously accelerate, lose weight and take off, the rotor along with the main ring also starts to accelerate. We show that at the same time the main ring emits electromagnetic radiation under certain conditions. We show that this radiation is the cause of the acceleration of rotation of the main ring.

 We describe the physical mechanism for creating traction using the device of rotation and the rotating substance of the main ring of the rotor. As a special case of this physical process, we describe the effect of the occurrence of lift in the Searle disk.

We introduce the concept of Bogdanov radiation. This radiation is generated by the Bogdanov electric field, which is equal to the sum of the alternating electric fields arising in the rotating system. The sum includes the following terms:
1. Bogdanov’s electric field of the first kind, created by an alternating electric field of electrons rotating with precession on the electron shells of atoms and creating a magnetic moment of atoms.

 2. Bogdanov’s electric field of the second kind, created by an alternating electric field of electrons rotating with precession in magnetic domains and creating a magnetic field in the domains.

 3. The electric field of Bogdanov of the third kind, created by an alternating electric field of electrons rotating with precession in magnetic coils and creating a magnetic field in magnetic coils.

 4. The electric field of Bogdanov of the fourth kind, which is the electric field of rotating nuclei and intranuclear particles.

 5. The fifth-kind Bogdanov electric field created by oscillating and rotating charged plasma particles, including charged plasma particles of solids.

 6. The electric field of the sixth kind of Bogdanov created by the oscillating ions and nuclei of the ionic core of the crystal lattice of solids.

(1)
где

- электрическое поле Богданова первого рода, создаваемое переменным электрическим полем электронов, вращающихся с прецессией на электронных оболочках атомов и создающих магнитный момент атомов,

- электрическое поле Богданова второго рода, создаваемое переменным электрическим полем электронов, вращающихся с прецессией в магнитных доменах и создающих магнитное поле в доменах,

- электрическое поле Богданова третьего рода, создаваемое переменным электрическим полем электронов, вращающихся с прецессией в магнитных катушках и создающих магнитное поле в магнитных катушках,

- электрическое поле Богданова четвертого рода, представляющее собой электрическое поле вращающихся с прецессией ядер и участвующих в сильных взаимодействиях внутриядерных частиц,

- электрическое поле Богданова пятого рода, создаваемое колеблющимися и вращающимися заряженными частицами плазмы твердых тел,

- электрическое поле Богданова шестого рода, создаваемое колеблющимися ионами и ядрами ионного остова кристаллической решетки твердых тел.We denote the intensity of the alternating electric field constituting the radiation by the letter “ksi”

(1)
Where

- Bogdanov’s electric field of the first kind, created by an alternating electric field of electrons rotating with precession on the electron shells of atoms and creating a magnetic moment of atoms,

- Bogdanov’s electric field of the second kind, created by an alternating electric field of electrons rotating with precession in magnetic domains and creating a magnetic field in domains,

- an electric field of Bogdanov of the third kind, created by an alternating electric field of electrons rotating with precession in magnetic coils and creating a magnetic field in magnetic coils,

- an electric field of the fourth kind of Bogdanov, which is an electric field of nuclei rotating with a precession and participating in strong interactions of intranuclear particles,

- an electric field of the fifth kind of Bogdanov, created by oscillating and rotating charged particles of plasma of solids,

- the electric field of the sixth kind of Bogdanov created by the oscillating ions and nuclei of the ionic core of the crystal lattice of solids.

 In a macroscopic system rotating with a precession, the Bogdanov field is the sum of various combinations of these fields.

 An alternating field in a system rotating with precession occurs due to the angular dependence of the electric field of a rotating charged particle with respect to the direction of motion of the particle.

где

- радиус-вектор от заряда к точке наблюдения,
V - скорость заряженной частицы,
С - скорость света,
θ - угол между направлением движения и радиусом-вектором,
е - заряд заряженной частицы.The electric field of a charged particle, taking into account relativistic effects, varies depending on the angle to the initial direction of motion of the charged particle. The electric field of a charged particle depends on the speed of the charged particle as follows [13]

Where

is the radius vector from the charge to the observation point,
V is the velocity of the charged particle,
C is the speed of light
θ is the angle between the direction of motion and the radius vector,
e is the charge of a charged particle.

где

- электрическое поле ядра,

- электрическое поле электрона,
V - скорость вращения электрона вокруг ядра.An electron orbiting around a nucleus can be approximately considered a point particle having a certain velocity V rotating around a stationary nucleus. The electric field created by the electron has an angular dependence according to expression (2). Let us consider the simplest case of a hydrogen atom, when there is 1 proton in the nucleus and 1 electron rotates around the nucleus. In this case, for a system of two charges, the electric field is given by

Where

is the electric field of the nucleus,

is the electric field of the electron,
V is the speed of rotation of the electron around the nucleus.

 We will call this electric field the constant electric field of Bogdanov.

 From this expression it is seen that the electric field of the hydrogen atom depends on the angle with respect to the axis of rotation of the electron around the nucleus. In this case, the dependence on the distance to the observation point remains proportional to the square of the distance. Thus, this field at a certain distance to the observation point begins to exceed the electric dipole field of the electric dipole, consisting of a nucleus and an electron shell, decreasing in proportion to the distance to the third degree.

где i - номер электрона, вращающегося вокруг ядра,

- напряженность электрического поля ядра,

- напряженность электрического поля i-го электрона,
V_i - скорость движения i-го электрона при вращении вокруг ядра,
Z - число протонов в ядре и электронов в атоме,

- радиус-вектор электрона от заряда к точке наблюдения,
С - скорость света,
θ_i - угол между направлением движения электрона и радиусом-вектором.The same dependence of the electric field of Bogdanov on distance occurs in all atoms having a more complex structure than a hydrogen atom. Moreover, it is very important that if two electrons rotate in opposite directions in one orbit around the atom parallel to each other, then despite the fact that the magnetic fields of the electrons are mutually compensated, the electric fields of Bogdanov of these electrons add up! (Since the signs of the charges of these electrons coincide.)
The constant electric field of Bogdanov for an atom having Z protons in the nucleus and Z electrons on electron shells can be approximately described by the following expression

where i is the number of the electron rotating around the nucleus,

- the electric field strength of the nucleus,

is the electric field strength of the i-th electron,
V _i - the speed of the i-th electron during rotation around the nucleus,
Z is the number of protons in the nucleus and electrons in the atom,

is the radius vector of the electron from the charge to the observation point,
C is the speed of light
θ _i is the angle between the direction of electron motion and the radius vector.

 The same electric field of Bogdanov arises both in magnetic domains and in magnetic coils. The principle of its occurrence is the same. It is possible to put forward a hypothesis according to which all physical objects having an electric charge and their own magnetic field create Bogdanov's electric fields having angular dependence arising according to the principle stated above. It can be assumed that charged elementary particles, nuclei and ions having magnetic moments rotate around the axis, their effective charge with effective density rotates around the axis with high speed, creates a magnetic field and Bogdanov’s electric field. This hypothesis is consistent with electrodynamics and can initiate a whole new direction in the physics of hidden parameters, that physics, according to the laws of which particles interact in the microworld and whose manifestation in the macroworld is described by the laws of quantum mechanics.

 According to this hypothesis, rotating atomic nuclei and intranuclear charged particles participating in strong interactions create not only magnetic fields, but also Bogdanov’s electric fields, which have an angular dependence with respect to the axis of rotation.

 All of the listed physical objects create both constant electric fields of Bogdanov and variables. In order for Bogdanov’s electric field to become variable, it’s enough to apply a couple of forces to the axis of rotation of the rotating object, creating a moment of forces M acting perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

M = Ph, (5)
where h is the shoulder of strength
P is the strength of a pair of forces.

In this case, the rotating object will begin to experience precession. A rotating object behaves like a gyroscope and begins to additionally rotate around an axis lying in the plane of a pair of forces and perpendicular to the axis of the rotating object. Precession occurs with respect to the inertial reference frame (to the axes directed to the fixed stars) with an angular velocity
ω = M / IΩ, (6)
where I is the moment of inertia of the rotating object relative to the axis,
Ω is the angular velocity of the proper rotations of the rotating object about the axis.

 Also, in addition to precession, a rotating object experiences nutations, fast conical movements of the axis of a rotating object relative to a direction changing according to law (6). It should be noted that I is the moment of inertia of a rotating object about an axis, a concept applicable to a macroscopic object of a rigid body. In relation to elementary particles, this concept is purely conditional, applicable only with a qualitative consideration of the process.

The precessions and nutations of rotating objects lead to the fact that in dependences (3) and (4), the angle between the direction of motion of the charged particle and the radius vector θ or θ _i starts to depend on time and Bogdanov’s electric field also starts to depend on time. The electric field of Bogdanov becomes variable.

 We show how to create a shoulder of forces acting on an atom so that the angle of inclination of the axis of rotation of the atom changes with respect to the initial direction of the radius vector. To do this, you can bring the substance into rotation and in one section act on the rotating substance with a magnetic field, the lines of force of which are stationary relative to the inertial reference frame and perpendicular to the plane in which the axis of rotation of the substance lies.

 This is precisely the case that is realized in the case considered above, when the main rotor ring rotates and accelerates the transverse field induction coils to a large number of revolutions. After acceleration of the ring, induction coils can continue to be powered with direct electric current. The induction coils of the longitudinal field create a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane in which the axis of rotation of the ring lies. The force lines of the coil in the region of a certain sector of the ring are parallel to the tangent to the ring. The magnetic field of the coil occupies only a certain area, a certain sector of the ring and a certain sector of the rocket.

 When the substance is rotated, the coil of the longitudinal magnetic field 12 creates a magnetic field along the axis of rotation of the substance. The substance is additionally magnetized. Atoms align their magnetic moments along this field parallel to the axis of rotation. Some time after the start of the longitudinal field coil, the current flowing through this coil is turned off. A pulsed current is turned on, flowing through the coils of the transverse magnetic field 5, 6, 7. These coils generate a magnetic field very quickly with a pulse in a time of the order of 40 ns, across the field lines of the coils of the longitudinal magnetic field and perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the substance. Under the influence of this impulse, all the electron shells of atoms and the conduction electrons of rotating matter, including electrons rotating in plasmons, simultaneously begin to experience precession. In this case, the angle of inclination of the axis of rotation of all rotating electrons with the same magnetic moment changes synchronously in time. This allows you to create the maximum intensity of the alternating electric field Bogdanov along the axis of rotation of the substance.

 When a substance rotates at a high speed, in accordance with magnetomechanical phenomena, all charged particles of a substance acquire a magnetic moment. For example, in accordance with the Barnett effect or in accordance with the magnetomechanical ratio of rotating charged particles. The substance is magnetized. In this case, the Lorentz force from the side of the magnetic field induced during the rotation of the magnetic moment of the substance acts on the rotating electrons. This force builds the electron shells of atoms of matter so that the axis of rotation of the electron shells around the atoms coincides with the axis of rotation of the substance. If there had been no rotation, then the atoms would have turned so that all five types of Bogdanov’s electric fields were compensated by the most favorable position of the axis of rotation of the electron shells from the point of view of minimum energy. Therefore, in resting matter, Bogdanov’s electric fields are compensated by rotations of atoms and electron shells of atoms. Outside the substance, these fields do not exit. Outside, the substances of their intensity are zero.

 Rotation at high speed under certain conditions prevents the atoms from turning in this way, since the atoms undergo a precession, and in some cases it becomes possible for Bogdanov's electric fields to exit the substance. There is a possibility in which the stresses of some of them outside the substance, outside the substance are not equal to zero.

 We single out the probe atom and the probe electron. Let the axis of rotation of the electron around the atom coincide with the axis of rotation of the atom. Outside the magnetic field of the coil, the axis of the atom is directed along the axis of rotation of the ring in accordance with magnetomechanical phenomena, and also due to the fact that all rotating atoms tend to align their axis of rotation along the axis of rotation of the substance. When the test atom enters the magnetic field of the coil, the magnetic field of the coil is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the electron around the nucleus. An electron on opposite sides of the nucleus moves in an orbit in opposite directions. Accordingly, the Lorentz force from opposite sides of the nucleus acts in opposite directions. A pair of forces arises, creating a moment of forces directed so as to expand the orbit of rotation of the electron so that the axis of rotation of the electron is directed along the field.

 As a result of the action of a pair of forces, the axis of rotation of the electron begins to change. There is a Larmore precession. This change occurs synchronously with the time the atom enters the region of action of the magnetic field of the coil and the frequency of these changes coincides with the frequency of rotation of the ring. Each such change is accompanied by a change in the electric field of Bogdanov. Additionally, a change in the electric field of Bogdanov is accompanied by the Larmor precession. Thus, an alternating electric field of Bogdanov arises.

 In the direction of the axis of rotation of the electron, this field is maximum, in the perpendicular direction of the axis of the field is minimal.

 When the rotor rotates as described above, an alternating electric field is created. The field creates an electromagnetic wave acting on the main rotor ring by the radiation scattering force. A special case of such a radiation scattering force is the pressure force of light. The scattering power of radiation creates traction. When accelerating the rotation of the rotor, an electromagnetic wave accelerates the rotor as follows.

 Part of the alternating electromagnetic radiation of the rotor falls on the screen, is reflected from the screen and is returned back to the rotor. In this case, the screen is designed so that more radiation intensity falls on one of the end surfaces of the rotor than on the other surface. For example, the lower windows are open on the screen more than the upper ones.

A rotating rotor creates and emits Bogdanov's radiation, which is reflected by the screen from above more than from below. Accordingly, a large radiation intensity falls on the upper end surface of the rotor. Part of the radiation below is reflected by the surface of the Earth and partially returns to the lower surface of the disk. However, since the reflection coefficient of the radiation by the Earth’s surface is much smaller than from the screen’s surface, radiation of a much lower intensity is reflected from the Earth than from the screen, and therefore, the contribution of radiation reflected from the Earth in this process can be neglected in this particular case. Since the lower surface of the rotating disk is irradiated with reflected radiation less than the upper, the resulting vector difference of the Poyting vectors arises, which is not equal to zero. Since the surfaces of a rotating rotor are irradiated with reflected radiation, which is electromagnetic radiation, in accordance with the Sadowski effect [31], the rotational moment acts on the rotor from the side of the screen surface reflected by an electromagnetic wave incident after reflection on the rotor
M = Ig / ω,
I is the Poiting vector of the electromagnetic wave,
g is the degree of ellipticity of the electromagnetic wave,
ω is the angular frequency of the electromagnetic wave.

 This torque additionally accelerates the rotation of the disk. Below, the value of the Poiting vector of electromagnetic radiation of a rotating rotor will be estimated. Based on the data obtained below, it can be argued that the torque generated by the reflected Bogdanov radiation wave can be made very large.

 In two-dimensional conductors placed in an electromagnetic field of a sufficiently low frequency, current can flow only parallel to the interface.

 In order for the electron gas in two-dimensional conductors to be as close as possible to the two-dimensional one, so that the electrons can move only along one plane, it is desirable to cool the crystal to low temperatures [30]. Therefore, the rotatable substance is cooled by a liquid helium cryostat. The cryostat rotates with the rotor and the main ring and at the same time cools them to low temperatures.

 In the event that a rotating ring or disk contains a multilayer system of conductive films separated by dielectrics, two-dimensional conductors or layered crystals, the plasmon electrons have distinguished planes, mainly along which they oscillate or rotate. The three-dimensional conducting structure in which they oscillated in the general case had three degrees of freedom for oscillations or rotations of plasmon electrons. In the case of a sufficiently thin film, the motion of an electron of a plasmon that vibrates or rotates in a plasmon can be considered with a high degree of accuracy a motion with two degrees of freedom. In this case, the plasmon electrons will mainly oscillate or rotate along planes extending along the film plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Moreover, in the direction along the axis of rotation of the substance, the maximum electric field strength of Bogdanov is observed.

 This statement is carried out with maximum accuracy with a minimum thickness of a layer of a two-dimensional conductor, for example, with a thickness of a conductive film of several interatomic distances. For example, with a film thickness of about 0.01 microns.

 The number of layers of a two-dimensional conductor in a rotating disk or ring and the distance between the layers is selected from two conditions.

 First, it is necessary that the electric fields of Bogdanov arising during rotation do not exceed the magnitude of the intracrystalline field. It is desirable that at any point in the rotating substance the strength of the electric field of Bogdanov would be several times less than the magnitude of the intensity of the intracrystalline field. This is necessary so that the emerging electric field does not lead to the destruction of the crystal lattice.

Note that the intracrystalline field strength reaches values of the order of 10 ⁸ V / cm [24].

 Secondly, at the same time, we must strive to ensure that on one of the surfaces of a rotating ring or disk this field is maximally large. For example, on their bottom surface. This is necessary for the reason that the traction force of the Bogdanov engine depends on this value.

 The dielectric for each conductive material of the conductive film can be selected on the basis that a barrier with the most favorable parameters is formed at the metal-dielectric interface. A barrier based on contact phenomena should form a flat layer with an increased concentration of conduction electrons, running parallel to the film plane. Also in the main ring parallel planes of a semiconductor can be made, perpendicular to the axis of rotation. In this case, the materials are selected so that at the interfaces semiconductor - dielectric, semiconductor - metal, semiconductor - semiconductor a layer of increased concentration of conduction electrons is formed, having the shape of a plane parallel to the films and perpendicular to the axis of rotation. In these cases, the plasmon electrons will oscillate or rotate along planes running along the film plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Moreover, in the direction along the axis of rotation of the substance, the maximum electric field strength of Bogdanov is observed.

 The same multilayer film structure can be formed on any part of the rotor surface, made with the possibility of rotation around the axis. When such a rotor rotates, the alternating electric fields formed in the multilayer structure are maximal in the direction along the axis of rotation of the substance.

 When the rotating substance contains a ferromagnet, then during rotation it additionally forms second-order electric fields formed by the electrons of the magnetic domains.

 When a substance is in its usual state and does not rotate at high speed, the fields of all six types that are created are partially screened by the electrons of the electron shells of atoms and the conduction electrons. In this shielding, the electrons oscillate in the plane of the Poiting vector of the propagating electromagnetic wave in antiphase with the electric field of the wave.

 Fields arise in all systems rotating with precession, since, in accordance with magnetomechanical phenomena, all rotating bodies acquire a magnetic moment. For example, in accordance with the Barnett effect or in accordance with the magnetomechanical ratio of rotating charged particles. If there is a magnetic moment, then there is a ring electric current. If there is a current, then there is a movement of charges with speed. Since there is a movement of charges with speed, then there are electric fields of Bogdanov.

 When a substance rotates at a high speed, in accordance with magnetomechanical phenomena, all charged particles of a substance acquire a magnetic moment. For example, in accordance with the Barnett effect or in accordance with the magnetomechanical ratio of rotating charged particles. The substance is magnetized. In this case, the Lorentz force from the side of the magnetic field induced during the rotation of the magnetic moment of the substance acts on the rotating electrons. At a high speed of rotation, this force exceeds that electric force with which the electromagnetic wave of electric radiation acts on the electron electron shell of the atom or on the conduction electron. Along the axis of rotation of matter, these two forces lie in the same plane and therefore the electron cannot oscillate under the influence of an alternating field of the electromagnetic wave of the electric field of Bogdanov if the Lorentz force exceeds the force of the electric field of the wave on the electron. Therefore, screening by electrons of the electric field of Bogdanov in this case does not occur, and this alternating field along the axis of rotation goes beyond the limits of the rotating substance.

 In ordinary, stationary magnets, this effect does not occur, since in the magnetic domains of magnets along the field, mainly only the electron spins are oriented.

 While in a substance rotating at a high speed, in accordance with magnetomechanical phenomena, the magnetic moments of electronic orbitals and electron shells must line up along the axis of rotation. For example, in accordance with the Barnett effect or in accordance with the magnetomechanical ratio of rotating charged particles.

 It should be said that during the rotation of a substance a very large magnetization can be achieved, which is not available in immobile substances. This is due to the fact that in stationary magnets there is magnetic saturation, and in a rotating substance, magnetic saturation may not occur. This is due to the fact that, for example, precession diamagnetism and polarization paramagnetism can occur in a rotating system, while it is known that precession diamagnetism and polarization paramagnetism do not exhibit a tendency to saturation [25].

 In addition, the centrifugal force acting on the electrons in a substance rotating at a high speed contributes to the effect of the absence of screening. Centrifugal force acts on the electrons rotating around the axis of rotation of the substance. If a wave of an alternating electronuclear field moves along the axis of matter, then the plane of oscillation of the electric field of the wave is perpendicular to the axis of rotation and can be parallel to the centrifugal force acting on the electron. If the centrifugal force acting on the electron is greater than the strength of the electric interaction of the electric field of the wave with the electron, then the electron will not be able to shield this electromagnetic wave in this case. The second effect is an effect of the next order of smallness compared to the first effect.

 Bogdanov's theory of electric fields explains the increase in thrust in rocket engines by 0.1 percent in the presence of vibration. It is known that when a running rocket engine experiences vibration, its thrust, measured during bench tests, increases from 0.01 to 0.1 percent [18]. This increase in thrust is caused by the occurrence of a change in the angle of inclination of the planes in which the plasmon electrons oscillate in the skin layer of the metal from which the body of the vibrating rocket is made. During vibrations, the electrons of the plasmons begin to move accelerated, a moment of force arises, turning the plane of oscillation of the plasmons. Also, the moment of forces acts on the atoms and a precession of their electron shells occurs. These two effects lead to the appearance of variable electric fields of Bogdanov, which act on the flame of a rocket flame by the force of radiation scattering and thereby increase traction.

 The theory of electric fields explains the creation of lift by the Searle rotating disk.

The first one. The disk rotates in the atmosphere. Moreover, since the disk is initially located on the Earth, and the Earth itself rotates, from the side of the Earth a couple of forces act on the rotating disk, creating a torque. There is a precession. Accordingly, precession also occurs in the electron shells of disk atoms. The angle of the axes of rotation of electrons around atoms experiences precession and, therefore, oscillations of the Bogdanov electric field of these electrons arise. There is an alternating electric field of Bogdanov. Searle’s rotating disk creates and emits Bogdanov’s radiation, which goes up freely and below is reflected by the Earth’s surface and partially returns to the lower surface of the disk. Since the lower surface of a rotating disk is irradiated with reflected radiation, which is electromagnetic radiation, in accordance with the Sadowski effect [31], a rotational moment acts on the disk from the side of the reflected Earth’s electromagnetic wave incident after reflection on the disk
M = Ig / ω,
I is the Poiting vector of the electromagnetic wave,
g is the degree of ellipticity of the electromagnetic wave,
ω is the angular frequency of the electromagnetic wave.

 This torque additionally accelerates the rotation of the disk. Therefore, the rotation of the disk is further accelerated.

 The second one. When the disk rotates, Bogdanov’s radiation arises. This radiation acts on the nuclei and electrons of atmospheric air atoms by the force of radiation scattering. Under the influence of this force, the air rises. Since the radiation scattering force is large, large masses of air rise upward and gradually the laminar movement of the atmospheric air goes up to turbulent. Turbulent upward air movement is accompanied by non-linear gas dynamics processes that non-linearly increase the mass of rotating and rising air. There is a vortex similar to a tornado. The air temperature inside the vortex rises and the rotational speed of the vortex increases nonlinearly. Non-linear processes of gas dynamics, leading to the appearance of a tornado, are accompanied by the process of self-organization of the vortex by energizing and taking energy from the surrounding gas of the atmosphere. Together with the whirlwind, Searle’s disk begins to rotate faster and faster. With an increase in the rotation speed, the moment of forces acting on the electron shells of the disk atoms increases. The precession intensifies and Bogdanov’s alternating electric fields increase. Together with them, the radiation scattering force also increases, with which the electrons of the atoms and plasmons of the disk act on the atmospheric air and on the atoms of the Earth’s surface. There are more atoms of matter below the disk than above, therefore, due to the resultant radiation scattering forces acting above and below the disk, the Searle disk rises. Also, ascending air flows of the formed vortex of rotating air contribute to the upward movement of the disk.

 The drawback of the Searl disk is low thrust, since the rotating Searl disk emits Bogdanov radiation symmetrically in different directions relative to the plane of the disk. Moreover, along the axis of rotation of the disk, the radiation pressure force created by the radiation of the lower end surface of the disk is equal to the radiation pressure force created by the upper end surface of the disk. As a result, the pressures developed by the radiation of the upper and lower end surfaces cancel each other out, and in outer space the resulting thrust of both surfaces tends to zero. Therefore, it can be argued that the take-off and flight of the Searle disk and the thrust generated by the Searle disk during take-off and flight are the result of reflection of part of the radiation from the Earth’s surface and thermal gas-dynamic processes in the Earth’s atmosphere created by disk radiation. Installation on a rotating disk of the screen dramatically increases the traction developed by the system of the disk with the screen, since part of the radiation from the disk does not pass through the screen and a sector of space free from radiation is created behind the screen. There is a difference in the radiation pressures in the direction of the screen and in the direction from the screen. A photon draft of Bogdanov radiation arises, which is nonzero. The radiation does not go beyond the screen. Therefore, in the direction of the screen directed traction system with a disk and a screen. This thrust may exceed the thrust of the Searle disk due to thermal processes in the atmosphere created by the action of radiation from the disk and reflection of radiation from the Earth's surface during the flight of the disk.

Let us estimate the order of magnitude of the field for Ξ ₅ , for the fifth-order Bogdanov electric field created by oscillating and rotating charged particles of solid-state plasma.

 We will assume that only conduction electrons are involved in the creation of this field. Consider a rotating substance made in the form of metal. In this case, plasma oscillations of conduction electrons — plasmons — arise in the metal. Plasmons are longitudinal vibrations of valence electrons around an ionic core.

 The plasmon energy varies depending on the metal from 5 to 25 eV [14]. Based on this energy, we can determine the velocity of the valence electron in the plasmon. We take the minimum energy value of 5 eV and assume that all this energy is accounted for by the kinetic energy of the electron in the plasmon.

где m - масса электрона,
V- скорость электрона.

where m is the mass of the electron,
V is the electron velocity.

Подставляя сюда значения массы электрона и кинетической энергии, соответствующей 5 эв, получаем, что скорость электрона равна 4,19•10⁸ см/сек. Для этой скорости электрона квадрат отношения скорости электрона к скорости света равен 1,95•10^-4.Hence, the electron velocity is

Substituting here the values of the electron mass and kinetic energy corresponding to 5 eV, we find that the electron velocity is 4.19 • 10 ⁸ cm / sec. For this electron velocity, the square of the ratio of the electron velocity to the speed of light is 1.95 • 10 ^-4 .

Let us re-evaluate the electron velocity in the plasmon. It is known that the oscillation frequency of an electron in a plasmon is 10 ¹⁶ Hz in order of magnitude [14]. It is also known that the average distance between the nuclei in the ionic core of the crystal lattice is about 10 ^-8 cm, and the electrons of plasmons oscillate between the nuclei of the crystal lattice of the core. The average distance between the cores of the core of the crystal lattice, the electron of the plasmon, oscillating or rotating with such a frequency, will overcome in half the period of oscillations in two cases.

The first case is if the electron rotates in a plasmon. We draw a straight line in the plane of rotation of the electron in the plasmon through the center of rotation of the electron in the plasmon. The average distance between the cores of the core of the crystal lattice, an electron plasmon oscillating or rotating with such a frequency will overcome half a period of oscillations if the average projection of the electron rotation speed on this straight line is of the order of 2 • 10 ⁸ cm / sec. Then, taking into account the angles, the electron rotation speed in the plasmon will be twice as large, namely about 4 • 10 ⁸ cm / sec.

The second case is if the electron oscillates in a plasmon. The average distance between the cores of the core of the crystal lattice, the electron of the plasmon, oscillating or rotating with such a frequency, will overcome in half a period if it moves at an average speed of about 2 • 10 ⁸ cm / sec. Since the oscillations are performed according to the harmonic law, the maximum electron velocity during the oscillations is twice as much, namely 4 • 10 ⁸ cm / sec.

 These two quantities are of the same order as the electron velocity obtained above in the first way. Moreover, the values coincide up to a factor.

It is known that in assessing the dynamics of an electron in a crystal lattice, it is necessary to use the effective mass of the electron, not the rest mass, since the electron in a solid moves like a quasiparticle. We carry out the third independent estimate of the electron velocity of the plasmon. It is known that for sodium the effective electron mass is 1.24m ₀ , where m ₀ is the rest mass of a free electron [22]. In this case, the plasmon energy in sodium varies from 5.71 to 5.85 eV [23]. We carry out a second calculation in the first way, substituting the smallest of these two values of the plasmon energy. We get the value of the electron velocity in the plasmon that exceeds the value of the electron velocity in the plasmon obtained by the first method. We take the smallest of these two quantities.

 Above, we carried out three parallel estimates of the velocity of an electron in a plasmon, from where we can obtain an approximate value of the velocity of an electron of a plasmon moving in a plasmon. In further calculations, we will use the first estimate made by the first method.

 When a substance rotates at a high speed, in accordance with magnetomechanical phenomena, all charged particles of a substance acquire a magnetic moment. For example, in accordance with the Barnett effect or in accordance with the magnetomechanical ratio of rotating charged particles. The substance is magnetized. In this case, the Lorentz force from the side of the magnetic field induced during the rotation of the magnetic moment of the substance acts on the rotating and oscillating electrons. This force rotates the plane in which the electrons oscillate or rotate, perpendicular to the field. Therefore, the electrons in plasmons either begin to oscillate in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the substance, or begin to experience precession.

 If the electron in the plasmon oscillates, then the electric field created by it changes by Bogdanov. There is the position of the electron when it stops, and the position when it accelerates to maximum speed. If an electron in a plasmon rotates and experiences a precession, then there is a rotation phase during precession, when the angle of inclination of the axis of rotation of the electron relative to the axis of rotation of the substance is minimal, closest to zero degrees, and there is a precession phase when this angle is closest to 90 degrees. In both of these cases, Bogdanov’s electric field varies from maximum to minimum, that is, it is variable. In our minds, we fix some angle of inclination of the plane of rotation or oscillations of the electron in the plasmon at a certain moment in time. The angle of deviation from this angle will be called the phase. If in this case the oscillations and rotations of the macroscopic number of electrons in plasmons occur synchronously, that is, in one phase, then the radiation goes beyond the limits of the rotating substance. If all the electrons oscillate and rotate in the planes of rotation or oscillations of the electron in the plasmon at a certain point in time in different phases, then there is a mutual compensation of the electric fields of the electrons, the phase of which differs by 90 degrees. In this case, there is no electric emission of electrons from the plasma of a solid.

Since the electron in the plasmon performs longitudinal vibrations relative to the core of the crystal lattice, we can distinguish the direction perpendicular to the motion of the electron during these vibrations. This direction is either parallel to the axis of rotation of the substance, or experiences precession. We find by formula (3) the amplitude of the electric field Bogdanov in the first case. We apply precisely this formula, since we assume that from each atom only one valence electron is involved in plasmon vibrations, which oscillates around the core of the crystal lattice with an uncompensated charge equal to the charge of one proton. We are looking for the amplitude of the electric field of Bogdanov for a macroscopic volume of matter with an area of one square centimeter. It is known that radiation penetrates into the metal to the depth of the skin layer, while for optical frequencies the thickness of this layer is of the order of 10 ^-3 cm. It can be argued that at least at the depth of such a layer Bogdanov’s electric radiation emerging from the metal will not shielded in the volume of the metal and from this depth the radiation can exit the metal. The density of conduction electrons in a metal is from 10 ²² to 10 ²³ cm ^-3 . We take into account the smallest value of 10 ²² cm ^-3 . We make the assumption that all conduction electrons participate in plasmon vibrations. Then it can be argued that in the creation of the electric field of Bogdanov, the number of electrons is involved per unit surface area of the metal, equal to the product of electron concentration by the depth of the skin layer and per unit surface area of the metal.

 We multiply the concentration of conduction electrons by the depth of the skin layer and the electric field Bogdanov created by one electron in the direction perpendicular to its movement, and subtract from this value the electric field of the fixed core and the electric field of the filled electron shells.

In this case, in accordance with expression (3), the amplitude of the electric field of Bogdanov at a distance of 10 cm from the rotating substance on the axis of rotation is 1.4 • 10 ⁶ V / cm. So on the very surface of the rotating substance, the main ring, the rotor, the amplitude of the intensity of the variable field of Bogdanov is at least not less than this value. This can be argued, since as you approach the surface of the main ring, the surface of the rotor, this field, at least, does not decrease.

Note that the strength of this field obtained during the calculation is one and a half to two orders of magnitude less than the strength of the intracrystalline field, the value of which reaches values of the order of 10 ⁸ V / cm [24]. Therefore, this electric field does not lead to the destruction of the crystal lattice.

где I - плотность потока энергии,
Е₀ - напряженность электрического поля электромагнитной волны.Since the field is variable, when propagating in space it corresponds to an electromagnetic wave, the Poiting vector of which carries a stream of energy. The amplitude of the electric field of the electromagnetic wave is related to the energy flux density by the following relation [15]

where I is the energy flux density,
E ₀ is the electric field strength of the electromagnetic wave.

In accordance with this expression of such an electric field of the wave, the energy flux density is 2.60 • 10 ⁹ W / cm ² .

 The calculation of the electric field of Bogdanov for a rotating and experiencing a precession electron can be carried out similarly, but in this case, summation and averaging over the angles should be carried out. Angle averaging gives a factor of 0.5.

где

- единичный вектор в направлении распространения падающей волны,
σ - полное сечение рассеяния,

- средний поток плотности энергии.If along the axis of rotation of the substance there is an external substance, such as atmospheric gas or a space environment, such as an interplanetary medium or an interstellar medium, then the radiation is scattered by the external substance. Any charged particle that is part of an external substance is affected by the radiation scattering force. The same radiation scattering force acts on the surface of the main ring, on the surface of the rotor, and through them on the rotation device, creating engine thrust [16]:

Where

is a unit vector in the direction of propagation of the incident wave,
σ is the total scattering cross section,

- average flux of energy density.

A special case of the manifestation of the radiation scattering force is the pressure force of light. The pressure force of light per unit surface area of a substance is given by the expression [17]
P = I (1 + R) / s,
where I is the energy flux density,
R is the coefficient of reflection of light from the surface,
c is the speed of light.

Substituting the obtained value of the energy flux density into this formula and taking into account the average reflection coefficient of 0.5, we obtain that the radiation scattering force, the light pressure force, which in our case coincides with the pressure force of electromagnetic radiation on the radiating surface of the main ring, on the rotor, and through them and to the rotation device, is not less than 7.5 • 10 ⁵ dyne / cm ² or 7.5 tons per square meter. If we repeat all the calculations for a distance from the rotating substance of 5 centimeters, we will find that at such a distance the scattering force of the alternating electromagnetic radiation acting on the rotation device from the side of the rotating substance of the rotor creates a pressure of at least at least 120 tons per square meter.

 For comparison, the working engines of one of the largest US rocket carriers Saturn-5 exerted pressure on the bottom of the rocket 43.4 tons per square meter [19].

 These estimates are purely qualitative, since it was assumed that the depth of the skin layer is 10 microns, but in fact it depends on the frequency and decreases with increasing frequency.

 It was assumed that at least one of the optimal conditions was created for the radiation of the electric field of Bogdanov. There are two of these conditions.

 Under the first condition, the plasmons of at least one end surface of the rotating main ring are located inside the two-dimensional conductor.

 Under the second condition, it is necessary to make sure that all electrons rotate in plasmons in a consistent time, in the same phases for each moment of time, and the phases of the macroscopic ensemble of electrons in plasmons change synchronously.

 For one layer of a two-dimensional conductor located on the surface of the rotor, the first condition is quite sufficient. For a bulk multilayer structure containing many layers of a two-dimensional conductor, the total thickness of all layers begins to play a large role. It is enough that it was smaller than the skin layer. Although it is quite possible that the radiation will not be attenuated even with a larger sum of the thickness of all layers of a two-dimensional conductor. For a rotor without a layer of a two-dimensional conductor, the radiation effect is possible only if the second condition is met.

 Since it was assumed that at least one of these optimal conditions was created, it was not taken into account that at the same time the plasmon electrons can create Bogdanov's electric fields, mutually compensating each other. That is, the vibrations and rotations of the electrons of plasmons that move in perpendicular directions were not taken into account. In other words, the compensation of the fields of electrons of plasmons moving in perpendicular directions was not taken into account.

 If the first of the two conditions is met, such motions can be taken into account by taking into account the longitudinal component of the electric field of a two-dimensional plasmon normal to the surface. Or by taking into account the deviation of the real two-dimensional plasmon from the ideal.

 Additionally, assumptions were made that all plasmon electrons oscillate or rotate in parallel planes. It was also assumed that due to the abrupt inclusion of the transverse magnetic field, all plasmons will sharply simultaneously change the slope of the plane in which the plasmons' electrons oscillate or rotate.

We give one more estimate of traction for a rotating ring or disk containing many layers of a two-dimensional conductor. For example, a ring or disk may have the structure of several tens of thin conductive films separated by a dielectric. In this case, the plane of the films is perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Above, the field created on the flat boundary of the conductor was taken into account. In this case, the field at the very boundary of the conductor was not evaluated, since according to the previous calculation algorithm it was enough to show the value of this field at a distance of 10 cm from the boundary of the conductor and say that on the surface of the rotor this field is at least not less than the obtained value. In the case of many layers of a two-dimensional conductor, one can choose the structure parameters of the two-dimensional conductor, for example, the layer thickness, the distance between the layers and the number of layers so that the maximum amplitude of this field at the boundary of a rotating ring or disk approaches one tenth of the intracrystalline field strength, for example, 0. 1 • 10 ⁸ V / cm. With such a field strength, the Bogdanov pressure exerted by the radiation pressure force on a rotating rotor increases many times in comparison with the cases considered above.

 For such a radiation intensity, Bogdanov's radiation pressure force on the surface of a rotating ring or disk is 380 tons per square meter.

 It should be emphasized that this radiation does not heat the substance of a rotating ring or disk, since it already exists in advance in a motionless solid, but is screened due to rotations of the electron planes of atomic orbitals. Rotation of the ring or disk at high speed simply removes this shielding, and the radiation goes outside the solid.

 We show where the energy comes from to generate Bogdanov radiation of such power and that when such a thrust is achieved, there is no violation of the law of conservation of energy.

 Any rotating charged particle is a microscopic magnetic coil. Including a microscopic magnetic coil is each electron rotating in a plasmon or in an atom.

The energy stored in the magnetic coil is determined by the following formula for calculating the energy in a multi-turn coil [6]:
W _m = 1 / 2ΣL _k I ² _k + 1 / 2ΣM _ki I _k I _i ,
where k, i are the numbers of the circuits bounded by the turns of the coil,
L _k is the inductance of the k-th circuit,
M _ki is the mutual inductance of the k-th and i-th circuits,
I _k , I _i - electric current strength of the k-th and i-th circuits.

 In this formula, the first term is the sum of the self-energies of all currents. The second term is the mutual energy of the currents.

 This formula is quite universal and can be used to calculate energy in a large number of magnetic coils, the currents of which interact with each other. Therefore, theoretically, this formula can be applied in a complicated version to all rotating charged particles of the Universe and find from this formula the magnetic energy of one electron rotating in an atom or in a plasmon. Based on these considerations, it can be argued that the magnetic energy of a microscopic magnetic coil of one rotating electron contains terms with the mutual induction of the currents of this rotating electron and all rotating charged particles of the Universe. Therefore, it can be argued that when a rotating electron of a plasmon or atom radiates, not only the magnetic energy of the electron current decreases, but also the mutual induction of the currents of this electron and all rotating charged particles of the Universe. Since the magnetic energy of the electron current is much less than the magnetic energy of the mutual induction of currents, when the radiation changes the magnetic energy of the electron is vanishingly small and we practically do not notice it. Bogdanov’s radiation is mainly spent on the magnetic energy of the mutual induction of the currents of the rotating electrons of the atoms and plasmons of the rotated substance and the rotating charged particles of the entire visible part of the Universe.

 We describe control experiments that indirectly confirm the occurrence of Bogdanov radiation in rotating structures.

 The following experimental results are known [4].

 The results were obtained by Russian physicist Yevgeny Podkletov, who worked at the Technological University of the Finnish city of Tampere. A special disk was cooled to a temperature of minus 167 degrees Celsius and placed in an electromagnetic field that made it rotate. Upon reaching three thousand revolutions per minute, objects placed above a rotating disk began to lose weight.

 During the rotation of a cooled disk, the atoms of the substance of the disk experience a precession and therefore emit Bogdanov's radiation, which acts on objects placed above the disk by radiation scattering force acting upward, that is, against gravity. This radiation scattering power reduces the measured body weight.

 Known for the result of an experiment by John Schnurer from College of Entioch, Ohio [4]. The essence of his experiments is as follows. If a superconductor is placed over a magnet, it hangs in the air (the long-known Meissner effect), and when an object is placed above the superconductor, then accurate measurements have shown that a zone appears above the superconducting system where objects lose up to 5 percent of their weight.

 Items lose weight for the following reason. A magnet creates induction currents on the surface of a superconductor by a magnetic field. In a certain approximation, a superconductor is a classical two-dimensional conductor, since currents in a superconductor flow only along the surface. Therefore, for a superconductor with currents induced on its surface, all the arguments presented above regarding two-dimensional conductors are applicable. Like a two-dimensional conductor, a superconductor with induction currents induced on its surface emits Bogdanov radiation. Bogdanov's radiation acts on objects placed above the disk by the radiation scattering force acting in the upward direction, that is, against gravity. This radiation scattering power reduces the measured body weight.

 In order to fully confirm the effect of the appearance of Bogdanov’s radiation, I propose to repeat the two experiments listed above, but to measure the weight of objects not over the disk and superconductor, but under the disk and superconductor. Under the disk and the superconductor, objects should increase the weight by as much as they lose weight over the disk or superconductor. The following experiments should be performed.

 First, you should measure the weight of objects placed under a rotating special disk, cooled to a temperature of minus 167 degrees Celsius and rotating at a speed of three thousand revolutions per minute. The weight of objects should increase by the same 5 percent as above the disk, that is, by the same amount as it decreased over the disk. This weight reduction will be due to the effect of radiation scattering on objects from the side of Bogdanov’s radiation generated by the disk.

 Secondly, it is necessary to measure the weight of objects under a superconductor, over which a magnet is placed. The weight of objects should increase by the same 5 percent as above a superconductor, that is, by as much as it decreased over a superconductor in the experiment described above. This weight increase will be due to the effect on objects of the radiation scattering force from the side of the Bogdanov radiation generated by the superconductor, acting down in the same direction as the gravity.

 A rotation device designed to generate variable electric fields, hereinafter I propose to call the Bogdanov generator.

 When oscillations or rotations of plasmon electrons occur predominantly in one plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation, the alternating electric field arising from the movements of plasmon electrons has a maximum amplitude in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the ring.

 In order to fulfill this condition with maximum accuracy, the film thickness is chosen as small as possible, for example, on the order of several interatomic distances. To fulfill this condition, it is necessary that two-dimensional conductors cool to the lowest temperatures, for example, to the temperature of liquid helium.

 The rotating substance of the main ring in separate sections contains either a layer of a two-dimensional conductor, or one multilayer structure with layers of two-dimensional conductors, or several multilayer structures with layers of two-dimensional conductors. 4 and 5 show a multilayer structure 14.

 The main ring contains a multilayer structure 14 containing several layers of a two-dimensional conductor 18, 19, 20. The dielectric layers 21, 22, 23 made between the layers of the two-dimensional conductor electrically isolate the layers of the two-dimensional conductor from each other. For example, if two-dimensional conductors are made in the form of thin films, their dielectric layers are electrically insulated from each other.

 The fields created during high-speed rotation by each layer of the two-dimensional conductor of the multilayer structure in the direction along the axis of rotation are added up and the total field of the rotating structure along the axis of rotation exceeds the field of a separate layer of the rotating two-dimensional conductor.

 The cryostat 27 cools two-dimensional conductors with refrigerant 28, for example liquid helium, to the temperature of liquid helium.

 The radiation emitted from the end surface is called the radiation of the end surface. The radiation emitted from the side surface is called the radiation of the side surface.

 If the rotor surface, the surface of the main ring is made in the form of a multilayer structure with two-dimensional conductors, then it is possible to choose the materials of the layers of the two-dimensional conductor so that the radiation emitted by the structure is maximum. For this, the multilayer structure of the rotor surface, the surface of the main ring may contain two-dimensional conductors made of either one material or from different materials. In this case, the Fermi energy of materials of two-dimensional conductors does not decrease with distance from the surface of the main ring, from the surface of the rotor, that is, either the Fermi energy does not change, or increases in the direction from the surface into the depth of the main ring, that is, with distance from the surface of the main ring. If the Fermi energy of materials of two-dimensional conductors of structures increases in the direction from the edge to the center of the main ring, then the radiation of plasmons near the surface has a maximum frequency, maximum attenuation and a minimum thickness of the skin layer, and further from the surface has a minimum frequency, minimum attenuation and maximum skin layer thickness.

 When selecting materials with a two-dimensional conductor layer, the following considerations should be followed. The layers closest to the surface of the main ring have a minimum Fermi energy. They emit certain energy with a certain frequency. Radiation is resonant for a given layer and therefore has a limiting intensity above which it will heat these layers and the two-dimensional conductor will cease to be two-dimensional. The radiation of the layer will swing the oscillations of the electrons of the plasmons of the layer at the resonant frequency and the electrons of the plasmons will begin to amplify the amplitude of their oscillations until the two-dimensional nature of the motions of the electrons in the layer of the two-dimensional conductor begins to be violated. This limits the number of layers of a two-dimensional conductor of the same material with one specific Fermi energy. When there are layers of different materials in the structure, each two-dimensional conductor swings layers of the same material with the same Fermi energy at resonant frequencies and the general resonance of all layers of different materials does not occur. The sum of the contributions from the radiation of various layers at the resonance frequencies of each layer is obtained. In this case, radiation at a specific frequency of a particular layer material cannot be increased above a certain value, otherwise the two-dimensional character of conductivity will be severely violated. However, it is possible to increase the overall radiation intensity of the structure by adding radiation at the resonant frequencies of different layers. Therefore, such structures will bring out more radiation energy while keeping the conductor layers two-dimensional than structures of the same material.

 The highest radiation energy of one layer of a two-dimensional conductor will be that layer of a two-dimensional conductor, the material of which will have the highest Fermi energy. In this case, one material can be used for all layers of the structure.

 If the multilayer structure of the reflector contains two-dimensional conductors made of either the same material or different, and the Fermi energy of the materials of two-dimensional conductors does not decrease with distance from the reflecting working surface of the reflector, that is, it either does not change or increases in the direction from the working surface deep into the reflector, that is, as you move away from the rotor, then in such a structure you can get the highest reflection coefficient of Bogdanov radiation. In order for the two-dimensional layers of the multilayer structure of the reflector to remain two-dimensional when radiation is incident on them, the layers must be cooled to the temperatures of liquid helium. For this, an additional cryostat with liquid helium, made on the other, on the back, on the non-working side of the reflector, cools the reflector. This increases the reflectance of the radiation reflector. The maximum reflection coefficient can be in the case if the multilayer structures of the reflector are made the same as the multilayer structures of the main rotor ring. Also, the maximum reflection coefficient of the screen of the incident Bogdanov radiation can be in the case if the same multilayer structure is made from the inner surface of the screen as on the rotor. The inner surface of the screen can be cooled by an additional cryostat made inside the screen. Liquid helium may be used as a refrigerant.

 Additionally, the dielectric layers can be made as a dielectric waveguide with the ability to pass along the plane of the dielectric layer electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of alternating radiation of plasmons. For this, each dielectric layer, in turn, has a variable refractive index, which generally increases toward the center of the dielectric layer. Alternating radiation emitted at an angle to the axis of rotation, at some angles of inclination to the axis of rotation, begins to be reflected from the walls of the waveguide and propagates along the waveguide to the end of the waveguide made on the side surface of the ring. When the radiation reaches the end of the waveguide, it leaves the side surface of the ring. Radiation in this case leaves the ring in the outer space surrounding the ring.

 The radiation of all plates of all conductive structures is summed up and forms in total radiation of the entire rotating ring.

 Part of the radiation is delayed by a conductive screen 29 made of a conductive material. The screen surrounds the rotating ring from all sides and reflects part of the radiation incident on it towards the ring.

 If the screen contains a multilayer structure with layers of two-dimensional conductors, then such layers are made along the inner surface of the screen. In this case, the screen reflection coefficient of the radiation incident on it can be increased. The cryostat cools the multilayer structures of the screen to low temperatures in order to preserve the two-dimensional character of conductivity in the layers of a two-dimensional conductor when radiation is incident on them.

 The best reflection by multilayer structures with layers of two-dimensional conductors made on the surfaces of the reflectors and the screen, the incident Bogdanov radiation is expected if the multilayer structures on the main rotor ring, on the reflectors and on the screen are identical.

 We consider the position of the elements of the device with horizontal traction. Reflectors of radiation of end surfaces are inclined.

 Part of the radiation of the end surfaces is reflected by the reflectors 17, 30, 31, 32, part of the radiation of the side surface is reflected by the reflector 33. The radiation is directed by the reflectors to the side windows 13, 15, 16, 24, 25, 26, 34, 35. In this case, the radiation from the reflector 33 first sent to the reflectors 31, 32, and they already reflect the radiation on the side windows. The radiation reflector of the side surface 33 is made in the form of a ring, from which sections of the ring are cut out at the locations of the induction coils of the transverse magnetic field. Since the reflector 33 is made in the form of a ring, a part of the reflector is made to the left of the rotation device (this part of the reflector in Fig. 1 is not shaded and is visible behind the transverse magnetic field 5 induction coil) and it is this part of the reflector that reflects radiation to the reflector 32.

 Part of the radiation of the end surfaces passes up to the upper windows 36, 37 and down to the lower windows 38, 39. A part of the radiation of the side surface is reflected downward by the reflector 33 to the lower windows 38, 39.

 Conductive covers 40, 41, 42, 43 shield the radiation incident on them. The cover transfer device 50 moves the covers inside the frames 44, 45 so that the covers close and shield the desired windows from radiation incident on the windows. Part of the screen is made on the inner surface of the cover movement device 50 facing the rotation device. From this part of the screen, part of the screen is made on the inner surface of the frame 45 (included in the cover movement device 50) facing the rotation device.

 By shielding the radiation flux going in the desired direction, the selection of certain directions is created along which the radiation from the screen comes out. The reflector rotation devices 74, 75 rotate the reflector relative to the main ring and relative to the axis of rotation of the rotor. In some designs, they can also move the reflector. The radiation incident on the screen is partially reflected from the polished surface of the screen and partially falls back on the main ring and on the reflectors.

 Cover moving devices move the covers along the guide grooves 46, 47, 48, 49. The covers are moved on rollers by electric motors. The movement occurs along generators, along lines made in the form of arcs of circles. The covers move along two rows of guide grooves. The covers 40, 41 move in the inner row closer to the rotation device, closer to the rotor, and the covers 42, 43 move in the guide grooves 48, 49 in the outer row further from the rotation device and further from the rotor. The frame holds the guide grooves and the screen.

 Inside the chamber 51 with a cavity inside the cavity in the crew room, the crew of the traction system is accelerated by the engine.

 The arrangement of engine elements during the creation of horizontal and vertical thrust is fundamentally different. Let us first consider the operation of engine elements during take-off, landing, and when creating vertical thrust.

 Consider the position of the elements of the device with vertical traction. Radiation reflectors of the end surface are raised to a vertical position.

 First, we consider traction in the absence of environmental resistance. For example, in a vacuum. In this case, the upper windows 36, 37 are covered by covers 40, 43. The lower windows are opened by covers. The covers below are pushed to the side and open the lower windows for the radiation to pass down.

 When creating a vertical thrust propulsion system, radiation reflectors of the end surface 17, 30, 31, 32 are raised and mounted perpendicular to the plane of the main ring. They can also be additionally moved away from the window. This is done so that the reflectors at this time do not participate in the creation of vertical traction. The side windows are covered with conductive covers.

 Part of the radiation directed to the side windows is reflected by the conductive covers back to the area bounded by the screen. Part of the radiation exits through the lower windows 38, 39, made in the screen symmetrically with respect to the axis of rotation of the substance, and propagates into the surrounding space. This part of the radiation propagates under the main ring in a downward direction. This radiation presses the radiation scattering force on the main rotor ring and on the radiation reflector of the side surface 33, creating photon traction.

 When creating horizontal traction, the reflector rotation devices 74, 75 connected to the screen rotate the reflectors relative to the ring and change the angle of inclination of the reflector relative to the plane of the ring so that the reflectors stand in the path of propagation of the Bogdanov radiation coming out of the windows of the screen and the angle of inclination of the reflector plane with respect to to the plane of the ring would be approximately 45 degrees. After that, Bogdanov’s radiation is reflected from the reflector, leaves the side windows 13, 15, 16, 35 and propagates along the plane of the ring, creating a horizontal photonic traction. This is the horizontal radiation draft of the end surface of the main ring. In this embodiment, thrust of an aircraft with a Bogdanov’s engine is turned by covering the windows 13 and 16 with covers. If it is blocked by a cover, for example, window 13 and window 16 does not overlap, then radiation continues to exit through window 16, but not through window 13 . Since the radiation exiting through the window 16 presses on the reflector, this pressure of the radiation scattering force creates a lever of forces that rotates the aircraft with the Bogdanov engine.

 When the aircraft moves, a beam of radiation from Bogdanov is formed. The beam travels in the opposite direction to the ship. The force of radiation scattering, with which the radiation exiting through the windows, presses on the reflectors, is the horizontal photonic thrust of the engine.

 The surface of the screen facing the rotation device, made of metal and polished, reflects back the Bogdanov radiation incident from the side of the ring onto the inner surface of the screen. The radiation of the side surface emerging from the side surface of the main ring and from the dielectric waveguides moves toward the radiation reflector of the side surface 33 made in the screen around the side surfaces of the main ring opposite the structures and opposite the ends with the outputs of the dielectric waveguides. The side surface radiation is directed by the side surface radiation reflector down from the main rotor ring. After that, one of two options for creating traction occurs. Depending on the position of the end surface radiation reflectors, the side surface radiation is either reflected by the end surface radiation reflectors to the side windows, exits through them and creates horizontal traction, or the side surface radiation is directed directly to the lower windows, leaves them and creates a vertical traction.

 Depending on the direction of the thrust vector created by the engine, the side, top and bottom windows are closed differently by covers. When creating horizontal traction, the upper and lower windows are closed with covers, the side windows are opened with covers. When creating vertical traction, the side windows are closed with covers, the upper and lower windows are open with covers.

 It is possible to create a combined thrust when the resulting thrust vector is directed at an angle to the vertical, while the angle is indirect. In this case, the end surface radiation reflectors are inclined at an acute angle to the vertical. In this case, part of the radiation past them passes to the upper and lower windows, and part of the radiation is reflected from the reflectors and sent to the side windows. Lids in this case open part of the surface area of the side windows, part of the surface area of the lower windows and part of the surface area of the upper windows. By changing the angle of inclination of the radiation reflectors of the end surface, increasing and decreasing the area of open areas of window surfaces opened by covers, opening and closing windows, you can change the direction and amplitude of the thrust vector.

 Now consider the movement in the atmosphere. When moving in the atmosphere, the windows are made of a transparent dielectric with a high melting point, for example, of refractory quartz glass. A vacuum is created inside the area bounded by the screen and windows. Vacuum, for example, can be created by vacuum pumps or maintained after the return of the traction system with the engine from outer space. The windows are made thick and strong enough to withstand the pressure drop between the atmosphere and the vacuum of the vacuum chamber. When moving in outer space, in outer space or in the upper extremely rarefied layers of the atmosphere, glass from windows can be removed. In this case, since there is no substance specially connected to the screen in the window, the window is empty inside, the radiation pushes out the radiation scattering force from the window region and further along the radiation propagation beam, environmental matter, for example, air, atmospheric gas or space.

 When moving in the atmosphere, Bogdanov’s radiation presses on any substance located in the path of radiation propagation by the radiation scattering force. Part of the radiation propagates above the main ring in the upward direction through the upper windows 36, 37 made on the screen. This radiation presses the radiation of the atmosphere above the windows by the force of radiation scattering and throws it up, freeing up free space for lifting the aircraft up.

 Part of the radiation propagates under the main ring in the downward direction through the lower windows 38, 39 made on the screen. This radiation presses the radiation of the atmosphere located under the windows by the force of radiation radiation and discards it in the downward direction. The area of the upper windows to be opened is less than the area of the lower windows to be torn off; therefore, the radiation flux through the upper windows is smaller than the radiation flux through the lower windows. Radiation scattering forces acting on the set of engine elements located inside the engine (screen, reflectors, covers, main ring) give the vector sum of radiation scattering forces, which is a superposition of radiation scattering forces acting on the engine. This superposition is approximately proportional to the product of the radiation density between the main rotor ring and the windows and the area difference between the open upper and open lower windows. This value is the photon traction when moving in the atmosphere.

 The conductive covers 40, 41, 42, 43 connected to the screen are moved by the cover movement devices relative to the window so that the covers open or close the windows. At the same time, the covers thus close or open the passage through the window of electromagnetic radiation or change the area of the window for passage of radiation passing through the window generated by the rotating ring. Lids open on the upper windows less area of the open window than on the lower windows. Thus, the radiation flux through the lower windows is greater than the radiation flux through the upper windows. This leads to the fact that the resulting photon thrust acting on the aircraft in the upward direction is larger and therefore the aircraft rises.

 When creating a vertical thrust propulsion system, radiation reflectors of the end surface 17, 30, 31, 32 are mounted perpendicular to the plane of the ring. They can also be additionally moved away from the window. This is done so that the reflectors at this time do not participate in the creation of vertical traction.

 When creating horizontal traction, the reflector rotation devices 74, 75 connected to the screen rotate the reflectors relative to the ring and change the angle of inclination of the reflector relative to the plane of the ring so that the reflectors stand in the path of propagation of the Bogdanov radiation coming out of the windows of the screen and the angle of inclination of the reflector plane with respect to to the plane of the ring would be approximately 45 degrees. After that, Bogdanov’s radiation is reflected from the reflectors and propagates along the plane of the ring, creating a horizontal photonic traction. This is the horizontal radiation draft of the end surface of the main ring. When creating horizontal thrust in the atmosphere in the engine, not only the side windows 13, 15, 16, 35, located behind the engine, as when moving in a vacuum, but also the side windows located in front of the engine 24, 25, 26, 34 are opened.

 When the aircraft moves in the atmosphere, two rays of Bogdanov radiation are formed. Front beam and rear beam. The front beam has a significantly lower radiation flux than the rear beam. The front beam pushes the ambient air stream, which is incident in front of the aircraft during movement, for example, atmospheric gas flow, by the force of radiation scattering. Thus, it is possible to significantly reduce the resistance force of the medium. The rear beam has much greater power and propagates in the opposite direction, in the direction opposite to the movement of the ship. The vector difference between the pressure force on the radiation reflectors of the rear and front radiation flows is the horizontal photon thrust of the engine.

 The surface of the screen facing the rotation device, made of metal and polished, reflects back the Bogdanov radiation incident from the side of the ring onto the inner surface of the screen.

 The radiation of the side surface emerging from the side surface of the main ring and from the dielectric waveguides moves toward the radiation reflector of the side surface 33 made in the screen around the side surfaces of the main ring opposite the structures and opposite the ends with the outputs of the dielectric waveguides. The side surface radiation is directed by the side surface radiation reflector down from the rotor. After that, one of two options for creating traction occurs. Depending on the position of the end surface radiation reflectors, the side surface radiation is either reflected by the end surface radiation reflectors to the side windows, exits through them and creates horizontal traction, or the side surface radiation is directed directly to the lower windows, leaves them and creates a vertical traction.

 Depending on the direction of the thrust vector created by the engine, the side, top and bottom windows are closed differently by covers. When creating horizontal traction, the upper and lower windows are closed with covers, the side windows are opened with covers. When creating vertical traction, the side windows are closed with covers, the upper and lower windows are open with covers.

 It is possible to create a combined thrust when the resulting thrust vector is directed at an angle to the vertical, while the angle is indirect. In this case, the end surface radiation reflectors are inclined at an acute angle to the vertical. In this case, part of the radiation past them passes to the upper and lower windows, and part of the radiation is reflected from the reflectors and sent to the side windows. Lids in this case open part of the surface area of the side windows, part of the surface area of the lower windows and part of the surface area of the upper windows. By changing the angle of inclination of the radiation reflectors of the end surface, increasing and decreasing the area of open areas of window surfaces opened by covers, opening and closing windows, you can change the direction and amplitude of the thrust vector.

 When the aircraft moves, two rays of Bogdanov radiation are formed. Front beam and rear beam. The front beam has a significantly lower radiation flux than the rear beam. The front beam pushes a stream of the external medium, for example, atmospheric gas, incident from the front of the aircraft, which is incident in front, while the radiation is scattering. Thus, it is possible to significantly reduce the resistance force of the medium. The rear beam has much greater power and propagates in the opposite direction, in the direction opposite to the movement of the ship. The vector difference between the pressure force on the radiation reflectors of the rear and front radiation flows is the horizontal photon thrust of the torsion engine. This is the horizontal photon traction of the lateral radiation of the main ring.

 The screen together with the rotation device, reflectors and the main ring are held in a certain position relative to the vertical by a suspension 52 connected to the rotation device, with the camera, the screen and the main ring. The suspension can be made in the form of a gimbal. The gimbal suspension allows the main ring to rotate freely when the angle of inclination of the main ring changes with respect to the vertical, which coincides with the direction to the center of the planet. A suspension is necessary at a time when a traction system with a Bogdanov engine is standing on the surface of the planet, for example, on the surface of the Earth.

 The inner ring of the suspension 53 and the outer ring of the suspension 54 rotate one inside the other, while the inner ring of the suspension rotates inside the outer ring of the base of the suspension around the screen, around the rotation device and around the main ring. In this case, the suspension engines 55, 56 install the suspension rings in various positions.

 In the first position, during flight in vacuum, the suspension rings are set so that their planes are parallel to the planes of the main ring, and the axes coincide with the axis of the ring.

 The outer suspension ring may be connected to the wing of the aircraft. The wing can be made in the form of a flat ring and combined with the ring of the base of the suspension. In this case, in the second position, the wing of the aircraft changes its inclination with respect to the plane of the planet’s surface depending on the flight situation and creates the most optimal lifting force for the movement of the aircraft.

 Four telescopic legs 57, 58, attached to the ring of the suspension base, hold the traction system in a standing vertical position during launch and landing, as well as while on the surface of the planet.

 Four telescopic legs change their length depending on the landscape of the planet where they land. If part of the legs is elevated, and part in the cavity, then on the elevation the legs are shortened, and on the hollows the legs are lengthened. When landing, the suspension engines set the outer suspension ring parallel to the surface of the planet. At the same time, the telescopic legs extend, abut against the soil of the planet and hold the outer suspension ring and the entire aircraft weight. During the flight, the legs are either retracted into the suspension base ring or pressed against it. In all cases, the inner and outer rings of the cardan suspension rotate relative to each other so that the angle of inclination of the axis of rotation of the main ring with respect to the fixed coordinate system remains unchanged.

 The main ring rotates around the axis of symmetry of the chamber with the cavity inside which the crew room is made. At the same time, the crew is in the crew room. From this room, the engine and the aircraft are controlled.

 The engine creates additional traction on new physical principles as follows. Material body moving devices 59, 60 move material bodies relative to magnets 61, 62. Magnets are made on the surfaces of suspension rings coated with ferromagnetic material. The power supply system supplies energy to the magnetization system. The magnetization system 63 generates electric currents near the ferromagnetic materials of the rings. Electric currents create magnetic fields. Magnetic fields additionally magnetize the ferromagnetic materials of the suspension rings. The surfaces of the suspension rings with magnets are additionally magnetized, and the magnetic field of the magnets is further enhanced. Movable material bodies (masses) 64, 65, 66, 67, 74, 75 move within the hollow rings of the suspension, to the extent limited by additionally magnetized magnets made on the surfaces of the hollow inside the rings of the suspension. Material bodies (masses) moving inside the hollow rings , simultaneously move inside the magnets and inside the toroidal volume of space bounded by magnets. The same magnetic field is created in the toroidal volume of space as in a toroidal magnetic coil, in a toroidal solenoid.

- новой фундаментальной векторной константе, которая входит в одномерные дискретные потоки "магнитные потоки", образующие согласно модели Вселенной [35] весь окружающий нас мир. По теории модуль

имеет предельную величину и не может быть увеличен, но может быть уменьшен, например, за счет векторного потенциала соленоида

направленного навстречу

Поскольку массы элементарных частиц однозначно связаны с величиной

[32, 36, 37], можно сделать предположение о существовании нового взаимодействия в области пониженного

действующего на любое расположенное там материальное тело.In [32], a new interaction in nature arising from the action of high-current magnetic systems on physical vacuum is reported. The results of experimental studies on the discovery of a new interaction in nature arising from the action of high-current magnetic systems on physical vacuum are presented in [33, 34]. The essence of the new interaction is that according to the developed physical concepts of the structure of physical space, the masses of elementary particles are proportional to the modulus of the cosmological vector potential

- a new fundamental vector constant, which enters into one-dimensional discrete flows “magnetic fluxes”, which, according to the model of the Universe [35], form the entire world around us. Module theory

has a limit value and cannot be increased, but can be reduced, for example, due to the vector potential of the solenoid

towards

Since the masses of elementary particles are uniquely related to the quantity

[32, 36, 37], it can be assumed that there is a new interaction in the low

acting on any material body located there.

 In this case, the vector potential of the magnetic field of the magnets is directed at an angle of 90-270 degrees towards the cosmological vector potential. In an area with a magnetic field, material bodies are moved using a material body moving device. As a result, a region with a constant and a region with a reduced vector potential are created inside the volume bounded by a magnet. In the area with reduced total vector potential, the masses of the substance (material bodies) are moved inside the rings of the gimbal suspension using a mass mass transfer device. Since the ring of the gimbal suspension is also made in the form of a magnet, an area of reduced vector potential is additionally formed inside the ring by moving inside the ring of the material body.

 Starting from the physical vacuum region, in which the cosmological vector potential decreases, due to the vector potential of the magnetic field source, the mass of matter introduced into this region, for example, a material body rigidly connected, for example, to the gimbal ring, carries it along with itself. Thus, the source of the magnetic field creates a region of space in which a new force acts, and the magnet system with the body moves in space due to the energy of the physical vacuum.

 A component of the engine's power supply system, such as a nuclear reactor, can be made inside a moving material body (mass).

 The material body moving device and the suspension ring can additionally perform the function of cooling a nuclear reactor. For this, a working nuclear reactor is moved as a movable material body by a device for moving a movable material body along a suspension ring. In this case, the nuclear reactor touches the walls of the suspension ring, transfers heat to the suspension ring, heats it and cools itself. Radiators can be connected to the suspension ring, made, for example, in the form of additional ribs or partitions. Radiators are cooled by radiation cooling.

 The engine can dock in flight with several traction systems, made in the form of separate aircraft with Bogdanov’s engines, with Bogdanov’s magnetos, made with the ability to take off separately and in flight. The engine is docked with other engines of other traction systems using docking devices 68, 69. After docking, a matrix of several aircraft is formed. The matrix becomes an independent space ship. In this case, one traction system is the main one. It houses the ship control center. The remaining traction systems are optional. Each traction system has its own computer, and all computers are connected to a single local area network, for example, using a system for transmitting signals by electromagnetic radiation, such as radio waves.

 For joining from the ring of the base of the engine mount, four telescopic legs extend and are installed parallel to the plane of the ring of the base of the mount. Telescopic legs extend, lengthen and dock with other rings of the suspension base of other engines of other aircraft, other radio. So with the help of telescoping telescopic legs, several aircraft are docked with each other and form a single matrix, having the form of a grid with cells. The engines of each aircraft work, creating a photonic draft of Bogdanov’s radiation. Reflector moving devices and lid moving devices move reflectors and covers of different torsion engines of different aircraft, shut off and direct radiation fluxes coming out of the screen windows in different ways. In this way, the thrust vector of the entire matrix, necessary in direction and size, is created.

 Electron accelerators of various engines combined into a matrix accelerate electrons in the opposite direction to the motion of the ship and charge the matrix with an uncompensated positive charge.

 During engine operation, special attention is paid to protection against streams of cosmic dust and microasteroids running in front during a flight, since a collision with them during flight at speeds of the order of thousands of kilometers per second can destroy a ship. Moreover, it is taken into account that the probability of a head-on collision with cosmic dust and with microasteroids increases with increasing speed. In addition, measures are being taken to reduce the effects of cosmic ray radiation on the ship.

 It is necessary to charge the ship with a positive rather than negative charge in order, firstly, to protect the crew from cosmic rays, since 99 percent of cosmic rays are composed of positively charged particles. Mostly from protons and nuclei of atoms. And only 1 percent of cosmic rays account for electrons. Cosmic rays pose a very serious radiation hazard to crew health. Secondly, we show that cosmic dust particles and microasteroids flying in front of the ship heading are also charged with uncompensated positive charges. To do this, we show that the space inside the heliospheres of the Sun and stars outside the magnetospheres of the planets is charged with an uncompensated positive charge.

 Such a charge arises due to the fact that a new physical phenomenon occurs inside the Sun, inside the stars and in the vicinity of the Sun and stars - the Bogdanov effect of the appearance of an electric field in a plasma under the influence of electromagnetic radiation. The Bogdanov effect of the appearance of an electric field in a plasma under the influence of electromagnetic radiation is as follows.

где

- единичный вектор в направлении распространения падающей волны,
σ - полное сечение рассеяния,

- средний поток плотности энергии.It is known that electromagnetic radiation acts on all charged particles by the force of radiation scattering. In this case, the radiation scattering force acts on each charged particle by the force determined by the expression [16]

Where

is a unit vector in the direction of propagation of the incident wave,
σ is the total scattering cross section,

- average flux of energy density.

где е - заряд заряженной частицы,
m - масса заряженной частицы.According to Thompson's formula, the total scattering cross section is

where e is the charge of a charged particle,
m is the mass of the charged particle.

происходит пространственное разделение зарядов и возникает фотонное электрическое поле Богданова

численно равное следующему выражению

где

- сила рассеяния излучения, действующая на электрон,

- сила рассеяния излучения, действующая на ион,
σ₁ - полное сечение рассеяния электрона,
σ₂ - полное сечение рассеяния иона,
е - элементарный заряд.In accordance with Thompson's formula, the total scattering cross section depends on the particle’s charge to the fourth degree and on the mass of the particle squared. Therefore, for particles with the same electric charge and with different masses, the total scattering cross section will be very different. The cross sections will differ in proportion to the mass squared. Accordingly, the radiation scattering forces acting on charged particles with different masses will differ by the same amount. For example, for an electron and a proton, the masses differ in 1836, 1088 times. Accordingly, the mass squares differ by 3371295.6 times. This means the same amount of times the total scattering cross section is larger for an electron than for a proton, since they have the same charges, and the radiation scattering force acts as many times stronger on an electron than on a proton. Therefore, in a plasma that is affected by electromagnetic radiation with an average flux of energy density

there is a spatial separation of charges and a photon electric field Bogdanov

numerically equal to the following expression

Where

- radiation scattering force acting on the electron,

is the radiation scattering force acting on the ion,
σ ₁ is the total electron scattering cross section,
σ ₂ is the total ion scattering cross section,
e is the elementary charge.

 The meaning of this expression is that in a plasma under the influence of electromagnetic radiation on electrons and ions a different radiation scattering force acts and therefore the electrons move away under the action of radiation from ions so that there is an additional electric attractive force acting between the ion and electron, numerically equal to the difference between radiation scattering forces acting on ions and electrons. Since this force acts between all the electrons and plasma ions that fall into the region of radiation, we can say that an additional electric field arises in the plasma due to the action of photons of electromagnetic radiation on the plasma. Therefore, this field can be called a photon electric field.

 The effect of the appearance of the photon electric field of Bogdanov exists around the stars and inside the stars. As a result, stars have giant uncompensated positive electric charges. In particular, Bogdanov’s photonic electric field exists to the boundaries of the heliosphere, which extends to the boundaries of the Solar System, and inside the Sun. Therefore, the Sun therefore has a huge uncompensated electric positive charge. The occurrence of an uncompensated positive electric charge of stars and the Sun can be explained as follows.

 Since there is a radial temperature gradient inside the stars and the Sun (maximum temperatures in the center), a radial gradient of the flux of radiant, light electromagnetic energy also arises. The gradient of the flow of light energy leads to the fact that there is a distinguished direction in the direction of which the flow of light electromagnetic energy accelerates the charged particles. Bogdanov’s electric photon field arises along this direction. The ions inside the stars and the Sun are distributed so as to shield this field with their charges. In this case, the electrons do not shield this field, since they are opposed by the radiation scattering force and prevent Bogdanov from reducing the electric photon field strength. Since Bogdanov’s electric photon field is screened by ions, their densities are distributed radially along the radii of stars unevenly with respect to the electron density. The uneven density of ions is manifested in the fact that there are more protons in the nuclei of all ions than there are electrons in the plasma surrounding them. In other words, it turns out that inside the stars and the Sun at any distance from the center of the stars and the Sun, the density of the positive charge is greater than the density of the negative, and the positive charges are greater than the negative. It follows that the stars and the Sun have huge uncompensated electric charges and are charged with a positive charge.

 Therefore, when a stellar wind and a solar wind are emitted from the surfaces of stars and from the surface of the Sun, it carries with it a plasma in which there is an uneven distribution of positive and negative charges. This plasma is positively charged. Since cosmic rays penetrating the solar heliosphere of the galactic space are 99 percent composed of positive charge carriers, it can be argued that their flux cannot charge the solar wind plasma with a negative charge or compensate it to the state of electroneutrality.

 Therefore, we can conclude that the plasma of the stellar wind and the plasma of the solar wind are electrically charged with a positive uncompensated electric charge. As a result, it can be argued that inside the heliospheres of stars and inside the heliosphere of the sun, outer space is charged with an uncompensated positive charge. Both the heliospheres of stars and the heliosphere of the Sun are charged with uncompensated positive charges. These charges cannot be fully compensated by the matter of the interstellar medium of the galactic space, since the penetration into the heliospheres of stars and the Sun by the plasma of the interstellar medium of the galactic space is hindered by the radiation scattering force, the light pressure force of the stars and the Sun.

Since the solar wind plasma carries an uncompensated positive electric charge and is electrically charged with a positive charge, all particles of cosmic dust and microasteroids far from planets are charged with a positive electric charge. (The addition that this rule is observed far from the planets is essential, because the radiation belts of the planets can have their own laws.)
Since cosmic dust particles and meteorites within the solar heliosphere, extending far beyond the orbit of Pluto, are charged with a positive charge, then when approaching a ship also charged with a positive electric charge, these particles experience electrical repulsion from each other and from the ship.

 Therefore, particles of cosmic dust and micrometeorites, firstly, when approaching a ship with a Bogdanov engine, they lose some of their energy due to repulsion from the ship.

 Secondly, since cosmic dust particles and microasteroids located right on the course are charged with a positive electric charge due to the nasal ray of Bogdanov’s radiation, they also repel each other. Due to the fact that positively charged particles of cosmic dust and microasteroids located right on the course repel each other, they fly apart from the ship's course and a cone of free space is formed in which their concentration is reduced by several orders of magnitude. Those positively charged particles of cosmic dust and microasteroids that remained right in the direction of the ship are repelled by the force of electric repulsion from the positively charged ship and due to this force do not collide with the ship, but fly in front of the ship until they move off course . The nasal ray additionally accelerates the particles of cosmic dust and microasteroids, located directly at the heading of the ship, away from the ship in the direction of the ship’s direction by the force of radiation scattering.

 Thus, it is possible to reduce the asteroid hazard and the negative consequences of a collision of a ship with a stream of cosmic dust and microasteroids flying in front.

 As shown above, the space inside the heliospheres of the Sun and stars is charged with an uncompensated positive charge, which means that particles of cosmic dust and micrometeorites are also charged with a positive charge and partially repel from a positively charged ship, without causing harm to it. Also positively charged particles of cosmic rays partially repel from a positively charged ship. Thus, protection against cosmic dust, micrometeorites and cosmic rays, consisting of 99 percent of positively charged particles, is provided.

 The electron accelerator 70 operates as follows. The grid 71 is heated by radiation coming out of the window. The grid-based emission cathode system 72 is also heated. Thermionic emission occurs from the surfaces of the emission cathodes. Electrons emitted during emission appear in the radiation beam. Electrons from the radiation side are affected by the radiation scattering force and repels them from the grid. Radiation accelerates electrons in the direction from the grid until the scattering force of the radiation acting on the electron is equal to the strength of the electron’s electric attraction to the traction system charged by a positive charge. The device for moving the grid 73 after the flight of the ship in the heliosphere of the Sun or the star moves the grid relative to the screen window and removes the grid back into the screen. When the engine begins to move outside the magnetospheres of the planets inside the heliosphere of the Sun or star, the device pushes the grid out of the screen and set the grid in the window. The electron accelerator accelerates the electrons away from the bottom window of the screen.

 Since the engine contains magnets, for example, the surfaces of the suspension rings are made in the form of magnets, the magnets create a magnetic field around the engine. This magnetic field captures particles of magnetic plasma moving toward the engine from outer space. Since the engine is charged with a positive charge, an electron stream moves towards the engine from the side of the surrounding space, trying to compensate for its positive charge. These electrons and particles of cosmic plasma are captured by the magnetic field of magnets as if in a magnetic trap. A set of magnets behaves like one large magnet with two poles. The movement of electrons in the trap occurs along helical lines, gradually approaching the poles of a large magnet, to turning points, to magnetic mirrors of a magnetic trap. Near the poles, the front and rear rays of radiation are created. These rays throw electrons away from the engine by the force of radiation scattering, approaching the engine due to electric attraction to the positive charge of the engine. In this way, it is possible to reduce the effects of compensation of an uncompensated engine charge by the plasma electrons in outer space. In the same way, the magnetic field around the ship protects the ship and crew from the electronic component of cosmic rays.

 The combination of several traction systems with the engines of Bogdanov’s magnetos into a single matrix, forming a new spacecraft with a large engine made up of several engines, can occur for the following reasons.

 First, the overall magnetic moment of the ship increases, equal to the sum of the magnetic moments of all Bogdanov’s magnetos, which are part of the matrix. This allows you to increase the area occupied by the magnetic field of the magnetic trap of the ship, and therefore to increase the path along which the electrons of the cosmic plasma move toward the engines of the ship due to the electric attraction to their positive charges. This increases the likelihood that the electrons will fall into the rays of radiation and will be thrown away from the ship.

 This contributes to the conservation of the matrix of several engines uncompensated positive charge while moving in a comic space. The conservation of such a charge by the ship helps to protect the crew from cosmic rays and from the streams of the space environment running in front.

 The increase in the area occupied by the magnetic field around the ship with the engine more reliably protects the ship and crew from the electronic component of cosmic rays.

Secondly, a matrix of engines can transport a payload of a larger mass than a separate aircraft with an engine, called the Bogdanov’s magnetoship. It becomes possible to transport individual asteroids using a matrix with many engines. Transportation of individual asteroids can be carried out for the extraction and use of minerals on asteroids. For example, rare earth metals of the platinum group can be mined and processed on asteroids. In addition to transporting asteroids for mining, the asteroids themselves can be turned into separate independent spacecraft of enormous size. Previously, mining takes place on asteroids. Numerous tunnels are made inside the asteroid from which minerals are mined. Then, after the end of industrial mining, the asteroid is penetrated along and across by numerous tunnels laid in accordance with a previously developed scheme, taking into account the subsequent use of the asteroid as a spacecraft. After that, a matrix of engines is attached to the asteroid, equipment, control cabin are mounted inside the tunnels, a local computer network connecting the control cabin with engines is built, crew cabins and cabins are built, and the spacecraft with the asteroid is ready to fly. Such a spaceship with an asteroid can be used to fly to other stellar systems. There is enough space for greenhouses, food and weapons in case of meeting with aggressively-minded residents of other worlds inside the asteroid. Inside an asteroid, millions of people can be transported to other star systems in one flight!
To create the necessary traction force, you just need to increase the number of Bogdanov’s engines in the matrix and increase the surface area of the matrix.

 Thrust by a matrix of engines, including with the possibility of using accelerated asteroids to create thrust, can be created in four ways.

 In the first way, thrust is created using Bogdanov's radiation as described above.

 In the second way, the thrust is created by moving relative to the magnets of the material bodies and setting the material bodies in the desired position relative to the magnets and the direction of the cosmological vector.

 In the third way, thrust is created by moving relative to the magnets of the individual engines of the matrix one or more large material bodies that are not previously part of individual magnetos, such as one or more asteroids, and installing large material bodies, such as asteroids, in the desired position relative to the magnets and the direction of the cosmological vector.

 This thrust is created due to the fact that the vector potential of the magnetic field of the magnets is directed at an angle of 90-270 degrees towards the cosmological vector potential. In an area with a magnetic field, material bodies are moved using a material body moving device. As a result, a region with a constant and a region with a reduced vector potential are created inside the volume bounded by a magnet. In the area with reduced total vector potential, the masses of the substance (material bodies) are moved inside the rings of the gimbal suspension using a mass mass transfer device. Since the ring of the gimbal suspension is also made in the form of a magnet, an area of reduced vector potential is additionally formed inside the ring by moving inside the ring of the material body.

 Starting from the physical vacuum region, in which the cosmological vector potential decreases, due to the vector potential of the magnetic field source, the mass of matter introduced into this region, for example, a material body rigidly connected, for example, to the gimbal ring, carries it along with itself. Thus, the source of the magnetic field creates a region of space in which a new force acts, and the magnet system with the body moves in space due to the energy of the physical vacuum.

 The fourth way thrust is created due to the fact that one or more iron-nickel asteroids are magnetized by the magnetization systems of several engines simultaneously. Magnetized asteroids become powerful magnets, attach to the matrix of engines and create a powerful magnetic field. In this case, the vector potential of the magnetic field of the magnets is directed at an angle of 90-270 degrees towards the cosmological vector potential. In the field with a magnetic field, material bodies, for example, engines and non-magnetized asteroids, are installed in the right position. As a result, a region with a constant and a region with a reduced vector potential are created inside the volume bounded by the magnetic field of the magnets. In the area with reduced total vector potential, the masses of the substance (material bodies) are moved inside the rings of the gimbal suspension using a mass mass transfer device. Since the ring of the gimbal suspension is also made in the form of a magnet, an area of reduced vector potential is additionally formed inside the ring by moving inside the ring of the material body.

 Starting from the physical vacuum region, in which the cosmological vector potential decreases, due to the vector potential of the magnetic field source, the mass of matter introduced into this region, for example, a material body rigidly connected, for example, to the engine matrix, carries it along with itself. Thus, the source of the magnetic field creates a region of space in which a new force acts, and the magnet system with the body moves in space due to the energy of the physical vacuum. Such a material body introduced into the magnetic field can be a set of engines, considered without magnets of the suspension rings, and individual non-magnetized one or more asteroids. As non-magnetized asteroids, one or more iron-stone or stone asteroids can be used.

 Engines, either at launch or in flight, can connect and form a closed configuration in the form of a polyhedron. We call this configuration the polyhedral Bogdanov matrix. We call the engine of this configuration the multifaceted Bogdanov engine. This is a composite engine, consisting of several Bogdanov magnetos with engines. In the inner region, limited by the multifaceted matrix of Bogdanov’s magnetos, it is possible to lift a very large payload from the surface of the Earth and transport in space. The weight of such a payload can be many times greater than the weight carried by a separate radio. The payload can be attached to the engine screens using a suspension.

 To create a multifaceted Bogdanov matrix, several engines are connected using telescopic legs and docking devices. The engines are connected in such a way that as a result they form together a closed surface, the surface of a polyhedron. For example, a regular polyhedron. The number of telescopic legs of each engine of a single radio tape recorder, from which the matrix is assembled, can be different depending on the structure of the polyhedron that is planned to be assembled from separate engines. For example, the number of telescopic legs in individual engines can be three, four, five, six, and so on.

 The engine contains at least one computer configured to control the operation of the engine, in addition, it is possible to combine engine computers after docking the engines into a single local area network. After the docking of aircraft accelerated by engines, computers of various engines are combined into a single local area network and are controlled from a single control center.

 The rotors of the matrix motors are preliminarily rotated so that the initial axis of rotation of their rotors coincides in direction with the direction of the subsequent orientation of the axis of rotation of the rotors of the engines after installing the engines in the matrix.

 After creating the multifaceted matrix, Bogdanov can be lifted from the surface of the Earth and sent on a flight to other planets of the solar system, a payload weighing many thousands of tons! For this, it will be necessary to combine dozens of magnetos with engines in a single matrix.

 During a flight in the planet’s atmosphere or in any other medium, such a polyhedron emits Bogdanov’s radiation in all directions and pushes environmental matter in all directions from itself. In this case, back at the heading of the ship with the engine matrix, a large total radiation intensity of Bogdanov is radiated and the difference in the radiation pressure on the rotors of various engines creates exactly the direction in which the resulting thrust of the ship with the matrix is directed.

 The rotors together with the motors are made on the faces of the polyhedron. They rotate so that they have the same angle between the axis of rotation and the gravity vector. When a matrix with engines moves along a curved path, for example, along the Earth’s surface, during the flight, part of the windows are continuously opened by conductive covers, and part of the windows are closed by conductive covers so that the resulting thrust vector is constantly directed along a curved path. In this case, various engines alternately open their upper or lower windows, then close. In this case, each engine individually, if it has windows open, creates traction along the axis of rotation of the rotor. All this time, the payload with the help of the suspension maintains a constant orientation to the vertical.

 During a flight in outer space, the closed structure that the engines formed can transform into an open structure. In this structure, the matrix will take the form of a flat grid with cells. At the same time, engines will be made in the grid nodes. In this case, the number of engines radiating in one direction will increase, and the thrust will increase.

 The engine may contain an inductive energy storage device made in the form of a multi-turn magnetic coil of Bogdanov, created on the basis of the magnetic coil of Bogdanov [5].

It is known that chemical rocket engines have a low specific energy content per unit weight of fuel [7], not more than 1.2 • 10 ⁷ J / kg. At the same time, there are devices, per unit weight of which the specific energy content can be made much more. These are inductive storage devices (superconducting magnetic coils) of energy. Moreover, with increasing mass of the winding m, the amount of energy stored in it increases in proportion to the degree m ^5/3 and with increasing current density j is proportional to j ² [8]. Therefore, it is theoretically possible, by increasing the mass of the magnetic coil and current density by several orders of magnitude, to increase the specific energy content per unit weight of the aircraft relative to the same value for chemical rocket engines. A created aircraft with a higher specific energy per unit of its weight can be accelerated by known physical methods to high speeds and lift more payload. A variant of accelerating an aircraft by accelerating an ionized atmosphere gas was proposed, for example, in the Bogdanov electric rocket engine [9]. However, in practice, in the magnetic coils existing today, the mechanical stresses that occur when the coil is energized do not make the coil sufficiently light (additionally, a heavy reinforcing frame is required). Also, the induction currents that occur during washing do not allow the coil to be fed with a current of high current density. Therefore, it is known that the more energy stored in the coil, the lower the density of the current flowing through the winding.

 The multi-turn magnetic coil of Bogdanov is deprived of these two shortcomings. The multi-turn magnetic coil of Bogdanov is made inside the cryostat and contains at least one pair of superconducting windings made one along the other and powered by currents of opposite directions, and the coil contains at least one section containing either more than two turns of a pair of windings, or more two pairs of windings made one along the other and powered by currents of opposite directions.

 The multi-turn magnetic coil of Bogdanov works as follows.

The energy stored in the magnetic coil is determined by the following formula for calculating the energy in a multi-turn coil [6]
W _m = 1 / 2ΣL _k I ² _k + 1 / 2ΣM _ki I _k I _i , (7)
where k, i are the numbers of the circuits bounded by the turns of the coil,
L _k is the inductance of the k-th circuit,
M _ki is the mutual inductance of the k-th and i-th circuits,
I _k , I _i - electric current strength of the k-th and i-th circuits.

 In this formula, the first term is the sum of the self-energies of all currents. The second term is the mutual energy of the currents.

 If the turns of the windings with the opposite direction of the currents are energized simultaneously so that the current strength in the turns is the same all the time, then the total field of the coil tends to zero with a large number of turns, therefore the radial voltages and induction currents that prevent washing are tending to zero. , and the current density in the coil can be significantly increased. Therefore, the first term can be significantly higher than in the current magnetic coils. The second term, when the number of turns with opposite directions of currents increases, decreases sharply, since an increase in current in a coil of a winding in one direction of the current, we call this winding the main winding, causes an increase in current in the coil of the winding of the other direction of current, we call this winding additional, and causes a decrease in current in turns other main windings. Therefore, the terms with the mutual induction of the turns of one direction of the current enter the formula with one sign, and the terms with the mutual induction of currents of opposite directions in the turns of the windings come with the opposite sign. As a result, these terms mutually reduce each other and the sum decreases. The second term decreases, becomes much smaller than the first term. Therefore, the main contribution to the energy of the multi-turn magnetic coil of Bogdanov is made by the first term equal to the sum of the self-energies of the currents.

The multi-turn magnetic coil of Bogdanov is supplied with currents of the forward and reverse directions of all pairs of the main and additional turns of each section so that at each instant the currents of the forward and reverse directions are equal. Under the conditions of simultaneous feeding in a multi-turn magnetic coil of Bogdanov, it is possible to achieve a current density of short samples of the order of 10 ⁶ A / cm ² .

 The multi-turn magnetic coil of Bogdanov is used as a simple inductive energy storage device, and the energy from it is derived as follows. In order to remove the energy stored in the superconducting magnetic coil by switching to the outside, the heaters simultaneously heat the sections between the current leads of all the windings made in one section. After heating the sections between the current leads to a temperature higher than critical, the superconductivity in the heated areas is violated, the superconductor goes into a normal state, and the current leads transfer the energy stored in the superconducting windings through the heated sections. Energy can be output immediately from all pairs of superconducting section windings. Energy is output simultaneously from each pair of windings so that the current in one winding from the pair is always equal to the current in the other.

 The switching of accumulated energy occurs. This energy is somehow used.

 The multi-turn magnetic coil of Bogdanov, made on the basis of the magnetic coil of Bogdanov [5], has many turns of windings powered by oppositely directed currents, equal in magnitude, so that at the time of feeding, the total magnetic field of the turns with the opposite direction of current at the coil is approximately zero. In this case, the magnetic energy of the turns of the windings with the opposite direction of the currents is summed up in accordance with formula (7), and the total magnetic field tends to zero when the number of pairs of turns of the windings with the opposite direction of the currents increases.

As a result, when the coil is energized, there are no induction currents that prevent it from being energized, and no mechanical stresses rupture the coil, as would be the case with a conventional magnetic coil. Due to this, in a multi-turn magnetic coil of Bogdanov, it is possible to create, at practically arbitrary size, the maximum current density acceptable for this superconductor. This is the so-called current density of short samples. Turn to the numbers. In small ordinary coils with an energy of 0.1 kJ, the current density is 5 • 10 ⁴ A / cm ² [10], in large coils with an energy of 10 MJ, the current density is 1 • 10 ³ A / cm ² . Now the current density in large if it increases to the current density in small, it will be the same 5 • 10 ⁴ A / cm ² , and the stored energy will increase as a square of this value [8], namely 250 times, and will be 2500 MJ. But the current, as mentioned above, can be increased without difficulty to the current density of short samples. For Nb ₃ Sn this is, for example, about 3 • 10 ⁶ A / cm ² with a magnetic field of 1 T and a temperature of 4.2 degrees Kelvin [11]. Since a composite superconductor is usually used, if we take a structural current of not more than 0.8 critical, with a ratio of normal and superconducting parts 1: 1 we get ~ 10 ⁶ A / cm ² , that is, the current density will become another 20 times more. As a result, the energy of the coil will increase by another 400 times and reach 10 ⁷ MJ. This is 10 ⁶ (1 million) times more than the energy of an ordinary large coil. In [8], a plot is given of the relationship between the weight of the magnetic field coil and the stored energy for superconducting Brookes coils. From the graph it follows that at a critical current density of 10 ⁴ A / cm ² and stored energy 10 ¹⁰ J, the ratio weight / stored energy is 5 kg / MJ, and therefore the weight of the magnetic field coil, which can store energy 10 ¹⁰ J, is 50 t. Given that the stored energy is proportional to the weight of the magnetic field coil to a degree of 5/3 and the density of the (constructive) current to the second degree, it can be argued that with a design current density of 10 ⁵ A / m ² and stored energy of 10 ¹⁵ J, the weight of the coil magnetic field will be 500 tons. In this case, the stock ratio the actual energy / weight is 2 • 10 ⁹ J / kg, which is more than 100 times the maximum possible specific energy content per unit weight of chemical fuel (1.2 • 10 ⁷ J / kg). Constructive current density of 10 ⁵ A / cm ² in existing superconducting systems to date has already been achieved [8]. All these relations can apply to the multi-turn magnetic coil of Bogdanov, if it is performed in the ratio of the dimensions of the Brooks coil with the fundamental difference that in the Brooks coil, made as a conventional coil with one direction of current, the energy is 10 ¹⁵ J due to the radial stresses arising it is impossible to accumulate, but in a multi-turn magnetic coil of Bogdanov with windings having currents in opposite directions, this is quite real. If the Bogdanov coil, made with the size ratio of the Brooks coil, is supplied with current with a structural density of short samples of 10 ⁶ A / cm ² , then in accordance with the schedule, the energy of 10 ¹⁵ J will be accumulated in the coil weighing only 5 tons. In this case, the ratio of stored energy / weight of the coil will be 2 • 10 ¹¹ J / kg. This ratio is more than 10,000 higher than the maximum possible specific energy content per unit weight of chemical fuel 1.2 • 10 ⁷ J / kg [7].

It is known that a rocket with a chemical rocket engine has an upper mass limit of 20 thousand tons, above which an increase in mass is not profitable due to acoustics (acoustic effects on the body of running engines) [1]. Even if the entire weight of the rocket falls on chemical fuel, then there can be no more energy in it than the product of the mass of the rocket of 20 thousand tons and the maximum energy content per unit weight of the fuel is 1.2 • 10 ⁷ J / kg. That is, in all such a rocket the energy is not more than 2.4 • 10 ¹⁴ J. This is much less than 10 ¹⁵ J of magnetic energy, which can be stored in Bogdanov’s multi-turn magnetic coil weighing from 5 to 500 tons. This energy can then be used to operate the engine elements. For example, to move reflectors, conductive covers, rotate suspension rings and move material bodies inside a magnet ring.

 Multi-turn magnetic coils of Bogdanov can be made inside the suspension rings as material bodies. Also, multi-turn magnetic coils of Bogdanov can be made inside the volume limited by the screen.

 The rotor may contain a superconducting disk or ring, while a magnet is made next to the disk or ring. A superconducting disk or ring behaves like a classic two-dimensional conductor.

 A magnet induces induction currents on a surface in a superconductor that expel a magnetic field from the superconductor. Induction currents create the radiation of Bogdanov.

 The rotor may contain at least two structures containing at least two layers of a two-dimensional conductor, in addition, a dielectric is made between the layers of the two-dimensional conductor, the structure being made in the form of a plate, and gaps of empty space made between the plates, while the plates are connected to each other and form a ring or disk, and the gap is open on the side of the side surface of the ring or disk.

 In addition, metal waveguides can be made between plates with multilayer structures of a two-dimensional conductor, and metal waveguides are made in the form of gaps in empty space, while the plates are connected to each other and form the main ring.

 The waveguides are configured to output radiation into the outer space surrounding the ring. For example, the gap is open on the side of the side surface of the ring. The outlet of the metal waveguide is made on the side surface of the main ring.

 At least one window can be made opposite the gap between the plates with structures. At least one reflector can be made opposite the gap between the plates with structures. In the screen around the side surfaces of the ring opposite the structures and opposite the gaps between the plates, side windows can be made.

 If the main ring contains gaps of empty space, made as metal waveguides, then the structures surrounding the gaps with layers of a two-dimensional conductor remove part of their Bogdanov radiation into the gaps. This radiation is created on layers of two-dimensional conductors.

 The metal waveguides formed by the gaps in the empty space between the plates formed by the structures include a part of the alternating radiation of the layers of two-dimensional conductors surrounding the gap. That part of the radiation that propagates at an angle to the axis of rotation, starting from some angles, is reflected from the conducting surfaces of the gap, as from the walls of the waveguide, and moves toward the boundary of the gap to the side surface of the ring. When the radiation reaches the boundary of the gap, it leaves the gap from the side of the side surface of the ring into the space surrounding the ring. After the radiation is emitted into the gap, the radiation is repeatedly reflected at an angle from the walls of the waveguide and, due to the reflections, moves along the waveguide towards the exit window of the gap. From this window, the radiation goes outside the gap and out of the main ring into the surrounding space. Subsequently, this radiation enters either the reflector or the side window.

 Metal and dielectric waveguides can be made parallel to the axis of rotation of the substance. In this case, the Bogdanov radiation of multilayer structures with two-dimensional conductors is output to dielectric or metal waveguides, reflected at an angle from the waveguide walls, moves along the waveguide walls to the exit from the waveguide located on the end surface of the main ring, and the space with side of the end surface of the ring. In this case, the area of the inner surfaces of the main ring, from which the radiation is directly output through the end surface, increases sharply.

 If the winding wound around the ring is superconducting, it is possible to achieve the effect of inducing in it undamped induction currents circulating on its surface. This will increase the density of the current flowing through it, and will reduce the time required for the rotating ring to gain the necessary speed.

 The engine may contain liquid, while the rotation device may be configured to rotate the liquid. Mercury may be used as a liquid. As the fluid, a ferromagnetic fluid may be used.

 In this case, the liquid is rotated and a precession of liquid atoms is created in the same ways as for atoms of the solid main ring. During the precession, Bogdanov’s radiation is emitted.

 The main ring may contain a layered crystal, while the plane of maximum conductivity of the layered crystal is perpendicular to the axis of the ring or disk.

 The main ring may contain ferromagnetic material. The main ring can be made in the form of a magnet. The main ring may contain multilayer structures with a two-dimensional conductor, while the two-dimensional conductor contains ferromagnetic material.

 The main ring may contain a layered crystal, while the plane of maximum conductivity of the layered crystal is perpendicular to the axis of the ring or disk.

 A propulsion system may contain four additional rings or disks made around the main ring symmetrically with respect to the axis of symmetry of the main ring.

 In this case, opening or closing windows near additional rotors, you can additionally change the thrust vector.

 The rotor can be made in the form of a disk. A rotary disk works in the same way as a rotary ring.

 The rotation device can be made in the form of a centrifuge.

 A variant of the engine is possible when the reflectors and the screen are driven in rotation around the axis of rotation of the rotor. This increases the vertical thrust, since in this case the reflectors and the screen will also emit themselves. In this case, the camera with the cavity in which the crew rooms are made is suspended and, while the rotor, reflectors and screen rotate, hangs in the same position.

 The second version of the engine.

 The engine comprises a frame made in the form of a polyhedron, while a camera is made between the ribs of the polyhedron on the suspension, and at least one cavity is made in the chamber, in addition, a rotor is connected between the ribs of the face of the polyhedron, connected to the substance rotation device, and the rotation device is made with the ability to rotate the rotor, in addition, the frame is connected to the screen, in addition, opposite the faces of the polyhedron of the frame, windows are made in the screen, and conductive covers configured to connect to the screen open and close windows, in addition, lid movement devices configured to move lids are connected to the screen, while the lids are configured to shield electromagnetic radiation. Inside the camera is the crew of the aircraft, accelerated by the engine.

 In the second embodiment, the engine operates as follows. Conductive covers open a small surface area of the windows in front in the direction of the traction system with the engine. A front beam of Bogdanov radiation arises. The front beam pushes the force of the scattering of radiation flowing in front of the engine flows of environmental matter. At the same time, conductive covers open a large area of the rear window surfaces at the direction of the traction system with the engine. A back beam of Bogdanov radiation arises. The rear beam creates direct engine thrust.

 All this happens as described for the first engine version. The difference is as follows. The rotors are made on the faces of a polyhedron. They rotate so that they have the same angle between the axis of rotation and the gravity vector. When a traction system, an aircraft with an engine moves along a curved path, for example, along the Earth’s surface, during the flight, part of the windows are continuously opened by conductive covers and some of the windows are closed by conductive covers so that the resulting thrust vector is constantly directed along a curved path. All this time, the camera with the crew maintains a constant vertical orientation.

 The second version of the engine is more difficult to manufacture and more powerful. At the same time, the author considers this option more perfect.

 A significant drawback of the first option may be the loss of radiation energy during reflection from reflectors. This energy loss can be very significant.

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Claims (26)

 1. The engine for creating traction, containing a power supply system, a system of induction coils, a rotation device consisting of a stator and a rotor containing a ring with a rotating substance, providing electromagnetic radiation, characterized in that it contains a conductive screen for shielding electromagnetic radiation with at least , one window, while next to the window is a conductive cover and a device for moving the cover.  2. The engine for creating traction according to claim 1, characterized in that the screen is made in the form of a rotation figure, while a camera with a cavity is made inside the screen.  3. The engine for creating traction according to claim 2, characterized in that the screen and the camera with the cavity are installed inside the frame, made in the form of a polyhedron.  4. The engine for creating traction according to claim 2, characterized in that at least one system of rollers connected to the rotation device is made around the axis of the rotation device.  5. The engine for creating traction according to claim 2, characterized in that one of the induction coils is made around the rotor, while the planes of the coil turns are parallel to the axis of the rotor.  6. The engine for creating thrust according to claim 5, characterized in that the rotor ring contains at least one turn of the winding wound on the ring, while the winding is electrically isolated from the ring and occupies the corner segment of the ring not more than half the surface of the ring, and the axis of the loop lies in the plane of the ring.  7. The engine for creating traction according to claim 6, characterized in that the winding contains a superconductor.  8. The engine for creating traction according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotatable substance contains a two-dimensional conductor.  9. The engine for creating traction according to claim 8, characterized in that the plane of maximum conductivity of the two-dimensional conductor is perpendicular to the axis of the ring.  10. The engine for creating traction according to claim 8, characterized in that the two-dimensional conductor is made in the form of a conductive film.  11. The engine for creating thrust according to claim 8, characterized in that a cryostat is made inside the ring.  12. The engine for creating traction according to claim 11, characterized in that it contains a magnetic coil made inside the cryostat, which has at least one pair of superconducting windings made one along the other and powered by currents of opposite directions.  13. The engine for creating thrust according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotatable substance contains a layered crystal, while the plane of maximum conductivity of the layered crystal is perpendicular to the axis of the ring.  14. The engine for creating traction according to claim 3, characterized in that it contains at least one reflector made in the form of a mirror containing at least one conductive layer with the ability to reflect electromagnetic radiation, and the reflector is made near the window.  15. An engine for generating thrust according to claim 14, characterized in that it comprises at least one reflector moving device connected to the rotation device.  16. The engine for creating traction according to claim 15, characterized in that it contains at least one device for rotating the reflector connected to the rotation device.  17. The engine for creating traction according to claim 16, characterized in that the reflector contains a multilayer structure with two-dimensional conductors.  18. The engine for creating traction according to claim 3, characterized in that the inner surface of the screen facing the rotation device is made in the form of a multilayer structure with two-dimensional conductors.  19. The engine to create traction according to one of paragraphs. 8, 17 or 18, characterized in that the Fermi energy of the material of the layer of a two-dimensional conductor with increasing distance from the rotor surface in two adjacent layers either does not change or increases.  20. The engine for creating traction under item 1, characterized in that it contains a suspension connected to the screen, with a rotation device and a rotor, allowing free rotation of the rotation device when changing the angle of inclination of the screen.  21. The engine for creating traction according to claim 20, characterized in that the suspension is made in the form of a gimbal.  22. The engine for creating thrust according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains at least one additional coil of longitudinal magnetic field, configured to create a magnetic field in a rotating substance along the axis of rotation of the substance.  23. The engine for creating traction according to claim 22, characterized in that the additional coils of the longitudinal magnetic field are made around the axis of the rotor.  24. The engine for generating thrust according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains at least one electron accelerator with an electron source, wherein the electron source is made near the rotor and contains at least one emission cathode.  25. The engine for creating traction according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains more than two telescopic legs, made with the ability to change its length, be pulled into the engine, or pressed against the engine.  26. An engine for generating thrust according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises docking devices configured to dock at least two engines together and at least one computer controlling the operation of the engine, and computers after docking the engines combined into a single local area network.

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