RU2190325C2 - Structural members of trawl system, method of manufacture of such systems and trawl net - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: catching sea organisms at sea. SUBSTANCE: trawl net mesh is made in such way that its opposite sides have common direction of twisting when viewed in axial reverse direction (right-hand or left-hand twisting) which is opposite to direction of twisting. Such meshes improved forming and operational characteristics of trawl whose meshes have different geometric form wings of travel section may be so adjusted that they act as several min-wings working is alignment during operation. Aligned action provides for forming vectors of forces directed outside, thus considerably increasing trawl volume and consequently volume of travel mouth at simultaneous reduction of drag. EFFECT: reduced efficiency. 64 cl, 75 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to structural elements of a trawl system for catching marine living organisms in the water column, and, more precisely, it relates to an improved design of a network cell (which, by definition, is repeated or cloned in various geometric forms), which provides improved shaping and operational characteristics, especially if they are used in data or deep trawls of such systems.

 According to one aspect, the present invention relates to the design of grid cells for trawls, the cells being triangular, rectangular and / or hexagonal in cross section (such rectangular configurations include square cells) and are associated with at least three, preferably four (or more) sides of the cell in one plane with the length of each side of the cell, measured between a pair of normalized transverse, quasi-transverse, longitudinal or quasi-longitudinal, located on a certain standing apart knots or equivalent connecting elements.

 According to the present invention, a pair of halves of the sides of each cell is formed so that the sides unfold fan-shaped from a common node or connecting element (of four nodes or connecting elements associated with each four-sided mesh cell). Each side of the cell of such a pair is designed to achieve characteristics similar to the characteristics of hydrofoils during operation. Each side of the network cell contains two (or three, or more) threads, each of which consists of a filamentary (fibrous) synthetic material, such as plastic, or natural material, with each thread being a product of a conventional manufacturing method. According to the present invention, such filaments are made so that they freely twist around the longitudinal axis of symmetry in a direction that is opposite (not in the same) direction (does not coincide with the direction) of the mating side of the cell. The twist pitch is also controlled, with each side of the cell defining a range of pitch values, for example, from 3d to 70d and preferably from 5d to 40d, where d is the diameter of at least the smallest of the twisted threads. According to another aspect, each side of the cell contains a strip of synthetic or natural fibers of rectangular or quasi-rectangular cross section, preferably twisted along its longitudinal axis of symmetry, thus, during operation, the short sides form interchangeable (alternating) front and rear edges. According to yet another aspect, the present invention relates to the manufacture of a structural component of a trawl associated with a tow rope, a bridle and a brestrop, which are attached to the trawl to achieve its improved performance. The result is that along the length of each side of the cell, sufficiently deep grooves are formed which interact with the passing water during operation, as will be explained later. In this regard, it should be noted that according to the present invention, a cell design is proposed that can be systematized. In the case of a trawl, the opposite sides of any rectangular-shaped cell act as underwater mini-wings or wings in cooperation during operation. Such opposite sides of the cells (formed by a series of twisted threads or one twisted strip) are different in that they have one twist direction when viewed axially in the direction of removal (either with the right twist or with the left twist), which is opposite to the direction associated with the other opposite sides of such a network cell.

 When such a cell design according to the present invention is used in a trawl system, improved shaping and performance are achieved. That is, cells located at different geometric points relative to and around the longitudinal central axis of the trawl can be adjusted so that the resulting trawl sides, wings, bridle cables, tow cables, etc. acted similarly to a series of underwater mini-wings, capable of acting in concert during operation. If the trawl is in motion, such a coordinated action creates vectors of outward force, which significantly improve the operational characteristics of the trawl system, including increasing the total volume of the trawl, and not only this parameter, and at the same time, reducing what became unexpected, drag and background noise .

 It is clear that the main structural element of the selected part of each network of the trawl system is an individual cell (hereinafter referred to as the cell). By repeating the main form, the selected parts of the trawl system are then formed.

 It does not require proof that the ability to predict the general shape and operational quality of the finished product depends entirely on the shape and structural integrity of this individual cell. Until now, the method of manufacturing the corresponding trawl was a two-stage process, which consisted in the manufacture of incomplete mesh cells and the formation of nodes and the setting of mesh sizes by means of the substation for stretching in depth and heat setting, including turning the finished mesh cell in the direction opposite to its natural bending, and application pressure followed by heat to cure the assemblies.

 As the materials used for the manufacture of the sides of the cells, plastics, for example nylon and polyethylene, can be used, but another type of natural fibers can also be used (and they were used). Single, double (or more) threads form a complex or twisted thread, consisting, for example, of nylon, polyethylene and / or cotton. Also used are woven cords made of natural or synthetic materials, as well as ropes and cables. However, the step of any woven or twisted thread, twine, cord and / or rope (the distance between the corresponding points along one of the threads, which is one of its turns, which is similar to the step between the corresponding threads of the thread), was small. In addition, for the formation of network cells in modern manufacturing methods, threads, twisted threads, cords or ropes, or cables are used, and in this case cells are always formed in which the twist direction of the individual sides forming each cell is always the same. Prior to the present invention, it was not proposed to use a differently oriented twist of the individual sides of the network cells, as this is provided for by the present invention.

 Even if different Japanese patent applications at first glance deal with networks having different twist directions (see, for example, Japanese patent applications 57-13660, 60-39782 and 61-386), however this is done for another purpose different from the purpose of the present invention, namely, to balance the residual twisting forces inside the network structure during its manufacture, and not to form the resulting force vectors during actual operation (due to the interaction of the water flow and the shape of the network) to improve operational performance network iki. For example, the first mentioned application states that its purpose is to form "sections of the network with different directions of twist according to a given correct configuration so that the torsion and torque of the sections of the network mutually cancel out (compensated)", and that it is necessary to form essentially incomplete unbalanced forces during operation, since the described network will lead to a decrease, and not to an increase in the volume of the network, as provided by the present invention.

 The present invention is based on the discovery that the individual sides of a network cell can be adjusted so that during operation they act as hydrofoils. According to one aspect of the present invention, the direction of rotation to the right or left in the direction of removal from the node or equivalent connecting element is controlled so as to provide improved shaping and improved performance of the resulting trawl system.

 According to one aspect, the present invention relates to the construction of a network cell for trawls, which cell may be triangular, rectangular and / or hexagonal in cross section (such rectangular configurations include square cells), and it is associated with at least three and preferably with four (or more) sides of the network cell in a common plane with the length of each side of the cell, measured between a pair of ordered (normalized) transverse, quasi-transverse, longitudinal or quasi-longitudinal, ra laid at a certain distance from each other knots or equivalent connecting elements. According to the present invention, a pair of halves of the sides of each network cell is made with the possibility of fanning from a common node or connecting element (of four nodes or connecting elements associated with each four-sided network cell). Each side of the network cell is made of such a pair so that during operation, characteristics similar to those of a hydrofoil are achieved. Each side of the cell contains two (or three or more) threads, consisting of a fibrous (filamentary) synthetic material, for example plastic, or natural material, each thread being a product of a conventional manufacturing method. In accordance with the invention, such filaments are made so that they are sufficiently freely twisted around the longitudinal axis of symmetry in a direction that is opposite to the direction (does not coincide with the direction) of the cell side mating with this side. In addition, the twist pitch is adjusted, with each side of the cell defining a range of pitch values, for example, from 3d to 70d, preferably from 5d to 40d, where d is the diameter of at least a smaller filament of twisted filaments. Each side of the network cell may also contain a strip of synthetic or natural fibers of rectangular, quasi-rectangular cross-section, preferably twisted along its longitudinal axis of symmetry, thus, during operation, the short sides form interchangeable (alternating) leading and trailing edges.

 According to another aspect, the present invention relates to the construction of a cell associated with tow cables, bridle cables and moorings that are attached to the trawl, improve its operational characteristics. The result is that along the length of each side of the cell, sufficiently deep grooves are formed that interact with the passing water during operation, as will be explained below. In this regard, it should be noted that according to the present invention, a cell design is proposed that can be systematized. In the case of a trawl, the opposite sides of the openings of any rectangular mesh cell act as underwater mini-wings or wings that interact in concert during operation. Such opposite sides (formed by a series of twisted strands or a single twisted strip) are different in that they have a common twist direction when viewed axially in the direction of removal (with right or left twist), which is opposite to the direction associated with the other opposite sides of the opening of such a network cell .

 Such a cell structure according to the present invention provides improved shaping and improved performance when used in a trawl system. That is, cells located at different geometric points relative to and around the longitudinal central axis of the trawl can be adjusted so that the resulting trawl sides, wings, bridle cables, tow cables, etc. will act similarly to a number of underwater mini-wings that can act in concert during operation. When the trawl moves, such a coordinated action creates outward force vectors that significantly improve the operational characteristics of the trawl system, including the total volume of the trawl, and not only this parameter, and, surprisingly, also simultaneously reduce drag and background noise.

Definitions
The term "network hole" (MESH) is one of the holes between the threads, cables or ropes of the network.

 The term "network cell" (MESH CELL) refers to the sides of the opening of the network and includes at least three sides and corresponding nodes or equivalent connecting elements oriented in space. In the case of a quadrilateral (quadrangular) cell, the longitudinal working plane bisects the nodes or connecting elements and sides in half and forms a rectangular (including square) cross section with four sides and four nodes or connecting elements. In the case of a triangular cell, the longitudinal working plane forms a triangular cross section with three sides and three nodes or connecting elements. With a hexagonal cell, the longitudinal working plane defines a hexagonal cross section with six sides and six nodes or equivalent connecting elements.

 The term "network cell sides" (MESH BARS) refers to the sides of a network cell.

 The term “cell” (CELL) refers to a structural element of a trawl, net, or the like, and it includes a net cell relating to the closable sides of the opening of the trawl or the net itself, as well as a bridle cable, straight moorings and tow ropes, used during transportation of a trawl or net through a body of water to collect marine living organisms.

 The term CELL BAR denotes both the sides of the network cell, and the elements that form the bridle cables, straight mooring lines and tow cables.

 Right-handedness and / or left-handedness (twists) in the direction of removal (RIGHT-AND / OR LEFT - HANDINESS IN A RECEDING DIRECTION) along the side of the cell refers to the formation (creation) of the central axis of the trawl, network or the like to which the cell belongs, connected with the side of the network cell, while the normalized imaginary giant human-like figure is positioned so that its “feet” intersect the said central axis, but can rotate with it, and its back is located so that at first it crosses the velocity vector of the moving trawl, and or the like associated with the cell, determining the convenience of controlling the side of the cell to the right and / or left by using the location of the right or left hand of such a giant human-like figure, regardless of the fact that the sides of the cell and the elements that form the bridle cable are straight mooring and towing cables can be located above, below the central axis or can be displaced from it, and the giant figure always rotates around the central axis, and its “hands” penetrate through the sides of the network cell.

 The term "HALE OF MESH CELL" refers to one half of the cell of the invention formed by a transverse working plane perpendicular to the longitudinal plane that passes through the centroid (center of gravity) of each network cell. In a quadrangular cell, the transverse working plane passes through two transverse nodes or connecting elements and forms the base of the half of the network cell, with each half of the network cell including a central node or connecting element and two sides of the network cell. Each side of the network cell contains a thread having the characteristics of a hydrofoil during operation.

 The term “thread or cell side of a network” (THREAD OR MESH BAR) refers to equivalent network elements, and this thread consists according to the present invention of synthetic or natural fibers having characteristics similar to those of a hydrofoil during operation. Firstly, the thread can consist of two threads twisted along the longitudinal axis of symmetry in a free manner, for example, with a step in the interval 10d-70d, where d is the diameter of the largest of the threads or where d is the diameters of the threads, if they are the same. Or, secondly, the thread may contain a strip having a continuous geometric shape, consisting, for example, of fibers having characteristics similar to the characteristics of a hydrofoil during operation.

 The term “strip” (STRAP) refers to a flexible element of synthetic or natural fibers that forms the side of a mesh cell, the strip having a cross section that is usually rectangular or it can be quasi-rectangular with rounded short sides and oblong long sides with or without curvature. During operation, the strip acts like a hydrofoil and preferably spins along its longitudinal axis, with the short sides forming interchangeable (alternating) front and rear edges. Or, when the strip is not twisted, the long sides can be given a complex shape relative to each other to create a pressure drop between them with resulting effects similar to the effects of a hydrofoil. A product single strand (PRODUCT STRAND) includes synthetic or natural fibers or yarns used to form a structural member according to the present invention, which is preferably, but not necessarily, a product of a conventional manufacturing method, usually made of nylon, polyethylene, cotton or the like twisted in the general (one) direction of the twist. Such a thread may be twisted, braided, interwoven or laid in parallel to form a subelement for subsequent twisting or otherwise used inside the sides of the mesh cells or the sides of the cells and elements forming the bridges, mooring and towing cables according to the present invention.

 The term "network" (NET) refers to a device with cells of threads that are joined together by weaving or knitting, or otherwise at regular intervals or intervals that usually vary uniformly along the length of the trawl.

 The term “trawl” (TRAWL) means a large network, usually in the form of a truncated cone, which includes bridle cables and similar means to keep its mouth (inlet) open, as well as tow cables to move the trawl through a column of water or drag it along the bottom of the sea to collect marine organisms, including fish.

 The term "CODEND" refers to the part of the trawl located at its rear end and having a closed end in the form of a bag into which collected marine living organisms, including fish, are captured.

 The term “frame” (FRAME) refers to the portion of the larger holes in the net or trawl onto which the ordinary twist mesh is laid (and fastened by joining).

 The term "section" (PANEL) means one of the sections of the trawl, which is made with the possibility of its insertion into and around the frames formed by ribbed cables offset from the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the trawl.

 The term “pitch” (PITCH) means the amount of forward movement for one revolution of one thread twisted around another thread (or threads) when viewed in the axial direction, or the overall progress of the twist of the strip along its axis of symmetry.

 The term “twist direction” (LAY) refers to the direction in which the yarn or strip is wound when viewed axially and in the direction of removal.

 The term "internal lay or twist (INTERNAL LAY OR TWIST) denotes the direction of winding the synthetic or natural fibers that form each thread of the product, when viewed axially and in the opposite direction.

 The term "internal braid" (INTERNAL BRAID) describes a method of forming a specific thread of the product.

 The term "tow line" (TOW LINE) means a rope, cable or the like that connects a vessel on the surface of the water with a trawl, net or the like.

 Such a connection can be made through the trawl "door" and, therefore, through the spigot with front cables attached to the mouth of the trawl, net or the like. In the absence of "doors", the towing cable can be connected directly to the bridle. Two towing cables are usually used on a ship or trawler: one is located on the port side and the other near the starboard side.

 The term "front rope or ropes (FRONT ROPE (S)) is a term that refers to all ropes located along the perimeter of the mouth of a trawl, net, etc. straight mooring The front cables have a number of connections to each other and to the bridle cables.

 The term “bridle” (guy line) (BRIDLES) refers to cables that cross the front cables and attach to the tow cables. If we consider a specific towing cable on the port side or starboard side, then a pair of brides will pass from the common point of connection with it back to the front cables.

 The term “trawl system” (TRAWL SYSTEM) is a term that encompasses a trawl, net, or the like, associated with towing ropes intended for them, as well as front and bridle ropes.

Figure 1 is an illustrative side view of a deep trawl towed by a vessel, and shows that the trawl system according to the present invention may include trawl, tow cables, bridle cables and front cables;
FIG. 2 is another view of the trawl of FIG. 1, disconnected from the towing device and ship;
FIG. 3 is a partial enlarged view of a trawl cell of FIG. 2;
4-7 are top views of a working position including a work table, a drum, a stand and designed to form a (closed) segment according to the invention in the form of a loop;
FIG. 8 is a plan view of the segment of FIGS. 4-7 after performing twist in a counterclockwise direction;
FIG. 9 is a plan view of another segment obtained as shown in FIGS. 4-7 after performing a clockwise twist;
FIG. 9a is a top view of another working position for manufacturing a torque-free segment;
FIG. 9b is a top view of the segment of FIG. 9a after twisting counterclockwise, but before being removed from the working position;
FIG. 9c is a top view of the segment of FIG. 9b after being removed from the working position;
FIG. 9d is a plan view of a mating segment after performing a clockwise twist at the operating position of FIG. 9a;
Fig. 9e is a top view of the first and second pairs of segments shown in Figs. 9c and 9d, made by the method shown in Fig. 9a and arranged in an X-shape to illustrate the formation of network cells according to the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a plan view of the sets of segments shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, which are X-shaped to illustrate the formation of network cells according to the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a force polygon (diagram) of hydrodynamic forces acting on the sides of the cells of the invention during operation;
12 is a section taken along line 12-12 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 13 is a section similar to that shown in FIG. 12, in which the lower section containing the cells of the network according to the invention is turned upside down so that the resultant forces hydrodynamically generated therein are directed inward toward the axis of symmetry of the trawl;
Fig. 14 is also a section similar to that shown in Fig. 13, in which the lower section consists of network cells according to the prior art, that is, the cells are formed by threads with the same twist;
Fig is a top view of other groups of segments shown in Fig and 9, which are placed in an X-shape, which illustrates an alternative method of forming a network cell according to the invention;
FIG. 15a is another top view of the segments of FIG. 15 after the formation of the central assembly and twisting;
FIG. 16 is another top view of other groups of segments shown in FIG. 8 and 9, which are X-shaped, another alternative method of forming the sides of the cells according to the invention is shown;
FIG. 17 is another top view of other groups of segments of FIG. 8 and 9 arranged in an X-shape, another alternative method of forming the sides of the cells according to the invention is shown;
FIG. 18 is another top view of other groups of segments shown in FIG. 8 and 9 arranged in an X-shape, while another alternative method of forming the sides of the cells according to the invention is illustrated;
FIG. 19 is another top view of other groups of segments of FIG. 8 and 9 arranged in an X-shape, while another alternative method of forming the sides of the cells according to the invention is illustrated;
FIG. 20 is another top view of other groups of segments shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 that are X-shaped, showing yet another alternative method of forming the sides of the cells according to the invention;
FIG. 21 is another top view of other groups of segments shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 that are X-shaped, showing yet another alternative method of forming the sides of the cells according to the invention;
FIG. 22 is another top view of other groups of segments shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 that are X-shaped, showing yet another alternative method of forming the sides of the cells according to the present invention;
FIG. 23 is another top view of other groups of segments shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, which are X-shaped, showing yet another alternative method of forming the sides of the cells according to the invention;
FIG. 24 is a partial perspective view of the group of segments shown in FIG. 23, which are further modified to create a differential hydrodynamic force during operation;
FIG. 24a is a detailed view similar to FIG. 24, showing an alternative construction of the sides of the holes using braided (non-twisted) threads;
fig.24b is also a detailed view similar to fig.24, showing a combination of braided and twisted threads;
figs is a detailed view of another design of the sides of the holes, which uses a combination of the first and second pairs of twisted threads and each pair contains the first and second threads twisted with each other, and in which the first pair is then twisted around the second pair;
FIG. 25 is another top view of other groups of segments shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 that are X-shaped, showing yet another alternative method of forming the sides of the cells according to the invention;
FIG. 26 is another top view of other groups of segments shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 that are X-shaped, showing yet another alternative method of forming the sides of the cells according to the invention;
FIG. 27 is a top view of a group of alternative cells of the network according to the invention, in which each cell has a triangular cross section, with the bases of the triangles parallel to the axis of symmetry of the group of alternative (alternating) cells and the vertices centered along the base of the adjacent cell;
Fig. 28 is another top view of another group of alternative cells according to the invention, in which each cell has a triangular cross section and the bases of the triangles are parallel to the axis of symmetry of the group, the bases being formed from a rope of a larger diameter to achieve better load capacity;
FIG. 29 is another top view of another group of alternative cells according to the invention, in which each cell has a triangular cross section, but the side of the cell is formed of one strip of material with a rectangular cross section, with the bases (triangles) being essentially parallel to the axis of symmetry of the group ;
FIG. 30 is another top view of yet another group of alternative cells according to the invention, in which each cell has a hexagonal cross section and the cell bases are substantially parallel to the axis of symmetry of the group;
FIG. 31 is a plan view of the trawl of FIGS. 1 and 2, which is modified to form a network of conventional construction including cells made in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 32 is a partial perspective view of yet another design of a trawl system according to the invention, including nodes of an additional lyktros of an upper crib and an additional lyktros of a lower crib;
FIG. 32 a is a partial view of a detail of another node of an additional lyktros of the upper trawl of the trawl system shown in FIG. 32, showing another cell structure;
FIG. 32b is a partial view of a detail of another additional lyktros node of the lower trawl of the trawl system of FIG. 32, showing yet another embodiment of the cell structure;
Fig. 33 is a plan view of an alternative network cell in which the cell sides include a straight-line cylindrical first thread around which a second thread is wound;
Fig. 34 is an enlarged fragment taken along line 34-34 of Fig. 33;
FIG. 35 is a plan view of another alternative cell in which the cell sides include a straight, cylindrical first thread around which a second thread is wound;
Fig - detail on an enlarged scale, taken in the plane 36-36 of Fig;
FIG. 37 is a top view of another alternative network cell, in which the cell side contains a straight-line cylindrical first thread around which a second thread (of a smaller diameter) coils;
Fig.38 is a fragment on an enlarged scale in the plane 38-38 of Fig.37;
FIG. 39 is a schematic side view of a trawl system according to the present invention;
Fig. 40 is a top view of the trawl of the trawl system shown in Fig. 39, disconnected from the towing vessel;
FIG. 41 is a partial enlarged view of a trawl cell shown in FIG. 40;
Fig. 42a is a section along line 42a-42a of Fig. 40;
FIG. 42b is a detailed cross section similar to FIG. 42a showing an alternative embodiment;
FIG. 42c is a cross-section similar to FIG. 42a showing another alternative embodiment;
FIG. 42d is a detail view, slightly enlarged, of an alternative connecting member for the cell shown in FIG. 41;
Fig. 42e is a section along line 42e-42e in Fig. 42d;
Fig. 43 is a section along line 43-43 in Fig. 40;
FIG. 44 is another partial enlarged view of an alternative network cell according to the present invention;
Fig. 45 is a section taken along line 45-45 in Fig. 44;
FIG. 46 is another partial enlarged view of another alternative network cell according to the present invention;
Fig. 47 is a section along line 47-47 in Fig. 46;
Fig. 48 is a section along line 48-48 in Fig. 46;
Fig. 49 is a section along line 49-49 in Fig. 46;
Fig. 50 is a graph of signal interference versus time for the sides of the cells of twisted yarns, obtained on the basis of experimental data, in comparison with a conventional cell with twisted in one direction yarns according to the prior art;
FIG. 51 is a partial enlarged view of yet another alternative cell according to the invention;
FIG. 52a is a detailed view of an alternative connection for the sides of the cell shown in FIG.
Fig.52b is a section along line 52b-52b in Fig.51a;
Fig. 53 is a right-hand view of a trawl system according to the invention, showing one embodiment of a tow rope on the starboard side of a trawl system according to the invention in tow contact with the front trawl cables from the starboard side;
FIG. 54 is a left-side view of the trawl system according to the invention, showing the embodiment shown in FIG. 53, in which the left tow cable of the trawl system of the invention is in tow contact with the left front cables of the trawl system;
FIG. 55 is a partial side view of the embodiment of FIGS. 53, 54;
Fig. 56 is a partial top view of the embodiment of Figs. 54, 54;
FIG. 57 is a right-hand side view of the trawl system of the invention, showing another embodiment of the tow cable of the trawl system of the invention on the starboard side in towing contact with the front trawl cables of the starboard side;
Fig. 58 is a left-side view of the trawl system of the invention showing the embodiment shown in Fig. 57, in which the left tow cable of the trawl system of the invention is in tow contact with the left front trawl cables;
FIG. 59 is a partial side view of the embodiment of FIGS. 57, 58;
Fig. 60 is a partial top view of the embodiment of Figs. 57, 58.

 Figure 1 shows a towing vessel 10 on the surface 11 of the ocean 12, pulling a different depth trawl 13 of the trawl system 9 according to the invention. Trawl 13 is located between the surface 11 and the bottom 14 of the ocean. The trawl 13 can be connected to the towing vessel 10 in many different ways, and one selected method involves the use of the main towing cable 18 connected through the shutter 19, the towing bridges 20 and mini-breeders 21, 22. A number of weights 23 are attached to the mini-bridle 22. As is well known in the art, the shape and configuration of the trawl 13 may also vary. As shown, the trawl 13 contains wings 25 to better keep it open at the mouth 26. It can be seen that the wings 25 determine the size of the hole, which is larger than that used to form the casing (part of the trawl) 27 of the middle part, the casing (part of the trawl) 28 intermediate part or end part (codend) 29 of the trawl.

 Figure 2 shows the trawl 13 of figure 1 in more detail. As shown, the wing 25 includes a group of cells 30 of rectangular cross-section, which is part of the section 31, offset from the axis of symmetry 32 of the trawl 13. The trawl 13 contains holes (cells) 33 of a selected size, determined by the length between adjacent nodes or equivalent connecting elements 34 Cells 30 of the network typically have a rectangular cross-section, which is repeated in the longitudinal and transverse directions throughout the trawl 13.

 As shown in figure 3, each of the cells 30 has a longitudinal axis of symmetry 30a, parallel to the axis of symmetry 32 of the trawl 13, and they are formed from a number of threads 35 containing the first and second single strands 36, 37 of industrial manufacture. It will be explained in more detail below that single industrial yarns 36, 37 for each 30 cells are twisted around a common axis of symmetry 38 in one or two twist directions: clockwise or counterclockwise when viewed axially along the longitudinal axis of symmetry 38, and in the opposite direction (back) at the mouth 26 of the trawl 13 (Fig. 1).

 Figures 4, 5 and 6 show how this segment of yarn 35 is formed.

As shown, from a single thread 40, which is a product of a conventional manufacturing method and has ends 41, form a loop 42, after which the ends 41 are firmly joined together to form a lap joint 42a. Then, the ends 43 of the loop 42 are fixed between the stationary stand 45 and the drum 46 located on the table 44. The drum 46 has a handle 47 capable of rotating the spindle 48 attached to one end 43 of the loop 42. The result is that when the handle 47 is rotated in the direction counterclockwise, as shown by arrow 49a, the loop 42 is twisted to form a segment 50 of the thread 35 with a twist counterclockwise, and the segment 50 has a length L ₁ measured between the ends 43, and it consists of the first and second threads 36, 37, which as mentioned by it were wound in the direction of twist counterclockwise (Figure 8). After this, the operation is repeated except that the handle 47 is rotated in a clockwise direction (Fig. 7), and a new segment 51 is formed (Fig. 9) having a length L ₁ measured between the ends 52, 53, and, of course , it consists of threads 36 ', 37' twisted in a clockwise direction, that is, in a direction opposite to the direction of the segment 50, consisting of threads 36, 37. It should be noted that the step P _about segments 50 and 51 are the same, and it is in the range 3d-70d, where d is the diameter of the strands 36, 37, 36 ', 37'.

 It should be noted that the segments 50, 51 are formed by the methods shown in FIG. 5-9. Each segment 50 or 51 after twisting has turns that contain residual torque. However, such a torque can be balanced (compensated) by the usual method of thermal stabilization.

 Nevertheless, a better method has been found in which the formation of large loops 42 (as shown in FIGS. 5-9) is prevented prior to the twisting process so that torque-free segments can be formed.

 Such a method is shown in figa.

As shown in figa, two (for example, the first and second) threads 40 'are placed next to each other across the long table 44'. Each of the threads 40 'has separate proximal and distal ends 41' and 41 ''. Each proximal and distal end 41 ', 41''contains the first and second ends located nearby, that is, they are parallel to each other. The parallel proximal ends 41 'at the proximal ends of the first and second strands 40' and 40 '' are then formed into mini-loops 56. These mini-loops 56 are attached to the respective opposite T-shaped arms 48a of the spindle 48, as shown in Fig. 9b . Then, each of the opposite parallel distal ends 41 'of the same first and second strands 40' and 40 "is attached to a row of conventional drum swivels 57a located along the same line (for example, those used to relieve torque in fishing lines and which can be purchased in any sports store) and then, using the second residual thread 57b, to a separate stationary stand 45 ', mounted on the remote end of the table 44'. After that, by rotating the spindle 48 in the first direction, I twist the first and second threads 40 'and 40'' together, while the residual threads 57b attached to them are not wound so because of the action of the drum swivels 57a. After the mini-loops 56 at the proximal ends 41 'of the first and second threads 40' are brought out of contact with the T-arms 48a and 40 '' (on spindle 48) and the distal ends 41 '' are removed from the swivels 57 of the drum, mini-loops similar in shape to mini-loops 56 for the proximal ends 41 'are formed, resulting in a segment 59a having a length L ₁ and step P _o in the exact interval indicated above, as shown in FIG. 9c. That is, a segment 59a is formed, twisted in the left twist direction or counterclockwise direction, in which the formed turns have no torque or have essentially minimal residual torque. Thus, thermal stabilization is not required. Then this method is repeated, but when the spindle 48 is rotated in the opposite direction shown, the segment 59b shown in Fig. 9d is formed, which has a length L ₁ and a pitch P _o , where the P _o value is in the previously indicated range. Upon subsequent repetitions of this method, other pairs of segments 59c and 59 are obtained, which can then be assembled together in an X-shaped structure, as shown in FIG.

 FIG. 9e shows an X-shaped arrangement of the pairs of segments 59a-59d formed by the method of FIGS. 9a and 9b.

 As shown, a pair of segments 59a, 59c obtained using left-handed twist or counterclockwise twist (each of them is formed, as shown in Fig. 9c, and they are parallel to each other), are placed in the said X-shaped configuration with a pair segments 59b, 59d formed by right-handed or clockwise twist (each segment is formed, as shown in figa, and the segments are parallel to each other). Segments 59a-59d are offset from the central axis 32 'associated with the axis of symmetry of the trawl to be manufactured, and they end with mini-loops 56. As a result, a cell 58 of a quadrangular network according to the invention is formed, which consists of four cell sides or sides formed by sections 59a, 59b, 59c and 59d segments. It should be noted that the two sides of the cell 58, formed by sections 59b ', 59d' of the segments, are made by the method of right-hand twist or twist in a clockwise direction and are parallel to each other, while the two sides of the cell 58, formed by sections 59a 'and 59c' of segments are formed by left twist or counterclockwise twist and are parallel to each other.

 Assuming that the standard (normalized) reverse direction is indicated by an arrow A ', it should be noted that the segments 59a' and 59b 'of the segments diverge from the common intersection point B' and that front and rear are formed for each of the segments 59a 'and 59b' of the segments edges, the leading edge for the segment portion 59a ′ being normalized with respect to A in the opposite direction indicated by arrow A ′ with respect to the central axis 32 ′, is located on the right side of the segment portion 59a ′, when viewed in the direction of arrow A ′, indicating facing the opposite direction, and the leading edge of the segment portion 59b, being normalized with respect to the arrow A 'indicating the opposite direction, is located along the left side of the segment portion 59b' when viewed in the opposite direction, as arrow A 'shows. Similarly, for segments 59c 'and 59d' of segments converging towards a common intersection point B '', leading and trailing edges are formed for each segment 59c 'and 59d', with the leading edge for segment 59c 'being normalized relative to arrow A' indicating the opposite direction with respect to the central axis 32 ′ is located on the right side of the segment portion 59b ′ when viewed in the direction of the arrow A ′ indicating the opposite direction, and the leading edge of the segment portion 59d ′ being normalized with respect to A ki 'reverse direction is disposed along the left side portion 59d' segment, as seen in the opposite direction indicated by arrow A '. Other characteristics of cell 58 will be discussed with reference to FIG. 10.

 FIG. 10 shows a layout of a series of segments 50, 51 to form a cell 30 according to the invention.

As shown, the segment 51 with a twist in a clockwise direction and the segment 50 with a twist in a counterclockwise direction are X-shaped relative to each other, when viewed in plan, so that their midpoints 55 coincide and form an intersection point with each other and with the axis of symmetry 30a of the formed cell 30. That is, the segment 50 is positioned so that its end 43a is offset by a distance D ₁ above the axis of symmetry 30a, while the end 43b will be offset by a distance D ₁ below the axis of symmetry 30a. And the segment 51 is placed so that its end 52 will be offset by a distance D ₁ below the axis of symmetry 30a, while its other end 53 will be above the axis of symmetry 30a. After that, the second pair of segments 50 ', 51' are laid in a similar manner X-shaped relative to each other, while their midpoints coincide and form a point of intersection with each other and with the axis of symmetry 30a. That is, the end 53 'of the segment 51', twisted clockwise, overlaps the end 43a of the segment 50, twisted counterclockwise, and therefore it is offset by a distance D ₁ above the axis of symmetry 30a. Similarly, the end 52 'of the segment 51' is shifted a distance D ₁ below the axis of symmetry 30a. Similarly, the end 43b ′ of the counterclockwise twisted segment 50 ′ covers the end 52 of the clockwise twisted segment 51, and thus the end 43b ′ is shifted a distance D ₁ below the axis of symmetry 30a. Likewise, the end 43a of the 'segment 50' twisted counterclockwise will be located at a distance D ₁ above the axis of symmetry 30a.

As a result, it can be noted that the cell 30 has a rectangular shape, and it starts from the side 60 of the cell twisted counterclockwise, and from the side 61 of the cell twisted clockwise, and ends with the side 62 of the cell twisted clockwise and side 63 cells
twisted counterclockwise. It should be noted that additional cells can be formed outside the cell 30 in both longitudinal and transverse directions relative to the axis of symmetry 30a by continuing to implement the method according to the invention.

In more detail, the counterclockwise twist side of the cell 60 begins at the intersection 55 ', diverges transversely outward with respect to the axis of symmetry 30a and ends at the intersection of the ends 43b', 52 of the pair at a distance D ₁ from the axis of symmetry 30a below the axis. At the same time, the mating side 61 of the cell with a clockwise twist starts at the intersection point 55 ', diverges transversely outward relative to the axis of symmetry 30a and ends at the intersection point of the ends 43a, 53' of the pair at a distance D ₁ from the axis of symmetry 30a above the axis.

The side of the clockwise twisted cell 62 starts at the intersection of the ends of the ends 43b ', 52 of the pair at a distance D ₁ from the axis of symmetry 30a, below this axis, diverges transversely inward relative to the axis of symmetry 30a and ends at the intersection point 55. The mating side 63 a cell with a counterclockwise twist starts at the intersection of the ends 43a, 53 ', diverges transversely inward with respect to the axis of symmetry 30a and ends at the intersection 55, coinciding with the axis of symmetry 30a.

 After this, the sides 60, 61, 62, 63 of the cell can be permanently connected together at the intersection points 55 ', 55 and at the ends 43a, 53' and 43b ', 52 pairs using connecting elements (not shown) that are known in the art for example, such as connecting elements, seams, braids, metal tie-rods or the like, or the ends 43a, 53 'and 43b, 52 can be attached to each other.

It should be noted that in the case of the network cell 30, the longitudinal working plane P ₁ halves the sides of 60-63 cells, and it defines (forms) a rectangular (including square) cross-section.

It should be noted that half of the network cell 30 means one half of the cell 30, obtained by dividing the cell in half with a transverse working plane P ₂ perpendicular to the longitudinal working plane P ₁ , and such working plane P ₂ passes through the center of gravity (centroid) C, and the center of gravity is located so that it coincides with the axis of symmetry 30a of the cell 30. As shown, for the quadrangular cell 30, the transverse working plane P ₂ passes through the twin ends 43b ', 52 and 53', 43a. Such a working plane P ₂ forms a base, from which each half of the network cell 30 protrudes. Each of the halves of the cell 30 is located so that these halves face the rear surfaces to each other, normalized to the transverse working plane P ₂ . It should be noted that, if you look at the half of the network cell 30, you can see that one half is facing forward to the front of the trawl 13 (Fig. 1), and such a half includes a pair of sides 60, 61 of the cell, which were twisted in opposite directions, viewed axially and away from the intersection point 55 '. That is, the side 60 of the cell starts at the intersection 55 ', which coincides with the axis of symmetry 30a, and it is twisted in the counterclockwise direction, and the side 61 of the cell also starts at the intersection of the 55', and it is twisted in the clockwise direction. Similarly, the other half of the network cell 30 is facing back toward the rear of the trawl 13 (Fig. 1), and it includes a pair of cell sides 62, 63 that are twisted in opposite directions when viewed axially and in the direction of removal from the intersection of the twin ends 43a, 53 'and 43b', 52, and end at the intersection 55, coinciding with the axis of symmetry 30a. That is, the cell side 62 starts at the ends 43b ', 52 coinciding with the transverse working plane P ₂ and is twisted in a clockwise direction, and the cell side 63 starts at the ends 43a, 53' also coinciding with the transverse working plane P ₂ and it is twisted counterclockwise.

Working aspects
Now, having described the method of forming the cell 30 of the network and the nature of the twist directions of the sides 60-63 of the cell, we believe that it is important to show how the twist directions affect the operation. In this regard, one half of the network cell of the invention shown in FIG. 10, was tested in a grooved tank, placing the sides 60, 61 cells between three racks located at three points forming a triangle. That is, one rack was positioned slightly in front of the intersection point 55 ', and the two remaining racks were installed near the ends 53', 43a and 43b ', 52. At the intersection point 55' a load of 1 kg was placed and its normal position was noted. Then half of the network cell 30 was exposed to a vertically distributed stream of water at a speed of 2 m / s, and pictures were taken to show a change in the position of the load. The test results are presented below.

 The total length of the sides is 60, 61 cells 1.4 m.

 The pitch is 35d, where d is 1 cm.

 The distance along the transverse plane is 1 m.

 The lifting distance of a cargo weighing 1 kg inside the water stream at a speed of 2.0 m per second is 13.33 cm.

 FIG. 11 shows the technical reasons for the formation of lift during operation of the cell 30 according to the invention.

As you can see, the network cell 30 is divided into two parts of the previously mentioned longitudinal working plane P ₁ , and the plane P ₁ passes through the common longitudinal axis of symmetry 30a of the sides 60, 61, 62 and 63 of the cell. At the point of intersection of the plane P ₁ with the front surface 69 of the side 60 of the cell, those water particles are marked that have a relative velocity vector V in the direction of the arrow 71 of the water flow. Since the twist direction of the cell side 60 is counterclockwise, similarly, the direction of the channels 70 of the cell side 60 on the upper surface 72 is parallel to the larger component of the relative velocity vector V. Similarly, the twist direction of the channels 73 of the cell side 61 (clockwise) is also parallel to the larger vector component relative velocity V, since the channels 73 first form contact with a stream of water, the direction of which is indicated by arrow 71, on the surface 74 of the side 61 of the cell. In this regard, it should be noted that the angle α denotes the angle of attack of the cell 30 of the network, that is, the vertical angle between the arrow 71 indicating the direction of water flow and the axis of symmetry 30a of the cell 30, and the angle α _o measures the transverse angle between the side 60 of the cell and the direction of the arrow 71 indicating the direction of water flow. When the angle α _o is between 10 and 70 ^o , water particles that split at the point of intersection of the plane P ₁ with the surfaces 69, 74 of the sides 60, 61 of the cell for flowing around the sides of the 60, 61 cells have large force components that maximize the hydrodynamic forces acting perpendicular to the longitudinal working plane P ₁ .

That is, due to the position, orientation and direction of the channels 70, 73 with respect to the direction of the water flow force vector V, the flowing water passing above and below the cell sides 60, 61 acquires both translational and peripheral speeds, and the direction of the peripheral speed depends on the twist directions of the sides 60, 61 cells and the angle α _o , the angle of attack of the side (running on the side) 60 cells. In addition, when the direction of rotation of the sides 60, 61 of the cell is shown, the magnitude of the component of the peripheral speed that passes over the upper surfaces of the sides 60, 61 of the cell is greater than that which passes under the lower surfaces of these sides of the cell. As a result, there is a situation similar to the formation of lift above the wing of the aircraft, in which zones of reduced pressure are formed on the upper surfaces of the sides 60, 61 of the cell, leading to the formation of the lift vector F directed upward, and this upward direction is slightly inclined inward towards the axis symmetry 30a of the cell 30 due to the pressure drop across its adjacent surfaces.

The decomposition of the lifting force F forms a component F _n perpendicular to the longitudinal working plane P ₁ and a tangent component F _t and -F _t , each of which is directed inward towards the axis of symmetry of the cell 30. It should be noted that the normal components of the force F _{n of the} sides 60 , 61 cells are thus additive (they can be added), while the tangent components of the force F _t and -F _t are equal and opposite. The result is that the cell 30 is connected to similar cells to form a truncated cone 13 in FIG. 12, and the normal components of the force F _n are additive as a function of the radial angle T centered on the axis of symmetry 32 to substantially increase the internal volume the trawl 13 (see FIG. 12) relative to the longitudinal axis of symmetry 32. Since all the tangential components of forces (F _t and -F _t) cancel each other, it also significantly reduces drag of the trawl 13. in addition, it is also clear that in systematic way resultant forces acting on the trawl 13, for example acting on the lower section 77, as shown in Figure 13, during operation, it is reversed with respect to that shown in Figure 12, thus the normal forces F _ny components to the bottom section 77 have a direction oriented inward of the trawl 13 'towards the axis of symmetry 32', causing the outer surface 77a to become convex relative to the axis of symmetry 32 '. It should be noted that the shape of the lower section of the trawl 13 can also be changed, as shown in Fig. 14, so that the outer surface 77a 'of the lower section 77' forms a longitudinal plane P ₆ parallel to the axis of symmetry 32 "of the trawl 13". This design is obtained by forming the lower section 77 'of the cells made in accordance with the previous technical level, that is, the sides of the cells form threads of the same twist.

Additional aspects of the method
FIG. 15 illustrates an additional method of forming segments 50, 51 of FIG. 10. As shown, the segments 50, 51 are divided into separate sections 50a, 50b and 51a, 51b of segments located X-shaped around a central point 80. Each segment segment (subsegment) is formed of two threads 81, 82 having loops 83 on the outer and inner end parts 84, 85. Hinges 83 have sufficiently large openings 86 to allow portions of selected segments to pass through such openings 86 at the intersection of the inner end portion 85 of the segment to form a control unit 87 (handing knot), see Fig. 15a, center point 80. After this is performed twist sections segments around central axes 88a, 88b to achieve the orientation shown in Figure 10. That is, the segments 50 a, 50 b of the segments are twisted to form a counterclockwise twist when viewed from the outer end portion 84 a of the segment 50 a of the segment. Similarly, the segments 51a, 51b of the segments are twisted to form a twist in the clockwise direction, when viewed from the side of the end portion 84b of the segment 51a of the segment.

 FIG. 16 shows another method for forming the segments 50, 51 of FIG. 10. As shown, the segments 50, 51 are divided into separate segments 50a ', 50b' and 51a ', 51b' of the segments located X-shaped around the center point 90. Each segment segment is formed from two threads 91, 92 having inner ends 93 which are introduced through the radial holes 94 into the ring 95. After fixing, for example, by the node 96 with the upper arrangement (Overhand knot), each section of the segment is twisted, as described above.

 FIG. 17 shows yet another method for forming the segments 50, 51 of FIG. 10. As shown, the segments 50, 51 are divided into separate segments 50a ″, 50b ″ and 51a ″, 51b ″ of segments arranged X-shaped around a braided or woven intersection segment 97. Each segment segment is formed of two strands 98, 99, which are fastened together by the intersection segment 97. As shown, all yarns 98, 99 are independent of each other, and each segment of the segment is then twisted as described above.

 FIG. 18 shows yet another method for forming the segments 50, 51 of FIG. 10. As shown, the segments 50, 51 are divided into separate sections 50a ″ ″, 50b ″ ″ and 51a ″ ″, 51b ″ ″ of segments, where the section 50a ″ ″ of the segment is integral with the section 51a ″ 'segment, and segment 50b' '' of the segment is made integrally with segment 51b '' 'of the segment in the form of an X-shaped configuration around individual woven or woven segments 101 of the intersection. Each segment of the segment is formed from two separate threads 102, 103, which are twisted, as described above.

 FIG. 19 shows yet another method for forming the segments 50, 51 of FIG. 10. As shown, the segments 50, 51 are divided into separate sections 50a ’’ ’, 50b’ ’’ and 51a ’’ ’, 51b’ ’’ of segments, and the segment 50a ’’ ’of the segment is made in one piece with a segment 51b ″ ″ ″ of the segment, and the segment 50b ″ ″ ″ of the segment is integral with the segment 51a ″ ″ ″ of the segment, and they form an X-shape around individual braided segments or intersection segments 104. Each segment of the segment is formed of two strands 105, 106, which are twisted as described above.

 FIG. 20 shows yet another method for forming the segments 50, 51 of FIG. 10. As shown, the segments 50, 51 are divided into separate sections 50a '' '' ', 50b' '' '' 'and 51a' '' '', 51b '' '' 'of the segments, and the section 50a' '' '' the segment is integral with the segment 51a ’’ ’’ and the segment 50b ’’ ’’ of the segment is integral with the segment 51b ’’ ’’ of the segment and these segments form an X-shape around the twisted yarn or metal connecting element 107. Each segment of the segment is formed from two threads 108, 109, which are twisted, as described above.

 FIG. 21 shows yet another method for forming the segments 50, 51 shown in FIG. 10. As shown, the segments 50, 51 are divided into separate portions 50a ″ ″ ″, 50b ″ ″ ″ ″ and 51a ″ ″ '', 51b '' '' '' of segments, wherein segment 50a '' '' '' 'of the segment is made integrally with segment 51a' '' '' '' of the segment, and segment 50b '' '' '' is made integrally with a portion 51b '' '' '' of the segment, and these sections form an X-shaped configuration twisted, as shown, to form a node 110. Each segment of the segment is formed of two strands 111, 112, which are twisted as described above.

 FIG. 22 shows yet another method for forming the segments 50, 51 of FIG. 10. As shown, the segments 50, 51 are divided into separate sections 50a '' '' '' '', 50b '' '' '' '' and 51a '' '' '' ', 51b' '' '' '' 'of segments with the formation of an X-shaped configuration around the woven or woven segments of intersection 113 formed by opening the threads 114, 115 sections 50a '' '' '' ', 50b' '' '' '' of the segments and passing sections 51a '' '' '' ' , 51b '' '' '' 'of the segments through them, then the threads 114, 115 of the sections 51a' '' '' '', 51b '' '' '' 'of the segments are opened and sections 50a' '' '' 'are passed through them 'and 50b' '' '' '' segments. After that, each section of the segment is twisted, as described above. It should be noted that the load capacity of sections 51a '' '' '' 'and 51b' '' '' '' 'of the segments is maximum.

Figure 23 shows another way of forming the segments 50, 51 shown in figure 10. As shown, the segments 116, 117 are connected integrally with the formation of an X-shaped configuration around the connected crosslinked intersection segment 118. Each of the segments 116, 117 is formed from individual threads 119, 120. After that, the segments 116, 117 are twisted, as previously indicated. 24 shows that each thread 119, 120 may itself consist of single threads (sub-threads) 119a, 119b, 119c and 120a, 120b and 120c. These sub-threads 119a-120c have a twist direction that corresponds to the twist direction of the segment 116 or 117 in which they are included. For example, since segment 117 in FIG. 24 has a clockwise rotation direction, then the pods 119a-119c and 120a-120c also have a clockwise rotation direction. The result is that there is an increase in the magnitude of the hydrodynamic forces generated during operation. That is, a differential circular vector V _{5 is created} in addition to the usual force vector V ₆ created by the water passing through the channels 121 between the substrings 119a-120c.

 FIG. 24a-24c show structural changes in the filaments 119, 120 of the segment 117 of FIG. 24. In Fig. 24a, the threads 119 ', 120' are twisted in the right direction or clockwise around the axis of symmetry 117a, as mentioned earlier, but, more specifically, each thread 119 'or 120' is formed by the usual weaving method, in which synthetic or natural fibers or filaments are woven together around the axis of symmetry 117a. On fig.24b shows a combination of woven and twisted in the usual way the threads 119 "and 120". That is, the thread 119 ″ is made of ordinary material for a twisted rope or rope made of ordinary synthetic or natural fibers, or threads twisted around a symmetry axis 117b, as shown in FIG. 24. At the same time, the thread 120 ″ is formed of woven material, as described with reference to FIG. 24a. As shown in FIG. 24c, the number of threads 119 ″ and 120 ″ (which have the same twist direction as that of segment 116 in FIG. 23) is multiplied to form separate pairs of threads 116 ′, 116 ″ located together around the axis of symmetry 117c, with the main twist direction for all elements being counterclockwise or left twist. That is, the segment 116 'comprises yarns 119' '' and 120 '' '' twisted together in the left direction, while the pair 116 contains yarns 119 '' '' and 120 '' 'also twisted together with the left twist or in a counterclockwise direction. Segments 116 ', 116' 'of the pair also twist around each other in the left or counterclockwise direction relative to the axis of symmetry 117c.

 FIG. 25 shows yet another method for forming the segments 50, 51 of FIG. 10. As shown, the segments 122, 123 are made in one piece with obtaining an X-shaped configuration around the connected (stitched) segment 124 of the intersection. Each of the segments 122, 123 is formed from a single thread (core) 125 of a material with a rectangular cross-section. After that, each section of the segment is twisted, as described above.

 FIG. 26 shows yet another method of forming segments 50, 51 of FIG. 10. As shown, the segments 126, 127 are arranged in an X-shape around the connected (stitched) zone 128. Each of the segments 126, 127 is formed of three strands 129, 130, 131 twisted as described.

Alternative cell shapes
27-30 show alternative cell shapes according to the invention.

On Fig shows a series of cells 135, each of which has a triangular cross section with the sides 136, 137 of the cell and the side 138 of the base of the cell. The sides of the cell 136, 137 intersect with each other at the node node 139, and with the side of the base 138 of the cell at the corner nodes 140. The sides of the cell 136, 137 include the first and second threads 141. 142, which are twisted in opposite directions, then there are threads 141, 142 that make up the cell side 136, twisted in a clockwise direction, while threads that make up the cell side 137 (when viewed from the side of the upper node 139), are twisted in a counterclockwise direction. Side 138 of the base of the cell includes filaments 141 142. twisted in a clockwise direction when viewed axially from the beginning of contact with the velocity vector V ₈ characterizing the relative flow of water during operation. When repeating the shape of a series of cells 135, the nodes 139 at the vertices are located in the common transverse plane P ₈ . At the same time, the corner nodes 140 are located in the longitudinal direction at the same distance D ₄ , which is repeated across the entire row of cells 135. It should be noted that the step P _{0 of the} threads 141, 142 is common (identical) and it is in the interval 10d -70d. The result is that hydrodynamic forces are generated in which the normalized components of the sides 136, 137, 138 of the cell are additive in the direction of the arrow 143 outside the plane of FIG. 27 towards the beholder.

At the same time, FIG. 28 shows the base side 138 ′, consisting of a rope with a fiber orientation in a clockwise direction, in which the pitch P _{7 is} less than the step P _{o of the} sides 136 ', 137' of the cell.

 The results are identical, but since the longitudinal forces are created by the sides of the base 138 'of the cell having a high load capacity, the diameter of the sides 136', 137 'of the cell can be reduced with a subsequent decrease in drag.

As shown in FIG. 29, the triangular-shaped cell sides 143, 144 are composed of a single strand 146 of a material with a rectangular cross-section, with the cell side 143 twisted clockwise and the cell side 144 twisted counterclockwise. The cell base side 145 also consists of a single strand 146 of rectangular material, and it has a twist in the clockwise direction when viewed from the point of contact of the sides 143, 144, 145 of the cell with the water flow vector V ₉ during operation.

In FIG. 30 shows a hexagonal mesh cell 150, which consists of sides 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, and 156. Cell sides 151-156 are connected respectively at interwoven intersections 157a-157f. The cell side 151 includes first and second threads 158, 169 that are twisted counterclockwise when viewed from the side of the woven intersection 157a. The side 152 of the cell also contains the first and second threads 158, 159, which are twisted clockwise, when viewed from the side of the woven intersection 157a. The sides 153, 154 of the cell also contain the first and second threads 158, 159, which are twisted in a clockwise direction when viewed from the side of the woven intersection 157b or 157c. Cell side 155 also contains first and second threads 158, 159, which are twisted counterclockwise when viewed from the side of woven intersection 157d. The cell side 156 also contains first and second threads 158, 159, which are twisted in a clockwise direction when viewed from the side of the woven intersection 157e. It should be noted that the pitch P _{o of the} yarns 158, 159 is the same, and it is in the range 10d-70d (d is the diameter). As a result, hydrodynamic forces are created in which the normalized components of the sides 151-156 of the cell are additive in the direction of the arrow 160 outside the plane of FIG. 30 towards the beholder.

Alternative trawl designs
FIG. 31 and 32 show changes in the designs of the trawl in which the cells of the invention are used.

 On Fig shows a modified trawl 161 according to the invention. According to this aspect, the network cells 162 according to the present invention are formed by the methods described previously, so that subsequent operation operations provide an increase in the volume of the trawl 161. However, such operations are not affected by the fact that the trawl 161 is covered by a regular twist network 163, i.e. one direction. In this embodiment, the trawl 162 acts as a frame for receiving the network 163, and the network cells 162 provide a characteristic of increasing volume, as mentioned above.

 32 shows a further modified trawl 165 according to the present invention. The trawl 165 contains the following: (I) network cells 166 formed in accordance with the present invention, (II) upper lyktros 167, divided at a midpoint 168 to form a left twist of the lycross 167a and a right twist of the lyktros 167b, and (III) lower lyktros 169 comprising a right-twisted lyktros portion 169a and a left-twisted portion 169b protruding from the lower segments 170. As indicated, during subsequent operation, the twist directions of the upper lyktros 167 provide the formation of vertical force vectors 171 directed upward . Under the same operating conditions, the lower lyktros 169 provides the formation of force vectors 172 directed vertically downward. The result is a significant increase in the size of the opening 173, measured between the upper lyktros 167 and the lower lyktros 169.

 FIG. 32a and 32b show changes in the upper lyktros 167 or in the lower lyktros 169, in which the design of the cell shown in FIG. 32 is changed. A closer examination of FIG. 32a shows that the detail of the upper lyktros portion 167a ′ comprises a symmetry axis 175, a first cylindrical thread 176 having an internal axis of symmetry coinciding with a symmetry axis 175, and a second thread 178, therefore, the first thread 176 is in an unwound state, while the second thread 178 is shown wound around the first thread 176 with the aim of forming a series of turns 180 in tangential contact (tangential contact) with its outer surface 181. The ratio of the diameters of the threads 176, 178 is preferably 1: 1, but can be proc eed, for example, from 2: 1 to about 4: 1. The direction of twist of second strand 178 is the same as before, that is, the left or counterclockwise. It should be noted that any cross section of the first filament 176 is circular and that its outer surface is spaced at the same distance from both its inner axis and the axis of symmetry 175 of the upper lyktros section 167a ′. It should be noted that the conjugate element of the upper lyktros section 167a ′ will have a structure similar to the latter, but with a winding direction opposite to that shown.

 On fig.32b it is seen that the detail of the lower lyktros section 169a 'contains the axis of symmetry 183, the first cylindrical thread 184 having an internal axis of symmetry coinciding with the axis of symmetry 183, and the second thread 186. Therefore, the first thread 184 is in an unwound state, while the second thread 186 is shown wound around the first thread 184 to form a series of turns 187 in tangential contact (tangential contact) with the outer surface 188 of the first thread.

 The ratio of the diameters of the threads 184, 186 is preferably about 1: 1, but it can be larger, for example from 2: 1 to 4: 1. The direction of the twist is the same as before, that is, the right twist or clockwise twist. It should be noted that any cross section of the first yarn 184 is round, and its outer surface 188 is located at the same distance from its inner axis 185 and the axis of symmetry 183 of the lower lyktros section 169a '. It should be noted that the conjugate element of the lower lyktros section 169a ′ will have a structure similar to that of the latter, but with a winding opposite to that shown.

Other aspects
FIG. 33 shows an alternative network cell 200. The network cell 200 contains four sides of the cell, for example, the sides 201, 202, 203 and 204 of the cell. Each side 201-204 of the cell has an axis of symmetry 205 located at an angle and includes the first thread 210 and the second thread 211. As will be explained in more detail below, the first thread 210 can be formed using the usual manufacturing method (or otherwise, as previously explained ), and it has an outer surface 212. Such an outer surface 212 determines the total diameter D. It is shown that the outer surface 212 is not wavy relative to the axis of symmetry 205 of each side 201-204 of the network cell, but instead remains parallel to it in all the length of the latter (axis of symmetry), starting from a point 206 situated above. That is, the axis of symmetry 209 of the first thread 210 constantly coincides with the axis of symmetry 205 along the entire length of each side 201-204 of the cell, and does not twist around such an axis of symmetry 205.

 However, this is not typical of the second thread 211. It is shown that it is spirally twisted around such a axis of symmetry 205 of each side of the cell 201-204 to form a series of turns 195 in contact with the outer surface 212 of the first thread 210. The direction of the turns 195 in contact with the outer surface 212 the first thread 210 represents one of two directions around it: clockwise or counterclockwise, as seen along the axis of symmetry 205 in the opposite direction, from the end 206 located upstream of each side of the cell 201-204.

 Looking in more detail at the side 201 of the cell, you can see the second thread 211, designed to form the direction of twist in a clockwise direction. As for the side 202 of the cell, the second thread 211 determines the direction of twist counterclockwise. With respect to the side 203 of the cell, opposite the side 201 of the cell, it can be indicated that the second thread 211 is formed to form a clockwise twist direction. Finally, with regard to the side 204 of the cell (opposite the side 202 of the cell), the second thread 211 determines the direction of twist counterclockwise.

 FIG. 34 shows an enlarged view of the outer surface 212 of the first thread 210 of the side 201 of the cell in contact with the turns 195 of the second thread 211. It should be noted that the first thread 210 can be made of one (or more) twisted thread or threads 215 that determine the direction of twist (normalized relative to the end 206 upstream), which is opposite to the twist direction of the second thread 210 (211) around the first thread 210. Thus, near the intersections 197 between the turns 195 and the outer surface 212 of the first thread 210, a series of holes 196 are formed that are contribute to the formation of macro-lifting force vector during operation in addition to the previously described mechanism (mechanisms) of the formation of lifting force.

 Since the twist direction of the threads 215 forming the first thread 210 is based on the twist direction of the second thread 211 around the first thread 210 during the formation of each side of the cell 201-204, as shown in FIG. 33, the twist direction of the second thread 211 associated with the side 201 cells, represents a clockwise direction. Therefore, the twist direction of the threads 215 containing the first thread 210, for that side 201 of the cell, is a counterclockwise direction. A similar design scheme is applied to the other sides of the cell 202-204, in which the twist direction of the threads 215 associated with the first finished thread 210 is the clockwise, counterclockwise and clockwise directions for the cell sides 202, 203 and 204, respectively.

FIG. 35 shows another alternative construction of a network cell 220 comprising four cell sides, for example, sides 221, 222, 223 and 224. Each cell side 221-224 has an axis of symmetry 225 angled and consists of a first strand 230, as described earlier. However, instead of a single thread, an embodiment of the invention with a network cell 220 comprises a similarly oriented pair of second and third threads 231, 232 that are wound around the first thread 230. As already explained, the first thread 230 has an outer surface 226 defining a total diameter D ₀ , such an outer surface 226 remains parallel to the axis of symmetry 225, starting from point 227 located upstream. In other words, it should be noted that the internal axis of symmetry 229 of the first strand 230 remains the same as the axis of symmetry 225 of each side 221-224 of the cell along the entire length of the cell, rather than twisting around such a symmetry axis 225. However, a pair of the second and third strands 231, 232 twist around such a symmetry axis 225 of each side 221-224 of the cell in a uniform manner to form coils 219 in contact with the outer surface 226 of the first thread 230 in either one of two directions clockwise or counterclockwise when viewed along and symmetry 225 in the opposite direction with respect to the upstream end 227 of each side 221-224 of the cell.

 If we consider the side 221 of the cell in more detail, we can see that a pair of the second and third threads 231, 232 is made so that each of them provides a twist direction in a clockwise direction. As for the side 222 of the cell, the pair of the second and third threads 231, 232 determines the direction of twist in a clockwise direction. As for the side 223 of the cell (opposite the side 221 of the cell), a pair of second and third strands 231, 232 creates a twist in a clockwise direction. Finally, with respect to the cell side 224 (opposite to the cell side 222), a pair of the second and third threads 231, 232 determine the counterclockwise direction.

 FIG. 36 shows an enlarged view of the outer surface 226 of the first filament 230 of cell side 223. It should be noted that the first thread 230 is similar in design to the previously described thread and includes one or more twisted threads 235 defining a twist direction that is opposite to the direction of the pair of second and third threads 231, 232. That is, since the twist direction of the pair of the second and the third threads 231, 232 of the side 223 of the cell is the clockwise direction, then the direction of twist of the threads 235 making up the first thread 230 is the counterclockwise direction. A similar manufacturing pattern is applied to the other sides 221, 222, 224, of the cell, in which the twist direction of the threads 235 associated with sides 221, 222 and 224 is a counterclockwise, clockwise and clockwise direction, respectively.

FIG. 37 shows another alternative network cell 240 containing four cell sides, namely sides 241, 242, 243 and 244. Each of the cell sides 241-244 has an axis of symmetry 245, angled, and consists of a first thread 250 of diameter D ₁ and a second thread 251 with a diameter of D ₂ , where D ₂ = 1/2 D ₁ . As already explained, the first thread 250 has an outer surface 252 defining said diameter D ₁ , and such an outer surface 252 remains parallel to the axis of symmetry 245, starting from point 246, located upstream. That is, the axis of symmetry 249 of the first filament 250 coincides with the axis of symmetry 245 along the entire length of each side of the cell 241-244, but does not twist around such an axis of symmetry 245. However, the second thread 251 is twisted around such an axis of symmetry 245 of each side 241-244 of the cell contact with the outer surface 252 of the first thread 250 in one of two directions - clockwise or counterclockwise, when viewed along the axis of symmetry 245 in the opposite direction from the upstream end 246 of each side 241-244 of the cell.

 If we consider the side 241 of the cell in more detail, it can be seen that the second thread 251 is made with a twist clockwise. As for the side 242 of the cell, the second thread 251 determines the direction of twist counterclockwise. As for the side 243 of the cell (the opposite side 241 of the cell), the second thread 251 is twisted in a clockwise direction. Finally, with regard to the side 244 of the cell (opposite the side 242 of the cell), the second thread 251 determines the direction of twist counterclockwise.

 FIG. 38 shows an enlarged view of the outer surface 252 of the first thread 250 of the side 243 of the cell in contact with the second thread 251. It should be noted that the first thread 250 is made of woven material, while the second thread 251 is made of one (or more) twisted thread or threads 255, forming a twist direction, which may be the same or opposite to its twist direction around the first thread 250. In any case, a series of holes 256 are formed next to the intersections 257 and the outer surface 252 of the first thread 250, which contribute to the formation macro-lifting force vectors during operation, as previously explained, moreover, such vectors are separate and are formed in addition to the previously described mechanism (or mechanisms) of the main lifting forces.

Aspects related to the trawl system of the present invention
FIG. 39 shows another embodiment of the present invention. Shows a towing vessel 260 on the surface 261 of water 262, pulling a different depth trawl 263 of the trawl system 264 located between the surface 161 and the bottom 265. The trawl system 264 includes a trawl 263 connected to the vessel 260 by the main towing cables 268, doors 269, dredges (towing breeders) 270, mini-breeders 270a and front cables 271, which include brestrops (straight moorings) 271a, upper lithtros 271b (see Fig. 40), mini-breeders, etc. A series of weights 272 is attached to the spreaders 270. The trawl 263 is made of four sections (towing side sections, the upper section and the lower section), and it includes wings 274 for better assembly together at the open mouth 275. It is seen that the wings 274 determine the size of the hole which is larger than the size used to form the casing 276 in the middle part, the intermediate casing 277, or the end part of the trawl 278. As shown in FIG. 40, the wings 274a include a series of rectangular mesh cells 280 that are offset from the central axis of symmetry 281 of the trawl 263.

 Cells 280 are shown in more detail in FIGS. 40 and 41.

 As shown in FIG. 40, each cell 280 has a longitudinal axis of symmetry 282 that is offset from the central axis of symmetry 281 of the trawl 263. Since the shape of the trawl 263 varies along the axis of symmetry 281 from almost cylindrical at the wing 274a to a more truncated conical shape in the rest, then the position of the axis of symmetry 282 of the individual cells changes relative to the axis of symmetry 281 from the position at which they are parallel and having the same spatial direction as axis 281, to the position at which they are not parallel and do not intersect axis 281, and / or at which they are non-parallel and cross axis 281. However, it should be noted that the axis of symmetry 282 of cells 280 are always offset from axis 281.

 In FIG. 41, it is shown that each cell 280 consists of a plurality of strips 284 forming an X-shaped configuration using a series of compounds 285 to maintain this orientation. Each strip 284 is twisted, and this direction is normalized to the direction of removal when using, as arrow 286 shows, this twist is carried out around its own axis of symmetry 286 in either of two directions of twist: in the left or clockwise direction or in the right or counterclockwise direction when viewed relative to the central axis 282 of the trawl 263 (see Fig. 40). As a result, leading and trailing edges 287 are formed.

 As shown in FIGS. 42a, 42b, and 42c, the cross section of each strip 284 is substantially rectangular. 42a, twisted strip 284 includes rounded short sides 284a and long parallel sides 284b with leading and trailing edges formed on short sides 284b (284a), alternating between the first and last in steps, as will be explained later. In FIG. 42b, instead of a cross-section in the form of a solid geometric rectangle, the strip 284 'includes a side wall 290 defining a cavity 291 in which three threads 292 are placed next to each other. That is, the outer surfaces 293 of the three threads 292 are tangentially contacted with each other and also with the inner surface 290a of the oval side wall 290. As shown in FIG. 42c, the strip 284 ″ includes a side wall 295 defining a cavity 296 in which two threads 297 are adjacent. That is, the outer surfaces 297a of the two threads 297 have contact p tangent to each other as well as inner surface 295a with an oval side wall 295.

 FIG. 42 shows an alternative joint 285 ′ in which the long sides 284b ′ of adjacent yarns of X-shaped strips 284 are joined together end-to-end. As shown in FIG. 42e, a number of connection points 298 are provided for such a connection. Connection points 298 are parallel to the short sides 284a ′.

 It should be noted that the direction of the right or left twist of the strips 284 of FIG. 41 is determined using the idea of human figure 298 shown in FIG. 43, as an image (icon) set to normalize, as will be described later. It should be noted that this figure 298 has feet 299 attached to the Central axis 281 of the trawl 263 with the possibility of rotation. When the trawl 263 and figure 298 move through the water, the figure 298 faces downstream, so that its back first encounters the resistance created by the water for the moving trawl 263. Thus, the figure 298 always looks in the direction of arrow 286, if you have referring to cell 280 in FIG. 41, in a direction of removal (reverse direction) with respect to such a movement. Therefore, the right (clockwise) or left (counterclockwise) twist of the strips 284 is based on the particular position of the right hand 300 against the left hand 301 when it is so positioned. Since the figure 298 can rotate relative to the central axis 281, the twist direction of each strip 282 can be easily determined regardless of the fact how the particular strip 284 is located - from above, below, or it is shifted away from the central axis 281.

 Fig. 44 shows another embodiment of a network cell.

 As shown, the cell 280 'of the network is formed from a plurality of strips 303 with formation in an X-shaped configuration using a number of connections 299 to achieve this orientation. Each strip 303 is not twisted, and it can be quasi-rectangular in cross section, as shown in Fig. 45. It should be noted that each such strip 303 in cross section includes long sides 304 and short sides 305. The short sides 305 form the leading or trailing edges of the strips 303. In order to give the structure the characteristics of a hydrofoil, the outer far long side 304a (outer relative to the central axis 281 of the trawl), it is preferable to bend relatively more compared to the proximal long side 304b. As a result, a lift vector 307 is formed. Short sides 305 can also be rounded at angles 305a. The ratio of the width W to the thickness T of the strip 303 is the same as described above.

 FIG. 46 shows an alternative strip design. As shown, the strips 303 'are not twisted, and they are X-shaped, as described previously, in particular, the strips 303' form four sides of the cell, and a number of connections 306 are used to maintain this orientation. Each strip 303 'is quasi-rectangular in cross section as shown in FIG. It should be noted that each such strip 303 ′ includes long sides 308 and short sides 309. The short sides 309 form the leading or trailing edges of the strips 303 ′. In order to have the characteristics of a hydrofoil, the outer distal side 308a (outer with respect to the central axis 281 of the trawl) is preferably curved with respect to the non-curved proximal long side 308b by placing a number of variable support sleeves 310 along it, see Fig. 46. As a result, a lift vector 311 is formed, as shown in FIG. Short sides 309 can also be rounded at corners 309a. The ratio of the width W to the thickness T of the strip 293 'is preferably the same as previously indicated, above 1.1: 1 and preferably in the range from 2: 1 to 10: 1, but it can be such as 1.1: 1-50 :1.

 In more detail, the support sleeve is shown in Fig. 48.

 Each sleeve 310 is preferably made of plastic (but metals can be used), and it includes a cavity 312 having typically curved long side surfaces 312a and short side surfaces 312b formed to receive each strip 303 ', even if the latter has a rectangular cross section moreover, the cross section of the latter can be changed in accordance with the shape of the cross section of the cavity 312. As a result, the lifting force vector 311 is formed in a direction away from the central axis of the trawl. The leading and trailing edges 313 are as shown.

 49 shows in more detail one of the compounds 306.

 As shown, the joint 306 is configured such that the long sides 308 of adjacent X-shaped strips 303 ′ are bonded together after folding in two layers of each of the long sides 308a ′, 308b ′. For such fastening, a number of joints (seams) 315 are provided. The seams 315 are parallel to the short sides 309a, 309b '.

 Characteristic features are provided by strips 303, 303 'having a quasi-rectangular cross section, these features being mainly related to the reduction of noise and drag during operation of the trawl system 264 shown in FIG. 39, if such strips 303, 303 ′ are used, as shown in FIG. 39, in the design of the trawl 263, the main tow cables 268, the tow bar Bride 270 and / or the front cables 271, which include brestrops, lower lyktros, upper lyktros, mini-breeders, etc., as will be explained later. Suffice it to say that the experiments showed a rather large noise reduction when using the cell structure according to the present invention in comparison with conventional cell structures.

 On Fig. 50 is a graph 320 characterizing the dependence of the noise in decibels on time for two separate independent structures of the sides of the cell: curve 321 for the sides of a conventional cell with unidirectional twisted yarns currently used in the manufacture of trawls, etc., and curve 322 is associated with bidirectional twisted yarns used in the construction of the present invention. In the aforementioned time interval of 6-10, using a cell structure according to the present invention, a noise reduction of 20 decibels is achieved.

 Fig. 51 shows an alternative arrangement of strips.

As shown, the strips 330 include clockwise twisted segments 331 and counterclockwise twisted segments 332 so that they are X-shaped so that midpoints 333 coincide with each other and form intersections with each other at connection points 334. Each segment 331 is positioned so that its end 331a (which helps in the formation of the resulting cell 334) is offset by a distance D ₁ above the axis of symmetry 335, while the end 331b is offset by a distance D ₁ below the axis of symmetry 335. The segments 332 are located
(relative to cell 334) so that the end 332a is offset by a distance D _{1 of the} axis of symmetry 335, while the end 332b is offset by a distance D ₁ above the axis of symmetry 335. After that, additional pairs of segments (the same as segments 331, 332 ) and place them along the lines, as described previously.

 FIG. 52a and 52b show alternative details of the joint 334 ', in which the long sides 338a of adjacent X-shaped strips 330 are joined together. For such a connection, a number of joints (joints) 339. A joint (joints, seams) 339 are parallel to the short sides 338b.

 FIG. 53, 54, 55 and 56 show the construction of a cell according to the present invention used in the manufacture of a towline assembly 348. Fig. 53 shows a towing cable 349 on the starboard side in detail, and Fig. 54 shows a towing cable 350 on the port side. Both cables are offset from the central axis 351 halfway between them, as shown in FIGS. 55 and 56. It can be seen in FIG. 53 that the tow cable 349 on the starboard side contains the first and second threads 352, 353 of material that are twisted around the axis of symmetry 354 in the right or clockwise direction normalized to the vessel 355. As shown in Fig. 54, the towing cable 350 on the port side contains the first and second material strands 357, 358 twisted around the axis of symmetry 359 in the left or counterclockwise direction, normalized to the ship 355.

 As a result of using the structure shown in FIGS. 53-56, force vectors are formed that deploy the tow cables 349, 350 relative to the central axis 351 halfway between them and increase the volume of the trawl 360.

 FIG. 57, 58, 59, and 60 are images of the towline assembly 348 ′ shown in detail in FIGS. 53-56, except that for the most part the pairs of yarns 352, 353 and 357, 358, which are respectively used in the towing assembly 348 the cable was replaced by twisted strips 365, 356. Fig. 57 shows in detail the tow cable 349 'on the starboard side, and Fig. 58 shows the tow cable 350' on the starboard side. Both cables are offset from the central axis 351 'midway between them. The direction of twist is also the same. In more detail, the starboard strip 365 associated with the starboard tow cable 349 'is twisted in the right or clockwise direction normalized to the vessel 355', and the strip 366 associated with the starter tow cable 350 ' twist left or counterclockwise, as seen.

 As a result of using the construction of FIGS. 57-60, force vectors are formed which deploy towing cables 349 ′, 350 ′ relative to the central axis 351 and increase the volume of the trawl 360 ′.

 In addition, FIGS. 53-56 also show the construction of a cell according to the present invention, for example, when it is used in the manufacture and use of brides, indicated generally by pos. nodes 370, 370 ', mixed from the Central axis 351 of the trawl 360, which cause the deployment of the trawl and increase its volume.

 FIG. 53 shows the starboard node 370 on the starboard side. It includes a lower breech 372 on the starboard side, consisting of a pair of threads 373, 374 twisted around the axis of symmetry 375 in the right or clockwise direction, offset from the central axis 351. Connection with the tow rope 349 on the starboard side is carried out at the connector 376 . The load 371 on the bridle 372 ensures its exact position. On the other hand, the upper breech 377 on the starboard side contains a pair of threads 378, 379 twisted around the axis of symmetry 380 in the left or counterclockwise direction, and it also connects to the tow cable 349 on the starboard side in the connector 376.

 In FIG. 54, showing the bridle assembly 370 ′ on the port side, it can be seen that it includes a lower bridle port 381 on the port side, consisting of a pair of strands 383, 384 twisted around the axis of symmetry 385 in a left or counterclockwise direction. Connection with the tow cable 350 on the port side is carried out in the connector 386. The load 371 'along the spreader 381 precisely sets it. On the other hand, the upper bridle 388 on the port side, containing a pair of threads 389, 390, is twisted around its axis of symmetry 391 in the right or clockwise direction. It also connects to the tow cable 350 on the port side through the connector 386. Result: force vectors are formed at the mouth 393 of the trawl 360, leading to an increase in its volume relative to the central axis 351.

 As for the design of the bridle, it should be noted that FIGS. 57 and 58 are images similar to those shown in FIG. 53 and 54, except that pairs of 373, 374 and 378, 379 strands of the right and left brides and pairs of strands 383, 384 and 389, 390 of the left brides were replaced by pairs of right and left strips, for example, a pair of strips 395, 396 for the Bridel on the starboard side and a pair of strips 397, 398 for a briefcase on the port side. The twist direction remains the same. More specifically, the starboard sidebar strip 395 on the starboard side connected to the starboard tow cable 349 'through the connector 400 is twisted in the right or clockwise direction normalized to the vessel 355', and the starboard strip 396 on the starboard side associated with 349 'tow rope on starboard side, twisted left or counterclockwise, as seen. In Fig. 58, the left sided stripe 397 on the port side connected to the tow cable 350 'on the port side through the connector 401 is twisted in the left or counterclockwise direction, normalized with respect to the vessel 355', while the strip on the port side portel 398, connected to the tow cable 350 'on the port side, twisted in the right or clockwise direction, as can be seen.

 The results of using the structures of FIGS. 57 and 58 with respect to the construction of the bridle are that force vectors are formed that lead to the deployment of the trawl 360 'and an increase in its volume relative to its central axis of symmetry 351' (Figs. 59 and 60).

 In addition, FIGS. 53, 54 and FIGS. 57, 58 also show the construction of the cell according to the present invention, for example, when it is used in the manufacture and use of the front cable assembly, for example, the brestrop units (straight mooring lines), usually denoted by pos. 405, 405 ', respectively offset from the central axis 351, 351' of the trawl 360, 360 '(Fig. 55, 56, 59, 60), which lead to the deployment of the trawl and increase its volume.

 FIG. 53 and 57 show the starboard knot 405 on the starboard side. It includes a lower brestrop 406 on the starboard side (Figs. 53 and 57), consisting of a pair of threads 407, 408 twisted around the axis of symmetry 409 in the left or counterclockwise direction, offset from the central axis 351, 351 '. Connection with the lower breech 372, consisting of threads, on the starboard side (Fig. 53) or with the lower bridle 395, consisting of strips, on the starboard side (Fig. 57) is made in connection 410. On the other hand, the upper brestrop 411 on the right the board (Figs. 53 and 57) contains a pair of threads 412, 413 twisted around the axis of symmetry 414 in the right or clockwise direction, and it is also connected to the upper bridle 377, consisting of threads, on the starboard side (Fig. 53) or with an upper guy line 396, consisting of strips, on the starboard side (Fig. 57) in connection 415.

 In FIG. 54 and 58 show the left-side breaststroke assembly 405 ', which has a structure similar to that of the right-side breaststroke assembly 405, such a left-side breaststroke assembly 405' is best shown in Fig. 58, and includes a lower brestrop 415 along port side, consisting of a pair of threads 416, 417, twisted around the axis of symmetry 418 in the right or clockwise direction, offset from the Central axis 369, 351, 351 '. Connection with the lower breech 397, on the port side consisting of strips (Fig. 58), is carried out in connection 419, and the connection with the lower bridle 381, consisting of threads, on the port side (Fig. 54) is carried out in a similar connection 419. On the other side, the upper brestrop 420 on the left side contains a pair of threads 421, 422 twisted around the axis of symmetry 423 in the left or counterclockwise direction, and it also connects to the upper breech 398, consisting of strips, on the left side (Fig. 58) the connector 425 or with the upper bridle 388, consisting of threads, on the CB board (Fig.54) located in similar connection 425.

 As for the design of the brestrop, the use of the design shown in Figs. 53, 54 and 57, 58 creates force vectors that lead to the deployment of the trawl 360, 360 'and an increase in its volume relative to its central axis of symmetry 351, 351'.

 In addition, FIGS. 55 and 59 also show the construction of the cell according to the present invention, for example, when it is used in the manufacture and use of the front cable assembly, for example, the upper lyktros assemblies, designated generally 430, 430 ′, offset from the central axis 351, 351 ′ , resulting in the deployment of the trawl and an increase in its volume.

 55 shows an upper lyktros unit 430 in more detail. It includes the upper lyktros subnode 431 on the starboard side and the upper lyktros subnode 432 on the port side, each subnode consisting of a pair of threads: subnode 431 includes threads 433, 434, and subnode 432 contains threads 435, 436. Subnodes 431 , 432 intersect at junction 437 in a vertical plane passing through the central axis 351. If we look at the assembly in more detail, we see that the threads 433, 434 are twisted around the axis of symmetry in the left or counterclockwise direction. On the other hand, the yarns 435, 436 are twisted around the axis of symmetry 439 in the right or clockwise direction. The connection of the subnodes 431, 432 with the upper breech 377 on the starboard side and with the upper breech 388 on the starboard side is carried out in the connector 440 or an equivalent connecting element.

 FIG. 59 shows an upper lyktros node 430 ′, which includes a starboard subnode 441 and an upper lyktros node 442 on the port side. The first consists of a single strip 443, twisted around the axis of symmetry 444 in the left or counterclockwise direction, while the upper lyktros subunit 442 on the left side contains a single strip 445, twisted in the right or clockwise direction around the axis of symmetry 446. The connection of the strip 443 with a strip 445 carried out at the junction 447 in a vertical plane passing through the Central axis 351 '. But strip 443 connects to the upper bridle 377 'consisting of strips, on the starboard side at the connection point 448, while strip 445 connects to the upper bridle 388', consisting of strips, on the port side, on the connector 449 or an equivalent connecting member.

 As for the design of the lower lyktros, then using the design shown in Figs. 55 and 59, force vectors are formed that lead to the deployment of the trawl 360, 360 'and an increase in its volume relative to its central axis of symmetry 351, 351', respectively.

 In addition, FIG. 56 and 60 also show the construction of the cell according to the present invention according to another aspect, for example, when it is used in the manufacture and use of the front cable assembly, for example the lower lyktros assemblies, generally designated as 450, 450 ', offset from the central axis 351, 351', the result of which is the deployment of the trawl and an increase in its volume.

 In more detail, the node 450 of the lower lyktros shown in Fig. It includes a lower lyktros subnode 451 on the starboard side and a lower lyktros subnode 452 on the port side, each consisting of a pair of threads: subnode 451 includes threads 453, 454, and subnode 452 contains threads 455, 456. Subunits 451, 452 intersect (join) at the junction point 457 in a vertical plane passing through the central axis 351. If we look at the node in more detail, we see that the threads 453, 454 are twisted around the axis of symmetry 458 in the right or clockwise direction. On the other hand, the threads 455, 456 are twisted around the axis of symmetry 459 in the left or counterclockwise direction. The connection of the sub-assemblies 451, 452 with the upper breech 377 on the starboard side and with the upper breech 388 on the starboard side is carried out in the connector 460 or an equivalent connecting element.

 Fig. 60 shows an upper filament lyticros assembly 450 ', which includes a starboard sub-node 461 and an upper lyktros sub-node 462 on the port side. The first consists of a single strip 463, twisted around the axis of symmetry 464 in the right or clockwise direction, while the top fork lectros sub-node 462 on the port side contains a single strip 465 twisted around the axis of symmetry 466 in the left or counterclockwise direction. The connection of the strip 463 with the strip 465 is carried out at the connection point 467 in a vertical plane passing through the central axis 351 '. But strip 463 connects to the upper bridle consisting of stripes, on the starboard side at connection point 468, while strip 465 connects to the upper bridle 388, consisting of stripes, on the port side in a similar connector 468 or equivalent.

 The results shown in Figs. 56 and 60 with respect to the lycros construction of the lower landing gear: force vectors are created that lead to the deployment of the trawl 360, 360 'and an increase in its volume relative to its central axis of symmetry.

Final working aspects
Regarding the use of a cell made in accordance with the present invention, it should be noted that we have elaborated on the field of application where the present cell is used in a trawl system according to the present invention, namely with a tow rope, trawl or front cable in the form of brestrops, guy rods, lyktros of the upper crib or lyktros of the lower crib.

That is, the method of application in this area includes the following stages:
(I) the deployment of the first and second sides of the trawl system cell from a vessel located on the surface of the water mass, under the surface of the water mass, where a central axis is formed, offset from the first and second sides of the cell, the first and second sides of the cell having at least one connection between them,
(II) ensuring integrity in relation to the position and direction between the means of complex shape in the form of a hydrofoil associated with the first and second sides of the cell, relative to the Central axis, and
(III) the movement of complex means in the form of a hydrofoil of the first and second sides of the cell, whereby leading and trailing edges are formed for them together with separate pressure drops, which lead to the formation of lift vectors relative to the central axis to improve the cell’s performance, the front the edge for the first side of the cell, being normalized in the opposite direction relative to the central axis, is always located on the right side of the first side of the cell, when viewed in the opposite direction a systematic way, and the front edge of the second side of the cell, when normalized in the same reverse direction, located on the left side of the second side of the cell.

 Further, for a specific application in connection with a tow rope, steps (I) to (III) are modified as follows: step (I) is also characterized in that the first and second sides of the cell are connected to the tow rope selected from one of the tow cables on the right and to the left sides, and between them, at least one connection is formed at the vessel itself; stage (II) includes the placement of the first and second threads (cores, strands) containing the means in the form of an underwater wing of the first side of the cell, so that at least one of its threads is located along the first axis of symmetry, offset from the Central axis, at least one of them is wound freely with a left twist relative to the opposite direction defined relative to the central axis, and the placement of the third and fourth threads containing the said complex tool in the form of a hydrofoil of the said second side of the cell and, along a second axis of symmetry so that at least one of them is wound with right twist freely with respect to the reverse direction and the central axis; and stage (III) includes a substage of increasing the length between the tow cables along the starboard and port side relative to the central axis to achieve improved cell performance. As already mentioned, threads can be replaced with strips.

 Further, for a specific application in connection with the trawl, steps (I) - (III) are modified as follows: step (I) is also characterized in that the central axis is longitudinally symmetrical with respect to the trawl, and at least one interlinking compound; stage (II) includes the placement of the first and second threads containing the means in the form of a hydrofoil of the first side of the cell so that at least one thread of them is located along the first axis of symmetry offset from the Central axis, and at least , one thread from them is wound freely with a left twist relative to the opposite direction defined relative to the central axis, and a third and fourth thread are placed, containing complex means in the form of a hydrofoil of the said second side of the cell, along the second axis of symmetry so that at least one of them is freely wound with a twist in the right direction relative to the opposite direction and the central axis, and stage (III) includes the substage of increasing the volume of the trawl relative to the central axis by creating lift vectors to achieve improved cell performance. As discussed earlier, threads can be replaced with strips.

 Further, for a specific application, in connection with the front cable, stages (I) - (III) were modified as follows: stage (I) is also characterized in that the central axis is longitudinally symmetrical to the trawl to which the front cable is attached, and between at least one compound below the surface of the body of water; stage (II) includes the placement of the first and second threads containing the means in the form of a hydrofoil of the first side of the cell, so that at least one of the threads is placed along the first axis of symmetry offset from the central axis, and at least at least one of the threads is wound freely with a left twist relative to the opposite direction defined relative to the central axis, as well as the placement of the third and fourth threads containing complex means in the form of an underwater wing of the second side of the cell, along the second axis of symmetry so that at least one of the threads is wound freely with a right twist relative to the opposite direction and the central axis; and stage (III) includes the substage of increasing the volume of the trawl relative to the central axis by creating lift vectors due to the front cable to achieve improved cell performance. As indicated, strips can be used instead of threads.

 Further, for a specific application, in connection with one of the pairs of brides on the port side and starboard side, stages (I) - (III) were modified as follows: operation (I) also differs in that the central axis is located longitudinally symmetrical to the trawl to which the briefcases are attached and between them form at least one connection below the surface of the mass of water; stage (II) includes the placement of the first and second threads containing the tool in the form of a hydrofoil of the first side of the cell, so that at least one of the threads is located along the first axis of symmetry, offset from the Central axis, while at least at least one of them is freely wound with a left twist relative to the opposite direction defined relative to the central axis, as well as the placement of the third and fourth threads containing complex means in the form of an underwater wing of the second side of the cell along the second axis of symmetry so that at least one of the threads is wound freely with a right twist relative to the opposite direction and the central axis; and stage (III) includes a sub-step of increasing the volume of the trawl relative to the central axis due to the formation of lift vectors due to the selected pair of brides to achieve improved cell performance. As already mentioned, strips can be used instead of threads.

 Further, for a specific application in connection with the lyktros of the upper crib, stages (I) - (III) were modified as follows: stage (I) also differs in that the central axis is positioned longitudinally symmetrically to the trawl, to which the lyktros of the upper crib is attached, and form between them at least one interconnecting compound below the surface of the mass of water; operation (II) includes the placement of the first and second threads containing the means in the form of a hydrofoil of the first side of the cell, so that at least one of the threads is located along the first axis of symmetry, offset from the central axis, while at least one of the threads is freely wound with a left twist relative to the opposite direction defined (formed) relative to the central axis, as well as the placement of the third and fourth threads containing complex shape means in the form of a hydrofoil of the second side cell along a second axis of symmetry so that at least one of the yarns wound on the right twist freely with respect to the reverse direction and the central axis; and stage (III) includes a substage for increasing the volume of the trawl due to the formation of lift vectors due to the lyktros of the upper landing gear to achieve improved operational characteristics of the cell. As indicated, strips can be used instead of threads.

 Further, for a specific application in connection with the lyktros of the lower crib, stages (I) - (III) were modified as follows: stage (II) also differs in that the central axis is positioned longitudinally symmetrically to the trawl, to which the lyktros of the lower crib is attached, and formed between them at least one interconnecting compound below the surface of the mass of water; stage (II) includes the placement of the first and second threads containing the means in the form of a hydrofoil of the first side of the cell, so that at least one of the threads is located along the first axis of symmetry, offset from the central axis, while at least one of them is freely wound with a left twist relative to the opposite direction defined relative to the central axis, as well as the placement of the third and fourth threads containing complex means in the form of an underwater wing of the second side of the cell, along the second axis of symmetry so that at least one of the threads is wound freely with a right twist relative to the opposite direction and the central axis; and stage (III) includes a substage for increasing the volume of the trawl with respect to the central axis due to the formation of lift vectors due to the lyktros of the lower castor to achieve improved cell performance. As already mentioned, strips can be used instead of threads.

 From the described it can be seen that a person skilled in the art can make various modifications and changes to the embodiments and methods within the scope of the idea and scope of the present invention. For example, when equipping trawls with network cells according to the present invention, it should be taken into account that the tensile strength of the network cell structure according to the present invention should be equal to at least the structural strength of the replaced cells. This means that if the cell according to the present invention consists of two industrial-made strands made in accordance with a conventional manufacturing method having a tensile strength S, the tensile strength of the single filament to be replaced must be at least 2xS. Further, it is necessary to increase the length of the brief and mini-briefs used for towing on the upper edge of the mouth and on the lower edge of the mouth of the trawl to maintain a proper angle of attack of the trawl during operation, that is, when there is a differential change in the volume of the trawl, briefs and mini breeders need to be increased to maintain an appropriate angle of attack.

 Further, FIG. 1 shows that the intermediate part 28 of the trawl 13 is made of smaller mesh cells, which can continue to decrease in size towards the rear of the trawl 13. As a result, high drag components are formed. It was found that drag can be significantly reduced through the use of network cells containing fairly loose (not tight) wound threads in one direction. The pitch of the turns is in the said range of 3d-70d, but preferably in the range of the pitch, the result of which is the formation of a series of curved sections parallel (or approximately parallel) to the axis of symmetry of the trawl 13. The result is a significant reduction in vibration and drag. Experiments show a decrease in drag by 30-50%. Another advantage is that such network cells can be manufactured on conventional network manufacturing machines.

 In addition, for the manufacture of cells, a method similar to that associated with the manufacture of a network of two strands can be used using the following modification. For example, a hook for manipulating a pair of knitting yarns is modified for subsequent grip, but until the knots are formed, the paired yarns can be rotated a certain number of turns to achieve the desired step of the sides of the cell. The direction of rotation is adjusted so that the direction of twist normalized relative to the hook is opposite. In addition, the distance along the sides of the cells, measured from the node, is the same. Thus, the pitch of each side of the cell will be essentially the same, and the twist direction will be the opposite.

 Further, the cells made on the machine can be modified to form nets having the following operational capabilities. According to the present invention, the cells are reproduced in all or intermediate sections or zones of the net along its entire length. The design of such cells, in whole or in part, makes it possible to obtain resultant forces, for example, during the formation of a net in the form of a bag and forces diametrically opposite sections of the net to sink, rise and / or stretch in another way relative to the remaining sections or zones of the net. As a result, the volume of the net increases significantly during its deployment during operation, and during such operations the excessive upward rise of the net is significantly reduced.

 The step of the cables for the brides and the front sections of the front cables can exceed the step of the middle sections of the front cables and those cells that form the sections behind the front sections of the front cables.

Claims (64)

 1. A component of the trawl system, selected from the group consisting of trawl (13), sectional wings (25) of the trawl, bridle cables (377,378), front cables (271) and cells (30) of the network, intended for use in the trawl system to improve its operational characteristics, characterized in that it includes at least one cell (30) of the network, including the side of the cell, adapted for deployment from a node or connecting element (34) and having a structure forming an element similar to a hydrofoil, designed to create g drodinamicheskoy lift when the trawl system component is moved through the water as part of the trawl system, the hydrodynamic lift improving the operational characteristic of the trawl system.  2. A component of the trawl system according to claim 1, characterized in that the sides (59a '; 59b'; 59c '; 59d') of the two cells are fan-shaped from a common node or connecting element (34), each side of the cell having a forming element, like a hydrofoil.  3. The component of the trawl system according to claim 1, characterized in that it creates a hydrodynamic lifting force directed outward from the axis of the trawl system.  4. The component of the trawl system according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains many sides of the cells, at least one of the sides of the cells contains an element similar to a hydrofoil that creates a hydrodynamic lifting force, the lifting wing is oriented relative to the water flow after the side cells when the trawl system is used so that a lift vector is generated that is directed outward relative to the axis of the trawl system, resulting in an increase in the volume of the trawl.  5. The component of the trawl system according to claim 1, characterized in that the side of the cell is included in one or more of the front cables, network cells and brides.  6. The trawl system component according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of network cells, wherein each network cell includes a number of cell sides, at least portions of the cell sides during operation of the trawl system in an aqueous environment create an effect similar to the effect of the hydrofoil, which helps to improve the operational characteristics of the trawl system, the sides of the cell have channels located in accordance with the left or right twist, while the portion of the sides of the cell that creates the effect, similar to the hydrofoil effect, is oriented to indicate the leading and trailing edges, while the leading edge of that portion of the sides of the cell that creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect when viewed in the opposite direction is on the right side relative to the side of the cell when the channels of the cell side have left twist, and is on the left side relative to the side of the cell when the channels of the side of the cell have the right twist, and the movement of the side of the cell through the surrounding aqueous medium relative to the flow vector of water creates a pressure difference in that part of the side of the cell, which creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect, as a result of which a lift vector is created, while the sides of the cell are neither parallel nor perpendicular to the water flow vector.  7. The component of the trawl system according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains a plurality of network cells, each network cell comprising a number of cell sides, at least one of the cell sides has reduced drag during operation of the trawl in an aqueous environment , which helps to improve the operational characteristics of the trawl system, while the section of the sides of the cell, which creates a reduced drag, is made with many curved sections, as a result of which ron cells through the water environment relative to the water flow vector creates a pressure differential with the same effect as a hydrofoil, in the portion of the cell sides, which reduces drag and cell side intersects with at least one other side of the cell.  8. The component of the trawl system according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains a number of sides of the cell, while at least sections of at least one of the sides of the cell are formed with a number of curved sections oriented and configured so that the movement of the sides of the cell through the surrounding water environment relative to the water flow vector creates a pressure difference on the curved sections, as a result of which a lifting force vector is created that creates in a given direction an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect, When this vector water flow is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the side of the cell.  9. A component of the trawl system according to any one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that it is a trawl.  10. A component of the trawl system according to any one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that portions of the sides of the cell creating an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect have a minimum residual torque.  11. A component of the trawl system according to any one of claims 6 to 10, characterized in that it is a trawl that includes a plurality of network cells, while the network cells include a number of cell sides, at least portions of which during operation of the trawl in the surrounding create an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect in the aquatic environment to form a hydrodynamic lifting force, which is mainly directed outward from the axis of the trawl.  12. A component of the trawl system according to any one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that the network cells forming separate sections of the trawl have at least three different sizes.  13. A component of the trawl system according to claim 9 or 12, characterized in that the portions of the sides of the cells that create an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect are formed by at least two strands of the product.  14. The component of the trawl system according to item 13, wherein at least one of the threads of the product is selected from the group consisting of braided and twisted threads of the product.  15. The component of the trawl system according to item 13 or 14, characterized in that the product threads forming the sides of the cells have different diameters and are twisted around the axis of symmetry.  16. A component of the trawl system according to any one of claims 6 to 15, characterized in that the portions of the sides of the cell creating an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect have a minimum residual torque.  17. A component of the trawl system according to any one of claims 6-16, characterized in that portions of the sides of the cell creating an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect are formed by individual segments of the product threads.  18. A component of the trawl system according to any one of claims 6-17, characterized in that portions of the sides of the cell creating an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect are formed by three strands of the product of the same diameter.  19. A component of the trawl system according to any one of claims 6-18, characterized in that portions of the sides of the cell creating an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect are formed by strips.  20. The component of the trawl system according to claim 19, characterized in that the strips are spiral in shape with a step having a range of 3-70d, where d is the average width of the strips, preferably 5-40d.  21. The component of the trawl system according to claim 19 or 20, characterized in that the strips have a ratio of width W and thickness T 2: 1-10: 1.  22. A component of the trawl system according to claim 19, characterized in that the strips have a continuous cross section.  23. A component of the trawl system according to claim 19, characterized in that the strips are made of woven material.  24. The component of the trawl system according to claim 9, characterized in that it comprises a) an upper section including network cells for which the lift force vectors resulting from the movement of the sides of the cells of the upper section through the entrained surrounding aquatic environment have (i ) a module, (ii) a component directed outward from the axis of the trawl, and b) a lower section, including network cells, which create lift vectors due to the movement of the sides of the cells of the lower section through the entrained surrounding aquatic environment, having a module smaller than the vector lift forces of the upper section.  25. A component of the trawl system according to any one of claims 6, 9, 10 or 11, characterized in that those portions of the sides of the cells with channels that create an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect are formed in a spiral step that makes at least two turnover.  26. A component of the trawl system according to claim 25, wherein the product threads have an internal twist, while the product threads are twisted relative to each other in a direction identical to the direction of the internal twist of the product threads.  27. A component of the trawl system according to any one of claims 9 to 26, characterized in that the network cells forming the trawl have different sizes.  28. A component of the trawl system according to claim 25, wherein the portions of the sides of the cells that create an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect include at least a pair of product threads arranged to form openings for the entrained aqueous medium between adjacent but not adjacent touching sections of the product threads.  29. The trawl system component according to claim 19, characterized in that the spiral pitch for the strips forming sections of the sides of the cells that create an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect has a step range of 3-70d, where d is the average width of the strips, preferably 5 -40d.  30. A component of the trawl system according to claim 19, characterized in that the strips are in the form of a hydrofoil in cross section.  31. The component of the trawl system according to claim 19, characterized in that the strips have an outer side wall that surrounds the cavity occupied by a certain number of threads of the product arranged in a row.  32. A component of the trawl system according to any one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that the cell-side portion generating the lifting force is formed with a number of curved sections, as a result of which the movement of the cell sides through the surrounding aqueous medium relative to the water flow vector creates a pressure difference on the site of the sides of the cell, creating a lifting force.  33. The component of the trawl system according to claim 32, wherein the cell sides comprise a row of at least three curved sections.  34. A component of the trawl system according to claim 32 or 33, characterized in that the sides of the cell that create the lifting force are formed from at least two strands of the product.  35. The component of the trawl system according to clause 34, wherein the product threads have an internal twist, while the product threads are twisted relative to each other in a direction identical to the direction of the internal twist of the product threads.  36. A component of the trawl system according to any one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that it includes an upper section having network cells for which the lifting force vectors resulting from the movement of the sides of the cells of the upper section through a drained aqueous medium are directed outward the axis of the trawl, and the lower section, which has network cells, for which the vectors of the lifting forces resulting from the movement of the sides of the cells of the lower section through the entrained environment are directed outward from the axis of the trawl.  37. A component of the trawl system according to any one of paragraphs.9-36, characterized in that it further comprises upper bridles and front cables, respectively, having a spiral pitch.  38. A component of the trawl system according to any one of claims 9-37, characterized in that during operation of the trawl in aqueous environmental conditions, the sides of the network cells are included in the trawl and these sides of the cells, creating an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect, are connected to the network of conventional design .  39. A component of the trawl system according to any one of claims 9 to 38, characterized in that it includes a number of sections, each section respectively includes a plurality of network cells, and the network cells of at least two sections have lift vectors resulting from the movement of the sides cells through the entrained surrounding aquatic environment, while the lift vectors for the network cells of at least two sections have a module and a component directed outward from the axis of the trawl.  40. A component of a trawl system according to any one of claims 9 to 39, characterized in that a) a cell of a network of trawl wings includes sides of cells that create an effect similar to that of a hydrofoil; b) the lift vector for each wing, which has mainly sides of the cells that create an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect, has a module and a component mainly directed outward from the axis of the trawl.  41. The component of the trawl system according to claim 40, characterized in that the wings form a section of the trawl that is larger than the section of the trawl that forms the casing of the middle part, as a result of which the trawl is a different depth trawl.  42. A component of the trawl system according to claim 40 or 41, characterized in that the residual torque is substantially excluded from the turns on the sections of the sides of the cells, which create an effect similar to the effect of a hydrofoil, and which are made of threads of the product.  43. A component of the trawl system according to claims 40.41 or 42, characterized in that it further comprises dampers, which are respectively located between the main tow rope and the tow bridges, resulting in flaps during normal operation, when the trawl is in an aqueous environment, predominantly located above the axis of the trawl.  44. The component of the trawl system according to claim 9, characterized in that a) the casing of the middle part of the trawl forms a section of the trawl, which is located between the wings of the trawl and the casing of the intermediate part of the trawl; b) cells of the casing network of the middle part include the sides of the cells that create an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect, and c) vectors of lift for cells of the network of the casing of the middle part that have sides of the cells that create an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect have a module and a component directed outward from the axis of the trawl.  45. A component of the trawl system according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains a plurality of network cells, wherein each network cell includes a number of cell sides, at least one of the cell sides during operation of the trawl in an aqueous environment creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect, which improves the operational characteristics of the trawl system, while the portion of the sides of the cell that creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect is formed from a strip having at least two long sides and at least one short side, the short side forms the leading edge of that portion of the sides of the cell, which creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect, so that moving the sides of the cell through the surrounding aqueous medium relative to the water flow vector creates a pressure difference in that portion of the sides of the cell which creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect, as a result of which a lift vector is created, while the water flow vector is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the side of the cell, but per cell. intersects with at least one other side of the cell.  46. A component of the trawl system according to any preceding paragraph, characterized in that the lift vectors resulting from the movement of the sides of the cell through the surrounding aquatic environment are mainly directed from the axis of the trawl.  47. The component of the trawl system according to item 46, wherein the curved sections include a twisted strip.  48. The component of the trawl system according to item 46, wherein the curved sections contain at least two threads of the product.  49. A method of preparing a trawl system, comprising at least one component of the trawl system according to any one of claims 1 to 49, for fishing in which a) the trawl system is assembled by combining the components of the trawl system selected from the group consisting of trawl, upper brides , front cables and network cells, and b) the trawl system is lowered into the water column from a vessel located on the surface of the water, while the elements of the trawl system create a hydrodynamic lifting force that improves the performance of the trawl system s.  50. The method according to 49, characterized in that the cell side creates a hydrodynamic lifting force, which is directed outward from the axis of the trawl.  51. The method according to 49 or 50, characterized in that a trawl system component is used comprising a plurality of network cells, each network cell comprising a number of cell sides, at least portions of the cell sides formed by the product threads during operation of the trawl in the aquatic environment they create an effect similar to the effect of a hydrofoil, which helps to improve the operational characteristics of the trawl system, the portion of the sides of the cell that creates an effect similar to the effect of a hydrofoil is oriented, to specify the leading and trailing edges, while the leading edge of that portion of the sides of the cell that creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect, when observed in the opposite direction, is on the right side of the specified side of the cell when the side of the cell has a left twist and is on the left to the side of the cell side, when the side has the right twist, and the movement of the cell side through the surrounding aqueous medium relative to the water flow vector creates a pressure difference in that part of the cell side that creates the effect, similar to the hydrofoil effect, as a result of which a lift vector is created, the method further comprising the step of pulling at least a portion of the sides of the cell that creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect through the surrounding water environment with respect to the water flow vector, which is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the side of the cell, while moving through the aquatic environment that portion of the sides of the cell that creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect, creates a difference abnormalities in this section, as a result of which a vector of lifting force is created, mainly directed outward relative to the axis of the trawl.  52. The method according to 49, characterized in that they use a component of the trawl system containing many network cells, wherein each network cell includes a number of cell sides, at least one of the cell sides during operation of the trawl in an aqueous environment creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect, which helps to improve the operational characteristics of the trawl system, while the portion of the sides of the cell that creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect is formed from a strip having at least two long sides and at least one short side, the short side forms the leading edge of that portion of the sides of the cell, which creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect, so that the movement of the sides of the cell through the entrained surrounding aqueous medium relative to the water flow vector creates a pressure difference in that portion of the sides of the cell that creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect, as a result of which a lift vector is created, the side of the cell intersecting at least one other with of a toroidal cell, the method including an additional operation of drawing at least a portion of the sides of the cell that creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect through the surrounding aqueous medium relative to the water flow vector, which is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the side of the cell, the movement through the aquatic environment of that section of the sides of the cell that creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect creates a pressure difference in this section, while the lift vector improves an operational characteristic of the trawl system for improving performance in a trawl catching fish.  53. The method according to 49, characterized in that they use a component of the trawl system containing many network cells, each network cell includes a number of sides of the cell, at least one of the sides of the cell during operation of the trawl in an aqueous environment creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect, which helps to improve the operational characteristics of the trawl system, that section of the sides of the cells that creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect is formed with a spiral step forming a channel which makes at least two turns, and the method includes the additional operation of drawing at least that portion of the sides of the cell, which creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect, through the surrounding aqueous medium relative to the water flow vector, which is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the side cells, while moving through the aquatic environment of that section of the sides of the cell, which creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect, creates a pressure difference in this section, as a result of th vector is created relative to the trawl lift axis, wherein the vector of lift force improves the performance of trawl systems.  54. The method according to 49, characterized in that the components of the trawl system lowered into the water column are also tow cables along the left and right sides, while portions of tow cables along the left and right sides, creating an effect similar to the effect of a hydrofoil, respectively, formed by a pair of strands of a product having a spiral shape, and the method further includes installing in a predetermined position that portion of the sides of the cells forming two selected tow cables, which creates an effect similar to the effect of a hydrofoil, that (i) the port side of the tow cable, which creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect, is offset from the center of the trawl system, and the spiral configuration of at least the first pair of strands of the product forming the tow cable on the port side has a left twist, and (ii) the port side of the tow cable, which creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect, is offset from the center axis of the tow cables, and the spiral pitch of at least the first pair of threads of the product forming the tow cable on the starboard side has a right duck, while the operational characteristic, improved by pulling the sides of the cells through the surrounding aquatic environment, is at least one of the increased distance between the tow cables along the left and right sides relative to the axis of the trawl, reduced immersion vectors of the trawl system to help achieve operating time, especially in shallow water, reduced vibration, noise and drag.  55. The method according to § 49, wherein the sections of the trawl system component that create an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect when they are lowered into the water column are formed by product threads, which include a twisted product thread.  56. The method according to 49, characterized in that the sections of the trawl system component that create an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect when they are lowered into the water column are formed by product threads that include a strip.  57. The method according to 49, characterized in that they use a component of the trawl system containing a plurality of network cells, wherein each network cell includes a number of cell sides, at least one of the cell sides during operation of the trawl in an aqueous environment creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect, which helps to improve the operational characteristics of the trawl system, that portion of the sides of the cell that creates an effect similar to the hydrofoil effect is formed with a number of curved sections bathtubs and configured in such a way that the movement of the sides of the cells through the surrounding aqueous medium relative to the water flow vector creates a pressure difference in the curved sections, as a result of which a lift vector is created in a given direction, while the water flow vector is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the cell side .  58. The method according to clause 57, wherein the curved sections are arranged so that the vectors of the lifting forces resulting from the movement of the sides of the cells through the surrounding aqueous medium are mainly directed from the axis of the trawl.  59. A trawl net used for fishing, which can be stretched through the water so that a water velocity vector relative to the trawl net is created, the trawl net includes a trawl system component according to any one of paragraphs. 1-48, which contains many network cells, each of the network cells includes at least two sides of the cell, which are made and arranged so that they intersect the velocity vector at an acute angle, sections of at least one of the at least two sides of the cell are formed with a number of curved sections that are oriented and configured so that the movement of the sides of the cell through the surrounding aqueous medium relative to the vector creates a pressure difference on the curved sections, resulting in adannom direction vector of lift force.  60. The trawl net according to claim 59, characterized in that the curved sections include a strip.  61. The trawl net according to claim 59, characterized in that the curved sections include at least two strands of the product.  62. The trawl net according to Claim 61, wherein the strands of the article have an inner twist, while the strands of the article are twisted relative to each other in a direction identical to the direction of the inner twist of the article's threads.  63. The trawl net according to Claim 61, wherein at least one of the product threads is selected from the group consisting of braided and twisted product threads.  64. The trawl net according to claim 61, characterized in that the curved sections include an element of a spiral shape. Priority on points:
03/15/1996 according to paragraphs 26.35, 39 and 62;
05/21/1996 according to claims 1-25, 27-34, 36-38, 40-61, 63 and 64.

Images