RU216261U1 - SOLAR DETAILER WITH PARABOLOCYLINDRICAL REFLECTORS - Google Patents

Abstract

-образным желобом (17) с зеркальными нижними поверхностями внутренних граней (18) для конденсации пара, нижние торцы которого изнутри снабжены желобами (19) для сбора дистиллята, прикрепленными к нижним концам

-образного желоба (17). Солнечный опреснитель снабжен одноосной системой слежения за Солнцем с однокоординатным датчиком (21) положения Солнца. Параболоцилиндрические отражатели (1) закреплены в эквидистантно и соосно расположенных и соединенных плоской рамой (23) кольцах (3), центры которых совпадают с фокальной линией параболоцилиндрических отражателей (1). Кольца (3) установлены на опорной раме с возможностью вращения по роликам (21) посредством закрепленного на опорной раме (8) электродвигателя (4), имеющего возможность соединения с первой солнечной фотоэлектрической батареей (6). Подключенный к водоему опресняемой воды трубопровод соединен с

-образным желобом (17) для конденсации пара и с электронасосом (13) для подачи опресняемой воды, подключенным ко второй солнечной фотоэлектрической батарее (15), закрепленной на плоской раме (23). Технический результат - повышение эффективности и надежности. 2 з.п. ф-лы, 3 ил.

The utility model relates to the field of using solar radiation energy, in particular to installations for distilling water using solar radiation energy, for example, for desalination of sea water. The claimed solar distiller with parabolic-cylindrical reflectors (1) includes an evaporation chamber in the form of a pipe located at the focus of the reflectors (1), in the zone (11) downstream of the water flow, made in the form of a U-shaped chute (16), closed from above

-shaped trough (17) with mirrored lower surfaces of inner faces (18) for steam condensation, the lower ends of which are internally equipped with troughs (19) for collecting distillate, attached to the lower ends

-shaped chute (17). The solar distiller is equipped with a single-axis solar tracking system with a single-coordinate sensor (21) of the position of the sun. Parabolic-cylindrical reflectors (1) are fixed in equidistant and coaxially located and connected by a flat frame (23) rings (3), the centers of which coincide with the focal line of the parabolic-cylindrical reflectors (1). The rings (3) are mounted on the support frame with the possibility of rotation along the rollers (21) by means of an electric motor (4) fixed on the support frame (8), which can be connected to the first solar photovoltaic battery (6). The pipeline connected to the desalinated water reservoir is connected to

-shaped chute (17) for steam condensation and with an electric pump (13) for supplying desalinated water connected to a second solar photovoltaic battery (15) mounted on a flat frame (23). The technical result is an increase in efficiency and reliability. 2 w.p. f-ly, 3 ill.

Description

The utility model relates to the field of using solar radiation energy, in particular, to installations for distilling water using solar radiation energy, for example, for desalination of sea water.

A solar distiller is known (see patent RU 182041, IPC C02F 1/14, publ. 08/01/2018), containing an evaporation chamber with a flat bottom, a cover that focuses sunlight into the evaporation chamber and water collectors. The evaporation chamber is made in the form of buoys located along the perimeter of a flat perforated bottom. The cover is fixed on the buoys, and the water collectors are located on the buoys close to the inside of the cover. The evaporation chamber is located in a reservoir with salt water and its surface is made in the form of Fresnel lenses that focus sunlight on the surface of the evaporation chamber.

The disadvantages of the known solar distiller are the relatively low multiplicity of concentrating solar radiation and the shading of a part of the heat-storage material by the fokline faces when taking into account the non-100% reflection of radiation by the fokline on the surface of the open part of the heat-storage material, the lack of tracking of the concentrating system for the direction to the Sun, which reduces the duration of the distiller operation during daylight hours. days.

A solar distiller is known (see patent RU 2651003, IPC C02F 1/14, publ. 04/18/2018), including a container filled with salt water with an optically transparent lid, a heat sink made in the form of a hollow metal rod immersed in salt water and equipped with absorbing radiation head located in the focus area of lenses made in the form of foklines. The rod has a lower support and side holes, one of which is located in the air zone between the cover and the liquid level. The second hole is located outside the tank and is connected to the steam line for condensation. The third hole is located in the surface layer of the liquid and is closed by an additionally introduced movable rod. A heat pipe is additionally inserted between the head and the lower support of the rod, and a cavity filled with a heat-accumulating material is made in the rod head.

The disadvantages of the known solar distiller are the relatively low multiplicity of concentrating solar radiation and the shading of a part of the heat-storage material by the fokline faces when taking into account the non-100% reflection of radiation by the fokline on the surface of the open part of the heat-storage material, the lack of tracking of the concentrating system for the direction to the Sun, which reduces the duration of the distiller operation during daylight hours. days.

A self-contained solar water maker of sea water is known (see patent RU 2646004, IPC C02F 1/14, publ. 08/22/2018), including an autonomous source of electricity and connected in series with a solar energy concentrator, a water evaporator, a water vapor cooler, a condensate pump for condensate removal, a tank for collecting fresh water, a tank for collecting brine with an unloading pump and a collector with shutoff valves for distributing fresh water. The solar energy concentrator is designed as a mirror system. The mirror system of the concentrator is made of concave mirrors mounted on a common power drive for tracking the spatial position of the Sun or on separate autonomous electric drives of individual mirrors. A seawater evaporator is installed at the focus of the mirror system of the concentrator. The evaporator is made in the form of a sealed container. The evaporator is equipped with a branch pipe for steam output to the nozzle of the electric current turbogenerator. The electric current turbine generator is an autonomous source of electricity and contains a turbine installed along the water vapor flow between the evaporator and the water vapor cooler. The turbine shaft is kinematically connected to the shaft of the electromechanical current generator, to the electrical outputs of which the control unit, the sun tracking drive, shutoff valves, condensate, supply (supplying fresh sea water) and exhaust pumps are connected.

The disadvantage of the known solar desalter is its unreliable operation when the Sun is not in the calculated position or when the Sun is obscured by variable clouds.

Known solar distiller (see patent RU 150516, IPC C02F 1/04, publ. 02/20/2015), containing a water evaporation chamber connected to a sea water supply line equipped with a pump, and with a brine drain line, a steam condensation chamber equipped with a pump , heat exchanger and desalinated water outlet pipeline. The water evaporation chamber is made in the form of a volute-type steam generator, the inlet pipe of which is connected by a sea water supply line to a collector installed above the volute-type steam generator to create water pressure, and the collector is also connected to solar panels connected by a main line or lines to solar or solar pumps for supplying sea water from the surface layers through the inlet pipe installed in the heat exchanger.

The disadvantage of the known solar desalination plant is the lack of a system of orientation (tilt) of the solar collector in the direction of the Sun, which would allow more efficient accumulation of solar energy throughout the daylight hours.

A solar distiller is known (see patent RU 2044692, IPC C02F 1/04, publ. 09/27/1995), containing a housing mounted on a supporting device, a solar radiation concentrator and an evaporation chamber filled with liquid, the lower wall of which forms with the housing capacity. The central part of the evaporation chamber is installed at the focus of the concentrator and is provided with a selective coating on the side of the concentrator, and on the side of the tank with a solar radiation absorber and a steam pipeline introduced into the tank connected by a pipeline with a distillate collector. The outer surface of the container is a condensing surface. The desalter is equipped with an air vent valve installed in the upper part of the distillate collector, and a solar tracking system, including at least three cylinders with a low-boiling liquid, located symmetrically relative to the axis of symmetry of the concentrator on top of the central part of the evaporation chamber, connected by pipelines to the cavities of the corresponding hydraulic cylinders in number cylinders. The hydraulic cylinders are installed on the non-working surface of the body for the orientation of the concentrator on the support device when the rods of the hydraulic cylinders are moved and are rigidly fixed to the corresponding fixed float elements.

The disadvantages of the known solar distiller include incomplete concentration of solar radiation falling within the outer diameter of the concentrator, the inability to resume the operation of the solar distiller, including the function of tracking the position of the Sun, after a relatively long shadowing of the Sun, as well as the low response rate of the solar tracking system associated with the inertia of heating cylinders with a low-boiling liquid.

A device is known for the distillation of various types of water using solar heat (see application US 20120318658, IPC C02F 1/14, B01D 3/04, publ. a focal axis on which the reflected sunlight is focused; a cooling water tank located along the focal axis of the solar thermal collector; an expanding water conduit disposed on a focal axis of the solar thermal collector; a cooling water pipeline installed in the tank for compressing the expanded water; an evaporative water tank located on the focal axis of the solar thermal collector. The water from the cooling water line is used to generate steam from the solar heat in the evaporative water tank. The apparatus also includes a steam reheating conduit located on the focal axis of the solar thermal collector, wherein the vapor from the evaporative water tank is further heated by solar heat to produce high temperature steam in the steam reheating conduit; a heating steam pipe installed in the evaporating water tank so that the high temperature steam supplied to the heating steam pipe is used as an additional heat source for evaporating in the evaporating water tank; a heat exchanger that performs heat exchange between distilled water and distilled water; hand pump for filling all the containers of the device with water during initial operation.

A disadvantage of the known device is the high density of the heated elements of the device per unit length of the axis of the parabolic mirror, which reduces the performance of the device, which is limited by the incoming power of solar radiation per specific aperture of the parabolic mirror along the length of the axis.

A solar distiller is known (see US patent 10654726, IPC C02F 1/14, B01D 1/22, C02F 1/10, C02F 1/52, F24S 23/71, publ. 05/19/2020), which converts contaminated water into drinking water, including a cylindrical solar collector whose axis coincides with the focus line of a parabolic trough mirror concentrating solar radiation on the solar collector, a water condenser, two electric pumps for supplying polluted water to the inlet of the solar collector and into the water condenser to cool the steam generated in the solar collector, a tank for distilled water , a steam turbine (optional) to generate electricity to power the pumps. The solar collector contains an internal transparent cylindrical pipeline with polluted water, surrounded by an external transparent coaxial cylindrical shell with a vacuum space between them. The upper part of the inner piping is closed with a plug that prevents water from flowing out, but allows steam to pass into the water condenser. An energy-absorbing material, such as copper in the form of spirals, transverse rods or mesh, is placed inside the inner pipeline to absorb solar radiation and transfer heat to contaminated water. On the inlet pipe in the lower part of the internal pipeline, a reservoir is fixed for sediment, for example, salts, which are deposited during the formation of steam.

The disadvantages of the known solar distiller are the lack of orientation of the parabolic-cylindrical mirror to the Sun and the non-horizontal location of the mirror axis, which reduces the efficiency of heating the energy-absorbing material inside the transparent pipeline by the solar radiation flux, as well as the choice of copper as an energy-absorbing material placed in polluted water, for example, in sea water, which will corrode, leading to a decrease in thermal conductivity and throughput of the pipeline.

A distiller is known (see application KR 20200001379, IPC C02F 1/04, C02F 1/14, C02F 103/08, publ. 06/25/2020), including a sea water tank with evacuated glass tubes placed in the tank to increase the temperature of the evaporated water ; a fresh water tank, a reflective plate in the form of one branch of a parabola, made using a reflective film; a transparent side wall made of glass, lexan or acrylic plate, through which solar radiation falls on a semi-parabolic mirror and is directed to a reservoir with sea water and evacuated tubes.

The disadvantage of the known distiller is low productivity due to the lack of orientation to the Sun, and also due to the use of a light-transmitting plate facing the Sun as a surface on which condensate drops should form, which will lead to the drying of some of the drops before they enter the receiver. condensate and additional parasitic scattering of solar radiation on condensate drops and a decrease in the radiation input to the reservoir with evaporated sea water.

A device is known (see application WO 2019142026, IPC C02F 1/14, F24S 23/71, publ. 07/25/2019) for purifying sea water for agriculture, industry and drinking by distillation using solar energy, including a mirror parabolic light concentrator with two-coordinate automatic orientation to the Sun or an array of flat mirrors on two-coordinate automatic orientation systems that collect solar radiation on a central receiver containing a transparent reservoir for evaporating water with a removable part to remove precipitation during distillation, fixed in a copper holder coated with " black" silicon for efficient absorption of the energy of concentrated solar radiation, on the outer surface of which a heating element is wound for heating and evaporating water in the absence of the Sun in the sky. A thermoelectric generator is installed under the bottom of the holder, which generates electricity for the needs of the operation of the device together with a solar battery mounted on a solar tracking system. The device also includes a water condenser - a pipe in the form of a coil, lowered into sea water, an intermediate tank for purified water, raised to a certain height to give potential energy to the water in it, which will be converted into electrical energy in the turbogenerator during the flow of water in the absence of the Sun in the sky to the low end fresh water tank, as well as three electric pumps for supplying water to the evaporating water tank and to the intermediate tank, both from the final fresh water tank and from the water condenser, creating a vacuum in the evaporation tank and lowering the evaporation temperature.

The disadvantages of the known device are the manufacture of a water condenser coil from polyurethane pipes, which have low thermal conductivity and reduce the productivity of the condensation process, the use of a thermoelectric generator that makes the remote central receiver heavier, takes thermal energy from the evaporation reservoir and the heating element when it is turned on, and has a low efficiency of the full cycle of the photovoltaic conversion compared to solar panels, which are provided as part of the device.

A solar distiller with parabolic trough reflectors is known (see patent RU2668249, IPC C02F 1/14, publ. 09/27/2018), coinciding with the present technical solution in the largest number of essential features and taken as a prototype. The prototype solar distiller contains a solar radiation concentrator, an evaporation chamber filled with liquid, installed at the focus of the concentrator, a desalinated water reservoir (reservoir), a pipeline, a steam pipeline, a condenser with a distillate collector and a solar tracking system that controls the movement of the concentrator in the sun by means of a hydraulic cylinder rod. The solar radiation concentrator contains parabolic-cylindrical reflectors equipped with consoles with holes, in which the evaporating tubes of the evaporation chamber are placed, located at the focus of the reflectors. The tracking system consists of a hydraulic cylinder, the rod of which is mechanically connected to its piston and through levers to reflector consoles, a sealed tank containing mineral oil with a working fluid and an oil pipeline connecting the hydraulic cylinder to the tank. The condenser with a distillate collector is made of a transparent body, partially immersed in a desalinated water tank, and contains a heat storage material with an additional evaporating surface, above which one end of the steam pipeline is located, its other end is connected to the outlets of the evaporating pipes, the inlets of the latter are connected to the desalinated water tank through a pipeline .

A disadvantage of the known solar distiller is the low efficiency of the solar distiller, due to the inability to maintain the orientation of the parabolic trough reflectors on the Sun after temporary shading of the Sun, for example, under variable cloudiness, as well as the combination of the transparent cone-shaped upper part of the steam condenser of the function of transmitting solar radiation to the heat storage material inside the condenser with function of steam condensation on the inner surfaces of the condenser walls. Such a combination of functions leads to the fact that solar radiation, passing through the transparent walls of the condenser, will heat the water condensing on the surface of the walls, worsening the condensation conditions. At the same time, the condensing moisture will contribute to the absorption and scattering of the passing solar radiation, reducing the radiation heating of the thermal storage material inside the condenser,

The objective of this technical solution is to develop a solar desalter with parabolic trough reflectors, which would provide an increase in the efficiency of the solar desalination plant, which consists in increasing the ratio of the amount of desalinated water produced by the desalination plant in cubic meters to the total energy of solar radiation in kWh coming to the horizontal earth's surface occupied by the desalination plant design over a long period of observation.

желобом для конденсации пара, нижние торцы которого снаружи снабжены желобами для сбора дистиллята, прикрепленными к нижним концам

желоба, параболоцилиндрические отражатели закреплены в эквидистантно и соосно расположенных и соединенных плоской рамой кольцах, центры которых совпадают с фокальной линией параболоцилиндрических отражателей. В солнечном опреснителе кольца установлены на опорной раме с возможностью вращения посредством закрепленного на опорной раме электродвигателя, имеющего возможность соединения с первой солнечной фотоэлетрической батареей через регулятор заряда, и блок управления, подключенный к однокоординатному датчику положения Солнца. Подключенный к водоему опресняемой воды трубопровод соединен с

желобом для конденсации пара и с электронасосом для подачи опресняемой воды, подключенным к второй солнечной фотоэлектрической батарее, закрепленной на плоской раме.The problem is solved by the fact that a solar distiller with parabolic trough reflectors includes a solar radiation concentrator from parabolic trough reflectors, an evaporation chamber in the form of a pipe located at the focus of the reflectors, a pipeline connected to a desalinated water reservoir, a steam pipeline connected to a distillate collector, and a solar tracking system . What is new is that the pipe in the downstream zone is made in the form of a U-shaped gutter closed from above

a trough for steam condensation, the lower ends of which are externally equipped with troughs for collecting distillate attached to the lower ends

gutters, parabolic-cylindrical reflectors are fixed in equidistantly and coaxially located and connected by a flat frame rings, the centers of which coincide with the focal line of the parabolic-cylindrical reflectors. In the solar desalter, the rings are mounted on the support frame with the possibility of rotation by means of an electric motor fixed on the support frame, which can be connected to the first solar photovoltaic battery through a charge regulator, and a control unit connected to a single-coordinate solar position sensor. The pipeline connected to the desalinated water reservoir is connected to

a trough for steam condensation and with an electric pump for supplying desalinated water connected to a second solar photovoltaic array mounted on a flat frame.

Parabolic-cylindrical reflectors can be made of a corrosion-resistant metal alloy or metallized plastic.

This technical solution is illustrated by a drawing, where:

in fig. 1 is a perspective view of a real solar desalter;

in fig. 2 shows a schematic representation of the lower zone of the pipeline system of the distiller with a support frame, a parabolic trough reflector and a ring for rotation in the section along A-A;

желоб.in fig. 3 is shown on an enlarged scale in section along A-A

gutter.

желоб 17 с зеркальными поверхностями 18 внутренних граней; желоб 19 для сбора дистиллята теплоизолирующая прокладка 20 между желобами 16 и 19. Кольца 3, фиксируемые роликами 21 и вращаемые зубчатым колесом 22, установлены на опорной раме 8 с возможностью вращения посредством закрепленного на опорной раме 8 электродвигателя 4, имеющего возможность соединения с первой солнечной фотоэлектрической батареей 6 через регулятор заряда, и блок 7 управления, соединенный с однокоординатным датчиком 5 положения Солнца. Кольца 3 закреплены между собой плоской рамой 23. Комбинация ориентируемой солнечной фотоэлектрической батареи 15 с электронасосом 13 может быть заменена на солнечный насос Мушо, не потребляющий электроэнергию. Трубу 10, желоба 16 и 17 изготавливают из нержавеющей стали или из алюминиево-магниевого сплава, неподверженного коррозии в соленой (морской) воде. Внешнюю сторону трубы 10 и желоба 16 подвергают воронению (чернению) для эффективного нагрева под воздействием концентрированного солнечного излучения. Труба 10, желоба 16 и 17 располагаются неподвижно на стойках 14 таким образом, чтобы продольная ось трубы 10, желобов 16 и 17 образовывала небольшой угол со своей проекцией на горизонтальную плоскость. Величина угла должна обеспечивать медленный самоток воды внутри трубы 10, желобов 16 и 17. Трубопроводная система для нагрева и выпаривания воды вдоль своей оси условно разделяется на две зоны; верхнюю 9 по направлению течения воды и нижнюю 11, при этом отношение длины верхней зоны 9 к длине нижней зоны 11 составляет примерно 1/6. Соотношение длин зон 9 и 11 обусловлено соотношением удельных энергий, необходимых для нагрева (примерно от 15°С) и для испарения единицы массы воды (принимается, что опреснению подвергается морская вода с температурой 15°С). В верхней зоне 9 трубы происходит нагрев соленой воды до температуры, близкой к кипению. Нижняя зона 11 предназначена для испарения воды. Для этого нижняя зона имеет более сложную трубопроводную конструкцию: Труба 10, по которой протекает соленая вода, в нижней зоне 11 переходит в U-образный желоб 16, причем его внешнюю и внутреннюю поверхности выполняют вороненой. Желоб 16 закрыт сверху

желобом 17 с зеркальными нижними поверхностями 18 внутренних граней. К нижним концам

желоба 17 снаружи прикреплены желоба 19 для сбора дистиллята, обладающие высокой отражательной способностью в видимой и инфракрасной областях солнечного спектра и через теплоизолирующую прокладку 20 (изготавливаемую, например, из пенополиуретана) примыкающие одним из своих краев, обращенным к центру трубопроводной конструкции, к U-образному желобу 16. Примыкание препятствует поступлению окружающего воздуха во внутренний объем U-образного желоба 16 и охлаждению протекающей по нему воды. Внутренние поверхности 18 граней

желоба 17 с обращенных к U-желобу 16 сторон выполнены с высоко отражающей способностью для видимой и ИК-части солнечного спектра для отражения на U-образный желоб 16 солнечного излучения, собираемого концентратором и проходящего мимо внешней поверхности U-желоба 16. Такие грани могут быть изготовлены из нержавеющей стали или из сплава алюминия с магнием и кремнием и иметь полированную поверхность, обращенную к U-желобу 16. В случае большой протяженности желоба 19 могут иметь дополнительные промежуточные отводы пресной воды в накопитель 12 для исключения необходимости значительно увеличивать их сечение в нижней части по течению воды.Solar distiller (see Fig. 1 - 3) includes a concentrator of solar radiation from coaxial parabolic-cylindrical reflectors 1 with ribs 2 stiffening rings 3; reversible electric motor 4 direct current, single-coordinate sensor 5 of the position of the Sun; the fixed first solar photovoltaic array 6; electronic control unit 7; support frame 8; a pipeline system for heating and evaporating water, including a zone 9 upstream of the water flow, consisting of a pipe 10 for heating salt water, and a zone 11 downstream of the water flow, an accumulator (tank) for collecting fresh water 12, an electric pump 13, supporting pipes of the rack 14 ; uniaxially oriented flat second solar photovoltaic array 15; U-shaped chute 16;

gutter 17 with mirror surfaces 18 internal faces; trough 19 for collecting distillate heat-insulating gasket 20 between troughs 16 and 19. Rings 3, fixed by rollers 21 and rotated by gear wheel 22, are installed on the support frame 8 with the possibility of rotation by means of an electric motor 4 fixed on the support frame 8, which can be connected to the first solar photovoltaic battery 6 through a charge regulator, and a control unit 7 connected to a single-coordinate sensor 5 of the position of the Sun. The rings 3 are fixed to each other by a flat frame 23. The combination of an orientable solar photovoltaic array 15 with an electric pump 13 can be replaced by a Mouchot solar pump that does not consume electricity. Pipe 10, gutters 16 and 17 are made of stainless steel or aluminum-magnesium alloy, not subject to corrosion in salt (sea) water. The outer side of the pipe 10 and the gutter 16 is subjected to bluing (blackening) for efficient heating under the influence of concentrated solar radiation. The pipe 10, the gutters 16 and 17 are fixed on the racks 14 so that the longitudinal axis of the pipe 10, the gutters 16 and 17 forms a small angle with its projection on the horizontal plane. The value of the angle should ensure a slow self-flow of water inside the pipe 10, gutters 16 and 17. The pipeline system for heating and evaporating water along its axis is conditionally divided into two zones; top 9 in the direction of water flow and bottom 11, while the ratio of the length of the upper zone 9 to the length of the lower zone 11 is approximately 1/6. The ratio of the lengths of zones 9 and 11 is due to the ratio of the specific energies required for heating (from about 15°C) and for the evaporation of a unit mass of water (it is assumed that sea water with a temperature of 15°C is subjected to desalination). In the upper zone 9 of the pipe, salt water is heated to a temperature close to boiling. The lower zone 11 is intended for water evaporation. To this end, the lower zone has a more complex piping structure: Pipe 10, through which salt water flows, in the lower zone 11 passes into a U-shaped gutter 16, and its outer and inner surfaces are blued. Gutter 16 is closed at the top

gutter 17 with mirror bottom surfaces 18 of the inner faces. To the bottom ends

gutters 17 are attached to the outside of the gutters 19 for collecting distillate, which have a high reflectivity in the visible and infrared regions of the solar spectrum and through a heat-insulating gasket 20 (made, for example, from polyurethane foam) adjoining one of their edges, facing the center of the pipeline structure, to the U-shaped gutter 16. The abutment prevents the entry of ambient air into the internal volume of the U-shaped gutter 16 and the cooling of the water flowing through it. Internal surfaces 18 faces

the troughs 17 on the sides facing the U-trough 16 are highly reflective for the visible and IR portion of the solar spectrum to reflect on the U-trough 16 solar radiation collected by the concentrator and passing by the outer surface of the U-trough 16. Such faces can be made of stainless steel or an alloy of aluminum with magnesium and silicon and have a polished surface facing the U-chute 16. In the case of a large length of the gutter 19, they can have additional intermediate fresh water outlets to the storage tank 12 to eliminate the need to significantly increase their cross section in the lower part along the water.

желоб 17 в нижней зоне 11. На основе данных о средних значениях инсоляции в регионе размещения опреснителя и о фактической эффективности фототермического преобразования в опреснителе, мощность электронасоса 13 исходно подбирается и регулируется блоком 7 управления таким образом, чтобы обеспечивать такой «медленный» поток соленой воды в трубе 10 и U-образном желобе 16, при котором значительная часть воды будет выпариваться, а, примерно, 1/10 часть от входящего в трубу 10 потока будет оставаться не испаренной и сливаться обратно в море. Солнечное излучение, падающее на параболоцилиндрические отражатели 1, ориентированные на азимутальное положение Солнца (т.е. когда ось параболы в поперечном сечении параболоцилиндрического отражателя 1 с требуемой точностью ориентирована по направлению на азимутальное положение Солнца), фокусируется на трубу 10 нагрева соленой воды в верхней зоне 9 и на U-образный желоб 16 в нижней зоне 11, установленные на стойках 14. Часть излучения, собираемого параболоцилиндрическими отражателями 1 и проходящего мимо U-образного желоба 16, попадает на внутренние поверхности 18

желоба 17 со стороны, обращенной к U-образному желобу 16, и отражается в направлении U-образного желоба 16. Таким образом, концентрируемое параболоцилиндрическими отражателями 1 солнечное излучение будет нагревать трубу 10 в верхней зоне 9, а труба 10, в свою очередь, будет передавать тепловую энергию протекающей по ней соленой воде. Концентрируемое параболоцилиндрическими отражателями 1 солнечное излучение в нижней зоне 11 будет нагревать U-образный желоб 16, при этом излучение, отражаемое внутренними поверхностями 18

желоба 17 будет частично поглощаться непосредственно соленой водой, протекающей по U-образному желобу 16. Энергия излучения и тепловая энергия, передающаяся от U-образного желоба 16, будут дополнительно нагревать протекающую по U-образному желобу 16 соленую воду и расходоваться на парообразование. Испаряющаяся влага будет подниматься к

желобу 17, охлаждаемому протекающей по нему морской водой, и конденсироваться на поверхностях 18 его внутренних граней, обращенных к U-образному желобу 16, на которых будут образовываться и стекать капли опресненной воды в боковые желоба 19, по которым опресненная вода отводится в накопитель 12 и далее подается потребителю (на чертеже не показан). Неиспарившаяся из U-образного желоба 16 вода с повышенной концентрацией солей в конце нижней зоны 11 смешивается с морской водой, охлаждающей

желоб 17, и выпускается в море. При заходе Солнца блок 7 управления выключает электронасос 13, останавливает электродвигатель 4 и переходит в режим ожидания нового появления Солнца.This solar watermaker works as follows. When the Sun appears in the sky when leaving from behind the clouds or during its sunrise and when it rises above the horizon at an angle sufficient to illuminate the first solar photovoltaic battery 6 and generate electricity with a power that allows rotation of the electric motor 4 of the orientation of the parabolic trough reflectors 1, it starts and the electronic control unit 7 is initialized, in which the expected azimuth angle of the direction to the Sun is determined taking into account the local astronomical time of day and is corrected according to the signals coming from the single-coordinate sensor 5 of the position of the Sun. The control unit 7 turns on the power supply of the reversible DC motor 4 so that the shaft of the motor 4 rotates in the direction that ensures the inclination of the parabolic-cylindrical reflectors 1 towards the Sun. The rotation of the motor shaft 4 directly or through a gearbox (not shown in the drawing) is transmitted to the gear wheel 22, which transmits rotation to the ring 3 with notches, and, by means of a flat frame 23, synchronously to all rings 3, sliding along the fixing rollers 21, mounted on the support frame 8 When the orientation of the parabolic trough reflectors 1 to the Sun with a given accuracy is reached, which is fixed by the control unit 7 by the signal of the single-coordinate sensor 5, the control unit 7 switches to the mode of azimuthal tracking of the position of the Sun as it moves across the sky from east to west, guided by the signals from the sensor 5. The second solar photovoltaic battery 15 begins to generate electricity, which, through the control unit 7, enters the electric pump 13, which begins to supply sea water to the pipe inlet 10 in the upper zone 9 and into

gutter 17 in the lower zone 11. Based on data on the average insolation values in the region where the desalination plant is located and on the actual efficiency of photothermal conversion in the desalination plant, the power of the electric pump 13 is initially selected and regulated by the control unit 7 in such a way as to provide such a "slow" flow of salt water into pipe 10 and a U-shaped trough 16, in which a significant part of the water will be evaporated, and approximately 1/10 of the flow entering the pipe 10 will remain unevaporated and drain back into the sea. Solar radiation incident on parabolic trough reflectors 1 oriented to the azimuthal position of the Sun (i.e. when the axis of the parabola in the cross section of the parabolic trough reflector 1 is oriented with the required accuracy towards the azimuthal position of the Sun) is focused on the salt water heating pipe 10 in the upper zone 9 and on the U-shaped chute 16 in the lower zone 11, installed on the racks 14. Part of the radiation collected by the parabolic trough reflectors 1 and passing by the U-shaped chute 16 falls on the inner surfaces 18

trough 17 from the side facing the U-shaped trough 16 and is reflected in the direction of the U-shaped trough 16. Thus, the solar radiation concentrated by the parabolic-cylindrical reflectors 1 will heat the pipe 10 in the upper zone 9, and the pipe 10, in turn, will transfer heat energy to the salt water flowing through it. Solar radiation concentrated by parabolic-cylindrical reflectors 1 in the lower zone 11 will heat the U-shaped trough 16, while the radiation reflected by the inner surfaces 18

the trough 17 will be partially absorbed directly by the salt water flowing through the U-trough 16. The radiant energy and thermal energy transmitted from the U-trough 16 will additionally heat the salt water flowing through the U-trough 16 and will be spent on vaporization. Evaporating moisture will rise to

gutter 17, cooled by sea water flowing through it, and condense on the surfaces 18 of its inner faces facing the U-shaped gutter 16, on which drops of desalinated water will form and flow into the side troughs 19, through which the desalinated water is discharged into the accumulator 12 and further served to the consumer (not shown in the drawing). Unevaporated from the U-shaped trough 16 water with a high salt concentration at the end of the lower zone 11 is mixed with sea water, cooling

trough 17, and is released into the sea. When the sun sets, the control unit 7 turns off the electric pump 13, stops the electric motor 4 and switches to the standby mode for the new appearance of the sun.

The estimates showed that at an intensity of direct solar radiation of 635 W/m2, if we assume that all solar energy is completely converted into the thermal energy of water and spent on vaporization with virtually no losses, taking into account the fact that evaporation of 1 kg of water with an initial temperature of 15 °C, about 2617 kJ is required, if the cross-sectional aperture of the parabolic-cylindrical reflectors is 4 m and the area of the internal section of the pipe 10 filled with water together with the U-shaped trough 16 is slightly more than 100 cm ² , while the entire desalination plant when the pipeline system is placed in meander can occupy an area of about 32×25 m ² , then such a desalination plant can produce about 0.3 tons of fresh water per hour, or about 0.3 m ³ per hour. When converted to the monthly production of fresh water, a value corresponding to the average water consumption of a rural household is obtained. Therefore, the operation of a solar desalination plant will allow a rural household to have a sufficient amount of fresh water, creating comfortable living conditions in arid regions with salt water and solar energy resources.

Claims (3)

1. A solar distiller with parabolic trough reflectors, including an evaporation chamber in the form of a pipe located at the focus of the reflectors, a pipeline connected to a desalinated water reservoir, a steam pipeline connected to a distillate collector, and a solar tracking system, characterized in that the pipe is in the downstream water zone is made in the form of a U-shaped trough, closed from above

-shaped trough for steam condensation, the lower ends of which are equipped with troughs for collecting distillate from the inside, attached to the lower ends

-shaped trough, parabolic trough reflectors are fixed in equidistantly and coaxially located and connected by a flat frame rings, the centers of which coincide with the focal line of parabolic trough reflectors, the rings are mounted on the support frame with the possibility of rotation by means of an electric motor fixed on the support frame, made with the possibility of connection with the first solar photovoltaic battery through a charge regulator, and a control unit connected to a single-coordinate solar position sensor connected to a desalinated water reservoir, the pipeline is connected

-shaped trough for steam condensation and with an electric pump for supplying desalinated water connected to a second solar photovoltaic array mounted on a flat frame. 2. Solar distiller according to claim 1, characterized in that the parabolic trough reflectors are made of a corrosion-resistant metal alloy. 3. Solar distiller according to claim 1, characterized in that the parabolic trough reflectors are made of metallized plastic.

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